General Wilkinson made his first trip to New Orleans with a cargo of
tobacco, flour, hides and bacon in June, 1787. It was seized by the
authorities; but after an interview with Governor Miro was released and
sold without the payment of duty.
He remained in New Orleans until August, when he traveled home by ship
to the Virginia coast and thence overland to the District of Kentucky,
where he arrived in September.
He reappeared in Lexington in an ornate coach drawn by four horses and
attended by several slaves. Always of prodigal habits, he now seemed to
have money to indulge his every whim. In his pocket he carried a paper
to which he gave the widest publicity and which made him popular. It was
a private trading treaty signed by Governor Miro, authorizing him to
import the raw products of Kentucky to New Orleans duty free; and an
offer on behalf of the Spanish Government to purchase all tobacco he
should deliver at New Orleans at nine and one-half cents a pound.
Because of this permit, he was treated by some as the idol of the hour;
by others with indifference, and by partisans of the Country Party he
was declared a traitor to his country.
He became the head of the Court Party to which Innes, then attorney
general, Brown, Kentucky's first delegate to Congress, and Sebastian,
Judge of the Court of Appeals, belonged.
It might be said that at that time, Kentucky had at least four local
political issues, but two political parties.
FIRST (Advocated by Wilkinson wing of the Court Party)--That
Kentucky should become a province of Louisiana. The bribe they
held out was the Wilkinson permit, a promise of unrestricted
navigation of the Mississippi, trade privileges with New Orleans
and free grants to actual settlers of great boundaries of land
in Louisiana Territory.
SECOND (Advocated by the Brown wing of the Court Party)--That
Kentucky should become a sovereign state independent of the
Union, a new republic which was to enter into treaty relations
as an independent power.
THIRD (A surviving Tory influence)--That Kentucky as a sovereign
state, independent of the Union, with the assistance of the
British Northwest should declare war upon Spain and seize New
Orleans.
FOURTH (The Country Party, led by Colonel Thomas Marshall)--An
immediate severance of Kentucky from Virginia; an independent
commonwealth but remain one of the confederacy of states;
confident that the Union in good time would by treaty or by
force, open the Mississippi to free navigation.
In June, 1788, another flotilla of Wilkinson's arrived in New Orleans;
the tobacco of the cargo was sold to the Spanish Government for seven
thousand dollars.
The boats on the return trip were loaded with merchandise worth "$18,246
and six reals." This cargo had been purchased for Wilkinson by his
agent, Daniel Clark, Sr., a citizen of Spain, a resident merchant of New
Orleans and a cousin of David Clark, Sr., of Danville.
The flotilla in charge of John Calvin Campbell made the voyage of
fourteen hundred miles to New Orleans in twenty-four days, arriving on
the second day of April, 1789.
The city at that time had a population of exceeding 5,500 persons, and
had fully recovered from the disastrous fire of Good Friday, March 21,
1788, when more than eight hundred and fifty-six houses had been
destroyed; among them the principal stores, the town hall, the prison
and the arsenal.
John immediately upon arrival went to the palace of the Governor to
deliver the sealed package given him by General Wilkinson. Informed that
Miro was out of the city he returned to the wharf and began unloading
the cargo.
The following day as they were unloading the last boat and almost the
last hogshead of tobacco, it slipped from the derrick hooks and rolled
upon his foot. While the injury was not serious it so crippled him that
when Governor Miro returned he was unable to deliver the letter in
person. He handed it to David Clark with positive instructions to give
it to no one but the Governor.
David after quite a wait was admitted to the Governor's office and
handing the sealed package to him was told to be seated.
The Governor broke the seal and took from the package an invoice of the
cargo and several other papers. He attempted to read a letter
accompanying them; finding it hard to do so because he read English
rather indifferently, though he spoke it with comparative ease, he sent
a messenger for his secretary, Daniel Clark, Jr. As it happened he was
out; and supposing the letter referred merely to the cargo invoices, he
handed it to David, asking him to read it aloud.
Just as David began, they were interrupted by the arrival of an
important personage, who was escorted by the Governor into an adjoining
room where they remained in conference for some time. David, to
familiarize himself with the handwriting rather than from curiosity,
began reading the letter; as he read he became interested and finally
alarmed. This is what he read:
"Kentucky, March 8, 1789.
