60; 30, 1, pp. 910, 944-8, 954-8, 1221 (Scott); 983-92; 950 (H. L.
Scott); 904, 953, 1241 (Marcy); 967 (Worth). =61=Scott to Wilson, Apr.
26. =68=Worth court of inquiry, proceedings. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier,
i, 278; ii, 118-23, 126-7, 129-30, 143-4. =66=Beauregard to Smith, May
10. =52=Trist to Buchanan, May 7. Davis, Autobiog., 164-6. Hartman,
Journal, 13. =330=Scott to Cadwalader, Apr. 25. =304=Patterson, orders
10, May 1. (The district) Robertson, Visit, i, 278; Ruxton, Adventures
(1915), 56; Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 398; Orbigny, Voyage,
410; Lyon, Journal, ii, 186; Velasco, Geografía, iii, 99. =362=G. A.
Worth to Van Buren, May 20. Robertson, Remins, 261, 275. _Revue de
Paris_, Dec., 1844. =218=Henshaw narrative. Löwenstern, Le Mexique,
26. =68=Scott to Worth, May 6. =65=Scott, gen. orders 128, 129, 135-6,
Apr. 30, 30; May 4, 5. =332=Tennery, diary. Thompson, Recolls., 13.
Oswandel, Notes, 142, 149, 152. Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. 6 (Scott). Semmes
Service, 189-90, 207-10. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528 (Hitchcock). =139=W.
B. to D. Campbell, Nov. 2, 1846. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124, 129 (Scott).
_Picayune_, May 4, 7, 11; Nov. 14. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 110.
=335=Scott to Trist, July 21, 1848. =61=Field report, May 7, 1847.
=61=Scott to Wilson, May 2. Moore, Scott's Camp., 68. Roa Bárcena,
Recuerdos, 236. =322=Smith, diary. =270=Moore, diary. =73=Bermúdez de
Castro, no. 517, June 29. Polk, Message, Feb. 13 (Richardson, iv, 515).
Scott, Mems., ii, 452, 466, 553. London _Times_, Aug. 6. _Diario_, Aug.
5. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 133, 135. (Bounty)
U. S. Statutes at Large, ix, 184. Upton, Mil. Policy, 215. _So. Qtrly.
Review_, Apr., 1852, 376-85. =6l=Scott, memo., Nov. 29, 1846 (12 new
regts.). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 45-6. =364=Worth to daughter, Apr. 30.
Bishop, Journal. =112=Beauregard to Smith, May 2. Negrete, Invasion,
iii, app., 60. =60=Scott to Marcy, Apr. 5. Stevens, Campaigns, 16.
=139=Five colonels to Scott, May 1. =62=Adj. gen. to Brooke, May 29.
(Govt. will move) =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 21.
The Spanish minister reported that if Scott had been prepared to
attack the capital immediately after April 18, he could have taken it
without a shot (no. 517, June 29). Patterson left the army at this time
because the return of so many volunteers destroyed his command, and
Pillow left because he had been appointed a major general and wished
to bring on his division. Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 514) says Scott
could have established a garrison of 4000 at Mexico and held the city.
But assassinations and sickness would soon have reduced his numbers.
Parties sent out for provisions and forage would have been cut off. The
Mexicans, not yet thoroughly beaten, would have been encouraged by the
isolation of so weak a force, as they had been by the size of Taylor's
army. They might have been able to starve out the garrison. The result
would probably have been at best that a rescue-army would have had
to fight its way to the capital without the assistance of Scott, his
regular officers and his veteran troops. He had no right to take such
a risk, especially when it seemed very doubtful whether success in
holding the capital would signify much.
