Picturesque environs of Ancona—Dwellings of the peasantry—Their
simplicity and trust—Manner of life and amusements—A wedding
feast.
By way of an agreeable contrast to the patrician associations which
surrounded us, we used in our walks to take great interest in noticing
the peasantry or _contadini_ of the environs; and circumstances having
protracted my stay beyond what was originally intended, I was enabled,
when the lovely month of April invited us to longer excursions, to see
a good deal of their primitive mode of life. The town being small,
with scarcely any suburbs beyond the gates, a very few minutes were
sufficient to transport one from the dark, narrow streets to the
open country, rich in its cultivation and fertility, and beautiful in
its undulating hills, its towering cliffs, and broad expanse of sea.
Never have I known spring more lovely than amid these scenes: the glad
blue sky, the fair blossoms and budding foliage, the fields of young
corn gently waving in the breeze, the sweet scent of the violets with
which the roadside banks were thickly strewn; the sense of beauty, the
voiceless music, beneath whose spell each tiny leaf and blade of grass
seemed sparkling and harmonious; and, above all, the sea, the silvery
sea, so still, so majestic, so sublime—the whole rises to my memory in
all its fascination of sunshine, and colouring, and perfume.
No stranger approaching by the high road from Florence, which follows
the curve of the bay, with the promontory on which Ancona is built
stretching forth like a gigantic arm to impede his onward course, and
forming the boundary of the prospect, can have an idea of the nature
of the scenery which lies behind this barrier, and is perhaps unique in
its combination of all the softest features of a pastoral region, with
the lofty cliffs and sea-views of a grander landscape.
From the very gates, the land was laid out in small allotments or
_possessioni_, each of barely a few acres in extent, planted with
long rows of vines, intersected with patches of wheat, maize, and
vegetables, that were studded with apple, peach, almond, and other
fruit-trees. No barrier more formidable than a luxuriant hedge, a
perfect wilderness of May-flowers, honeysuckles, and dog-roses, divided
the _possessione_ from the road; the entrance was by a gate of very
simple construction, surmounted by an arch with an image of the Virgin.
Like Little Red Riding-hood, all one had to do was to pull up the
latch and walk forward—not into the jaws of a perfidious wolf, but
up a pretty avenue of mulberry-trees, with vines trained in festoons
along their branches. A rude well—so picturesque in its shape that it
never failed to bring to my mind the representations of Jacob's meeting
with Rachel—always stood in the foreground, while a little in the rear
appeared the cottage of the occupants of the farm; these dwellings
of stone, blackened by time, were comfortless and primitive in the
extreme, the windows unglazed, and the upper story accessible only by
an uncovered staircase outside.
Two or three ragged little children were always at hand to carry news
of a stranger's presence to their mother, who was perhaps tilling
the ground at some little distance: the good woman soon made her
appearance, barefooted, and carrying, admirably poised upon her head,
a large pitcher of water, with another of equal size supported on
her hip; in her other hand she bore the coarse broad-brimmed straw
hat which was in general her protection from the sun. Her costume
consisted of a petticoat of scarlet and blue-striped cotton, with a
bodice or stay of a different colour, from beneath which appeared the
white sleeves of the shift, reaching to the elbow, where they were
fastened in and terminated with a frill, much as is seen in engravings
of Raphael's Fornarina; around the throat and shoulders was a
handkerchief, so scrupulously adjusted as barely to disclose the coral
necklace, without which even the poorest contadina would think her
everyday attire incomplete. There was often much beauty in the face set
off by this picturesque equipment, for, however worn and sunburnt it
might be, it could usually boast of jet-black tresses, dark vivacious
eyes, well-cut features, and the whitest possible teeth. The welcome,
too, was pleasing—no constraint, no bashfulness, but a straightforward,
hospitable simplicity that won its way immediately to the heart. We
were perfectly at liberty to come in and look about us, ask questions,
and rest ourselves, and were secure of giving unbounded delight if,
on coming away, we purchased fruit or eggs to the value of a few
_baiocchi_.
After one or two visits of this nature, we were quite on a footing
of intimacy, and the mother and children would seat themselves round
us, to indulge in a little conversation. If we chanced to come on a
_festa_, or when the daily toil was over, the circle would be increased
by the father and his grown-up sons, who, in their rough but not
unmusical peasant dialect, plied me with inquiries about the country I
came from, and its peculiarities, such as whether we had a moon there,
and what the people ate. In a fashion they had all heard of England,
as a wonderfully rich and large _city_; but its inhabitants being
heathens, was what had principally impressed itself upon their minds,
and awakened their regrets. In all that regarded themselves, they were
very communicative; and in one possessione especially, where the bond
of union was cemented by their having supplied my uncle's household
with milk for several years, they used to tell us of all their domestic
concerns, from the courtship of Celestino, the eldest son, who was
_promesso_ to a neighbouring contadina, to the pearl earrings and
necklace which Orsolina, a pretty laughing damsel, the only daughter
of the family, had just received as a troth-plight from her affianced
swain. I remember, as an instance of their perfect trust in us, that,
after having displayed these valuables with a great deal of pride,
the girl put the little pasteboard box containing them into my cousin
Lucy's hand, and proposed she should take them home to show her sister,
_l'altra signorina_, whom a trifling indisposition had confined to the
house.
