Poictiers, there appear the names of the knights and great men
buried there after this battle. Among these we find, the Constable
of France, the Bishop of Chalons, the Viscount of Chauvigny, the
Lords of Mailly, of Rademonde, of Rochecheruire, of Chaumont, of
Hes, of Corbon, and a great number of knights. In the church of
the Frères Prescheurs there were buried the Duke of Bourbon, the
Marshal de Clermont, the Viscount de Rochechouart, the Lord de la
Fayette, the Viscount d’Aumale, the Lord St. Gildart, and more than
fifty knights.
[2] The rocket consisted of an iron tube, about two foot long, and
three inches in diameter, attached to a bamboo cane of fifteen or
twenty feet in length. The tube is filled with combustible matter;
and this dreadful missile entering the head of a column, passes
through a man’s body, and instantly resumes its original force;
thus destroying or wounding twenty men, independent of innumerable
lacerations caused by the serpentine motion of the long bamboo,
which in its irresistible progress, splinters to atoms, when the
iron tube assumes a rapid rotary motion, and buries itself in the
earth.
[3] It is a curious and interesting literary fact, that Campbell
wrote this in a foreign land, viz., at Ratisbon, on hearing of war
being declared against Denmark. Some portion of it is said to have
been previously roughly sketched out, owing to his admiration of
the music of “Ye Gentlemen of England.” His splendid lyric, “The
battle of the Baltic,” soon followed.
[4] Herod. 1. vii. c. 175, 177.
[5] Herod. 1. vii. c. 103, 132.
[6] Ibid. 1. viii. c. 116.
[7] Paus. 1. x. p. 645.
[8] Herod. 1. vii c. 207-231. Diod. 1. xi. p. 5-10.
[9] Plut. in Lacon. Apoph. p. 225.
[10] Ἀντεγραψε, μολων λαβε.
[11] Οτι πολλοι μεν ανθρωποι ειεν, ολιγοι δε ανδρες. Quod multi
homines essent, pauci autem viri.
[12] When the Gauls 200 years after this, came to invade Greece,
they possessed themselves of the Straits of Thermopylæ by means of
the same by-path, which the Grecians had still neglected to secure.
Pausan. 1. i. p. 7. et 8.
[13] Polyb. 1. iii. p. 231-238.
[14] Apparebat ferociter omnia ac præpropere acturum. Quoque
pronior esset in sua vitia, agitare eum atque irritare Pœnus parat.
Liv. 1. xxii. n. 3.
[15] Napier, vol. v. p. 132.
[16] A French writer tells us, that when he had dictated, at Paris,
the bulletin of this battle, he finished, by exclaiming with a
groan, “It was lost, and _my glory_ with it!”
[17] Hist. Memoirs, book ix, p. 209.
[18] “Information which might be depended upon had made known the
position of the Allies in all particulars.--_Fleury_, vol. ii, p.
161.
“To anticipate the Allies, and to commence hostilities _before
they were ready_, it was necessary to take the field on the 15th
June.”--_Hist. Memoir_, Book ix, p. 59.
“The period of the arrival of the English army from America
was known. The Allied armies could not be in readiness to act
simultaneously until July.”--_Gourgaud’s Campaign_, p. 29.
[19] Hist. Memoir, Book ix, p. 127.
[20] Gourgaud, p. 38; Fleury, vol. ii, p. 167.
[21] Junot, at Rolica and Vimiera; Victor at Talavera; Massena at
Busaco; Ney, after Torres Vedras; Marmont at Salamanca; Jourdan at
Vittoria; and Soult in the Pyrenees, Toulouse, &c. &c.
[22] History of the Restoration, vol. ii, p. 377, 388.
[23] Despatches, vol. viii, p. 168.
[24] O’Meara, vol. i, p. 464.
[25] Brialmont’s Wellington, vol. ii, p. 440.
[26] Gourgaud’s Waterloo, p. 96.
[27] The first French attack was repulsed about two o’clock: but
Bonaparte renewed it five or six times, until about seven o’clock
in the evening.--_Austrian Account._
[28] Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 143.
[29] Lamartine, b. xxv, § 34.
[30] Gourgaud’s Campaign of Waterloo, p. 97.
[31] Page 151. This attack on the centre was made at one o’clock,
and La Haye Sainte was not evacuated by the English till six in the
evening. Of what occurred in the five hours which intervened the
French accounts are ominously silent.