24.7. This agent, whose name has been given as Campos and (probably
correctly) as Campomanes, appears to have been the parish priest of
Jalapa (Baz, Juárez, 47, note). The paper, which was printed first in
Spanish and then in English (=76=Hitchcock to Worth, May 12), may be
summarized as follows: It is my duty, Mexicans, to make known certain
facts that are purposely concealed from you. For the sake not only
of ourselves but of the whole American continent and of republican
institutions, we of the United States made every effort consistent with
honor to adjust our difficulties with Mexico, but the patriotic Herrera
was thrown from power, and the new government, ignoring your interests
in order to further its monarchical designs, compelled my nation to
take up arms. Like you, we hoped that good would result from the
overthrow of Paredes, and therefore we permitted Santa Anna to return;
but, again like you perhaps, we were mistaken as to his intentions.
What has followed, you know. Your troops, whose devotion and valor we
admire, have been badly led, and even betrayed or deceived; and he has
not only rewarded those who waged civil war at Mexico, but insulted the
brave defenders of Vera Cruz. Recently the battle at Cerro Gordo showed
what you may expect from him. Everywhere generals long supported in
idleness by the nation have exhibited a lack of honor or skill, while
the dead or wounded soldiers, abandoned on the field, have not been
given by their leaders even the poor recompense of a grave. The clergy
and all other peaceable and useful citizens have been, and still are,
taxed, menaced and sacrificed, whereas criminals go unpunished. Can
this be called liberty? The Mexicans, I am sure, have the courage to
admit mistakes that involve no dishonor, and to adopt for the future a
policy of peace, of liberty and of harmony with their brethren of the
United States. My troops, as your bishops and priests will testify,
have not committed the outrages alleged against us for the purpose of
exciting your anger. We adore the same God as you, and many of our
people and of our army are Roman Catholics. We punish crime and reward
merit; we respect property--especially that of the Church--and we seek
your friendship. Abandon prejudice, then; cease to be victims of the
ambitious; act as a great American nation. If, however, the war must
go on, my country will send--should they be needed--100,000 men, and
settle the pending difficulties in a decisive manner. Guerilla warfare,
should it be persisted in, would lead to reprisals, and you could not
blame us for your sufferings. I have set out for Puebla and Mexico, and
shall certainly reach those places; but my desire is peace, friendship,
union. It is for you to choose between these and war (Tributo á la
Verdad, doc. 18).
It has been said that this proclamation, by opening old political
sores and insulting the Mexicans, did more harm than good (_Southern
Quarterly Review_, April, 1852, p. 394); but (1) even the formal reply
made to it admitted its truth, and the facts outlasted any temporary
resentment that may have been produced in some minds; (2) it was
intended for the common people, with whom plain, solid interests had
more influence than high-flown sentiments of pride; (3) the clericals,
who suggested the contents of the proclamation, were shrewd men; (4)
the fury of Santa Anna against it (=76=May 18) is sufficient evidence
that he saw it would injure him; and (5) we have direct proof that it
was received eagerly by the Mexicans. See, for example, Roa Bárcena,
Recuerdos, 240-1.
Closely allied with the clerical party were the monarchists, who,
though comparatively few, wielded much influence on account of their
wealth and social position. They had good reason to fear the United
States but they hated Santa Anna; and it was suspected that they wished
the people to realize that without European aid they were helpless.
Among minor matters attended to by Scott at Jalapa were the
establishment of a battery commanding the city, and the creation of the
military department of Jalapa (Plan del Río to La Hoya, inclusive).
24.8. _The understanding with the clericals, etc._ (Beach) =56=Report,
June 4; N. Y. _Sun_, May 19, 22. (Agent) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 255-6;
=68=_Id._ to Worth, May 10; Baz, Juárez, 47, note; Apuntes, 192; Sen.
52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Tributo á la Verdad, 49, 54, 56 and doc.
no. 18 (proclam. of May 11). S. Anna, Apelación, 41-3. Claiborne,
Quitman, i, 311. Consideraciones, 3, 7, 22-3. (Priests tolerant)
Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 341-3; Consideraciones, 32, 37;
Lawton, Artill. Officer, 160-1, 175. (True) =13=Bankhead, no. 57, May
29; Impug. del Manif. London _Times_, July 15. Apuntes, 193. Sen. 52;
30, 1, p. 127 (Marcy). Ramírez, México, 239, 256-7, 263, 272. México
á través, iv, 661. =236=Judah, diary, May 2, 6, 17, 26. =95=Protest,
Apr. 12. _Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =95=Sánchez, proclam., Apr.