The frugality with which these peasants live is surprising,
particularly when one sees what a fine, hard-working race they really
are. Their food consists in great measure of bread, made of equal
proportions of ground beans and the flour of Indian corn, of which,
every morning, all the members of the family are furnished with a
supply before setting out on their different avocations. At noon,
they assemble for dinner, which is of _polenta_—Indian corn-meal
stirred into boiling water till it becomes about the consistency of
thick oatmeal porridge; it is then poured out on wooden platters, and
eaten with no other condiment than salt. Bread and a moderate draught
of wine—or, in summer, occasionally vinegar and water—complete the
repast. In the evening, they sup on bread and salad, or an onion, or
fennel-root, or raw beans. Meat they never taste, except on Sundays
or the great _feste_; and then it is in so small a quantity, and so
boiled down by having been made into soup, that it cannot convey much
nourishment. Singularly enough, they have a prejudice against milk; and
when a cow is kept for the purpose of supplying the consumption of the
town, they make no use of it themselves: in those cases where any is
left upon their hands, it is always given to the pig.
In summer, when the labours of the day are at an end, they assemble on
the threshing-floor adjacent to the house, and dance to the music of a
tambourine, which is played successively by the different members of
the family; even children of six or seven years old often take their
turn, and beat the rural instrument with great spirit and precision.
Their national dance, called the _saltarello_, does not exhibit much
variety of figure: the two performers stand facing each other, the
woman holding her dress spread out, her partner with his hands in
an easy attitude on his hips: thus prepared, they set off, advancing
and retreating, doubling and pursuing, circling round and round each
other, in a quick hopping sort of step, always keeping admirable time,
and accompanying the music by a sort of hissing sound, which appears
to have an exhilarating influence. As soon as one couple pause to
take breath, another is ready to step forward; while the interest of
the spectators and the animation of the dancers never seem to flag:
sometimes the old people, the elders of the group, become so excited,
that they start up, push aside the younger ones, and foot it away with
a nimbleness and dexterity which call down general applause.
Their households are generally large, for, as the sons grow up, they
invariably marry, always in succession, according to their birthright,
and bring their wives home to the paternal roof, unless one has a
religious vocation and becomes a priest, or a lay-brother in some
order of friars. As soon, however, as they become too numerous, the
_padrone_, the owner of the land, steps in to say he will not have so
many useless mouths upon his property; so then one at least of the
junior branches is obliged to look out for another possessione to
cultivate.
The terms on which they hold these farms, and the system pursued
between landlord and tenant, are very different from English usages.
No rent is paid, but the produce is equally shared; the proprietor
receives his half of everything in kind—so many measures of corn, so
many jars of oil, and barrels of wine; nay, even to the vegetables and
poultry daily brought into the market for sale, there is understood to
be an exact division. It is looking after these petty details of their
property, and regulating their multifarious accounts, which forms the
occupation of the industrious nobles. Among the wealthiest of these
proprietors, some own as many as 50, 60, or even 100 possessioni,
varying in size and value from £30 or upwards yearly income to the
possessor, down to those that do not yield him more than £12 or £14
clear profit; which last, however incredible it may seem, give support
to a family of five or six in number on the premises. Of course,
it cannot be supposed that the shares are very equitably divided;
indeed, it is always considered that the fruit and vegetables daily
consumed by the peasants are exclusive of this arrangement; but then,
to counterbalance this, the padrone also has his perquisites, in
a stipulated number of fat capons at Christmas, eggs and a lamb at
Easter, and the choicest of the grapes, apples, pears, pomegranates,
quinces, &c., to be stored for winter use.
On the whole, a great deal of harmony between the two classes seems
to prevail; the landlord is always consulted as to the marriage of
any of the contadino's family, and is expected to grace their wedding
and christening festivities with his presence, and to stand godfather
to the first child. In the times when it was customary even amongst
persons of the highest rank to send their children out into the country
to be nursed, a peasant woman from one of the possessioni was selected
for the office of _baglia_, and the infant _marchese_ or _principe_,
as the case might be, duly swaddled and sparingly washed, passed
the first year or two of his existence in perfect equality with his
foster-parents and their children. Even now, when this practice among
the nobility is obsolete, except in the case of some stony-hearted
and prejudiced old _suocera_, similar to the one I have already given
an account of, the wet-nurse is always chosen from among the family's
rustic dependents; and, if careful and devoted to her charge, is so
kindly and liberally treated during her stay at the _palazzo_, that
a mutual feeling of affection and gratitude is invariably the result,
manifesting itself throughout life by protection and assistance on the
one hand, and little freewill-offerings upon the other.
