Pablo Vicente de Sola served 1822
*Luis Antonio Arguello " 1822-1825
Jose Maria Echeandia " 1825-1831
Manuel Victoria " 1831
Jose Maria Echeandia[7] " 1831-1832
Pio Pico[8] " 1832
Jose Figueroa " 1832-1835
*Jose Castro " 1835-1836
*Nicolas Gutierrez " 1836
Mariano Chico " 1836
Nicolas Gutierrez " 1836
Juan Bautista Alvarado[9] " 1836-1842
Carlos Antonio Carrillo[10] " 1837-1838
Manuel Micheltorena " 1842-1845
Pio Pico " 1845-1846
III AMERICAN
(a) _Military_
John D. Sloat appointed 1846
Richard F. Stockton " 1846-1847
Stephen W. Kearny " 1847
R.B. Mason " 1847-1849
Bennett Riley " 1849
(b) _State_.
Peter H. Burnett 1849-1851 Democrat
*John H. McDougall 1851-1852 "
John Bigler 1852-1856 "
John M. Johnson 1856-1858 Know Nothing
John B. Weller 1858-1860 Lecompton Democrat
Milton S. Latham 1869 (6 days) " "
*John G. Downey 1860-1862 " "
Leland Stanford 1862-1863 Republican
Frederick F. Low 1863-1867 "
Henry H. Haight 1867-1871 Democrat
Newton Booth 1871-1875 Republican
*Romualdo Pacheco 1875 "
William Irwin 1875-1880 Democrat
George G. Perkins 1880-1883 Republican
George C. Stoneman 1883-1887 Democrat
Washington Bartlett 1887 "
*Robert W. Waterman 1887-1891 Republican
Henry H. Markham 1891-1895 "
James H. Budd 1895-1899 Democrat
Henry T. Gage 1899-1903 Republican
George C. Pardee 1903-1907 "
James N. Gillett 1907-1911 "
Hiram W. Johnson 1911- "
The mark * before the name of one of the Spanish governors indicates
that he acted only _ad interim_, and, in the case of governors since
1849, that the officer named was elected as lieutenant-governor and
succeeded to the office of governor.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--For list of works on California, see University of
California _Library Bulletin_, No. 9, 1887, "List of Printed Maps of
California"; catalogue of state official publications by State Library
(Sacramento, 1894). The following may be cited here on different
aspects:--
TOPOGRAPHY.--J. Muir, _Mountains of California_ (New York, 1894); H.
Gannett, "Dictionary of Elevations" (1898), and "River Profiles,"
publications of _United States Geological Survey_; G.W. James, _The
Wonders of the Colorado Desert_ (2 vols., Boston, 1906).
CLIMATE, &c.--_U.S. Department of Agriculture, California Climate and
Crop Service_, monthly reports; E.S. Holden, _Recorded, Earthquakes
in California, Lower California, Oregon, and Washington Territory_
(California State University, 1887); _United States Department
Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Bulletins_, Alexander G. McAdie,
"Climatology of California" (Washington, 1903). There is a great mass
of general descriptive literature, especially on Southern California,
such as Charles Dudley Warner, _Our Italy_ (New York, 1891); Kate
Sanborn, _A Truthful Woman in Southern California_ (New York, 1893);
W. Lindley and J.P. Widney, _California of the South_ (New York,
1896); J.W. Hanson, _American Italy_ (Chicago, 1896); T.S. Van Dyke,
_Southern California_ (New York, 1886), &c.