"My loved and venerated Sir:
"I have again the pleasure of writing you and take this opportunity to
acknowledge the receipt of your letter and the money sent by Major Isaac
Dunn.
"The information given you by Oliver Pollock that John Brown also
advocates an independent government for Kentucky and the Northwest
Territory with treaty relations with Spain, is as far as I have yet
succeeded in committing him. He, Sebastian, Innes and I are in accord to
this extent--That Kentucky must be erected into a state independent of
the Union and at liberty to align itself with Spain. Innes and Brown say
this should be by treaty, while Fairfax, Sebastian and I insist that
Kentucky shall be a province of Louisiana, I have no doubt we shall all
be in accord when the convention meets at Danville on the third Monday
in July. Until then I shall be busy with the delegates. At the
convention, if the occasion is auspicious I shall disclose our great
plan or so much thereof as the circumstances require and am convinced
that it will meet with a most favorable reception.
"The Virginia Assembly has passed a third enabling act, expressing a
willingness for the regular separation of Kentucky as soon as possible;
though stipulating as a necessary condition of our independence, that
Congress recognize us as a State of the Federal Union; but a convention
has been called and members elected for the purpose of forming a
constitution for Kentucky and I am persuaded that no action of Congress
or the State of Virginia, will ever induce this people to abandon the
plan they have adopted; although I have recent news to the effect that
we shall be recognized as a sovereign state by Congress. In the meantime
I hope to receive your orders and I shall labor hard and faithfully to
promote what you may order.
"If the new government succeeds in establishing itself, it will
encounter difficulties that will keep it without vigor for three or four
years; before which time I have good reasons to hope we shall complete
our negotiations and shall be too strong to be subjected by whatever
force may be sent against us. My fears then, arise solely from the
policy that may prevail in your Court. I fear the change of the present
ministry and more, that of the administration of Louisiana; an event
which you are able to judge better than I; and I beg you to speak to me
clearly on this subject.
"I have applied to Mr. Clark, my agent, with regard to sending me
merchandise by the Mississippi. This is highly important for our
interests; because the only link that can preserve the connection of
this country with the United States is the dependency in which we are
placed to supply ourselves with those articles that are manufactured by
us; and when this people find out that this capital can supply them more
conveniently through the river, this dependency will cease and with it
all motive of connection with the other side of the Appalachian
Mountains. Our hope then will be turned towards you and all obstacles in
the way of our negotiations will disappear; for which reason I trust
that you will find it advisable to favor this measure and will have the
kindness to grant to Mr. Clark the help necessary to carry it out.
"The tobacco in this consignment, at the price agreed upon, 9 1/2 cents,
comes to $9,350.00 in specie; which I ask you to deliver to Mr. Clark,
sending me a statement by Mr. Jennings, who is the real captain of my
flotilla, though he has instructions to act as a deck hand until you
have disposed of the bearer of this communication, John Calvin Campbell,
who fights our cause in Kentucky as zealously as John Calvin fought your
religion. Do not let his youthful appearance deceive you. He has the
innocent look of a cow but the wisdom of a serpent. Had it not been for
him and that hard-head Tom Marshall, I would in this letter have
announced the consummation of all our plans.
"Keep him a safe prisoner until we are assured his power to harm our
cause is ended. I would advise sending him to one of the insular
colonies. He knows too much for my safety and the prosperity of our
cause. You understand that in support of your projects towards procuring
the reciprocal happiness of the Spaniards of Louisiana and of the
Americans of Kentucky, I have voluntarily sacrificed my domestic
felicities, my time, my fortune, my comfort and what is more important,
I abandoned to do so, my personal fame and political honor. You are
using me as I in turn propose to use Brown, Sebastian, Fairfax and Innes
and some lesser gentry.
"It is not necessary to suggest to a gentleman of your knowledge and
experience that the human race in all parts of the world is governed by
its own interest, although variously modified. Some men are sordid, some
vain, others ambitious. To detect the predominant passion, to lay hold
of it and to derive advantage from it, is the most profound part of
political science.
"Be _un buen Espanol_, and not alone for this cause but for my personal
safety take good care of the bearer of this. I wish I might have sent
Marshall also.
"Sebastian suggests that I remind you of his pension, which for some
cause has been delayed.
"I beg you to accept my wishes for your happiness and to believe me,
with the highest and warmest personal regard, your obedient, ready and
humble servant.