[32] Fleury, vol. ii, p. 217.
[33] At St. Helena, he told O’Meara, “When the English advanced, I
had not a single corps of cavalry in reserve to resist them. Hence
the English attack succeeded, and all was lost,”--_O’Meara_, vol.
i, p. 465.
[34] “It was _noon_, the troops of General Bulow were stationary
beyond the extreme right: they appeared to form and wait for their
artillery.”--_Hist. Mem._ b. ix, p. 150.
[35] The Austrian account says “About five o’clock, the first
cannon-shot of the Prussian army was fired from the heights of
Aguiers.”
[36] Gourgaud’s Campaign of 1815, p. 113.
[37] They are described, both in Count Drouet’s speech and in “Book
ix,” as “sixteen battalions.” If the battalions consisted of 600
men, this would give a total of 9600.
[38] Vol. ii, p. 192.
[39] Colonel Lemonnier de Lafosse: Memoirs, p. 385.
[40] Reille had commanded the second corps, D’Erlon the first--each
of which had consisted of about 20,000 men! Can there be a more
striking proof of the utter dissolution of the French army, than
this fact, narrated by a French officer?
[41] Fleury de Chaboulon, vol. ii, pp. 203, 206, 218.
[42] The modesty,--the singular abstinence from a boast or a
vaunt,--which is perceptible in this exclamation, is wonderfully
characteristic of the man. The same quietness of manner
distinguished him through life; and it contrasts strongly with the
constant strut and proud assumption of Napoleon.
[43] Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 203.
[44] I cannot conclude this article on Waterloo without inserting
the following: Many years ago a prize poem on the Duke of
Wellington was announced at one of the English Universities, I
forget which. The gainer took for his subject the life of Napoleon,
and finished an elaborate description of that great commander, in
the following couplet, which gained him the prize:
“So great a man, the world scarce ever knew,
Bent to THY GENIUS, CHIEF OF WATERLOO.”
J. D. B.
[45] “Mitraille,” grape shot, with scraps of metal, and all sorts
of small missiles.
CHRONOLOGY.
Chronology is the science of computing and adjusting the periods of
time. It ascertains when events occurred, and assigns to each its
correct date. Thus we learn from it that the world was created 4004
years before Christ, and that the flood took place 1656 years after
the creation; and so of all other known and ascertained events,
each one is placed in connection with its proper period or year.
Of the transactions between the Creation and the Flood, we know
nothing except from Scripture, and of many of those which occurred
after the flood, and before the time of Christ, we know nothing
with certainty, except from the same source; but about 800 or 900
years before our Saviour’s time, a succession of profane historians
arose, from whom, especially those of Greece and Rome, numerous
facts in Chronology have been obtained. Various Eras, Epochs, or
methods of Chronology, have been adopted by different nations. The
Greeks reckoned time by Olympiads of four years each, commencing
from the year 776 before Christ. In marking a date by this method,
the year and Olympiad were both given; for example, the year 1845
is the first of 656th Olympiad. The Romans reckoned time from the
founding of Rome, 753 years before Christ. Dates reckoned from this
Era are designated by the initials A. U. C. (ab urbe condita; that
is, from the building of the city). The year 1845 is the 2598th
year of the Roman Era. The Christian Era, now in use amongst all
Christian nations, was first introduced in the sixth century, but
was not very generally adopted for some centuries after. This
begins 4004 years after the creation of the world, and four years
after the birth of our Saviour. Dates reckoned backwards are
usually marked B.C., or before Christ, but those reckoned forward
are distinguished by the prefix A.D., signifying Anno Domini,
or in the year of our Lord. The Mahomedans reckon time from the
Hegira, or flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, in the year 622
after Christ; but they use the lunar year of 354 days; so that
thirty-two of our years make thirty-three of theirs. The year 1845
is the 1260th year of the Hegira. Many other epochs or eras have
been used in different countries, and at different periods. The
Jews, Egyptians, Tyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and other ancient
nations, have each had their eras. The Hindoos and Chinese of the
present day have modes of reckoning time which differ from each
other, as well as from our method. In the United States, public
documents, proclamations, &c. have often, besides the date in
common use, the year of the national independence attached to them.
This is computed from July 4th, 1776, and hence may be reckoned a
national era or chronological period.
ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY
B.C.
From the Creation 4004 to the Deluge
1656 yrs elapsed.--Antediluvian P.*
From the Deluge 2348 to the Call of Abraham
427 yrs elapsed.--Dispersion P.
From the Call of Abraham 1921 to the Exode from Egypt
430 yrs elapsed.--Patriarchal P.
From the Exode 1491 to the Kingdom of Saul
396 yrs elapsed.--Theocratic P.
From Saul 1092 to the Captivity of Israel
507 yrs elapsed.--Monarchical P.
From the Captivity 588 to Alexander the Great
258 yrs elapsed.--Persian P.
From Alexander the Great 330 to Subjugation of Greece
184 yrs elapsed.--Grecian P.
From Subjugation of Greece 146 to the birth of Christ
146 yrs elapsed.--Roman P.
* P = Period.
MODERN CHRONOLOGY.
A.D.
From the Birth of Christ
to the Reign of Constantine the Great 306 years elapsed
to the Extinction of the Western Empire 476 “ “
to the flight of Mahomet 622 “ “
to the Crowning of Charlemagne at Rome 800 “ “
to the Battle of Hastings 1066 “ “
to the Founding of the Turkish Empire 1299 “ “
to the Taking of Constantinople 1453 “ “
to the Edict of Nantes 1598 “ “
to the Death of Charles XII of Sweden 1718 “ “
to the Battle of Waterloo 1815 “ “
to the Present time 1866 “ “
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B.C.
4004 CREATION OF THE WORLD.
2944 Birth of Noah.
2348 The _Flood_ or _Deluge_ covers the whole earth--lasts about
a year.
2347 Noah quits the Ark; offers sacrifices of thanksgiving; God
appoints the rainbow as a pledge that he will never again destroy
the earth by the waters of a flood. (Gen. ix. 11.)
2300 The Tower of Babel built; confusion of languages; dispersion
of mankind.
2233 Babylon founded by Nimrod; Nineveh founded by Asshur;
commencement of the Assyrian monarchy.
2188 The Egyptian monarchy founded by Mizraim; continues 1663
years.
2059 Age of Ninus and Semiramis, Assyrian monarchs.
2000 Sicyon founded--the earliest town in Greece; Sidon founded.
1996 Birth of Abram, in Ur of the Chaldees; 1998 Noah dies.
1921 CALL OF ABRAM; he leaves Ur; comes to Haran, where his
father, Terah, dies, aged 205 years; emigrates to Canaan, with
Sarai his wife, and Lot his nephew, and dwells at Shechem.
1920 Abram removes to Egypt; returns the same year.
1912 Abram defeats Chedorlaomer and the confederate kings;
rescues Lot.
1910 Birth of Ishmael, the son of Abram and Hagar. (Gen. xvi. 16.)
1897 Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, &c.; Lot retires to Zoar;
Abram’s name changed to Abraham; Sarai’s changed to Sarah.
1896 Isaac born at Beersheba; 1871 Offered up as a sacrifice by
his father.
1836 Birth of Esau and Jacob; 1821 Abraham dies.
1800 Argos founded by the Pelasgians, under Inachus.
1759 Jacob retires to his uncle, Laban, in Padan Aram; 1745
Joseph born.
1739 Jacob returns to Canaan; resides at Shechem.
1728 Joseph sold by his brethren; 1716 Isaac dies.
1706 Jacob removes to Egypt; 1689 his death.
1705 Joseph raised to distinction in Egypt; 1635 Joseph dies.
1600 Hyksos or shepherd kings conquer Egypt; they oppress the
Israelites.
1577 Age of Job; 1575, Birth of Aaron; 1571, Birth of Moses.
1550 Athens founded by Cecrops; 1531 Moses leaves Egypt.
1500 Tyre founded; Gades founded; 1493 Thebes founded by Cadmus.
1491 Moses returns to Egypt; _Exodus_ or _departure_ of the
Israelites from Egypt cross the Red Sea; law given on Mount Sinai.
1452 Death of Aaron, aged 123 years; buried on Mount Hor.
1451 Sihon defeated at Jahaz; Death of Moses, aged 120 years; Og
defeated at Edrei; the Israelites cross Jordan; capture Jericho;
sun and moon stand still at the command of Joshua; 1445, 1444 the
_Land of Canaan_ divided among the Twelve Tribes.
