hundred items; but, as the subject concerns the history of the Mexican
War only incidentally, it has been condensed.) Reports from military
and naval officers in the adjutant general's office and the navy
(squadron and captains' letters) archives. =323-5=Stevenson, letter
book, gen. order book, regtal. ord. book. Colton, Three Years, 24,
32, 155, 172, 175. Cooke, Conquest, 45, etc. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 28,
etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 160, 229, 242, 245-6. Benton, View, ii, 715,
718. Clark, First Regt., 12, etc. =316=Sherman papers. Sen. 1; 29,
2, pp. 49-50, 65. _Calif. Star_, Mar. 6, 1847. London _Times_, Aug.
13-4, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 55-7, 947. Sherman Letters, 39. Wise,
Gringos, 47, etc. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 204-30, 244-8. =256=Marcy
papers. =247=Larkin papers. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 478; xvii,
417, etc. =4=Amador, Memorias, 172. =122=Bidwell, California, 180.
=210=Hammond papers. _Annals Amer. Acad._, xii, 70-1 (R. D. Hunt).
=349=Watterston papers. =120=Biddle papers. Cutts, Conquest, 65, 71,
123, 164, 248. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 30; Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. _Journ.
of Commerce_, Dec. 30, 1846. _Diario_, Oct. 16, 1846. _Cong. Globe_,
30, 1, p. 604 (Benton). _Annals of the Am. Acad._, xii, 71 (Hunt).
_Nat. Intelligencer_, Sept. 22, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 332.
=132=Buchanan papers. Hall, S. José, 154-6. Sherman, Home Letters,
96, 113. _Id._, Mems., i, 29, 34, 56. _Niles_, Aug. 29, p. 416; Sept.
12, 1846, p. 20; Oct. 23, 1847, p. 115. Sen. 33; 30, 1. Ho. Rep.,
817; 30, 1. Sen. 439; 29, 1. Ho. 17; 31, 1. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 47,
51, 53, etc., 1037, 1069. Revere, Tour, 78. Sen. 7; 30, 1. Sen. Rep.
75; 30, 1, pp. 14-5. Sen. 31; 30, 2, pp. 23, 28-30. Sen. 18; 31, 1,
pp. 398-401. Tuthill, Calif., 208-13. Schafer, Pacific Slope, 269.
Porter, Kearny, 31. Willey, Trans. Period, 66, 70. Royce, Calif., 197.
=120=Cits. to Biddle, Mar. 2, 1847. Tyler, Concise Hist., 202-52, 277,
288. Stockton, Life, 158. =372=Hyde, statement. =70="Californias" (see
Richman, California, for many of the most important). =76=Pérez, Oct.
22. =76=Comadurán to comte. gen. Sonora, Nov. 14; to Cooke, Dec. 16.
=76=_Id._, Nov. 21; Dec. 17. =76=Cooke to Gándera, Dec. 18. =76=Cuesta,
Dec. 30, 1846; July 23, 1847. =76=Estado, Tucson, Dec. 3, 1846.
=76=Limón to Cooke, [Dec. 16]; reply, [Dec. 16]. =76=Cuesta to mil.
comte. Arispe, Dec. 18. =76=Vanguard section, estado, Dec. 23; etc.
For the Mormons see vol. i, p. 290. P. St. G. Cooke, acting as It.
col., led the Mormon battalion from Santa Fe, New Mex., to California.
31.22. "_Head Quarters of the Army_, Tampico, February 19, 1847.