"Don Jayme Wilkinson."
David had just finished reading the letter when the Governor returned.
As the door opened he laid it on the table. The Governor after resuming
his seat directed him to read it aloud.
He was at first so surprised and excited by its contents that his voice
trembled and his hands shook; gradually he recovered his poise. When he
came to that portion asking that the bearer be detained as a prisoner he
laid the sheet with the preceding one he had just read upon the table
and finished by reading the closing clause and the signature.
The Governor, who regretted having asked a stranger to read such a
communication, was listening intently and noticed the break in the
connection and his confusion. He called a couple of guards and saying
something to them in Spanish which David did not understand; took the
letter and turning to the unread page, after a time deciphered its
meaning.
He gave a command, and the two guards one on either side, took David by
the arms and led him from the room. As they passed out his cousin,
Daniel Clark, Governor Miro's secretary and interpreter, came in. Though
he recognized David, who called at their home the night before, he
remained silent; exhibiting the trained self-possession of one occupying
his position.
The Governor handed him Wilkinson's letter, with directions to
transcribe it in Spanish. This he did, handing the original and a
translation to the Governor, but he retained a copy in Spanish.
David, held a prisoner in the barracks guardhouse was not concerned
about himself; feeling confident that when his identity was disclosed
his discharge would follow. He was worried about John and how he might
warn him; knowing that he must have time to escape before the Governor
discovered he held the wrong man.
Some time after he had been placed in the guardhouse Daniel Clark came
to see him. While they were still planning how to warn John and effect
his escape, a squad of marines from a Spanish frigate entered the
barracks and presented an order to the commandant from the Governor that
David be delivered to them. This was done and he was taken aboard their
ship.
This precipitate action alarmed both David and his cousin. The thought
occurred to both that since David knew the contents of Wilkinson's
letter, he might be detained a prisoner even after the Governor was
informed of his identity.
Daniel Clark returned to his office and hurriedly wrote a letter to
David's father, explaining the situation and in order to make the
gravity of it clear, enclosed the copy of Wilkinson's letter. He then
went to the municipal wharf and hunting up John Campbell, told what had
happened, without mentioning his fears as to David, and impressed upon
him that for his own and David's safety he must return immediately to
Kentucky.
A pirogue was gotten ready, loaded with provisions and John's personal
effects; he was given the letter for Mr. Clark and told to take two men
from the crew. He selected two friends and they were getting into the
canoe when Jennings came up and asked that one of the crew named
Ballinger be substituted in place of one of the men as he had a
communication for Wilkinson which required immediate delivery. Jennings
seeing the Governor's secretary helping John off assumed that he was
leaving as a special messenger in the Governor's service and did all he
could to help; glad that without friction he could now assume command
and load the boats with the return cargo.
Shortly before sundown of the afternoon of David's arrest the three
hardy back-woodsmen, and by recent experiences capable river-men began
their river voyage to Frankfort, of more than fifteen hundred miles.
John was now fully impressed with the importance of getting away before
the Governor discovered his mistake. As Clark had not told him of the
secrets David had learned by reading Wilkinson's letter, he knew of no
reason why David should not be released as soon as he was beyond the
reach of the Governor. Before leaving he made Daniel Clark promise that
on the afternoon of the next day he would demand of the Governor why his
cousin was held as a prisoner; when an investigation would ensue and the
Governor discover his own mistake.
The early morning of the day following John's departure, the frigate set
sail for Spain with David Clark prisoner aboard.
Thirty hours later the ship passed through the mouth of the river and
the swells of the gulf soon caused him to forget his own identity; or at
least for the time being, to wish that he was John Campbell or any
person other than David Clark. When he felt better they were out of
sight of land and thinking it time to exhibit an interest in his own
welfare, asked to speak to the captain and was brought before him.
"Be brief, what is it?"
"My name is not John Calvin Campbell but David Clark."
"Well I had nothing to do with naming you. Sergeant, bring me the files
and the commitment of the prisoner." (The Captain examines the papers)
"I do not care who you are, the commitment does not disclose your name;
and my instructions are simply to--'deliver this prisoner with the
letter attached to this commitment to the commandant of the fortress of
Barcelona'--and this I am going to do. The letter may mention your name
but I have no authority to open it. If a mistake has been made I am not
to blame. I must follow my instructions. It is not my business to
inquire who you are and why you are held. As we are out of sight of land
you will be permitted on the lower deck during the day but at night you
will be locked up. That is all."
