John Brown, a member of congress from the Kentucky District of the
Commonwealth of Virginia, by letters notified Judges McDowell and Muter,
that Don Gardoqui, the Spanish minister to the United States, had
authority to extend to the people of Kentucky, free navigation of the
Mississippi and a duty-free market and place of deposit at New Orleans,
"if they would erect themselves into an independent state and appoint a
proper person to negotiate with the minister, but that this privilege
never can be extended to them while part of the United States by reason
of commercial treaties existing between Spain and other powers of
Europe."
This communication had fanned into a popular flame the dormant sentiment
that General Wilkinson and his friends had been nurturing, by personal
influence, by argument, by the aid of Spanish gold discreetly
distributed and by the big prices they were paying for tobacco, hides
and produce to be sent down the river to Spanish Louisiana, under a
personal permit granted by Governor Miro to General Wilkinson; and by
reason of which tobacco which had been selling at two cents a pound, was
now being bought by the Spanish Government at nine and one-half cents.
Tobacco, as had been the case in Colonial Virginia, to residents of the
District of Kentucky was the only practical export crop and means the
settlers had of adding to their very scanty supply of cash. No wonder
General Wilkinson was at this time head of the Court Party and very
popular; and that his proposed suggestions carried popular approval.
As Danville was the district capital, and the District Convention was
called for November 4, all the conspirators assembled there, with the
exception of Captain Fairfax, who it was reported had been sent east to
confer with the Spanish minister. Even Dr. John Connelly, agent of the
British Government, was in Danville proposing a counter conspiracy.
The Political Club, formed in 1786, met each Saturday night at Grayson's
Tavern. By its constitution membership was limited to fifty persons,
though any resident of the District was eligible. On its roll were the
names of Harry Innes, John Brown, Benjamin Sebastian, George Muter,
Judge McDowell, Thomas Speed and thirty others.
The purpose of the club was to discuss in a free and unrestrained
manner, political issues affecting the District of Kentucky. After the
discussion closed a vote was usually taken to arrive at the sentiment of
the members.
Discussions incident to the adoption of the proposed constitution of the
United States is supposed to have given birth to the club. These
discussions ended with its adoption. Afterward the club took up such
pertinent issues as--Should there be an emission of paper currency for
the District? Should tobacco be grown for export? (First decided in the
negative, but after General Wilkinson obtained his permit, in the
affirmative). Shall slaves be imported into the district? Why does not
Congress force the British to surrender forts of the Northwest
Territory? Questions of special interest repeatedly debated were: The
propriety of separation from Virginia; in favor of which the club voted
unanimously. Then Wilkinson and his friends after considerable log
rolling, sprung the added issue: "Resolved, that after separation as an
independent state, this Commonwealth should sever relations with the
Union and if expedient unite with Spanish Louisiana." They claimed that
only in this way could Kentucky obtain a free river and market for her
products. This had been the only question discussed since the receipt of
Mr. Brown's communication; and for a better name was called by its
opponents--The Spanish Conspiracy.
John began accompanying his uncle, who was a member, to these meetings
when this discussion was at fever heat; and had very decided views upon
the issue. He felt tempted many times to raise his voice in argument
upon the minority side--That Kentucky should remain with the Union;
feeling assured that relief would be procured by treaty.
Saturday night, following the adjournment of the Sixth Convention, the
club had an open meeting which was addressed by General Wilkinson, who
spoke strongly in favor of Kentucky's withdrawal from the Union; at the
time being an agent and pensioner of the Spanish Government.
As the discussion, like the meeting, was an open one, when Wilkinson had
finished, the chairman, as was the custom, stated: "The club would like
to hear from an advocate of the other side. Any one feeling himself
competent to answer General Wilkinson's very able address, is invited to
the stand."
John, trembling with excitement and desire to speak, but too modest to
respond, hoped that some one of capacity would answer him. He felt that
the argument was a specious one and that the orator's pleasant manner
masked a hypocrite and a traitor.
When it was evident that no one else would respond, the chairman, a
member of the Court Party, remarked: "All seem to think the argument
unanswerable. We thank the General for his address, which was prompted
by his generous and unselfish spirit as a friend of the District. The
applause indicates that the sentiment he expressed seems to meet with
universal approval. We will now proceed with other business." It was
then John asked permission to be heard, and the chairman with a smile
invited him to the stand.
The crowd recognized the lanky and evidently considerably embarrassed
young man, as the hero of the wild rumors which had been circulated for
several days and in a buzz of whisperings about these tales John began
his rather immature response:
"The very capable speaker, to whom you have listened for more than an
hour and with evident approval because his scheme puts ready money in
your pockets, won his title by distinguished service at Saratoga. The
majority of your members either fought valiantly at Monmouth and King's
Mountain, or followed General Clark through the winter floods that
covered the plains of Illinois to Vincennes, or bore with Washington the
hardships of that hopeless winter at Valley Forge. Captain Fairfax, a
member, received distinguished recognition before the assembled armies
of France and the colonies at Yorktown. Every family represented upon
your roster, tendered their all of property, of service, of life itself
to the cause of freedom. It was thus you purchased your independence
from British oppression. Yet the most unfavored of Britain's colonies
has never borne such a yoke of servitude as the most favored Spanish
colony must wear.