_General Orders, no. 20._ 1. It may well be apprehended that many
grave offences not provided for in the act of Congress 'establishing
rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United
States,' approved April 10, 1806, may be again committed--by, or upon,
individuals of those armies, in Mexico, pending the existing war
between the two Republics. Allusion is here made to atrocities, any
one of which, if committed within the United States or their organized
territories, would, of course, be tried and severely punished by the
ordinary or civil courts of the land. 2. Assassinations; murder;
malicious stabbing or maiming; rape; malicious assault and battery;
robbery; theft; the wanton desecration of churches, cemeteries or
other religious edifices and fixtures, and the destruction, except
by order of a superior officer, of public or private property, are
such offences. 3. The good of the service, the honor of the United
States and the interests of humanity, imperiously demand that every
crime, enumerated above, should be severely punished. (Paragraphs
4-6 demonstrate the necessity of a code supplemental to the rules
and articles of war.) 7. That unwritten code is _Martial Law_, as
an addition to the written military code, prescribed by Congress in
the rules and articles of war, and which unwritten code, all armies,
in hostile countries, are forced to adopt--not only for their own
safety, but for the protection of the unoffending inhabitants and
their property, about the theaters of] military operations, against
injuries contrary to the laws of war. 8. From the same supreme
necessity, martial law is hereby declared, as a supplemental code in,
and about, all camps, posts and hospitals which may be occupied by
any part of the forces of the United States, in Mexico, and in, and
about, all columns, escorts, convoys, guards and detachments, of the
said forces, while engaged in prosecuting the existing war in, and
against the said republic. 9. Accordingly, every crime, enumerated in
paragraph No. 2, above, whether committed--1. By any inhabitant of
Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, upon the person or property
of any individual of the United States' forces, retainer or follower
of the same; 2. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or
follower of the same, upon the person or property of any inhabitant
of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, or 3. By any individual of
the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person
or property of any other individual of the said forces, retainer or
follower of the same--shall be duly tried and punished under the
said supplemental code. 10. For this purpose it is ordered, that all
offenders, in the matters aforesaid, shall be promptly seized and
confined, and reported, for trial, before _Military Commissions_ to
be duly appointed as follows: 11. Every military commission, under
this order, will be appointed, governed and limited, as prescribed
by the 65th, 66th, 67th, and 97th, of the said rules and articles of
war, and the proceedings of such commissions will be duly recorded, in
writing, reviewed, revised, disapproved or approved, and the sentences
executed--all, as in the cases of the proceedings and sentences of
courts-martial; _provided_, that no military commission shall try any
case clearly cognizable by any court-martial, and _provided_ also that
no sentence of a military commission shall be put in execution against
any individual, whatsoever, which may not be, according to the nature
and degree of the offence, as established by evidence, in conformity
with known punishments, in like cases, in some one of the States of the
United States of America. 12. This order will be read at the head of
every Company serving in Mexico." This order helps to explain the later
improvement at the north which we have noted.
31.23. The ordinary safeguard ran thus: "By authority of ... The
person, the property, and the family of ... [or such a college, mill,
etc., and the persons and things belonging to it] are placed under the
safeguard of the United States. To offer any violence or injury to them
is expressly forbidden; on the contrary, it is ordered that safety
and protection be given to him, or them, in case of need." Safeguards
were given to towns also. The following is a specimen: "_Safeguard._
Office of the Civil & Military Governor, Puebla, 22nd January, 1848.
Whereas the Municipality of the town of San Martin, on the main road
to Mexico, has presented a Solicitation to this Government with
regard to certain permissions and protection this Safeguard is given
to said Municipality in the following terms.--1. The authorities and
inhabitants of San Martin, their families and private property are
placed under the protection of the United States forces, as long as
they remain quiet, neutral and peaceable and will therefore be left
unmolested and not interfered with by the troops and followers of the
United States army. On the contrary their civil authorities will be
respected, and protection and assistance will be given to them such as
they should need or claim.--2. All honorable and peaceable inhabitants
guaranteed to be such by the Municipality have permission to carry arms
for the defence of the community, their persons and their property
against robbers.--3. They are allowed to organize a neutral police
force of twenty five armed and mounted men for protection of the town
against robbers and for assisting the authorities in executing their
duties, the criminals taken prisoners by them to be delivered over to
the Governor of Puebla.--4. Permission is likewise granted to said
authorities and inhabitants to defend themselves against any one who
comes to plunder, rob or attack them, may he be robber, guerrillero
[_i.e._, "guerilla"], or an American soldier.--5. The Municipality of
San Martin has permission, to arrest and remit to their commanding
officers all American soldiers, they may find within the district of
San Martin, drunk dispersed or deserters.--6. It is strictly prohibited
to the troops and followers of the United States army to open the
prison at San Martin and put the criminals in liberty.--7. A copy of
this Safeguard has been forwarded to the General in chief of the United
States forces in order to communicate it to the commanding officers of
the army, and of divisions, which have to pass by San Martin. Another
copy has been remitted to the commanding officer of the military post
at Rio Frio.--"
31.24. Numerous large monasteries, occupied by only a few monks, were
found useful, and the use of them for such a purpose gave no offence
(Scott, Mems., ii, 580).