----
Wilkinson on his first river venture, at Governor Miro's suggestion, had
engaged Daniel Clark, Sr., to dispose of that portion of his cargo not
purchased by the Spanish Government; and Clark, at the Governor's
suggestion, had advanced three thousand dollars on the consignment.
Before Wilkinson had left for the Virginia coast he had made
arrangements with Clark to represent him in disposing of other
consignments; and later through Major Isaac Dunn as intermediary, the
agency had ripened into a partnership.
Wilkinson, remaining in Kentucky, was to buy the produce and ship it to
New Orleans; there Clark was to sell it; invest the proceeds in such
merchandise as the Kentucky trade demanded, which was to be shipped to
Wilkinson and sold by him. So long as they were associated, about two
years, the business prospered.
----
When Daniel Clark, Jr., learned that David had been carried away on the
Spanish frigate he was forced to tell his father the whole transaction.
His father went immediately to the Governor and demanded to know why the
son of his first cousin had been made a prisoner, taken aboard ship and
transported to Spain.
The Governor was not only greatly surprised but exercised to learn that
the prisoner was not the man Wilkinson had requested him to hold. He
asked Mr. Clark to excuse him for a moment and going to the captain of
the palace guard, sent him at once to apprehend John Campbell.
Returning to the room where he had left Mr. Clark, he made profuse
apology and expressed sincere regret for the mistake; promising to
rectify it by commanding the immediate return of his kinsman; which he
was sorry to say would take several months, due to the time consumed in
the voyage and the uncertainty of sailings. He however made up his mind
to keep Clark a prisoner when he was returned.
Shortly after Mr. Clark left the Governor's office the captain returned
and reported that Campbell had departed for Kentucky the night before.
The Governor, put out by this information, told the captain: "His
capture is of the utmost political importance; you are to take him dead
or alive; waste no time and take a sufficient force to do so. If
necessary, pursue him to New Madrid or even to the Ohio River. The man
who captures or kills him is to have a reward of one thousand pesetas."
When the pursuit began the pirogue in which John and his friend Ben
Logan and Mr. Ballinger were traveling had a start of sixty miles. He
told Logan why he was fleeing from New Orleans, but did not dare tell
Ballinger, who assumed that the cause for haste was business of vital
importance; and himself anxious to get to Kentucky was no laggard with
his paddle.
The first twenty-four hours they never landed from the canoe; all the
while two paddled while the third rested. At the end of that time they
went ashore to relieve their cramped limbs and to prepare food. Logan
shot a wild turkey, which they roasted over the hot coals of their camp
fire; resuming their journey they paddled twelve hours before making the
second stop. By the evening of the third day, feeling comparatively
safe, they spent the night ashore, and from that time, whenever they
were cramped or needed rest, went ashore.
At sundown one evening, they landed at Chickasaw Bluffs, the deserted
site of an old Chickasaw town and where in 1698 the French had built a
fort. Pulling their pirogue well up on the bar, they climbed the bluff
to buy provisions at Isaac Taylor's Station.
Ballinger and Logan went into the cabin but John stood outside looking
first up and then down the river, charmed by the magnificent view and
for a time oblivious of immediate surroundings. Then down the river not
more than a quarter of a mile, he observed two boats loaded with Spanish
soldiers, and headed for their landing.
He ran to the cabin and telling Logan what he had seen, directed him to
buy a few supplies, while he ran down to the pirogue and gathered up
their belongings. Then he and Logan telling Ballinger that they were
pursued by two boat loads of Spanish soldiers, advised that they take to
the forest.
Ballinger, frightened on account of the money and messages in his
possession which he had been instructed to deliver to Wilkinson, readily
agreed and the three taking to their heels disappeared into the forest.
The soldiers, who had not seen John, immediately upon landing examined
the canoe. It was readily identified as the one they sought. They came
carefully up the bank and quietly surrounded the cabin, supposing their
quarry within. Then the Captain and two soldiers, with muskets cocked
and presented entered the cabin door and found old man Taylor, sitting
by the fire, pipe in mouth and half asleep.