1443 Death of Joshua, aged 110 years; 1423 Tribe of Benjamin
destroyed.
1406 Age of Minos, the Cretan lawgiver; 1405 Othniel first judge
of Israel.
1400 Troy founded; Pelasgians expelled from Greece by the
Hellenes.
1365 Age of Sesostris, king of Egypt; a great conqueror; built
magnificent cities in his dominions.
1329 Amphictyonic council established.
1300 Voyage of the Argonauts from Aphetæ, in Thessaly, to
Colchis, under the command of Jason; Hercules, Theseus, and his
other companions were called Argonauts.
1290 Age of Mœris, king of Egypt; he causes lake Mœris to be dug,
to receive the surplus waters of the Nile.
1285 Barak and Deborah defeat Jabin.
1245 Age of Gideon; defeats the Midianites and Moabites.
1187 Jephtha, the tenth judge of Israel, sacrifices his daughter.
1184 Troy captured, after a siege of ten years; Age of Agamemnon,
Achilles, Diomedes, Nestor, Ulysses, Helen, Priam, Hector, Æneas,
Andromache, &c.; Æneas sails for Italy.
1156 Age of Eli; 1155 Birth of Samuel; 1150 Utica, in Africa,
founded.
1124 Æolian colonies established in Asia Minor.
1107 Age of Samson; judged Israel twenty years; betrayed to the
Philistines by Delilah; buries himself under the ruins of the
temple of Dagon, with a great number of his enemies.
1100 Salamis founded by Teucer.
1095 Saul first king of Israel; 1085 Birth of David; 1062 slays
Goliath.
1055 Death of Saul; succession of David; 1048 crowned king of all
Israel; 1047 takes Jerusalem from the Jebusites.
1044 Settlement of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor; Age of
Homer; the cities of Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes,
Argos and Athens afterwards contend for the honour of his birth.
1037 The Moabites and Ammonites conquered by David.
1035 Rabbath Ammon taken by Joab; Uriah killed at the siege.
1033 Birth of Solomon; Age of Hiram king of Tyre.
1014 Death of David; succeeded by Solomon; Most flourishing
period of the kingdom of Israel.
1003 Temple at Jerusalem built and dedicated by Solomon.
994 Dorians establish colonies in Asia Minor.
975 _Death of Solomon_; Rehoboam succeeds him; his tyranny causes
a division of the realm into the kingdom of Judah and Israel;
Jeroboam king of Israel; Rehoboam king of Judah.
971 Shishak, king of Egypt, plunders the temple at Jerusalem.
907 Age of the poet Hesiod; 900 Pygmalion, brother of Dido.
897 Ahab, king of Israel, slain; Ahaziah, king of Judah; Elisha
taken up to heaven; 884 Jehu king of Israel.
880 Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver.
878 Carthage founded by Dido, a Tyrian Princess.
827 Ethiopians conquer Egypt; 825 Jonah visits Nineveh; the
people repent.
820 Death of Sardanapalus; First Assyrian empire destroyed;
Median empire founded; Kingdom of Macedonia founded.
810 Uzziah, king of Judah, takes the cities of the Philistines.
800 Persepolis built; 776 Era of the Olympiads begins.
772 Pul invades Israel.
753 Rome founded, April 20; 743 First Messenian war lasts 19
years.
740 Damascus taken by Tiglath-pileser.
732 Syracuse founded; 730 Tarentum founded.
729 Samaria taken by Shalmanezer; End of the Kingdom of Israel;
Captivity of the Ten Tribes.
713 Sennacherib threatens Hezekiah; his army miraculously
destroyed.
685 Second Messenian war; lasts fourteen years; Ira besieged
eleven years; its capture ends the war.
657 Holofernes slain by Judith, near Bethulia.
650 Naval battle between the Corcyreans and Corinthians--the
first sea-fight on record.
641 Josiah king of Judah reforms abuses; restores the worship of
God.
630 Cyrene founded; 627 Nabopolazzar king of Babylon.
616 Age of Pharaoh Necho; Tyrians in his service sail round
Africa.
607 Nineveh taken by the Medes and Babylonians.
604 Age of Pittacus (general of Mitylene); Sappho (Greek poetess).
594 Age of Ezekiel.
591 Pythian Games begin; Age of Thales (philosopher); Æsop
(fabulist).