31.25. _Scott's policy._ Scott, Mems., ii, 393-6, 547-9, 580. Hitchcock
in _Republic_, Feb. 15, 1851. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 147.
=69=Safeguard. =60=Scott, May 26, 1846. =65=Gen. orders 20, Feb. 19,
1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 873. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 55. _So. Qtrly. Review_,
Jan., 1852, p. 133.
31.26. Scott called upon "the 97 honorable men in every 100" to seize
in the act and report the "scoundrels" committing outrages (Ho. 60;
30, 1, p. 914). He thus enlisted, he believed, the coöperation of
"thousands of good soldiers" (=60=to Marcy, Apr. 5, 1847). As in civil
life, it was of course impossible to apprehend all the criminals.
31.27. The impracticable attempt to keep liquor out of the city was not
tried here. A system of license and supervision was adopted. April 1
two taverns were authorized to sell liquor (to be used on the premises).
31.28. Worth's successors in the governorship were Col. Henry Wilson up
to about the middle of December, 1847; Gen. James Bankhead for a few
days; Gen. Twiggs until Mar. 25, 1848; Col. Wilson for a day or two;
Gen. S. W. Kearny. When Wilson left in December, 1847, the merchants
and consuls gave him a vote of thanks (Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii,
585). Mar. 30, 1848, the Mexican ayuntamiento was restored.
31.29. Thompson, Recolls., 4. Dysentery was prevalent and dangerous.
Dec. 29, 1847, a responsible writer at Vera Cruz stated that not less
than 1,200 Americans had succumbed there to the climate since April.
31.30. _The Vera Cruz district._ =52=Trist, May 7, 1847. Bullock, Six
Months (1825 ed.), i, 19, 20. =100=Ayuntamiento archives. Lerdo de
Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 572-3, 584-5. Lyon, Journal, ii, 214, 221. _Flag
of Freedom_, i, no. 4. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 112, 115, 117, 119.
_Niles_, Sept. 25, 1847, p. 53, etc. =361=Woods, recolls. =144=Cassidy,
recolls. =327=Sutherland, letters. =322=Smith, diary. =152=Claiborne,
mems. =270=Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes, 105-6. =86=S. Anna to Soto,
Apr. 14, 1847. Wash. _Union_, July 26, 29, 1847. _Amer. Eagle_, V.
Cruz, Apr. 3, 13; Oct. 11, 16, 1847. =76=J. Soto, July 3, 1847. =256=J.
Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847. =13=Giffard, Apr. 13; May 15; June
15, 1847. =221=Hill, diary. =69=Scott to Patterson, Mar. 30, 1847.
=65=Wilson, orders (1847) 20, 23, 64, 116, 128, 142. =65=Bankhead,
orders 167. =65=Twiggs, orders 11, 14. =65=Wilson, orders (1848), 130.
=65=Kearny, orders 172. =65=Scott, gen. orders 75, 87, 101. =60=Wilson
to Marcy, Aug. 1, 1847. =61=Worth, orders 1-7. =61=Kearny, Apr. 9,
1848, and endorsement. _Don Simplicio_, Apr. 21, 1847. _Diario_, Apr.
13, 1847. Long, Lee, 68. =60=Scott, Apr. 5, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
914 (Scott); 938 (Dorich). =166=Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846.
Stevens, Stevens, i, 117-8. =12=Pell of Sloop _Daring_, Nov. 30, 1847.
Kenly, Md. Vol., 288-9.