29. =95=Orders, May 8. =95=Ayunt., proceedings. _Picayune_, June
30. =82=Otero, proclam., Apr. 26. =82=Baranda to gov., Apr. 24 and
reply (draft). =82=Isunza, proclam., May 13. (Crowning) Scott, Mems.,
ii, 549. (Proclam. of May 11) Wash. _Union_, June 12. _Courrier des
Etats Unis_, May 22. Mata, Reflecciones. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 967, 995
(Worth); 968 (proclam.) Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190. =76=Winette,
statement, May 2. =76=To S. Anna, May 14. =76=S. Anna, May 18.
=76=Hitchcock to Worth, May 12 (intercepted). =76=Fúrlong, May 17.
24.9. His intellectual plane is suggested by the fact that after the
battle he promptly sent instructions to his mistress but not to his
second in command (=76=Canalizo, Apr. 24).
24.10. At this juncture appeals were again made to the Roman Catholics,
particularly the Irish, of the American army, and apparently 2-300
deserted while at Jalapa (Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 144). One
appeal said, "Are Catholic Irishmen to be the destroyers of Catholic
temples, the murderers of Catholic priests, and the founders of
heretical rites i this pious country?" A large amount of money seems
to have been collected by Santa Anna at this time. The Manifiesto of
Vera Cruz State (_Monitor Republicano_, Dec. 19, 1847) asserted that in
fifteen days he obtained 120,000 pesos, though he said (May 9) he had
received less than 25,000 (Gamboa, Impug., 35).
24.11. Santa Anna's flank position was even more favorable than
Washington's at Morristown. While he lingered near Vera Cruz, Scott
could not feel safe, and his trains were in imminent danger. Had he
remained there, Scott, whose small numbers would not have permitted him
to send an adequate detachment to Orizaba, might have felt compelled
to go there with his whole army, and much embarrassment might have
resulted (Steele, American Campaigns, i, 125-6. W. B. Lane, _The United
Service_, June, 1896, p. 485. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, 146).
24.12. _Santa Anna's operations till he reached Puebla._ Only the
principal documents can be cited here. Tributo á la Verdad, 48-9, 54,
136. _Picayune_, May 6. _Diario_ Sept. 10. =312=Guerra to S. Anna,
Apr. 8. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 265-7, 570, 634. S. Anna, Apelación,
app., 72-3, 76. =366=_Id._, Address to Amer. soldiers, Apr. --. _Id._,
Detall, 8. Defensa de ... Estrada. S. Anna, Manifiesto, Mar. 24, 1848.
=12=Loch to admiralty, Apr. 20, 1847. Apuntes, 183-91. Gamboa, Impug.,
36. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 274. =13=Bankhead, no. 42, 1847.
_Courrier Français_, May 5. Ramírez, México, 261. México á través, iv,
660-1. =88=Córdoba ayunt., proceedings, Apr. 26-9. =82=Official docs.,
Apr. 20-30. =82=Prefect of Matamoros, Apr. 26. (Indians) =82=Prefect
Tlapa, May 13. _Republicano_, May 4. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517,
June 29. _Nat. Intelligencer_, June 2. _Monitor Repub._, May 4, 23.
(Tlacotálpam) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 547. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190.
S. Anna, Comunic. Oficial. Carreño, Jefes, cclxx. Lerdo de Tejada,
Apuntes, ii, 260. =76=Carrera, Apr. 27. (Chiquihuite.) =76=Acuerdo,
Mar. 29; =76=Soto, Apr. 3; =76=to Soto, Apr. 1. =76=Canalizo, Apr.
