dynasty of the Seleuc[)i]dae.--ANTIOCHUS I, called _S[=o]t[=e]r_
('saviour'), was the son of Seleucus, general of Alexander the Great, and
founder of the dynasty. He was born about 324 B.C., and succeeded his
father in 280 B.C. During the greater part of his reign he was engaged in a
protracted struggle with the Gauls who had crossed from Europe, and by whom
he was killed in battle, 261 B.C.--ANTIOCHUS II, surnamed _Theos_ (god),
succeeded his father, lost several provinces by revolt, and was murdered in
246 B.C. by Laodic[=e], his wife, whom he had put away to marry
Beren[=i]c[=e], daughter of Ptolemy.--ANTIOCHUS III, surnamed the _Great_,
grandson of the preceding, was born 242 B.C., succeeded in 223 B.C. The
early part of his reign embraced a series of wars against revolted
provinces and neighbouring kingdoms, his expeditions extending to India,
over Asia Minor, and afterwards into Europe, where he took possession of
the Thracian Chersonese. Here he encountered the Romans, who had conquered
Philip V of Macedon, and were prepared to resist his further progress.
Antiochus gained an important adviser in Hannibal, who had fled for refuge
to his Court; but he lost the opportunity of an invasion of Italy while the
Romans were engaged in war with the Gauls, of which the Carthaginian urged
him to avail himself. The Romans defeated him by sea and land, and he was
finally overthrown by Scipio at Mount Sip[)y]lus, in Asia Minor, 190 B.C.,
and very severe terms were imposed upon him. He was killed while plundering
a temple in Elymais to procure money to pay the Romans.--ANTIOCHUS IV,
called _Epiph[)a]nes,_ youngest son of the above, is chiefly remarkable for
his attempt to extirpate the Jewish religion, and to establish in its place
the polytheism of the Greeks. This led to the insurrection of the
Maccabees, by which the Jews ultimately recovered their independence. He
died 164 B.C.
ANTIOQUIA ([.a]n-t[=e]-[=o]-k[=e]'[.a]), a town of South America, in
Colombia, on the River Cauca; founded in 1542. Pop. 8730. It gives name to
a department of the republic; area, 22,752 sq. miles. Pop. 739,434.
Capital, Medellin.
ANTIP'AROS (ancient, OLI[)A]ROS), one of the Cyclades Islands in the
Grecian Archipelago, containing a famous stalactitic grotto or cave. It
lies south-west of Paros, from which it is separated by a narrow strait,
and has an area of 10 sq. miles, and about 700 inhabitants.
ANTIP'ATER, a general and friend of Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander
the Great. On the death of Alexander, in 323 B.C., the regency of Macedonia
was assigned to Antipater, who succeeded in establishing the Macedonian
rule in Greece on a firm footing. He died 317 B.C., at an advanced age.
ANTIP'ATHY, a special dislike exhibited by individuals to particular
objects or persons, usually resulting from physical or nervous
organization. An antipathy is often an unaccountable repugnance to what
people in general regard with no particular dislike, as certain sounds,
smells, articles of food, &c., and it may be manifested by fainting or
extreme discomfort.
ANTIPHLOGIS'TIC, a term applied to medicines or methods of treatment that
are intended to counteract inflammation, such as bloodletting, purgatives,
diaphoretics, &c.
AN'TIPHON, a Greek orator, born near Athens; founder of political oratory
in Greece. His orations are the oldest extant, and he is said to have been
the first who wrote speeches for hire. He was put to death for taking part
in the revolution of 411 B.C., which established the oligarchic government
of the Four Hundred. Antiphon seems to have specialized in homicide cases;
his most celebrated speech is _On the Murder of Herodas_. Cf. Sir R. C.
Jebb, _Attic Orators_; J. F. Dobson, _The Greek Orators_.
ANTIPHON, or ANTIPH'ONY ('alternate song'), in the Christian Church a verse
first sung by a single voice, and then repeated by the whole choir; or any
piece to be sung by alternate voices.
