ENGLISH SABBATH-KEEPERS.
English Sabbatarians in the sixteenth century—Their
doctrines—John Trask for these doctrines pilloried, whipt, and
imprisoned—He recants—Character of Mrs. Trask—Her crime—Her
indomitable courage—She suffers fifteen years’ imprisonment,
and dies in the prison—Principles of the Traskites—Brabourne
writes in behalf of the seventh day—Appeals to King Charles I.
to restore the ancient Sabbath—The king employs Dr. White to
write against Brabourne, and Dr. Heylyn to write the History of
the Sabbath—The king intimidates Brabourne and he recants—He
returns again to the Sabbath—Philip Tandy—James Ockford
writes “The Doctrine of the Fourth Commandment”—His book
burned—Edward Stennett—Wm. Sellers—Cruel Treatment of Francis
Bampfield—Thomas Bampfield—Martyrdom of John James—How the
Sabbath cause was prostrated in England.
Chambers speaks thus of Sabbath-keepers in the sixteenth century:—
“In the reign of Elizabeth, it occurred to many conscientious
and independent thinkers (as it had previously done to some
Protestants in Bohemia), that the fourth commandment required
of them the observance, not of the first, but of the specified
_seventh_ day of the week, and a strict bodily rest, as a
service then due to God; while others, though convinced that
the day had been altered by divine authority, took up the same
opinion as to the scriptural obligation to refrain from work.
The former class became numerous enough to make a considerable
figure for more than a century in England, under the title of
‘Sabbatarians’—a word now exchanged for the less ambiguous
appellation of ‘Seventh-day Baptists.’”[1051]
Gilfillan quotes an English writer of the year 1584, John Stockwood, who
says that there were then
“A great diversity of opinion among the vulgar people and
simple sort, concerning the Sabbath day, and the right use of
the same.”
And Gilfillan states one of the grounds of controversy thus:—
“Some maintaining the unchanged and unchangeable obligation of
the seventh-day Sabbath.”[1052]
In 1607, an English first-day writer, John Sprint, gave the views of the
Sabbath-keepers of that time, which in truth have been substantially the
same in all ages:—
“They allege reasons drawn, 1. From the precedence of the
Sabbath before the law, and before the fall; the laws of which
nature are immutable. 2. From the perpetuity of the moral law.
3. And from the large extent thereof appertaining to [the
Sabbath above] all [the other precepts.] 4. ... And of the
cause of [this precept of] the law which maketh it perpetual,
which is the memorial and meditation of the works of God; which
belong unto the Christians as well as to the Jews.”[1053]
John Trask began to speak and write in favor of the seventh day as
the Sabbath of the Lord, about the time that King James I., and the
archbishop of Canterbury, published the famous “Book of Sports for
Sunday,” in 1618. His field of labor was London, and being a very
zealous man, he was soon called to account by the persecuting authority
of the church of England. He took high ground as to the sufficiency of
the Scriptures to direct in all religious services, and that the civil
authorities ought not to constrain men’s consciences in matters of
religion. He was brought before the infamous Star Chamber, where a long
discussion was held respecting the Sabbath. It was on this occasion that
Bishop Andrews first brought forward that now famous first-day argument,
that the early martyrs were tested by the question, “Hast thou kept the
Lord’s day?”[1054]
Gilfillan, quoting the words of cotemporary writers, says of Trask’s
trial that,
“For ‘making of conventicles and factions, by that means which
may tend to sedition and commotion, and for scandalizing
the king, the bishops, and the clergy,’ ‘he was censured in
the Star Chamber to be set upon the pillory at Westminster,
and from thence to be whipt to the fleet, there to remain a
prisoner.’”[1055]
This cruel sentence was carried into execution, and finally broke his
spirit. After enduring the misery of his prison for one year, he recanted
his doctrine.[1056] The case of his wife is worthy of particular mention.