21, 24, 28. =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 21. =76=To Canalizo, Apr. 21. =76=To
Bravo, Apr. 21. =76=Fúrlong, May 9. =76=Gov. to comte. gen. Oaxaca, May
4. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 27. =76=_Id._ to Rosa, Feb. 5, 1848.
24.13. _Santa Anna's operations after he reached Puebla (except the
Amozoc fight)._ Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 250-2, 255, Tributo á
la Verdad, 49-53, 56-7. S. Anna, Apelación, 41-3. _Id._, Detall, 8.
=166=Pommarès to Conner, Aug. 29, 1846, confid. Donnavan, Adventures,
99. Dos Palabras. London _Times_, July 9. Apuntes, 192-3. Gamboa,
Impug., 33-5. Ramírez, México, 260, 282. México á través, iv, 661.
=95=Protest, Apr. 12. _Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =82=Comte. gen.
to gov., May 10. =82=Letter to secy., May 11. =95=Puebla ayunt.,
proceedings, May 10-15. =82=Isunza, proclam., May 12. =199=S. Anna
to Giménez, May 15. _Diario_, May 10. _Monitor Repub._, May 13, 23;
Dec. 12. Baz, Juárez, 47, note. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190.
=312=Bishop Puebla to S. Anna, Apr. 8. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 27, 29; May
11, 15. =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 20, 30. =76=To Bravo, Apr. 21. =76=To
Gaona, Apr. 21. =76=Carrera, Apr. 23. =76=Fúrlong, May 9. =76=S. Anna
to Rea, May 12.
24.14. _The American advance to Puebla (including the Amozoc fight)._
Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 944-8, 957 (Scott); 967, 994 (Worth). =61=Scott
to Wilson, Apr. 23. =218=Henshaw narrative. Tributo á la Verdad, 50.
Scott, Mems., ii, 460. Grant, Mems., i, 135. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier,
ii, 159, 161, 175-6. S. Anna, Apelación, 41-2. =303=Worth to Quitman,
May 10. =159=Collins papers, May 20; July 3-8. Robertson, Visit, i,
312. Orbigny, Voyage, 412. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 145, 156, 162,
170-4, 207-8. _Journal Milit. Serv. Instit._, xvii (Van Deusen).
Löwenstern, Le Méxique, 31. Smith, To Mexico, 153, 163, 165 (nothing in
U. S. equal to Puebla), 166. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 527. Brackett, Lane's
Brigade, 191, 276. =213=Hatch to father, June 3. =68=Scott to Worth,
May 6. Colección de Itinerarios. _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. Semmes,
Service, 225-6, 230-7. Apuntes, 193-6. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott).
Gamboa, Impug., 36. México á través, iv, 662. =236=Judah, diary. Moore,
Scott's Camp., 84-96. Rosa, Impresiones, _passim_. =270=Moore, diary.
Steele, Amer. Camps., i, 107, 110. _Diario_, May 16. Ward, Mexico,
ii, 201. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 140, 142. =364=Worth to daughter,
Apr. 30. =76=Prefect of S. J. de los Llanos, May 11. =76=Comte.
milit. Huamantla, Apr. 29. =76=To Bravo, Apr. 26. =76=Fúrlong, May 5.
=76=Bravo, Apr. 23. =76=S. Anna, May 13, 15. =76=To S. Anna, May 14.
=76=S. Anna to Rea, May 12. And others.
Santa Anna, to justify his course, said he felt compelled to leave
Puebla on account of the unfavorable local conditions and the approach
of the Americans (Detall, 8). Worth did not have outposts and scouts on
the alert, as he should have had, at Amozoc, and knew nothing about the
roads (Stevens, Stevens, i, 142). Scott's delay showed that he did not
feel strong enough to advance to the capital. That city was therefore
in no danger from his army. If Santa Anna, instead of going there, had
now gathered all the Mexican strength between Puebla and Vera Cruz and
prevented reinforcements from reaching Scott, the latter would have
been in a hard position.