ANTIPODES (an-tip'o-d[=e]z), the name given relatively to people or places
on opposite sides of the earth, so situated that a line drawn from one to
the other passes through the centre of the earth and forms a true diameter.
The longitudes of two such places differ by 180deg. The difference in their
time is about twelve hours, and their seasons are reversed.
ANTIPODES ISLANDS, a group of small uninhabited islands in the South
Pacific Ocean, about 460 miles S.E. by E. of New Zealand; so called from
being nearly antipodal to Greenwich. Antipodes Island rises to 1300 feet,
and is largely covered with coarse grass; huts have been fitted up to
shelter castaways.
AN'TIPOPE, the name applied to those who at different periods have produced
a schism in the Roman Catholic Church by opposing the authority of the
Pope, under the pretence that they were themselves Popes. The Roman Church
cannot admit that there ever existed two Popes; but the fact is, that in
several cases the competitors for the papal chair were equally Popes; that
is to say, the claims of all were equally good. Each was frequently
supported by whole nations, and the schism was nothing but the struggle of
political interests. Twenty-nine antipopes are enumerated in Church
history; the last of them is Felix V, 1439-49.
ANTIPYRET'ICS, medicines given for the purpose of reducing fever by
lowering the patient's temperature, whether by causing perspiration or
otherwise. Quinine, antipyrin, phenacetin, are common antipyretics. An
aperient or purgative often serves the same purpose.
ANTIPY'RIN, a drug obtained from coal-tar products, valuable in reducing
fever and in relieving pain, being much used in nervous headache and
neuralgia.
AN'TIQUARIES, those devoted to the study of ancient times through their
relics, as old places of burial, remains of ancient habitations, early
monuments, implements or weapons, statues, coins, medals, paintings,
inscriptions, books, and manuscripts, with the view of arriving at a
knowledge of the relations, modes of living, habits, and general condition
of the people who created or employed them. Societies or associations of
antiquaries have been formed in all countries of European civilization. In
Britain the Society of Antiquaries of London was founded in 1572, revived
in 1717. and incorporated in 1751. The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
was founded in 1780, incorporated in 1783, and has the management of a
large national antiquarian museum in Edinburgh. One of the best-known
antiquarian societies in Europe is the _Societe Royale des Antiquaires du
Nord_ at Copenhagen.
ANTIQUES (an-t[=e]ks'), a term specifically applied to the remains of
ancient art, as statues, paintings, vases, cameos, and the like, and more
especially to the works of Grecian and Roman antiquity.
ANTIRRHINUM (an-ti-r[=i]'num) (from _anti_, instead of, and _rhis_, snout),
a genus of annual or perennial plants of the nat. ord. Scrophulariaceae,
commonly known as _snapdragon_, on account of the peculiarity of the
blossoms, which, by pressing between the finger and thumb, may be made to
open and shut like a mouth. They all produce showy flowers, and are much
cultivated in gardens. Many varieties of some of them, such as the great or
common snapdragon (_Antirrhinum majus_), have been produced by gardeners.
The lesser snapdragon grows in sandy soil, and is found in cornfields in
the south of England and Ireland.
ANTISANA ([.a]n-t[=e]-s[:a]'n[.a]), a volcano in the Andes of Ecuador, 35
miles S.E. by E. of Quito. Whymper, who ascended it in 1880, makes its
height 19,260 feet.
ANTIS'CIANS (Gr. _anti_, over against, _skia_, a shadow), those who live
under the same meridian, at the same distance N. and S. of the equator, and
whose shadows at noon consequently are thrown in contrary directions.
ANTISCORBU'TICS, remedies against scurvy. Lemon-juice, ripe fruit, milk,
salts of potash, green vegetables, potatoes, fresh meat, and raw or
lightly-boiled eggs, are some of the principal foodstuffs containing
antiscorbutic vitamines.
