ascertain whether the conception of "potential" existence can lend to
things that permanence which according to Berkeley necessitates the
assumption of a permanent mind. Now, by the potential existence of a
body or thing no more is meant than that _if_ I open my eyes and look in
the right direction, I shall see the thing; and the things I see are my
sensations, ideas, call them what you will. But that I can see with my
eyes shut is beyond possibility of proof--it certainly is not proved by
the fact that I can see with my eyes open; and neither is it proved by
the fact that other people see things when my eyes are closed. In fine,
if the things I see are my sensations, then things cannot have a
permanent existence; and no inference as to the permanence of the Divine
Mind can be drawn.
We are driven, therefore, to suppose that the things I see are
different, partially or wholly, from my sensations. And this supposition
seems to be implied by various passages in Berkeley. For instance, he
says (i. p. 307), "the things I perceive are my own ideas ... the
things, I say, immediately perceived are ideas or sensations, call them
which you will," where he seems to distinguish what is _immediately_
perceived (_i.e._ sensations) from something else. And a few lines
before he seems to be inclined to admit the existence of something else
than my sensations, for he says "ideas or things by me perceived, either
themselves or their archetypes, exist independently of my mind."
The permanence of things is undoubtedly an inference. We find by
experience that effects which are produced by causes acting before our
very eyes are at other times produced by their causes in our absence:
the fire burns in my absence as well as in my presence. Obviously,
therefore, the thing which produces its effects when I have no
sensations of it must be different from those sensations; and it must be
an existing thing, otherwise its effects will be effects produced by a
non-existent cause. To say that the unobserved cause in these cases is a
possibility of sensation does not mend matters. A possible sensation is
a sensation which, as a matter of fact, does not exist and never did. It
is a piece of pure imagination; and consequently on this theory the
whole past history of the universe is imaginary. Neither are matters
mended by denying that there are such things as "causes," and affirming
that we only know "invariable and unconditional antecedents." How can a
possible sensation, that is, an event which did not take place, precede
one which does take place? How can an imagination of my mind have
preceded the existence of my mind?
Perhaps it may be said that if Mill's Psychological Theory of Mind and
Matter is not satisfactory, neither is the theory of the direct
apprehension of reality wholly consistent with itself. It affirms the
direct apprehension of reality, yet on examination the direct
apprehension turns out to be an inference. Thus: things must have an
existence different from our sensations because they produce their
effects, and therefore exist, in our absence.
The reply is simple. Unless we believed the effects, which we do
perceive, to be real things, we should not infer the causes, which we do
not perceive, to be real either. Common sense believes that things
_continue_ to exist when we turn our eyes away: their existence beyond
the range of observation is an inference from their existence in our
observation. Their inferred permanence is deduced from their observed
independence.
INDEX
A
Abstraction: 193, 198, 199, 203, 242, 255
Action: 65, 68, 70
Adaptation: 21, 25-30, 186, 204, 206, 219, 221, 252 (_see_ Environment)
Agnosticism: 36, 165-76, 202, 218, 237
Anthropomorphism: 51, 52, 55
Ape and tiger, The: 28, 30, 31, 40, 276
Appearance: 67, 266 (_see_ Purpose)
Apprehension: 57, 58, 63-70, 295
Approximation to the ideal: 206, 208, 213, 222, 229, 252, 256 (_see_
Ideals, Progress, Purpose)
Art, Artist: 207, 209, 244
Assumption: 164-180, 185, 187, 188, 191-6, 221, 222