24.15. The Puebla ayuntamiento archives contain the agreement signed
at Chachapa by Worth. Later he sought to modify this (=68=orders 31),
calling it merely a memorandum (=68=to H. L. Scott, June 16), and on
May 20 he signed a new =95=version. Naturally the Pueblans held to the
former (=68=Dorán to Scott, June 17). For general orders 20 see p. 455.
24.16. Semmes represents Worth's régime as entirely satisfactory to
the civil authorities (Service, 275). This illustrates the fact that
caution is necessary in reading what he says when Worth is concerned,
for the records of the ayuntamiento give a different impression.
For Worth's characteristics see chap. xii, note 12.8. The _Southern
Quarterly Review_, April, 1852, 406, note, said Worth "was quite
superficial, had no solid or profound attainments, nor was he gifted
with grasp of mind requisite to high combinations and extended
operations." Robert Anderson remarked once that he hoped Worth would
not, "from a fit of passion, alter his opinions" (Anderson Artill.
Officer, 32). Hitchcock in N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_ (semi-weekly),
Mar. 1, 1848: Worth has striking manners and great felicity in
conversation, but is utterly destitute of stability and judgment.
24.17. _Worth's operations at Puebla._ =68=Worth court of inquiry,
proceedings, documents. Weekly _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848.
Tributo á la Verdad, 12, 48, 51-2. =224=H. L. Scott to Worth, June 20.
=61=Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 257. (Alarms)
Grant, Mems., i, 136; _Delta_, July 8; =218=Henshaw narrative;
=307=Roberts, diary; Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 527-8. =303=Gen. orders 128.
Collins papers. Robertson, Visit, i, 314. Ruxton, Adventures (1847),
30. Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 83. León, Hist. Gen., 477. Lawton,
Artill. Officer, 169, 174-5, 226. _Journal des Débats_, July 6, 1847.
Semmes, Service, 210, 254, 264, 275. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 912. Apuntes,
193-5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Gamboa, Impug., 33-4. Ramírez,
México, 261, 267-8, 272. México á través, iv, 662. =236=Judah, diary.
_Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =95=Ayunt., orders, May 8. =95=Ayunt.,
proceedings and corresp. with Worth. =95=W. to first alcalde, May 18.
=82=Bravo, proclam., Apr. 28. =82=Isunza, proclam., May 13. =270=Moore,
diary. Davis, Autobiog., 274. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 61, 86-7.
_Monitor Repub._, May 2, 21; June 5. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 994 (Worth).
_Niles_ Jan. 15, 1848, p. 311. =364=Worth to Sprague, July 29, 1847.
=76=S. Anna, May 13, 16. =76=Fúrlong, May 13. =76=Worth, May 12.
=76=Bravo, Apr. 30. =76=Worth to Furlong, May 17. =76=To Fúrlong, May
20.
Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 115) points out very pertinently that
Worth placed his troops injudiciously at Puebla. Worth's errors bore
most unfortunate fruit. Scott, before knowing or suspecting what had
been conceded to Mexican laws, made sharp comments on the attitude of
the Puebla authorities. Naturally he felt seriously troubled. Worth
even allowed them to try citizens who had killed American soldiers,
and of course the culprits were acquitted (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 527;
=95=ayunt. to Worth, May 22). Scott thought seriously of evacuating
the city and recapturing it in order to wipe out that concession; but,
concluding that such a course would be rather farcical, he simply
overrode the concession by republishing general orders 20 (chap.
xxxi, note 31.22). This action and the comments angered Worth. Scott
angered him further by requesting him to withdraw the =68=circular of
June 16, which was impolitic, implied that Worth held an independent
command, and if entitled to credence (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 227)
should have been given to headquarters, so that all the troops could be
warned (=224=H. L. Scott to Worth, June 20). Worth therefore demanded
a court of inquiry (=65=gen. orders 196). Quitman, Twiggs and P. F.