ANTI-SEM'ITISM, hostility to the Jews (Semites), actively exhibited in
severities and attacks of various kinds. The movement assumed vast
proportions about 1880 and manifested itself in various countries,
especially Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Roumania, and France. It may
be attributed to different motives in different countries, but on the whole
owed its origin not only to the fact of the Jews being a 'peculiar people'
by race and religion, but also to the comparatively high position won by
them in modern times in the financial and political worlds. The religious
element is quite prominent in the popular attacks on the Jew, although
modern anti-Semitism is essentially social and economic. In Western Russia
there was a great outburst against the Jews in 1881, in which men, women,
and children were slaughtered. The Government of the Tsar, by its
anti-Jewish policy, may be said to have sanctioned this murderous outbreak,
which was followed by harsh laws and actual persecutions, though afterwards
there was a mitigation of the severity shown towards the Jews. Yet in 1903
the world was startled by a terrible massacre of Jews at Kishinev, in
Bessarabia, connived at by the authorities on the spot; and towards the end
of 1905, in connection with the Russian revolutionary movement, there were
dreadful massacres of Jews in Odessa, Kishinev, and other towns, the
authorities being similarly involved. In Roumania, until 1919, the position
of the Jews resembled what it was elsewhere in mediaeval times, and was
less favourable than it was even under the Turks. In Germany the movement
has been worked chiefly by politicians for their own ends, though the
racial and religious question has also had some influence; and among the
ignorant the belief that the Jews murder Christian children for ritual
purposes has been revived, as also in Austria and in Hungary. In these
countries the movement has been partly political, partly social and
economic, partly religious. In France anti-Semitism has been employed
chiefly as a weapon by monarchists and clericals as against republicanism,
and by the Socialists as against capitalism, racial antipathy having also
its influence on the movements. It reached its height in 1895 at the time
of the Dreyfus affair. In Britain, too, anti-Semitism has of late made
itself felt.--BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. Leroy-Beaulieu, _Israel among the Nations_;
Bernard Lazare, _L'anti-semitisme, son histoire et ses causes_.
ANTISEP'TIC (Gr. _anti_, against, and _s[=e]pein_, to rot), an agent which
destroys the germs of putrefaction or suppuration is called an antiseptic.
Many substances act thus, e.g. chlorine, iodine, hypochlorous acid,
sulphurous acid, camphor, creosote, iodoform, nascent oxygen ('Sanitas'),
corrosive sublimate, formaldehyde ('Formalin'), potassium permanganate
('Condy's Fluid'), carbolic acid (Lysol, Izal, Cyllin); lately aniline dyes
have become prominent: of these flavine has proved the most useful addition
to surgery of recent years. It was much used in the European War
(1914-8).--_Antiseptics_ are also used for purifying surgical instruments,
&c., and commercially as disinfectants. When introduced by Lister into
surgical practice they led to revolutionary advances in surgery. The
tendency of late years has been to abandon antiseptic for aseptic (sterile)
mode of technique, but during the war (1914-8) there was a general return
to antiseptic methods in surgery.
ANTISPASMOD'IC, a medicine for the cure of spasms and convulsions; such
belong largely to the class of ethers, as sulphuric ether, chloric ether,
nitric ether, &c.
ANTISTHENES (an-tis'the-n[=e]z), a Greek philosopher and the founder of the
school of Cynics, born at Athens about 444 B.C. He was first a disciple of
Gorgias and then of Socrates, at whose death he was present. His philosophy
was a one-sided development of the Socratic teaching. He held virtue to
consist in complete self-denial and in disregard of riches, honour, or
pleasure of every kind. He himself lived as a beggar. He died in Athens at
an advanced age.
ANTIS'TROPHE. See _Strophe_.
ANTI-SUBMARINE. See _Submarine_.
ANTI-TAURUS, a mountain range of Anatolia, Asia Minor, extending from the
Cicilian Taurus towards the north-east, and connecting the Taurus mountain
system with Mount Ararat, Mount Elbruz, and the Caucasus. See _Taurus_.