Pagitt gives her character thus:
“She was a woman endued with many particular virtues, well
worthy the imitation of all good Christians, had not error
in other things, especially a spirit of strange unparalleled
opinionativeness and obstinacy in her private conceits, spoiled
her.”[1057]
Pagitt says that she was a school teacher of superior excellence. She
was particularly careful in her dealings with the poor. He gives her
reasons thus:—
“This she professed to do out of conscience, as believing she
must one day come to be judged for all things done in the
flesh. Therefore she resolved to go by _the safest rule_,
rather against than for her private interest.”[1058]
Pagitt gives her crime in the following words:—
“At last for teaching only five days in the week, and resting
upon Saturday, _it being known upon what account she did it_,
she was carried to the new prison in Maiden Lane, a place
then appointed for the restraint of several other persons of
different opinions from the church of England.”[1059]
Observe the crime: it was not what she did, for a first-day person
might have done the same, but because she did it to obey the fourth
commandment. Her motive exposed her to the vengeance of the authorities.
She was a woman of indomitable courage, and would not purchase her
liberty by renouncing the Lord’s Sabbath. During her long imprisonment,
Pagitt says that some one wrote her thus:—
“Your constant suffering would be praiseworthy, were it for
truth; but being for error, your recantation will be both more
acceptable to God, and laudable before men.”[1060]
But her faith and patience held out till she was released by death.
“Mrs. Trask lay fifteen or sixteen years a prisoner for her
opinion about the Saturday Sabbath; in all which time she would
receive no relief from anybody, notwithstanding she wanted
much: alleging that it was written, ‘It is more blessed ...
to give than to receive.’ Neither would she borrow, because
it was written, ‘Thou shalt lend to many nations, and shalt
not borrow.’ So she deemed it a dishonor to her head, Christ,
either to beg or borrow. Her diet for the most part during
her imprisonment, that is, till a little before her death,
was bread and water, roots and herbs; no flesh, nor wine, nor
brewed drink. All her means was an annuity of forty shillings
a year; what she lacked more to live upon she had of such
prisoners as did employ her sometimes to do business for
them.”[1061]
Pagitt, who was the cotemporary of Trask, thus states the principles of
the Sabbatarians of that time, whom he calls Traskites:—
“The positions concerning the Sabbath by them maintained were
these:—
“1. That the fourth commandment of the Decalogue, ‘Remember
the Sabbath day, to keep it holy’ [Ex. 20], is a divine
precept, simply and entirely moral, containing nothing legally
ceremonial in whole or in part, and therefore the weekly
observation thereof ought to be perpetual, and to continue in
force and virtue to the world’s end.
“2. That the Saturday, or seventh day in every week, ought to
be an everlasting holy day in the Christian church, and the
religious observation of this day obligeth Christians under the
gospel, as it did the Jews before the coming of Christ.
“3. That the Sunday, or Lord’s day, is an ordinary working day,
and it is superstition and will-worship to make the same the
Sabbath of the fourth commandment.”[1062]
It was for this noble confession of faith that Mrs. Trask was shut up in
prison till the day of her death. For the same, Mr. Trask was compelled
to stand in the pillory, and was whipped from thence to the fleet, and
then shut up in a wretched prison, from which he escaped by recantation
after enduring its miseries for more than a year.[1063]
Mr. Utter mentions the next Sabbatarian minister as follows:—
“Theophilus Brabourne, a learned minister of the gospel in the
established church, wrote a book, which was printed at London
in 1628, wherein he argued ‘that the Lord’s day is not the
Sabbath day by divine institution,’ but ‘that the seventh-day
Sabbath is now in force.’ Mr. Brabourne published another book
in 1632, entitled, ‘A Defense of that most Ancient and Sacred
Ordinance of God’s, the Sabbath Day.’”[1064]
Brabourne dedicated his book to King Charles I., requesting him to use
his royal authority for the restoration of the ancient Sabbath. But those
who put their trust in princes are sure to be disappointed. Dr. F. White,
bishop of Ely, thus states the occasion of his own work against the
Sabbath:—
“Now because this Brabourne’s treatise of the Sabbath was
dedicated to his Royal Majesty, and the principles upon which
he grounded all his arguments (being commonly preached,
printed, and believed throughout the kingdom), might have
poisoned and infected many people either with this Sabbatarian
error, or with some other of like quality; it was the king,
our gracious master, his will and pleasure, that a treatise
should be set forth, to prevent further mischief, and to settle
his good subjects (who have long time been distracted about
Sabbatarian questions) in the old and good way of the ancient
and orthodoxal Catholic church. Now that which his sacred
Majesty commanded, I have by your Grace’s direction [Archbishop
Laud] obediently performed.”[1065]
The king not only wished by this appointment to overthrow those who kept
the day enjoined in the commandment, but also those who by means of Dr.