The observances of the peasants in regard to their weddings and
courtships are very curious, and date from time immemorial; indeed,
neither in their mode of dress nor form of speech do they appear to be
sensibly affected by the fashions of the day; and I have been told by
good authorities, that in many respects they are as their forefathers
were 300 years ago. After a young man has signified to a girl's parents
his wish to marry her, and has satisfied them as to his circumstances,
present or prospective, he is allowed to visit at the possessione
on Sundays and holidays, though under considerable restrictions. The
young people are not allowed to go together to fairs or merry-makings,
or even to talk alone, except when separated by a hedge or paling;
and here even their attitudes are prescribed by rigid custom. The
_promesso_ is not to look too earnest or taken up; while the girl is
enjoined to keep her eyes cast down, and to busy herself in plaiting
the strings of her apron into numberless small folds, of which they of
course retain the impression; and to be able to display these evidences
of having an admirer, whenever the rustic belles meet at church, is
quite a point of rivalry amongst them.
In conformity with the system prevailing through all classes in Italy,
the peasant-bride is expected to be furnished with a _trousseau_, and
even in this humble sphere it is surprising what an amount of linen
and clothes is considered indispensable. She would be thought poor
indeed who could not number every useful article of wearing apparel
by a dozen of each kind, besides providing a chest of drawers, sheets,
mattresses, and pillows. The dresses are fewer in number—not exceeding
perhaps the wedding-gown, which amongst the more affluent peasantry
is silk, and a couple of cotton ones, reserved for _feste_—the usual
costume being the corset, with a coloured petticoat. To accumulate this
stock is the object of a contadina's life, almost from the time she
can first speak or run alone, and every nerve has been strained towards
its attainment; either in working in the possessione and carrying the
produce to market, or as a washerwoman, or rustic sempstress, or in
weaving cloth, the most patient self-denial and unremitting industry
are displayed, and kept up for a long series of years. Comparatively
with the population of the towns, the peasantry marry late, the _sposa_
being often four or five and twenty before the _corredo_ is completed
on her side, or the bridegroom has saved enough to furnish the earrings
and necklace of real, though of course small and irregular pearls, he
is expected to present.
The day before the wedding, all the bride's friends and companions
assemble, and carry her property with great pomp to the dwelling of
her future husband's parents, with whom the young people are to take
up their abode. The more things displayed, the greater the envy and
congratulation. To enhance the effect, they form a sort of procession,
every one bearing on her head some portion of the paraphernalia; each
drawer is carried separate from the chest, the contents having been
carefully arranged, and submitted to public inspection; then comes a
damsel with the pillows; then another with a small looking-glass, and
so forth; all talking and shrieking with delight, while a donkey laden
with the mattress soberly brings up the rear.
The next morning, they all repair in their best clothes at an early
hour to the sposa's house, and assist at the important business of her
toilet. Her costume consists of the long-coveted silk dress, which is
sometimes the gift of the padrone, the favourite colour being lilac.
It has been made in town, and is very tight in the waist, evidently
uncomfortable to the bride, who is furthermore inconvenienced by the
unwonted restraints of shoes, open-worked stockings, and white cotton
gloves. The head-gear is a white kerchief, or square veil, lightly
placed upon the elaborately-plaited tresses, and the ends falling
loosely upon the shoulders, which are, as usual, so studiously covered
as to afford but a glimpse of the comely rounded throat, whose dark,
clear skin sets off the rows of pearls by which it is encircled. At the
church they are met by the bridegroom, with his friends and relatives;
and after the religious ceremony and nuptial benediction, the whole
party adjourn to the bride's new residence, where the wedding-feast
is held. In some districts, however, where their quaint old usages
are still strictly adhered to, they separate at the conclusion of
the service, which is performed on a Thursday; and the sposa returns
to the house of her parents, doffs her gay apparel, and resumes her
wonted occupations. For the two following days, nothing is seen of the
bridegroom; but on the Sunday morning the same joyous preparations as
for the marriage-ceremony are renewed, and the same glad trains set
forth, and meet at the village church, whence, after hearing mass, they
all repair, arm in arm, the sposo leading the way to the possessione of
his parents, where a great dinner celebrates the event.
The bill of fare on these occasions is more substantial than elegant;
as if to indemnify themselves for so seldom partaking of animal food,
their wedding-tables are furnished with little else. The repast begins
with macaroni, dressed with coarse cheese, gravy, and spices; after
which there come quantities of meat, boiled, stewed, and roasted;
pigeons and fowls, all with most incongruous sauces of eggs and garlic,
vinegar and sugar; upon the composition of which two or three cooks,
friends of the family, who have condescendingly volunteered their
services for the occasion, have been displaying their abilities.
Sweet dishes they do not seem to care for, excepting sometimes _Zuppa
Inglese_—sponge-cake, soaked in rum, and covered with custard, so
named in compliment to our national taste for ardent spirits, supposed
indispensable to a Briton's daily refection. The padrone is seated
at the right hand of the sposa, and enters very unaffectedly into the
jokes and hilarity of the company; sometimes, under the influence of
excitement, one of the party breaks forth into an _improvisazione_,
and chants a rude epithalamium in honour of the newly-wedded pair. The
native wine circulates freely, and healths are drunk, and showers of
sugar-plums discharged at the bride, amidst roars of laughter. These
_confetti_, which are villanous compounds of almonds and plaster of
Paris, hold the same place at weddings in Southern Italy that bridecake
does in England; and are distributed as presents amongst the friends
and relations of the families.