ANTITH'ESIS (opposition), a figure of speech consisting in a contrast or
opposition of words or sentiments; as, 'When our vices _leave us_, we
flatter ourselves we _leave them_'; 'The prodigal _robs his heir_, the
miser _robs himself_'.
ANTITOXIN, the name given to a class of bodies of unknown nature having the
capacity of neutralizing the poisonous substances (toxins) by which certain
bacteria produce disease. If such a toxin be introduced every few days in
increasing doses, into, e.g., the horse, and if, after some months of this
treatment, the animal be bled, its serum contains the antitoxin to the
toxins used. The use of the antitoxin to the toxin of diphtheria is most
efficacious in curing that disease, and the treatment has caused a great
fall in the death-rate. It ought to be applied as soon as possible after
signs appear in the throat. An antitoxic treatment is also applicable in
cases of tetanus (lock-jaw), a disease liable to follow any wound
contaminated with dirt, especially with manured soil. Less success has been
achieved when the disease is fully established, but if the antitoxin be
injected immediately after the wound has been incurred, then the subsequent
development of the disease is prevented. This preventive treatment has been
attended with marked effect in the case of wounds received in war, which it
is almost impossible to keep free from contamination. Antitoxins were
extensively used during the European War. (1914-8). In bacterial diseases
other than those mentioned, sera have been produced by injecting into large
animals dead and living bacteria, e.g. the organisms of epidemic
cerebro-spinal meningitis (spotted fever), pneumonia, blood-poisoning, &c.,
and these sera probably depend for their action on the presence of bodies
similar to antitoxins. See _Bacteria_, _Diphtheria_.
ANTI-TRADE WINDS, a name given to any of the upper tropical winds which
move northward or southward in the same manner as the trade-winds which
blow beneath them in the opposite direction. These great aerial currents
descend to the surface after they have passed the limits of the
trade-winds, and form the south-west or west-south-west winds of the north
temperate, and the north-west or west-north-west winds of the south
temperate zones.
ANTITRINITA'RIANS, all who do not receive the doctrine of the divine
Trinity, or the existence of three persons in the Godhead; especially
applied to those who oppose such a doctrine on philosophical grounds, as
contrasted with Unitarians, who reject the doctrine as not warranted by
Scripture.
AN'TITYPE, that which is correlative to a type; by theological writers the
term is employed to denote the reality of which a _type_ is the prophetic
symbol.
AN'TIUM, in ancient Italy, one of the most ancient and powerful cities of
Latium, the chief city of the Volsci, and often at war with the Romans, by
whom it was finally taken in 338 B.C. It was 38 miles distant from Rome, a
flourishing seaport, and became a favourite residence of the wealthy
Romans. It was destroyed by the Saracens, but vestiges of it remain at
Porto d'Anzo, near which many valuable works of art have been found.
ANTIVARI ([.a]n-t[=e]'v[.a]-r[=e]), a seaport town on the eastern shore of
the Adriatic, ceded to Montenegro by the Treaty of Berlin (1878). Antivari
was opened as a free port on 23rd Oct., 1909. It was occupied by the
Austrians in 1916, and by the Italians in Nov., 1918. Pop. 2500.
ANTLERS, the horns of the deer tribe, or the snags or branches of the
horns.
ANT-LION, the larva of a Neuropterous insect (_Myrmel[)e]on
formic[=a]rius_), which in its perfect state greatly resembles a
dragon-fly; curious on account of its ingenious method of catching the
insects--chiefly ants--on which it feeds. It digs a funnel-shaped hole in
the driest and finest sand it can find, and when the pit is deep enough,
and the sides are quite smooth and sloping, it buries itself at the bottom
with only its formidable mandibles projecting, and waits till some luckless
insect stumbles over the edge, when it is immediately seized, its juices
sucked, and the dead body jerked out. It inhabits Southern Europe.
ANTOFAGAS'TA, a Chilian seaport on the Bay of Morena, and a territory of
the same name taken from Bolivia in the war of 1879-82, and definitely
ceded to Chile in 1885. The territory has an area of 46,408 sq. miles; pop.