B
Becoming: 78
Being: 78
Belief: 215, 221 (_see_ Will to believe)
Berkeley, Bp.: 62, 63, 289-95
Bernard, Claude: 90
Biology: 94, 96, 249-51
C
Causation, Law of: 106 (_see_ Universal causation)
Causes: 79, 117, 181, 194, 196, 197, 208-10, 224, 244
Chance: 258, 259, 260
Chemical combination: 89, 90, 92, 98
Chemistry: 86, 94
Chess: 163-83, 268
Common consciousness of mankind: 164, 196, 197, 208, 244
Common experience of mankind: 74
Common faith of mankind: 165-72, 184-202, 204, 222, 223, 229, 246, 247
Common sense: 78, 81, 164-8, 173, 229, 249, 253, 289
Comparative method: 7
--Sciences: 105
Conscience: 52, 84
Consciousness: 63-5, 70, 84, 166, 182, 198, 201, 253 (_see_ States of
consciousness)
Continuity, The law of: 18, 104, 121, 133, 200, 201, 271
Cosmic process: 17, 21, 22, 26, 28-30, 32-5, 51, 53, 60, 81, 222, 224,
284-6, 288 (cf. Ethical process)
D
Darwin: 7, 261
Demonology: 191
Design: 138, 140, 264, 267
Diversity of Nature: 125, 126, 132, 133 (cf. Uniformity of Nature)
Divine Providence: 36, 37 (_see_ Purpose, Divine)
E
Environment: 25, 28, 219, 221, 222, 232, 252, 263 (_see_ Adaptation),
(social) 228, 280
Ethical process, The: 28, 31, 33-5, 47, 48, 60, 191, 219, 221, 286, 287
(cf. Cosmic process)
Ethics: 87
Evidence: 138-62, 188, 189, 190, 191, 198, 199, 218, 253
Evil: 226, 227, 228, 287, 288
Existence, Actual and potential: 292, 293
Experience: 6, 64, 67, 145, 146, 153, 192, 197, 198, 202, 222, 223, 251,
253, 256, 261
--(spiritual): 199, 206, 226
Explanation: 75, 126, 241 (_see also_ Science)
F
Faith: 14, 16, 39, 81, 142, 143, 151-65, 185, 186, 187, 198, 203-37,
246, 247, 273
Faith of science: 188, 198, 287
First principles: 94
Fraser, Professor: 289
Freedom: 108, 120-37, 168, 179, 184-96, 218, 224, 227, 247, 252, 261
(cf. Necessity, Will)
French Revolution: 4
G
Golden Age: 3
H
Happiness: 24, 30
Homogeneous, Instability of: 98
Human nature (_see_ Uniformity)
Huxley, Professor: 24, 28, 30, 33, 39, 120, 144, 149-59, 173, 204, 205,
208, 213, 219, 247, 286-8
I
Idealism: 38-59
--(subjective): 57, 62, 63, 64, 289-95
Ideals: 30-2, 34, 41, 54, 74, 164-84, 194, 195, 204-36, 241-73, 280
(_see_ Moral ideal, Truth)
Identity: 201
Illusion: 17, 22, 23-5, 44, 45, 47, 57, 60, 65, 74, 112, 136, 164, 165,
227, 243, 246, 247, 256, 260
Independence: 201
Inhumanity: 33
Instinct: 236
Interaction: 68
K
Kirchoff: 80
Knowledge: 70, 96
L
Life: 88, 94, 182
Lotze: 82
M
Materialism: 17
Matter and Mind: 85, 88, 94, 133, 134
(psychological theory of), 295
Matter and Motion: 15, 17, 19-21, 32, 35, 36-49, 100, 140, 168, 180
--The redistribution of: 72-99
Mechanical composition: 89, 92, 98
Mechanical theory, The: 79-93, 181, 182, 205, 209, 211
Mertz, Dr.: 80
Metaphysics: 79, 82, 83, 84, 107-13, 123, 254 (cf. Philosophy)
Mill, J. S.: 63, 75, 76, 84, 89, 90, 149, 239, 292, 293, 295
Mind: 84
--(_see_ Matter)
Miracles: 188, 190
Moral consciousness: 50, 198, 204, 206
Moral ideal: 43, 184, 185, 191, 193, 205, 221, 242, 244 (_see_ Ideals)
Moral judgment: 41
Moral laws: 43, 48, 196, 200, 201, 226
Moral obligation: 189, 198, 200, 209
Morality: 19, 34, 49, 50, 56, 69, 74, 159, 161, 162, 181, 186, 191, 218,
221, 223, 225, 243, 244
Mythology: 3
N
Nature: 53
--Cosmic: 37
--Ethical: 33, 37
--Laws of: 76
--Uniformity of: 102-35, 144-50, 152, 161, 165-77, 187, 202, 215, 220,
226, 272
Necessity: 17, 100-137, 164, 178, 179, 182, 190, 191, 240, 247, 259,
260, 263
--Metaphysical: 112, 113, 116, 126, 257
--Scientific: 112 (_see also_ Freedom, Will)
O
Object (of desire): 56, 58
--(material): 61, 70, 74, 81, 100, 102, 103, 171-5, 184-203
Objective truth: 35, 41, 200
Obligation, Moral: 12
Optimism: 1-13, 15-18, 20, 21, 30, 74, 164-8, 185-203, 223, 247
Organism, Animal: 10, 11, 12
--Social: 10, 266, 267, 268 (_see_ Society)
Origin: 209, 212
P
Perception: 61, 62, 65 (_see_ Sensations)
Permanence: 63, 200, 289, 291-5
Personality: 52, 53, 66
Pessimism: 24-37, 39, 43-7, 74, 164, 168, 187-96, 247, 273
Philosophy: 70, 74, 81, 163-70, 173, 174, 177, 225, 276