Bound’s new theory pretended that Sunday was that day. He therefore
joined Dr. Heylyn with Bishop White in this work:—
“Which burden being held of too great weight for any one to
undergo, and the necessity of the work requiring a quick
dispatch, it was held fit to divide the employment betwixt two.
The argumentative and scholastical part was referred to the
right learned Dr. White, then bishop of Ely, who had given good
proof of his ability in polemical matters in several books and
disputations against the papists. The practical and historical
[was to be written], by Heylyn of Westminster, who had gained
some reputation for his studies in the ancient writers.”[1066]
The works of White and Heylyn were published simultaneously in 1635. Dr.
White, in addressing himself to those who enforce Sunday observance by
the fourth commandment, speaks thus of Brabourne’s arguments, that not
Sunday, but the ancient seventh day, is there enjoined:—
“Maintaining your own principles that the fourth commandment
is purely and simply moral and of the law of nature, it will
be impossible for you either in English or in Latin, to solve
Theophilus Brabourne’s objections.”[1067]
But the king had something besides argument for Brabourne. He was brought
before Archbishop Laud and the court of High Commission, and, moved by
the fate of Mrs. Trask, he submitted for the time to the authority of the
church of England, but sometime afterward wrote other books in behalf
of the seventh day.[1068] Dr. White’s book has this pithy notice of the
indefinite-time theory:—
“Because an indefinite time must either bind to all moments
of time, as a debt, when the day of payment is not expressly
dated, is liable to payment every moment; or else it binds to
no time at all.”[1069]
Mr. Utter, after the statement of Brabourne’s case, continues thus:—
“About this time Philip Tandy began to promulgate in the
northern part of England the same doctrine concerning the
Sabbath. He was educated in the established church, of which
he became a minister. Having changed his views respecting the
mode of baptism and the day of the Sabbath, he abandoned that
church and ‘became a mark for many shots.’ He held several
public disputes about his peculiar sentiments, and did much to
propagate them. James Ockford was another early advocate in
England of the claims of the seventh day as the Sabbath. He
appears to have been well acquainted with the discussions in
which Trask and Brabourne had been engaged. Being dissatisfied
with the pretended conviction of Brabourne, he wrote a book
in defense of Sabbatarian views, entitled, ‘The Doctrine of
the Fourth Commandment.’ This book, published about the year
1642, was burnt by order of the authorities in the established
church.”[1070]
The famous Stennett family furnished, for four generations, a succession
of able Sabbatarian ministers. Mr. Edward Stennett, the first of these,
was born about the beginning of the seventeenth century. His work
entitled, “The Royal Law Contended For,” was first published at London
in 1658. “He was an able and devoted minister, but dissenting from
the established church, he was deprived of the means of support.” “He
suffered much of the persecution which the Dissenters were exposed to at
that time, and more especially for his faithful adherence to the cause
of the Sabbath. For this truth he experienced tribulation, not only from
those in power, by whom he was kept a long time in prison, but also much
distress from unfriendly, dissenting brethren, who strove to destroy his
influence, and ruin his cause.” In 1664, he published a work entitled,
“The Seventh Day is the Sabbath of the Lord.”[1071] In 1671, Wm. Sellers
wrote a work in behalf of the seventh day in reply to Dr. Owen. Cox
states its object thus:—
“In opposition to the opinion _that some one day in seven_ is
all that the fourth commandment requires to be set apart, the
writer maintains the obligation of the Saturday Sabbath on the
ground that ‘God himself directly in the letter of the text
calls the seventh day the Sabbath day, giving both the names to
one and the selfsame day, as all men know that ever read the
commandments.’”[1072]
One of the most eminent Sabbatarian ministers of the last half of the
seventeenth century was Francis Bampfield. He was originally a clergyman
of the church of England. The Baptist historian, Crosby, speaks of him
thus:—
“But being utterly unsatisfied in his conscience with the
conditions of conformity, he took his leave of his sorrowful
and weeping congregation in ... 1662, and was quickly after
imprisoned for worshiping God in his own family. So soon was
his unshaken loyalty to the king forgotten, ... that he was
more frequently imprisoned and exposed to greater hardships for
his nonconformity, than most other dissenters.”[1073]
Of his imprisonment, Neale says:—
“After the act of uniformity, he continued preaching as he had
opportunity in private, till he was imprisoned for five days
and nights, with twenty-five of his hearers in one room ...