(1919), 235,506. The port is connected by railway with the silver and other
mines lying inland, and exports silver, copper, cubic nitre, &c., partly
from Bolivia. Pop. (1919), 69,175.
ANTOINETTE ([.a][n.]-tw[.a]-net), Marie. See _Marie Antoinette_.
ANTOKOLSKI, Mark, Russian sculptor of Jewish extraction, born at Vilna in
1843. He studied at the Petrograd Academy of Fine Arts, and his earliest
success was a wooden statue _The Jewish Tailor_ (1864). In 1868 he received
a grant for travelling, and whilst in Italy he finished his famous statue,
_Ivan the Terrible_. He was made an academician, and in 1878 was awarded
the first prize for sculpture at the Paris International Exhibition. In
1888 he settled permanently in Paris, where he died in 1902. His works
include: _Peter the Great_ (1872), _Christ before the People_ (1874), _The
Death of Socrates_ (1876), _Spinoza_ (1882), _Yermak_ and _The Sleeping
Beauty_ (1900).
ANTOMMARCHI (-m[:a]r'k[=e]), Carlo Francesco, Italian physician, born in
Corsica in 1780, died in Cuba 1838. He was professor of anatomy at Florence
when he offered himself as physician to Napoleon at St. Helena. Napoleon at
first received him with reserve, but soon admitted him to his confidence,
and testified his satisfaction with him by leaving him a legacy of 100,000
francs. On his return to Europe he published _Les Derniers Moments de
Napoleon_ (2 vols., 8vo, 1823).
ANTONELL'I, Giacomo, cardinal, born 1806, died 1876. He was educated at the
Grand Seminary of Rome, where he attracted the attention of Pope Gregory
XVI, who appointed him to several important offices. On the accession of
Pius IX in 1846 Antonelli was raised to the dignity of cardinal-deacon; two
years later he became president and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in
1850 was appointed Secretary of State. During the sitting of the
Oecumenical Council (1869-70) he was a prominent champion of the papal
interest. He strongly opposed the assumption of the united Italian crown by
Victor Emanuel.
ANTONELL'O (of Messina), an Italian painter who died at Venice, probably in
1493, and is said to have introduced oil-painting into Italy, having been
instructed in it by Jan Van Eyck. Three works by him are in the National
Gallery, London.
ANTONI'NUS, ITINERARY OF. See _Itinerary_.
ANTONI'NUS, Marcus Aurelius. See _Aurelius_.
ANTONI'NUS, WALL OF, a barrier erected by the Romans across the isthmus
between the Forth and the Clyde, in the reign of Antoninus Pius. Its
western extremity was at or near Dunglass Castle, its eastern at Carriden,
and the whole length of it exceeded 27 miles. It was constructed A.D. 140
by Lollius Urbicus, the imperial legate, and consisted of a ditch 40 feet
wide and 20 feet deep, and a rampart of stone and earth on the south side
24 feet thick and 20 feet in height. It was strengthened at either end and
along its course by a series of forts and watch-towers. It may still be
traced at various points, and is commonly known as _Graham's Dyke_.
[Illustration: Coin of Antoninus Pius]
ANTONI'NUS PIUS, Titus Aurelius Fulvus, Roman emperor, was born at
Lavinium, near Rome, A.D. 86, died A.D. 161. In 120 A.D. he became consul,
and he was one of the four persons of consular rank among whom Hadrian
divided the supreme administration of Italy. He then went as proconsul to
Asia, and after his return to Rome became more and more the object of
Hadrian's confidence. In A.D. 138 he was selected by that emperor as his
successor, and the same year he ascended the throne. He speedily put down
the persecutions of the Christians, and carried on but a few wars. In
Britain he extended the Roman dominion, and, by raising a new wall (see
preceding article), put a stop to the invasions of the Picts and Scots. The
senate gave him the surname _Pius_, that is, dutiful or showing filial
affection, because to keep alive the memory of Hadrian he had built a
temple in his honour. He was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, his adopted son.