"Is your poverty, due to sacrifice, so unbearable that you will barter
your freedom in order that you may be made temporarily prosperous by the
sale of a few pounds of tobacco?
"Is the need for money so pressing, is your impatience for its
possession such, that you cannot allow the Federal Government time to
organize, to put into operation a constitution just adopted and to make
treaties which in decency and in order and without color of treason,
will gain for you the perpetual free navigation of the river and
commercial privileges, which will never be hampered by export duties?
Has your independence of five years already become so burdensome, that
like the frogs you wish a stork for king?
"If it is your desire to surrender your freedom, to be slaves, let us go
back to our own people. I would rather be taxed without representation
by my father's own people, who speak and think as I and who are a
growing, virile, prosperous race and who respect their treaties, than be
a citizen of such a decadent power as Spain; which even the least astute
back-woodsman can perceive has passed the zenith of her power, though
temporarily mistress of Louisiana and the Mississippi.
"England frequently has shown her supremacy of Spain. We drove the
armies of Britain from our shores; why then should we conspire with
either power to procure that which we can take for ourselves--if time
shall disclose that it cannot be gained by amity and treaty?"
In this spirit young Campbell spoke for half an hour, carrying
conviction, not by logic and eloquence, but by an earnest faith in the
righteousness of his cause. It was not so much what he said as that he
had made suggestions which caused his hearers to think. There radiated
from him a spirit of conviction that took possession of his hearers, so
they said to themselves: "That's true, that's right." What he said was
uttered in a tense, distinct, conversational tone and after the first
few words in apparent self-forgetfulness, he lost self in his cause.
The button from the collar of his hunting shirt had dropped off before
he had begun to speak and, unknowingly to him, his shirt front standing
open disclosed the upper portion of the vivid cross tattooed upon his
breast. His intent face and pallid flesh gave to the blood red cross a
setting that impressed the more superstitious and convinced all that
rumor rested on a foundation of fact.
General Wilkinson, noting the effect of his remarks, made a sign to
Judge Sebastian not to introduce the resolution they had expected to
offer and in a white rage of passion, was the first to take the hand of
the young man and congratulate him when he had finished. He thought:
"What an ally he would make in the promotion of our conspiracy; how he
would stir the backwoodsmen; yet if he did not believe in our cause it
is my guess he would be as mum and flabby as an oyster. But for him my
resolution which Sebastian was to offer would have gone over and revived
the sentiment throughout the District, which met with defeat before the
District Convention; now I dare not offer it. I must attend to the young
gentleman; and Fairfax will help when he returns; possibly we can fool
him. I wonder if we can catch him with Fairfax's daughter for bait."
John's speech broadened the breach between the Country and the Court
Party; the one led by Colonel Thomas Marshall, the other by General
Wilkinson; both of whom were delegates to the District Convention from
Fayette County. The speech and the action of the convention had also
made the General's co-conspirators timid in their utterances and
cautious in their work. It caused John's name to be presented and
favorably voted upon as a member of the club.
The District Convention had been called for the third of November, but
no quorum appearing, the members being delayed by high water, an
adjournment was had to the fourth. On that day it was organized with
Judge Samuel McDowell as president.
The chief fight centered upon a motion made by Wilkinson to refer the
resolution of the last convention upon the subject of the Mississippi
Navigation. The motion brought about an animated debate led by
Wilkinson, Brown, Innes and Sebastian, who spoke in favor of the
reference. They were opposed by Marshall, Muter, Crockett, Allen and
Christian.
Wilkinson argued for immediate separation from Virginia by an act of
separation and the setting up of a separate government; intimating that
it was desirable for purposes of trade and as the only means to procure
the free navigation of the Mississippi; and that then the District unite
with Spain.
He said in part: "Spain had objections to granting the navigation in
question to the United States--it was not to be presumed that congress
would obtain it for Kentucky, or even the western country only; her
treaties must be general. There was one way and but one for obviating
these difficulties and that was so fortified by constitutions and so
guarded by laws, that it was dangerous of access and hopeless under
present circumstances. Spain might concede to Kentucky alone what she
would not concede to the United States--and--there is information within
the power of the convention and upon this subject of the first
importance, which I have no doubt a gentleman present will communicate."
Looking at Mr. Brown he sat down, expecting Brown to fulfill his portion
of the preconcerted program.