where they spent their time in religious exercises, but after
some time he was released. Soon after, he was apprehended again
and lay nine years in Dorchester jail, though he was a person
of unshaken loyalty to the king.”[1074]
During his imprisonment, he preached almost every day, and gathered a
church even under his confinement. And when he was at liberty, he ceased
not to preach in the name of Jesus. After his release, he went to London,
where he preached with much success.[1075] Neale says of his labors in
that city:—
“When he resided in London he formed a church on the principles
of the Sabbatarian Baptists, at Pinner’s hall, of which
principles he was a zealous asserter. He was a celebrated
preacher, and a man of serious piety.”[1076]
On Feb. 17, 1682, he was arrested while preaching, and on March 28, was
sentenced to forfeit all his goods and to be imprisoned in Newgate for
life. In consequence of the hardships which he suffered in that prison,
he died, Feb. 16, 1683.[1077] “Bampfield,” says Wood, “dying in the said
prison of Newgate ... aged seventy years, his body was ... followed
with a very great company of factious and schismatical people to his
grave.”[1078] Crosby says of him:—
“All that knew him will acknowledge that he was a man of great
piety. And he would in all probability have preserved the same
character, with respect to his learning and judgment, had it
not been for his opinion in two points, viz., that infants
ought not to be baptized, and that the Jewish Sabbath ought
still to be kept.”[1079]
Mr. Bampfield published two works in behalf of the seventh day as the
Sabbath, one in 1672, the other in 1677. In the first of these he thus
sets forth the doctrine of the Sabbath:—
“The law of the seventh-day Sabbath was given before the law
was proclaimed at Sinai, even from the creation, given to Adam,
... and in him to all the world.[1080]... The Lord Christ’s
obedience unto this _fourth word_ in observing in his lifetime
the seventh day as a weekly Sabbath day, ... and no other day
of the week as such, is a part of that perfect righteousness
which every sound believer doth apply to himself in order to
his being justified in the sight of God; and every such person
is to conform unto Christ in all the acts of his obedience to
the ten words.”[1081]
His brother, Mr. Thomas Bampfield, who had been speaker in one of
Cromwell’s parliaments, wrote also in behalf of seventh-day observance,
and was imprisoned for his religious principles in Ilchester jail.[1082]
About the time of Mr. Bampfield’s first imprisonment, severe persecution
arose against the Sabbath-keepers in London. Crosby thus bears testimony:—
“It was about this time [A. D. 1661], that a congregation of
Baptists holding the seventh day as a Sabbath, being assembled
at their meeting-house in Bull-stake alley, the doors being
open, about three o’clock P. M. [Oct. 19], whilst Mr. John
James was preaching, one Justice Chard, with Mr. Wood, an
headborough, came into the meeting-place. Wood commanded him
in the king’s name to be silent and come down, having spoken
treason against the king. But Mr. James, taking little or no
notice thereof, proceeded in his work. The headborough came
nearer to him in the middle of the meeting-place and commanded
him again in the king’s name to come down or else he would pull
him down; whereupon the disturbance grew so great that he could
not proceed.”[1083]
The officer having pulled him down from the pulpit, led him away to
the court under a strong guard. Mr. Utter continues this narrative as
follows:—
“Mr. James was himself examined and committed to Newgate, on
the testimony of several profligate witnesses, who accused him
of speaking treasonable words against the king. His trial took
place about a month afterward, at which he conducted himself
in such a manner as to create much sympathy. He was, however,
sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered.[1084] This awful
sentence did not dismay him in the least. He calmly said,
‘Blessed be God; whom man condemneth, God justifieth.’ While
he lay in prison, under sentence of death, many persons of
distinction visited him, who were greatly affected by his piety
and resignation, and offered to exert themselves to secure his
pardon. But he seems to have had little hope of their success.