ANTO'NIUS, Marcus (Mark Antony), Roman triumvir, born 83 B.C., was
connected with the family of Caesar by his mother. Debauchery and
prodigality marked his youth. To escape his creditors he went to Greece in
58, and from thence followed the consul Gabinius on a campaign in Syria as
commander of the cavalry. He served in Gaul under Caesar in 52 and 51. In
50 he returned to Rome to support the interests of Caesar against the
aristocratical party headed by Pompey, and was appointed tribune. When war
broke out between Caesar and Pompey, Antony led reinforcements to Caesar in
Greece, and in the battle of Pharsalia he commanded the left wing. He
afterwards returned to Rome with the appointment of Master of the Horse and
Governor of Italy (47). In 44 B.C. he became Caesar's colleague in the
consulship. Soon after Caesar was assassinated, Antony, by the reading of
Caesar's will, and by the oration which he delivered over his body, excited
the people to anger and revenge, and the murderers were obliged to flee.
After several quarrels and reconciliations with Octavianus, Caesar's heir
(see _Augustus_), Antony departed to Cisalpine Gaul, which province had
been conferred upon him against the will of the Senate. But Cicero
thundered against him in his famous _Philippics_; the Senate declared him a
public enemy, and entrusted the conduct of the war against him to
Octavianus and the consuls Hirtius and Pansa. After a campaign of varied
fortunes Antony fled with his troops over the Alps. Here he was joined by
Lepidus, who commanded in Gaul, and through whose mediation Antony and
Octavianus were again reconciled. It was agreed that the Roman world should
be divided among the three conspirators, who were called _triumviri_.
Antony was to take Gaul; Lepidus, Spain; and Octavianus, Africa and Sicily.
They decided upon the proscription of their mutual enemies, each giving up
his friends to the others, the most celebrated of the victims being Cicero
the orator. Antony and Octavianus departed in 42 for Macedonia, where the
united forces of their enemies, Brutus and Cassius, formed a powerful army,
which was, however, speedily defeated at Philippi. Antony next visited
Athens, and thence proceeded to Asia. In Cilicia he ordered Cleopatra,
Queen of Egypt, to apologize for her insolent behaviour to the _triumviri_.
She appeared in person, and her charms fettered him for ever. He followed
her to Alexandria, where he bestowed not even a thought upon the affairs of
the world, till he was aroused by a report that hostilities had commenced
in Italy between his own relatives and Octavianus. A short war, followed,
which was decided in favour of Octavianus before the arrival of Antony in
Italy. A reconciliation was effected, which was sealed by the marriage of
Antony with Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. A new division of the Roman
dominions was now made (in 40), by which Antony obtained the East,
Octavianus the West. After his return to Asia Antony gave himself up
entirely to Cleopatra, assuming the style of an Eastern despot, and so
alienating many of his adherents and embittering public opinion against him
at Rome. At length war was declared at Rome against the Queen of Egypt, and
Antony was deprived of his consulship and government. Each party assembled
its forces, and Antony lost, in the naval battle at Actium, 31 B.C., the
dominion of the world. He followed Cleopatra to Alexandria, and on the
arrival of Octavianus his fleet and cavalry deserted, and his infantry was
defeated. Deceived by a false report of her death which Cleopatra had
disseminated, he fell upon his own sword (30 B.C.).--BIBLIOGRAPHY: Mommsen,
_Roman History_; Plutarch, _Lives_ (translated by Langhorne); De Quincey,
_Essay on the Caesars_.
ANTONOMA'SIA, in rhetoric, the use of the name of some office, dignity,
profession, science, or trade instead of the true name of the person, as
when _his majesty_ is used for a king, _his lordship_ for a nobleman; or
when, instead of Aristotle, we say, _the philosopher_; or, conversely, the
use of a proper noun instead of a common noun; as, a _Solomon_ for a wise
man.
ANTONY, Mark. See _Antonius_ (_Marcus_).
ANTONY, ST. See _Anthony_.