Political economy: 124, 270
Positive philosophy: 165, 168
Physiology: 90
Pre-history: 7
Primitive man: 7
Progress: 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 25-8, 30, 78, 164, 203-37, 222, 252,
254, 256, 270 (_see_ Approximation, Ideals)
Psychology: 83, 86, 87, 100
Purpose: 180, 181, 182, 192, 199, 209, 211, 212, 224, 226, 238-72, 280
--Divine: 181, 230, 235, 270
--Semblance of: 257, 266, 268
R
Reaction: 68
Reality, The Real: 17, 20, 35, 46-58, 60-71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 98, 165,
166, 171, 172, 173, 175, 184, 200, 201, 212, 214, 223, 226, 247, 295
Religion: 16, 18, 123, 142, 144, 148, 161, 162, 174, 181, 218, 223, 242,
243, 244, 273
Religious consciousness: 52, 196, 198, 199, 206
Retrogression: 26, 27, 32, 205, 206, 209, 219, 225
Revelation: 93, 94, 207, 213, 214, 245, 246
--Progressive, 178, 204, 208
S
Science: the base of optimism, 15
--not religion, 18
--is man's notion of what happens, 49
--and reality, 50-2, 59, 61, 72, 73
--finds reason, does not make it, 53, 68, 69
--ideal of, 54, 55, 220-2
--based on experience, 70, 223, 253
--purely descriptive, 75-80, 192
--imperfectly descriptive, 241
--mechanical theory of, 79-85
--assumptions of, 103-5, 169-83, 196
--describes sequences and co-existences, 105-8
--and necessity, 110, 113-18, 125, 126, 132
--and theory of design, 138-42, 267
--and faith, 143-62, 185, 223
--and positivism, 165
--is abstract, 194-6, 242
--incomplete as explanation, 232, 238-40
--laws of, 48, 108, 124, 240, 241, 242, 252
Self-determination: 128, 130, 131, 137, 171, 174, 178, 218, 261, 264
Self-will: 229
Sensations: 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 291, 292, 294 (_see_
Perception)
Sense-phenomena: 102, 103, 107, 134, 175, 198, 201
Seth, Professor: 78
Social contract: 278
Society (an organism): 9, 96, 250, 256, 265 (_see_ Organism)
Sociology: 8, 83, 90, 92, 96, 250, 251, 265
Space: 82, 85, 87, 94, 97, 102 (_see_ Matter and motion)
Spencer, Mr. H.: 9, 59, 66, 74, 77, 80, 94, 96, 205, 247, 265
States of consciousness: 57, 58, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 166 (_see_
Consciousness)
Struggle for existence: 10, 11, 13, 20, 25, 28, 29, 160, 249, 250, 251,
257, 270, 274, 276, 279
Survival of the fittest: 13, 20, 26, 32, 185, 186, 203, 230, 231, 232,
236, 237, 251
--of the faithful: 160
T
Teleology: 205, 236 (_see_ Causes, Purpose)
Theology: 141, 146
Things: _see_ Objects
Truth: 40, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 208, 217, 220 (_see also_ Ideals)
U
Unfaith: 225
Uniformity of the Divine Nature: 202, 206, 229
Uniformity of human nature: 103, 105, 107, 118, 121, 202, 229, 272
Uniformity of Nature (_see_ Nature)
--of necessity: 107, 111
--of will: 107, 111
Universal causation: 102, 107, 111, 119, 125, 135, 150 (_see_ Causation,
Causes)
Unknowable, The: 18, 20-2, 35, 36, 37, 48, 57, 58, 61, 70, 72, 166, 247
Unreal, The: 70
V
Value: 233, 244
W
Waste: 235
Will: 97-9, 111-34, 158, 161, 162, 168, 172, 175, 182, 188, 190, 192,
201, 215-25, 255, 261, 264, 268 (cf. Freedom, Necessity)
Will to believe: 216, 222
PLYMOUTH
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON
PRINTERS
* * * * *
A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
AND ANNOUNCEMENTS OF
METHUEN AND COMPANY
PUBLISHERS: LONDON
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CONTENTS
PAGE
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BELLES LETTRES, ANTHOLOGIES, ETC. 12
ILLUSTRATED AND GIFT BOOKS, 16
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BIOGRAPHY, 19
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NAVAL AND MILITARY, 23
GENERAL LITERATURE, 24
PHILOSOPHY, 26
SCIENCE, 27
THEOLOGY, 27
FICTION, 32
BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, 42
THE PEACOCK LIBRARY, 42
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERIES, 42
SOCIAL QUESTIONS OF TO-DAY, 43
CLASSICAL TRANSLATIONS, 44
EDUCATIONAL BOOKS, 44
OCTOBER 1901
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