Mrs. James, by advice of her friends, twice presented petitions
to the king [Charles II.], setting forth the innocence of
her husband, the character of the witnesses against him, and
entreating His Majesty to grant a pardon. In both instances she
was repulsed with scoffs and ridicule. At the scaffold, on the
day of his execution, Mr. James addressed the assembly in a
very noble and affecting manner. Having finished his address,
and kneeling down, he thanked God for covenant mercies, and for
conscious innocence; he prayed for the witnesses against him,
for the executioner, for the people of God, for the removal
of divisions, for the coming of Christ, for the spectators,
and for himself, that he might enjoy a sense of God’s favor
and presence, and an entrance into glory. When he had ended,
the executioner said, ‘The Lord receive your soul;’ to which
Mr. James replied, ‘I thank thee.’ A friend observing to him,
‘This is a happy day,’ he answered, ‘I bless God it is.’ Then
having thanked the sheriff for his courtesy, he said, ‘Father,
into thy hands I commit my spirit.’... After he was dead his
heart was taken out and burned, his quarters were affixed to
the gates of the city, and his head was set up in White chapel
on a pole opposite to the alley in which his meeting-house
stood.”[1085]
Such was the experience of English Sabbath-keepers in the seventeenth
century. It cost something to obey the fourth commandment in such times
as those. The laws of England during that century were very oppressive
to all Dissenters, and bore exceedingly hard upon the Sabbath-keepers.
But God raised up able men, eminent for piety, to defend his truth during
those troublous times, and, if need be, to seal their testimony with
their blood. In the seventeenth century, eleven churches of Sabbatarians
flourished in England, while many scattered Sabbath-keepers were to be
found in various parts of that kingdom. Now, but three of these churches
are in existence! And only remnants, even of these, remain!
To what cause shall we assign this painful fact? It is not because their
adversaries were able to confute their doctrine; for the controversial
works on both sides still remain, and speak for themselves. It is not
that they lacked men of piety and of learning; for God gave them these,
especially in the seventeenth century. Nor is it that fanaticism sprang
up and disgraced the cause; for there is no record of anything of this
kind. They were cruelly persecuted, but the period of their persecution
was that of their greatest prosperity. Like Moses’ bush, they stood
unconsumed in the burning fire. The prostration of the Sabbath cause in
England is due to none of these things.
The Sabbath was wounded in the house of its own friends. They took upon
themselves the responsibility, after a time, of making the Sabbath of no
practical importance, and of treating its violation as no very serious
transgression of the law of God. Doubtless they hoped to win men to
Christ and his truth by this course; but, instead of this, they simply
lowered the standard of divine truth into the dust. The Sabbath-keeping
ministers assumed the pastoral care of first-day churches, in some cases
as their sole charge, in others, they did this in connection with the
oversight of Sabbatarian churches. The result need surprise no one; as
these Sabbath-keeping ministers and churches said to all men, in thus
acting, that the fourth commandment might be broken with impunity, the
people took them at their word. Mr. Crosby, a first-day historian, sets
this matter in a clear light:—
“If the seventh day ought to be observed as the Christian
Sabbath, then all congregations that observe the first day
as such must be Sabbath-breakers.... I must leave those
gentlemen on the contrary side to their own sentiments; and to
vindicate the practice of becoming pastors to a people whom
in their conscience they must believe to be breakers of the
Sabbath.”[1086]
Doubtless there have been noble exceptions to this course; but the
body of English Sabbatarians for many years have failed to faithfully
discharge the high trust committed to them.