31.31. _The Córdoba district._ =88=Ayuntamiento archives. Moreno,
Cantón, 378, 380, 382-3. London _Saturday Review_, 1865, p. 6.
=65=Bankhead, orders 11, 12, 28.
31.32. _The Orizaba district._ =94=Ayuntamiento archives. Cubas,
Cuadro, 54. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 179. Diccionario Universal
(_Orizaba_). =65=Bankhead, orders 38, 100. =69=Colección de Itinerarios.
31.33. Neither at Jalapa nor elsewhere were there many complaints from
women. Here the soldiers gave parties. Harlots were the only women
present, but they were treated--to the great amusement of the town--as
ladies (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 247).
31.34. _The Jalapa district._ =90=Ayuntamiento archives. Brackett,
Lane's Brigade, 62-3. Vigne, Travels, i, 14-16. Bullock, Six Months
(1825 ed.), i, 55. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 28, 37, 54, 97. =257=Orders
and letters from G. H[ughes] to Frank [Markoe]. Oswandel, Notes, 196,
389. Semmes, Service, 205, 215. _Nacional_, Dec. 22, 1847; Jan. 5,
1848. =69=Alcalde to gov., Nov. 25, 27, 1847. =69=Orders, Dec. 3, 10,
15, 1847; Feb. 4; Apr. 25; May 7, 1848. =69=Patterson to Pillow, Sept.
22, 1846; to ----, Nov. 24, 1847. =69=Am. gov. to alcalde, Nov. 26;
Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Feb. 28; Mar. 15, 1848. =69=Hughes, proclam.,
Nov. 30, 1847. =287=Parrish, diary. =332=Tennery, diary. _Picayune_,
May 28; Dec. 19, 24, 25, 1847. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 365-8, 382. Wash.
_Union_, May 22, 1847. =159=Collins papers. Lyon, Journal, ii, 186.
Ward, Mexico, ii, 193. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 58-9. Grone,
Briefe, 62. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900-2; iv, 20, 28-34. =69=Hughes to
prefect, May 31, 1848; to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848; to first alcalde, Mar.
27, 1848; orders, Nov. 29, 30, 1847; Jan. 10; Feb. 19; May 4, 5, 1848.
=69=_Id._ to officers, Jan. 15, 1848. =68=Court of inquiry, Jalapa, May
31, 1848. _Arco Iris_, Dec. I, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1029. _Niles_,
Jan. 1, 1848, p. 276. =76=Soto, proclam., Sept. 10, 1847. Roa Bárcena,
Recuerdos, 235-6, 245-7. Hartman, Journal, 13. =327=Sutherland to
father, undated. =13=Bankhead, no. 42, 1847 (the conduct of Scott and
his officers at Jalapa is "highly extolled").
31.35. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 272. The presence of Scott, Worth and
other superior officers who, as the soldiers knew, could not be trifled
with, may help to explain the mystery. (Later some outrages occurred.)
The troops were kept within a large square space with sentries at each
corner, and the boundaries of it could not be crossed after dark by
either civilians or soldiers (_Republicano_, June 14). At one place on
the way to Puebla, wrote a soldier in his diary, a sentry was placed at
every shop, and even women selling bread on the street were guarded.
31.36. Personally Lane discouraged outrages. Once when some of his
famished men had robbed a poor man's cornfield Lane, besides having him
paid the full amount of the damages, added as much more from his own
pocket (Brackett, Lane's Brig., 74-5). It was said that priests were
sometimes ill-used, but this was natural enough when they were capable
of coöperating with guerillas, inducing American soldiers to desert,
and harboring such deserters.
31.37. _The Puebla district._ _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 5. Lawton,
Artillery Officer, 272. =270=Moore, diary. =95=Childs, proclam.,
Nov. 11, 1847 (placard). Oswandel, Notes, 345, 390. =95=Ayuntamiento
archives (proceedings, correspondence with Worth, orders of Worth,
etc.). =95=Fúrlong, proclam., Oct. 14, 1847. =95=Childs, proclam., Oct.