Mr. Brown arose and after a few preliminaries, stated:--that he did not
consider himself at liberty to disclose the private conferences he held
with Don Gardoqui, but this much he could say: "If we are unanimous
everything we wish for is within our reach."
Then Governor Wilkinson took the floor and read, "An Address Presented
to the Governor and Intendant of Louisiana."
The temper of the convention was shown at this stage of the proceedings
by the adoption of a resolution offered by Edwards and seconded by
Marshall; "To appoint a committee to draw up a decent and respectful
address to the Legislature of Virginia for obtaining the independence of
Kentucky, agreeable to the late resolution and recommendation of
Congress." After the adoption of this resolution nothing more was said
in furtherance of the Spanish Conspiracy.
----
John now had spent the five dollars which Martin had returned; and he
was compelled to go to work or return home.
One of the earliest settlers of Kentucky, John Filson, was at this time
in Danville, gathering material for a supplemental edition of his
history of Kentucky; which had first been published at Wilmington in
1784, and was entitled: "Discovery, Settlement and Present State of
Kentucke." Historically it was chiefly of value for a map showing the
location of the trails and stations of the District.
He had been present when John addressed the Political Club. A day or two
later they met in Grayson's Tavern and he invited John to his room. When
they were seated he began the conversation by saying:
"Young man, how would you like to help me survey out a new town on the
Ohio, this winter?"
"I am quite anxious to find something to do; in fact, I must, or return
to Campbell Station."
"Have you met Matt Denham? He came from New Jersey along with the Stites
Colony and stopped for a while at the mouth of the Little Miami, but he
liked the north bend opposite the mouth of the Licking better as a
town-site and purchased it from Judge Simmes, 800 acres for $500.00,
continental money. Then he came to Lexington and from there here,
looking for Robert Patterson and me to help with his colony. He intends
to call it Losanteville, but why I do not know, except that he claims to
be of French descent and has coined the name from the words, _L'os ante
ville_, which he may have translated, the village opposite the mouth. We
have gone in with him; and while Denham procures his townsmen, Patterson
and I are to survey the boundary, lay off a town on the river bank, and
cut away some of the timber in the streets, so the purchasers can get to
their lots with their wagons. We leave for Lee's Town tomorrow and shall
then travel down the Kentucky and up the Ohio in canoes to the
town-site. We need a dozen husky young fellows to help us out. Would you
and young Clark care to go? We will pay $40.00 a month continental money
or $10.00 in specie."
"I accept at once. I cannot say positively for David, but believe he
will go too. What time do we leave?"
"At seven in the morning."
"Well, I will see David at once as we must arrange a few matters before
starting. Good bye."
On the morning of the twenty-fourth, the party under the leadership of
Colonel Patterson set out in four canoes, three men to the canoe, and on
the twenty-eighth arrived at Losanteville.
Though considerable ice was running they met with no adventures until in
North Bend at the mouth of the big Miami. Hugging the north shore, on
account of rough water caused by a strong north wind, they were
surprised by a large Mingo war party of more than a dozen canoes, which
unexpectedly paddled out of the willows near the mouth of the river.
Colonel Patterson, John and David were in the forward canoe and not more
than fifty yards distant. A battle seemed inevitable, which doubtless
would have resulted disastrously for the whites as they were greatly
outnumbered and taken by surprise. John, recognizing several of the
Indians, called them by name; and Colonel Patterson, having been told
John's story, ordered his men not to fire.
Word was passed among the Indians that Chief Cross-Bearer was the leader
of the white men. They ceased their hostile demonstrations and made
peace signs. The white men were invited to land and a great pow-wow
ensued.
The Mingoes were on their way home from a council with certain
Shauanese, who at that time were camping some miles up the Big Miami.
Three canoe loads of the Shauanese had come to the Ohio with the
Prophet's party, which was returning to the Scioto.
The Prophet, when told of the intention of the whites and their
destination, shook his head and asked that they build on the south side
of the river, saying: "If no, cause big heaps of trouble with Miami."
After some delay the whites re-embarked and paddled up the river
accompanied by the Mingoes. When they reached Losanteville the whole
party landed, the Indians spending the night with the whites. Again the
Prophet told Mr. Filson and John of the danger that threatened all
settlements on the north bank of the river.
Filson had about completed marking off the town and surveying the
800-acre boundary, when one day taking his rifle he wandered off into
the wilderness looking for game. He had been gone about an hour, when
several shots in rapid succession were heard. The men of the colony
suspecting that he had been attacked by the Indians started into the
woods but at John's suggestion remained where they were on guard, while
he alone, without a rifle, but wearing his girdle, went in the direction
of the shooting.
In a half hour he returned, carrying the dead surveyor on his shoulders.
He had found him still alive, though scalped and shot through the body
in several places. He died shortly after telling John he had been
assaulted by a dozen Shauanese.