588 Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem; End of the kingdom of Judah;
Beginning of the Babylonish captivity; 572 Nebuchadnezzar takes
Tyre after a siege of thirteen years.
570 Voyage of Hanno along the west coast of Africa; about the
same time Himilco sails to Britain.
560 Union of the Medes and Persians; Cyaxares king of the Medes.
559 Persian empire founded by Cyrus; Age of Anaximander, inventor
of globes and charts.
548 Cyrus defeats Crœsus at Thymbra; Takes Sardis; Conquers Lydia.
539 Massilia founded; Age of Pythagoras (philosopher); Anacreon
(poet).
538 Cyrus takes Babylon; Age of Daniel; 525 Cambyses conquers
Egypt.
521 Age of Darius Hystaspes; 518 End of the Babylonish captivity.
516 Age of Artaxerxes Longimanus or Ahasuerus; Queen Esther.
515 The Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt; 510 Sybaris, in Italy,
destroyed.
509 Consular government established in Rome.
504 Athenians burn Sardis; Age of Heraclitus (naturalist);
Democedes (physician); 500 Milesians emigrate from Spain to
Ireland.
500 First Persian war against Greece; 490 Battle of Marathon; the
Greeks commanded by Miltiades, defeat the Persians, under Dates
and Artaphanes; 480 Xerxes crosses the Hellespont at Abydos;
invades Greece; Battle of Thermopylæ; Naval battles of Artemisium
and Salamis; Age of Themistocles (Athenian statesman); Anaxagoras
(philosopher); Pindar (poet); Æschylus (tragic writer); Corinna
(poetess).
479 Battles of Platæa and Mycale on the same day.
470 The Athenians, under Cimon defeat the Persians, on the
Eurymedon river, twice in one day, first on water and then on
land.
465 Third Messenian war; lasts ten years.
457 Battle of Tanagra; Age of Pericles (Athenian statesman).
445 Age of Herodotus (historian); Phidias (sculptor).
431 First Peloponnesian war commences; continues twenty-seven
years; Age of Hippocrates (physician); Democrates (philosopher,
&c.)
424 Bœotians defeat the Athenians at Delium.
406 Naval battle of Ægos Potamos; Athenian fleet defeated by the
Spartans; Age of Protagoras (philosopher); Parrhasius (painter).
401 Battle of Cunaxa; Death of Cyrus the younger; Retreat of the
ten thousand under Xenophon.
400 Death of Socrates; 396 Age of Zeuxis (painter); Aristippus
(philosopher).
395 Veii besieged by the Romans for ten years.
394 Spartans defeat the Thebans at Coronæa; Falerii taken by
Camillus; Age of the Cyrenaic philosophers.
389 Battle of the Allia; Gauls defeat the Romans; burn Rome;
inhabitants fly to Cære or Agylla; Gauls defeated near Cabii by
Camillus.
379 Age of Plato (philosopher); Conon (Athenian commander);
Epaminondas and Pelopidas (Theban generals); Diogenes (Stoic).
371 Epaminondas defeats the Spartans at Leuctra; 370 builds
Messene in eighty-five days; Founds Megalopolis; Age of Eudoxius
(astronomer).
362 Battle at Mantinea; death of Epaminondas.
360 Methone captured; Philip of Macedon loses his right eye.
357 Phocian war begins; lasts ten years; 355 Alexander born.
351 Capture of Sidon by Artaxerxes Ochus.
343 Age of Aristotle (philosopher), Demosthenes (orator), Phocion
(Athenian general).
338 Battle of Chæronea; Philip defeats the Athenians and their
allies.
336 Philip assassinated; Archidamus, King of Sparta, killed in
battle at Manduriæ.
335 Alexander the Great destroys Thebes; 334 conquers Greece;
begins his Persian expedition; battle of the Granicus; 333 battle
of Issus; siege of Tyre; 332 conquers Egypt; founds the city of
Alexandria; visits the temple of Jupiter Ammon; 331 crosses the
Euphrates at Thapsacus; battle of Arbela; fall of the Persian
Empire; death of Darius Codomanus; 326 Defeat of Porus by
Alexander; the latter afterwards descends the Indus to the sea;
his Admiral, Nearchus, navigates a fleet from the Indus to the
Tigris; Age of Apelles (painter); Antipater (Macedonian General,
&c.)