25, 1847. =95=The bishop to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. =95=Fúrlong to Scott,
Dec. 1, 1847. =95=Ayunt. to prefect, Oct. 26, 1847. =304=Worth, orders,
May 16, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 121, 125, 131, 136, 165, 210.
=356=Whitcomb, diary. _Republicano_, June 13, 14, 21 (_El National_),
24, 1847. =69=Fúrlong to Am. gov., Aug. 10, 1847. =69=Prefect to
Childs, Oct. 14; Nov. 2, 8; Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 8, 1848. =69=Childs's
official papers =61=Scott, gen. orders 187, 1847. _Nacional_, Dec.
18, etc, 1847. =95=Report of the committee appointed to confer with
Scott, Jan. 4, 1848. =75=Jefe político Tlaxcala to Scott, Nov. 23,
1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 122-3. Donnavan, Adventures, 100.
Colección de Documentos (Childs, orders, Oct. 16). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
1030 (Childs).
There was special feeling about churches. The bishop of Puebla
complained to Scott that our soldiers desecrated a church at Tlaxcala,
and stole some priests' robes. But the soldiers had found that the
church was the base of the guerillas they were pursuing, and discovered
the robes on the floor. Our officers made great efforts to prevent
outrages here and to restore the stolen property (Brackett, Lane's
Brigade, 211; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 123; etc.). It seems to have been true
that no church was desecrated by Americans that had not been desecrated
by Mexicans, and used for hostile purposes.
31.38. The lépero dared not attack a sober American soldier. The scheme
was to get the soldiers intoxicated, and, when they staggered and fell,
knife them. After a time our men invented a trick to meet it. They
would pretend to be intoxicated, fall to the ground, and make ready for
the would-be assassin; and finally the léperos feared a drunken soldier
even more than a sober one. Carrying concealed weapons was forbidden;
suspected persons were searched; and any one found guilty was given
twenty lashes on the bare back. This had an excellent effect.
31.39. A specimen case was that of private Gahagiun of the Seventh
Infantry (=65=gen. orders 378). For breaking into a house and taking
some ladies' clothing he was sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his
bare back "well laid on with a rawhide," to be confined at hard labor
during the rest of his term, to be then dishonorably discharged and
drummed out--$250 of his pay to go to the person robbed and the rest to
be confiscated. Mexicans as well as Americans were publicly flogged. In
extreme cases hanging was the punishment.
Scott made the following daily details in order to ensure order and
discipline (=65=gen. orders 298, September 24, 1847): "1. A general
officer of the day to report to me; to superintend the good order and
discipline of the garrison, visit the guards and outposts, organize
patrols, and receive reports regarding order and discipline. 2. A
field officer of the day of each division and of the cavalry brigade
to superintend the troops in quarters, be present at the mounting and
dismounting of the guards, have control of the in-lying pickets, etc.
3. One third of each regiment not on other duty will constitute its
portion of the in-lying guard. 4. A captain or subaltern of the day of
each regiment will superintend the quarters, attend the parading of
regimental guards, have the roll called frequently and at unexpected
times, visit company kitchens and messes, etc." The drill of the
troops was kept up, and of course it was only when off duty that they
could be disorderly. Doyle reported that a gentleman from Pachuca, a
place at some distance from Mexico, said: "Nothing can be better than
the behavior of the American troops at Pachuca" (no. 5, 1848). On
the other hand Lane's men were guilty of excesses at Tulancingo. In
=65=gen. orders 395, December 31, 1847, Scott said: "Men free at home,
must maintain the honor of freeman when abroad. If they forget _that_,
they will degrade themselves to the level of felons and slaves, and may
be rightfully condemned and treated as such; for felons, according to
the laws of God and man, are _slaves_" (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1066).
31.40. Quitman strictly forbade (Sept. 21) "any interference with or
mutiliation of the books, papers, or records contained within the
Palace."
31.41. Matamoros, Monterey, Tampico, Jalapa and Puebla had an American
newspaper; Vera Cruz and Mexico two.