FAUNA, FLORA.--Muir, _op. cit._; _United States Geological Survey,
19th Annual Report_, pt. v., H. Gannett, "Forests of the United
States"; idem, _20th Annual Report_, pt. v., "United States Forest
Reserves"; _United States Division of Forestry, Bulletin_ No. 28, "A
Short Account of the Big Trees of California" (1900), No. 38, "The
Redwood" (a volume, 1903), also _Professional Papers, e.g._ No. 8,
J.B. Leiberg, "Forest Conditions in the Northern Sierra Nevada"
(1902); _California Board of Forestry, Reports_ (1885- ); _United
States Censuses_, reports on forests; _United States Biological
Survey, North American Fauna_, No. 16, 1899, C.H. Merriam,
"Biological Survey of Mt. Shasta"; _United States Department
Agriculture, Contributions from United States National Herbarium_,
iv., 1893, F.V. Coville, "Botany of Death Valley Expedition"; _State
Board of Fish Commissioners, Reports_, from 1877; _United States Fish
Commissioners, Annual Reports_, from 1871, and _Bulletins_ from 1882;
J. le Conte, "Flora of the Coast Islands" (1887), being _Bulletin_ No.
8 of California Academy of Sciences; consult also its _Proceedings_,
_Memoirs_, and _Occasional Papers;_ G.J. Peirce, _Studies on the
Coast Redwood_ (publication of Leland Stanford jr. University, 1901).
AGRICULTURE.--_California Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletins_
from 1884; _Reports of the State Dairy Bureau_, from 1898; _State
Board of Horticulture, Reports_, 1889-1894; _United States Censuses_,
1890 and 1900, reports on irrigation.
INDUSTRIES.--J.S. Hittell, _Resources of California_ (7th ed., San
Francisco, 1879); J.S. Hittell, _Commerce and Industries of the
Pacific Coast_ (San Francisco, 1882); T.F. Cronise, _Natural Wealth
of California_ (San Francisco, 1868); E.W. Maslin, _Resources of
California_, prepared by order of Governor H. H. Markham (Sacramento,
1893); _United States Treasury, Bureau of Statistics_, report by T.J.
Vivian on "Commercial, Industrial, Agricultural, Transportation and
Other Industries of California" (Washington 1890, valuable for whole
period before 1890); _United States Censuses_, 1890 and 1900, reports
on agriculture, manufactures, mines and fisheries; _California State
Board of Trade_ (San Francisco), _Annual Report_ from 1890. On Mineral
Industries:--J.R. Browne, Report on "Mineral Resources of the States
and Territories west of the Rocky Mountains" (_United States
Treasury_, 2 vols., Washington, 1867-1868); _United States Geological
Survey, Annual Reports, Mineral Resources;_ consult also the
bibliographies of publications of the _Survey_, issued as _Bulletins;
California State Mining Bureau, Bulletins_ from 1888, note especially
No. 30, 1904, by A.W. Vodges, "Bibliography relating to the Geology,
Palaeontology and Mineral Resources of California" (2nd ed., the 1st
being _Bulletin_ No. 10, 1896); _California Debris Commission_,
_Reports_ (in _Annual Reports Chief of Engineers, United States Army_,
from 1893).
GOVERNMENT.--E.F. Treadwell, _The Constitution of the State of
California ... Annotated_ (San Francisco, 1902); _Johns Hopkins
University, Studies in History and Political Science_, xiii., R.D.
Hunt, "Genesis of California's First Constitution"; _Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science_, xii., R.D. Hunt,
"Legal Status of California, 1846-1849"; Reports of the various
officers, departments and administrative boards of the state
government (Sacramento), and also the _Appendix to the Journals of the
Senate and Assembly_, which contains, especially in the earlier
decades of the state's history, many of these state official reports
along with valuable legislative reports of varied character.
HISTORY.--Accounts of the valuable archives in Bancroft, and by Z.E.
Eldridge in _California Genealogical Society_ (1901); elaborate
bibliographies in Bancroft with analyses and appreciations of many
works. Of general scope and fundamental importance is the work of two
men, Hubert H. Bancroft and Theodore H. Hittell. The former has
published a _History of California, 1542-1890_ (7 vols., San
Francisco, 1884-1890), also _California Pastoral, 1769-1848_ (San
Francisco, 1888), _California Inter-Pocula, 1848-1856_ (San Francisco,
1888), and _Popular Tribunals_ (2 vols., San Francisco, 1887). These
volumes were largely written under Mr. Bancroft's direction and
control by an office staff, and are of very unequal value; they are a
vast storehouse of detailed material which is of great usefulness,
although their judgments of men are often inadequate and prejudiced.