323 Death of Alexander, May 21; his empire divided between
Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus and Seleucus.
320 Samnites defeat the Romans near Caudium; their army pass
under the Caudine Forks; Age of Praxiteles (sculptor); Demetrius
(orator); Phalerius Theopompus (historian); Apollodorus (poet.)
312 Seleucus takes Babylon; dynasty of the Selucidæ begins.
310 Pytheas, the navigator, sails from Gades to Thule.
301 Battle of Ipsus, between Antigonus and Ptolemy, Seleucus,
Lysimachus and Cassander; Age of Zeno (philosopher).
292 The Sabines conquered by Curius Dentatus; Age of Euclid
(mathematician).
284 The Pharos, or light-house of Alexandria, built.
281 The Achæan League formed, by the chief cities of the
Peloponnesus, for mutual defence.
280 The Romans defeated at Pandosia by Pyrrhus King of Epirus;
Age of Antiochus 1st, surnamed Soter, King of Syria.
274 Romans defeat Pyrrhus; 272, conquer Samnium, after a seventy
years’ war.
262 First Punic war begins; continues twenty-six years; 260
Duillius obtains the first naval victory gained over the
Carthaginians by the Romans; 256 Regulus defeated by Xantippus;
Age of Diodatus.
251 Age of Eratosthenes (mathematician); Callimachus (poet).
249 Asdrubal defeated at Panormus, in Sicily, by Metellus.
246 Arsaces founds the Parthian empire; Age of Hamilcar, a noted
Carthaginian General, and father of Hannibal.
242 The Romans defeat the Carthaginians at sea, near the Ægades
islands; ends the first Punic war.
231 The Romans take Corsica and Sardinia.
224 The Spartan king Cleomenes III defeated by Antigonus Doson;
Colossus, at Rhodes, overthrown by an earthquake; Age of
Apollonius (poet), Philopæmen (Achæan General.)
219 Hannibal takes Saguntum; originates the second Punic war,
which lasts seventeen years; 218 Crosses the Alps; defeats the
Romans, first on the river Ticinus, then on the Trebia; 217
Battle of Thrasimene--his third victory; 216 Battle of Cannæ--his
fourth victory; 50,000 Romans slain; Capua declares in his favour.
212 Marcellus takes Syracuse, after a three years’ siege; death
of Archimedes, the noted geometrician.
206 Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain by
the Romans; Age of Syphax (Latin poet); Ennius (Latin poet);
Masinissa, King of Numidia.
202 Sicily becomes a Roman province.
201 Battle of Zama; Hannibal defeated by Scipio Africanus; End of
the second Punic war.
200 Romans conquer Illyricum; 197, defeat the Macedonians at
Cynoscephalæ; 196 Hannibal banished from Carthage.
190 Antiochus defeated by the Consul Acilius at Thermopylæ; Age
of Cato the elder.
187 Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus I at Magnesia and Sipylum.
186 Scipio Africanus banished to Liturnum.
183 Death of Hannibal in Bithynia, by poison, aged sixty-five.
168 Insurrection of the Maccabees against Antiochus, King of
Syria.
168 Paulus Æmilius defeats Perseus at Pydna; Macedonia becomes
a Roman province; Age of Hipparchus (philosopher); Polybius
(historian), &c.
167 Epirus conquered by the Romans; 165 Age of Judas Maccabæus.
149 Third Punic war begins; 146 Scipio destroys Carthage, Mummius
destroys Corinth; Agatharchides (Greek geographer).
137 Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina.
133 Numantia destroyed by the inhabitants; Spain becomes a Roman
province; The kingdom of Pergamus bequeathed to the Romans by
Attalus, its last king.
131 Tiberius Gracchus treacherously slain at Potentia.
109 Jugurthine war begins; lasts five years; 106 Jugurtha
betrayed by Bocchus to the Romans; Armenia Major becomes a Roman
province.
105 Aristobulus crowned king of the Jews; 106 Pompey born at Rome.
102 Marius defeats the Cimbri and Teutones at Aquæ Sextæ; 101
defeats the Cimbri on the Raudian Plains.
100 Birth of Julius Cæsar, July 12; this month was named after
him.
92 Bocchus sends Sylla a present of 100 lions from Africa.