They buried him under a great elm on the bank of the river, just beyond
the boundary of the town-site; the name of which was changed to
Cincinnati a short time after his death.
John and David spent all of January and February working for the town
company. When the preliminary work was completed they were paid off and
with most of the men who had come with them from Lee's Town, started for
home in their canoes.
On the sixth of March at the mouth of the Kentucky river they came upon
Wilkinson's flotilla of five large batteaux loaded with tobacco and
produce consigned to the Spanish Intendant at New Orleans. The boats
were temporarily delayed because they had not procured a sufficient
guard for the voyage.
The General, seeing John Campbell and David Clark, both of whom he knew,
called them into his cabin and suggested that they and their companions
act as guard of the flotilla, promising to pay John, whom he had noticed
acted as leader of the party $12.00 per month in specie and the men
$10.00 for the trip.
This offer John declined as did the other men at his suggestion. But
when General Wilkinson, knowing John's sentiments, explained that none
of them because of the employment were expected to adopt his views upon
treaty relations with Spain and had nothing to do but guard the cargo
from Indians and river pirates; and also learning that Wilkinson was
only going as far as Louisville, at the request of the others he
accepted the employment.
General Wilkinson insisted that John and David share his cabin to
Louisville and occupy it the rest of the voyage, which was the custom of
the captain of the guard.
Floating down the broad river with little to do; the General, to gauge
the strength of John's character, asked him many questions and by
flattery and argument sought to make him compromise the views he had
expressed. In part he said:
"I was much surprised by your speech. It showed a knowledge of history
and the political situation confronting this district which in one of
your age and experience is remarkable. Your manner was earnest, your
argument plausible and at first blush, convincing; but you are wrong.
Disregarding the question of policy, which is rarely done and then
usually regretted; saying nothing of the District's commercial
salvation, which to a settler should be his first great law; without
compromise of honor or conscience my better judgment advises that
Kentucky is entitled to state sovereignty. Virginia east of the
Alleghanies is as distant, knows nothing and cares less for our wants,
has no more right to tax us, to grant away lands in Kentucky and
exercise other rights of sovereignty over the District than had King
George and his ministers to exercise similar power over the colonies.
What is vital to Kentucky does not interest Tidewater, Virginia, except
as one is interested in the other as a competitor. That section
naturally wishes to maintain its monopoly of commerce with the District,
to be the only outlet for all we produce; therefore it opposes a
southern and independent commercial outlet by way of the Mississippi.
Again they grumble when called upon to help protect us from Indian
raids, or at being taxed for such a purpose and refuse to furnish
soldiers and arms for our protection. General George Rogers Clark, whose
loyalty to the Union has never been questioned, expressed my point in
his epigrammatic plea to the Virginia Assembly. 'That a country which
they did not think worth defending was not worth claiming.' You concede
that Kentucky should be carved off as an independent state from
Virginia. Now we begin to differ. You are dramatically violent in
declamation though not convincing in argument, that it should be a part
of the Union; and that a majority of the states shall fix its commercial
policies and regulate by treaty or contract, commercial relations with a
foreign power, Spain for instance; and thus obtain free navigation of
the Mississippi; which can be done in no other way and is vital to our
commercial prosperity. If this right, which it seems is inherent as a
law of necessity, is opposed by the other states from a selfish
commercial policy or as inexpedient from a governmental policy such as
Jay suggests; then the independent state, as is Kentucky's case, has a
right to withdraw from the confederacy and make such treaties with
foreign powers as will preserve her commercially.
"If your conscience would permit you to champion such a commercial
policy, I see before you the prospect of great wealth and happiness.
First, as a mere starter, I could make you captain of my flotilla and
advance you some capital with which you could buy tobacco and other
produce and a stock of goods. With these resources, trading along the
river and bartering your produce for merchandise in New Orleans, you
would make five times your wages as captain. You would in a sense be my
junior partner; and Captain Fairfax, I am convinced, would be delighted
to have you marry his very charming daughter."
"General, that is enough. I will have nothing to do with your Spanish
Conspiracy. Even Captain Fairfax's daughter is no inducement. If you
mention this matter again I shall be convinced that my employment is a
mere subterfuge to corrupt my loyalty to the Union and leave your boat."
"As you will, as you will--but in some ways you are acting the part of a
fool."
A few hours later the flotilla arrived at Louisville; where after
passing the falls the boats took on additional cargo and resumed their
voyage. General Wilkinson as he left the boat handed John a letter,
saying: "This communication is very important. You must deliver it in
person. It contains the invoice of the cargo and a demand for payment.
You will in return be handed $9,000 in gold for the consignment. May you
see and learn much before your return; experience is a great teacher."
The letter was addressed to Don Estevan Miro, Governor and Intendente of
Louisiana; and supposing it to contain what General Wilkinson had
represented and therefore of great importance, John placed it in the
inner pocket of his hunting shirt.