31.42. In consequence of the incapacity of our medical men and
particularly their ignorance of the effects of the climate, diseases
not considered dangerous by residents often proved fatal to the
American soldiers (=13=Thornton, no. 5, 1847).
31.43. _The Mexico district._ Davis, Autobiog., 246, 258, 261-2,
277. Henshaw narrative. Donnavan, Adventures, 93, 97. Instrucciones
Otorgadas. Wise, Gringos, 260. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 314-5, 321.
Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 1163-5. Quitman, orders, Oct. 6, 1847, in
Papeles Varios. _Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit._, xv, 627. McSherry,
Puchero, 163. _Vedette_, ii, no. 10 (Brooks). Norton, Life, 172.
=321=Smith, diary. =358=Williams to father, Dec. 27, 1847; Feb. 22,
1848. =152=Claiborne, mems. Oswandel, Notes, 431, 433, 455, 525,
583. =92=Ayuntamiento archives. =69a=Archives of Federal District.
=80=Archives of México state. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 307. =80=Gracida
to Butler, Feb. 25, 1848. =13=Doyle, nos. 1, 5, 27, 1848. _Britannia_,
Sept. 28, 1847 (_Daily News_). Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395. Calderón,
Life, i, 139-40. _National_, Nov. 14, 1847. =60=N. C. to J. L. Miller,
May 7, 1848. =62=Jones to Bedinger, Mar. 11, 1848. Captain of Vols.,
Conquest, 27. =65=Scott, gen. orders, Sept. 14, 16, 17, 24; Dec. 18,
31, 1847. London _Times_, Nov. 12, 13, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
205-12. _Picayune_, Oct. 15; Nov. 14; Dec. 19, 29, 1847. _Delta_, Nov.
6, 7, 12; Dec. 19, 24, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384 (Scott). Kenly, Md.
Vol., 413. México á través, iv, 703-4. =65=Scott, gen. orders 190, 355.
Rodriguez, Breve Reseña, 1848, 1849, p. 5. =13=Bankhead, no. 86, Sept.
28, 1847. =73=Lozano, no. 8, res., Sept. 17, 1847. Ramírez, México,
318. N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Feb. 28, 1848. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 7,
20, 1847. =277=Veramendi to Quitman, Oct. 8, 1847. =366=Memb. municip.
council to ----, Nov. 14 and reply. (Mexican letter) _Nacional_, Nov.
14, 1847. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 260-3, 270-1. Apuntes, 362-7,
369. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1065. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. =132=Nowell to
mother, Oct. 21, 1847. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 153. Stevens, Stevens, i,
219. =121=Placards and Notices. _Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag._, Mar.
6, 1908. =214=Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. London _Chronicle_, Nov.
12, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 543. Lane (Adventures) shows that
our officers were by no means all saints, but this is not a fact to
occasion surprise.
Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 571) complains that immorality was
promoted at Mexico by giving licenses to gambling places; but it would
not have been possible to prevent the soldiers from gambling among
themselves and in "dives," and no doubt Scott believed it would be best
to have the gambling done where some control could be exercised over
it, and where the men would not be in danger of the assassin's knife.
Ripley admits that gambling "flourished" before licenses were given (p.
570). Ripley suggests (p. 574) that "active operations would have been
the immediate and effectual remedy" for the immorality; but, as we have
seen, there were not enough troops, etc., for active operations, and
perhaps shooting Mexicans needlessly would have been no better business
than gambling. Ripley admits (p. 577) that most of the troops were kept
outside the city. Riley's brigade was at Tacubaya, Patterson's division
at S. Angel, and a part of Butler's division at El Molino del Rey. The
other part and Smith's brigade remained in town.
31.44. Probably fearing American interference or influence, the
Mexican government at Querétaro discountenanced such elections (México
á través, iv, 704). As the records are by no means complete, it is
necessary in this and other cases to assume that like causes produced
like effects, unless there is some evidence to the contrary. General
conclusions could not otherwise be reached.
31.45. At Tampico Shields appointed three Mexican alcaldes and also (to
act with these in cases between Americans and Mexicans) an American
court of three American citizens.