Smith formed the court and sat on June 30. Their =68=conclusions
strongly condemned the circular, the terms granted to Puebla and
Worth's complaints against Scott; and they pronounced him worthy of a
severe rebuke, as certainly he was. Scott could not avoid approving the
verdict and publishing it in orders (=65=no. 196), but these orders
were made known only to chiefs of the general staff and commanders of
divisions and brigades. From this time Worth was no doubt in his heart
a mortal enemy of Scott. Unhappily, more will be heard of this matter.
As for criticising Scott, Worth wrote on July 29 (=364=to S.) that
Scott might have entered Mexico city by May 20, in which case (it was
Worth's "firm belief") "peace would have immediately resulted"--a very
superficial judgment. Worth added: "We gain victories and halt until
all the moral advantages are lost." Hitchcock well said that Worth
looked only at his ability to march troops to a certain place, while
Scott had to see also how the advance could be supported and supplied
(Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528). (Other references for this note. =68=Scott
to Worth, June 16. =68=Worth to Scott, June 20. =68=_Id._, order 61,
June 20. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 226-8. =68=Worth to H. L. Scott, June
16. =68=Scott to Worth, May 6. _Nacional_ (Atlixco), May 16. Davis,
Autobiog., 270-1, 274.)
24.18. At Jalapa he left Brev. Col. Childs with the First Artillery
(five companies), the Second Pennsylvania and three companies of the
First Pennsylvania; at Perote seven companies of the First Pennsylvania
with some artillerists; and at each place a troop of dragoons (Sen. 52;
30, 1, p. 125). The stock of ammunition was still inadequate, and the
paymaster had only half of his estimate for January-April (_ibid._,
124-5).
24.19. Domínguez, leader of the Spy Company, had been an honest weaver,
it was said, but on being robbed by a Mexican officer, took to the
road and became a brigand chief. When the Americans reached Puebla he
was living there quietly with his family; but, knowing the insecurity
of his position, he accepted Hitchcock's offer to become a scout. His
band consisted at first of five men but rose to about 100, and probably
might have been increased to 2000 (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 266). He
and men of his even entered the capital in disguise. While he was at
the head of the company, the actual captain was a Virginian named
Spooner, who had been a member of his band; and the two lieutenants
also were foreigners. The men seem to have served and obeyed orders
faithfully, and their leader refused very advantageous terms offered by
Santa Anna. (For the Spy Co. see Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 259, 263-4,
330, 335-41, 344-5. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 187. Lawton, Artill.
Officer, 266. Henshaw narrative, Aug. 8. =69=Domínguez to Polk [Sept.,
1848].)
24.20. Hargous, an American merchant of Vera Cruz, was Scott's
financial agent (_Picayune_, June 30). Without him one hardly sees what
the Americans could have done. An intercepted letter from the wife of
Brev. Col. Childs, abusing Polk roundly, gave considerable comfort to
the enemy. Another letter imparted much information about military
matters. One is again surprised that our war department did not use a
cipher.
24.21. Scott instructed the commander at Vera Cruz what to do in case of
attack, and gave the commander at Jalapa full directions with reference
to the sick and wounded (about 1000) lying there (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
997). There were also about 1000 sick at Vera Cruz and 200 at Perote
(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 129). The people at home did not understand Scott's
situation. Regiments nominally 800-1000 strong had actually less than
300 (=185=-- to Duncan, July 20).
Owing to the state of public sentiment in Mexico, cutting loose
from Vera Cruz was much less hazardous than it seemed. Besides, the
smallness of the American army made the problem of subsistence and
forage comparatively simple. Marcy was candid enough to admit that
Scott understood the advantages of holding Jalapa, and was the best
judge as to the advisability of giving it up (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
1003-4). The British consul at Vera Cruz reported it as the unanimous
opinion of the merchants of that place that with five times his actual
force Scott could not have kept the line to the interior open (=13=no.
19).