As regards events the histories are of substantial accuracy and
adequacy. Written by one hand and more uniform in treatment and good
judgment, is T.H. Hittell's _History of California_ (4 vols., San
Francisco, 1885-1897). The older historian of the state was Francisco
Palou, a Franciscan, the friend and biographer of Serra; his "Noticias
de la Nueva California" (Mexico, 1857, in the _Doc. Hist. Mex._, ser.
iv., tom, vi.-viii.; also San Francisco, 1874, 4 vols.) is no longer
of importance save for its historical interest. Of the contemporary
material on the period of Mexican domination the best is afforded by
R.H. Dana's _Two Years Before the Mast_ (New York, 1840, many later
and foreign editions); also A. Robinson, _Life in California_ (New
York, 1846); and Alexander Forbes, _California: A History of Upper and
Lower California from their First Discovery to the Present Time_
(London, 1839); see also F.W. Blackmar, "Spanish Institutions of the
Southwest" (_Johns Hopkins University Studies_, 1891). A beautiful,
vivid and reputedly very accurate picture of the old society is given
in Helen Hunt Jackson's novel, _Ramona_ (New York, 1884). There is no
really scientific separate account of mission history; there are books
by Father Z. Engelhart, _The Franciscans in California_ (Harbor
Springs, Michigan, 1899), written entirely from a Franciscan
standpoint; C.F. Carter, _Missions of Nueva California_ (San
Francisco, 1900); Bryan J. Clinch, _California and its Missions: Their
History to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo_ (2 vols., San Francisco,
1904); Francisco Palou, _Relacion Historica de la Vida ... del Fray
Junipero Serra_ (Mexico, 1787), the standard contemporary source; the
_Craftsman_ (Syracuse, N.Y., vol. v.), a series of articles on
"Mission Buildings," by G.W. James. On the case of the Pious Fund of
the missions see J.F. Doyle, _History of the Pious Fund_ (San
Francisco, 1887); _United States Department of State_, "United States
_v._ Mexico. Report of J.H. Ralston, agent of the United States and of
counsel in the matter of the Pious Fund of the Californias"
(Washington, 1902). On the "flush" mining years the best books of the
time are J.Q. Thornton's _Oregon and California_ (2 vols., New York,
1849); Edward Bryant's _What I Saw in California_ (New York, 1848); W.
Shaw's _Golden Dreams_ (London, 1851); Bayard Taylor's _Eldorado_ (2
vols., New York, 1850); W. Colton's _Three Years in California_ (New
York, 1850); E.G. Buffum's _Six Months in the Gold Mines; from a
Journal of Three Years' Residence in Upper and Lower California_
(London, 1850); J.T. Brooks' _Four Months among the Gold Finders_
(London, 1849); G.G. Foster, _Gold Regions of California_ (New York,
1884). On this same period consult Bancroft's _Popular Tribunals_;
D.Y. Thomas, "A History of Military Government in Newly Acquired
Territory of the United States," in vol. xx. No. 2 (New York, 1904) of
_Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law_;
C.H. Shinn's _Mining Camps: A Study in American Frontier Government_
(New York, 1885); J. Royce, _California ... A Study of American
Character, 1846-1856_ (Boston, 1886); and, for varied pictures of
mining and frontier life, the novels and sketches and poems of Bret
Harte. See also P.H. Burnet, _Recollections and Opinions of an Old
Pioneer_ (New York, 1880); S.J. Field, _Personal Reminiscences of
Early Days in California_ (privately published, copyright 1893).