Informed that the men had left the cabin not more than ten minutes
before, they spent a good part of the night scouring the woods and at
daylight resumed the search which was continued for several days; while
those they sought with the unerring instinct of woodsmen were traveling,
as the crow flies, toward Cumberland Gap. When they reached a river they
did not hunt for ford or boat, but binding several dry logs together
with grape vines, placed their clothing and dunnage upon them and swam
for the opposite bank, resting upon and shoving their light raft before
them. Twelve days later, the men, footsore and ragged, arrived at
Campbell Station.
Logan and Ballinger, re-outfitted by John and Colonel Campbell, rested
several days and resumed their journey; Logan to St. Asaph's carrying
Daniel Clark's letter to David's father, which he had promised to
deliver immediately; and Ballinger bound for Lexington, where he
expected to deliver to Wilkinson the sealed communication of Governor
Miro and the three thousand dollars, which was the second payment from
Spain for his traitorous efforts to make Kentucky a province of
Louisiana.
----
By some subtle shift of sentiment, the scheme of Miro and Wilkinson
became very unpopular. It may have been partly due to the letter David
Clark received. At any rate the quiet old farmer rode about the country
and had many confidential talks with other farmers.
Wilkinson complained to Sebastian: "* * * things look blue; sentiment is
shifting; conditions in Kentucky are no longer favorable. They seem to
be straightening the kinks out of the new government; we may be in
personal danger; our fair weather friends are deserting us; Brown and
Innes have deserted and Fairfax grows timid."
He was right. Conditions were not favorable. The Union was proving
itself a capable organization. The states were forgetting their
jealousies under the wise and firm administration of Washington. The
constitution was in operation. Of all the men who had declared
themselves in favor of Wilkinson's project, only one now stood firm and
that was Judge Sebastian. He subsequently was impeached and confessed
his infamy.
Wilkinson was a scoundrel of more nerve, with greater capacity to
deceive. He was twice impeached and each time acquitted. Long after
Spain had parted with title to Louisiana returning it to France; and
France in turn had sold it to the United States; long after he died in
Mexico; access was obtained to Spanish state papers which established
his guilt.
As early as January 8, 1788, Governor Miro in an official communication
to his government wrote:
"* * * I have been reflecting many days whether it would be proper to
inform D'Arges of the idea of Wilkinson and the latter of the errand of
the former in order to unite them, that they may work in accord with
each other, * * * Wilkinson * * * would be greatly disgusted that
another person should share a confidence on which depended his life and
honor. For these reasons I am not able to declare the matter to D'Arges,
nor could I confide the errand of the latter to the former before
knowing the intention of His Majesty about Wilkinson. The delivery of
Kentucky to His Majesty, the principal object to which Wilkinson has
promised to devote himself entirely, would assure forever, this province
as a rampart to New Spain, for which reason I consider the project of
D'Arges a misfortune."
On May 15, 1788, General Wilkinson wrote a letter to Miro and Navarro,
in which he said:
"I anticipate no obstacle on the part of Congress, because under the
present confederation that body cannot dispose of men or money and the
new government, if it succeeds in establishing itself, will encounter
difficulties that will keep it without vigor for three or four years;
before which time I have good reason to hope we shall complete our
negotiations, and we will be too strong to be subjugated by whatever
force may be sent against us."
On the 22nd of May, 1790, Governor Miro, wrote to the Spanish Minister,
Antonio Valdes:
"Although I thought with Wilkinson that the commercial concessions made
to the western people might deter them from effecting their separation
from the United States, * * * yet I never imagined that the effect would
be so sudden and that the large number of influential men whom Wilkinson
in his previous letters had mentioned as having been gained over to our
party, would have entirely vanished, as he now announces it, since he
affirms having no other aid at present than Sebastian. * * *
"* * * Nevertheless, I am of opinion that said brigadier general ought
to be retained in the service of His Majesty with an annual pension of
two thousand dollars, which I have already proposed in my confidential
despatch No. 46, because the inhabitants of Kentucky and of the other
establishments on the Ohio will not be able to undertake anything
against this province, without his communicating it to us, and without
his making at the same time all possible efforts to dissuade them from
any bad designs against us, as he has already done repeatedly. * * * A
pension should be granted to Sebastian because I think it proper to
treat with this individual, who will be able to enlighten me on the
conduct of Wilkinson and on what we have to expect from the plans of
said brigadier general."