the old, halting about one pace from him. (See par. 172.)
=110.= The corporals advance and place themselves, facing each other,
a little in advance of the new sentinel, the old corporal on his
right, the new corporal on his left, both at a right shoulder, and
observe that the old sentinel transmits correctly his instructions.
The following diagram will illustrate the positions taken:
[Illustration:
A
R -
| | | | | C| |D
| | | | -
B]
R is the relief; A, the new corporal; B, the old; C, the new sentinel;
D, the old.
=111.= The instructions relative to the post having been communicated,
the new corporal commands, =Post=; both sentinels then resume the
right shoulder, face toward the new corporal, and step back so as to
allow the relief to pass in front of them. The new corporal then
commands: "1. =Forward=, 2. =MARCH="; the old sentinel takes his place
in rear of the relief as it passes him, his piece in the same position
an those of the relief. The new sentinel stands fast at a right
shoulder until the relief has passed six paces beyond him, when he
walks his post. The corporals take their places as the relief passes
them.
=112.= Mounted sentinels are posted and relieved in accordance with
the same principles.
=113.= On the return of the old relief, the corporal of the new guard
falls out when the relief halts; the corporal of the old guard forms
his relief on the left of the old guard, salutes, and reports to the
commander of his guard: "=Sir, the relief is present="; or "=Sir,
(so-and-so) is absent=," and takes his place in the guard.
=114.= To post a relief other than that which is posted when the old
guard is relieved, its corporal commands:
1. =(Such) relief=, 2. =FALL IN=; and if arms are stacked, they are
taken at the proper commands.
The relief is formed facing to the front, with arms at an order, the
men place themselves according to the numbers of their respective
posts, viz, =two=, =four=, =six=, and so on, in the =front rank=, and
=one=, =three=, =five=, and so on, in the =rear rank=. The corporal,
standing about two paces in front of the center of his relief, then
commands: CALL OFF.
The men call off as prescribed. The corporal then commands: 1.
=Inspection=, 2. =ARMS=, 3. =Order=, 4. =ARMS=; faces the commander of
the guard, executes the rifle salute, reports: "=Sir, the relief is
present="; or "=Sir, (so-and-so) is absent="; he then takes his place
on the right at order arms.
=115.= When the commander of the guard directs the corporal, =Post
your relief=, the corporal salutes and posts his relief as prescribed
(Pars. 108 to 111); the corporal of the relief on post does not go
with the new relief, except when necessary to show the way.
=116.= To dismiss the old relief, it is halted and faced to the front
at the guardhouse by the corporal of the new relief, who then falls
out; the corporal of the old relief then steps in front of the relief
and dismisses it by the proper commands.
=117.= Should the pieces have been loaded before the relief was
posted, the corporal will, before dismissing the relief, see that no
cartridges are left in the chambers or magazines. The same rule
applies to sentinels over prisoners.
=118.= Each corporal will thoroughly acquaint himself with all the
special orders of every sentinel on his relief, and see that each
understands and correctly transmits such orders =in detail= to his
successor.
=119.= There should be at least one noncommissioned officer constantly
on the alert at the guardhouse, usually the corporal whose relief is
on post. This noncommissioned officer takes post near the entrance of
the guardhouse, and does not fall in with the guard when it is formed.
He will have his rifle constantly with him.
=120.= Whenever it becomes necessary for the corporal to leave his
post near the entrance of the guardhouse, he will notify the sergeant
of the guard, who will at once take his place, or designate another
noncommissioned officer to do so.
=121.= He will see that no person enters the guardhouse or guard tent,
or crosses the posts of the sentinels there posted without proper
authority.
=122.= Should any sentinel call for the corporal of the guard, the
corporal will, in every case, at once and quickly proceed to such
sentinel. He will notify the sergeant of the guard before leaving the
guardhouse.
=123.= He will at once report to the commander of the guard any
violation of regulations or any unusual occurrence which is reported
to him by a sentinel, or which comes to his notice in any other way.
=124.= Should a sentinel call "=The Guard=," the corporal will
promptly notify the commander of the guard.
=125.= Should a sentinel call "=Relief=," the corporal will at once
proceed to the post of such sentinel, taking with him the man next for
duty on that post. If the sentinel is relieved for a short time only,
the corporal will again post him as soon as the necessity for his
relief ceases.
=126.= When the countersign is used, the corporal at the posting of
the relief during whose tour challenging is to begin gives the
countersign to the members of the relief, excepting those posted at
the guardhouse.
=127.= He will wake the corporal whose relief is next on post in time
for the latter to verify the prisoners, form his relief, and post it
at the proper hour.
=128.= Should the guard be turned out, each corporal will call his own
relief, and cause its members to fall in promptly.
=129.= Tents or bunks in the same vicinity will be designated for the
reliefs so that all the members of each relief may, if necessary, be
found and turned out by the corporal in the least time and with the
least confusion.
=130.= When challenged by a sentinel while posting his relief, the
corporal commands: 1. =Relief=, 2. =HALT=; to the sentinel's challenge
he answers "=Relief=," and at the order of the sentinel he advances
alone to give the countersign, or to be recognized. When the sentinel
says, "=Advance relief=," the corporal commands: 1. =Forward=, 2.
=MARCH.=
If to be relieved, the sentinel is then relieved as prescribed.
=131.= Between retreat and reveille, the corporal of the guard will
challenge all suspicious looking persons or parties he may observe,
first halting his patrol or relief, if either be with him. He will
advance them in the same manner that sentinels on post advance like
parties (Pars. 191 to 197), but if the route of a patrol is on a
continuous chain of sentinels, he should not challenge persons coming
near him unless he has reason to believe that they have eluded the
vigilance of sentinels.
=132.= Between retreat and reveille, whenever so ordered by an officer
entitled to inspect the guard, the corporal will call: "=Turn out the
guard=," announcing the title of the officer, and then, if not
otherwise ordered, he will salute and return to his post.
=133.= As a general rule he will advance parties approaching the guard
at night in the same manner that sentinels on post advance like
parties. Thus, the sentinel at the guardhouse challenges and repeats
the answer to the corporal, as prescribed hereafter (Par. 200); the
corporal, advancing at port arms, says: "=Advance (so-and-so) with the
countersign=," or "=to be recognized=," if there be no countersign
used; the countersign being correctly given, or the party being duly
recognized, the corporal says: "=Advance (so-and-so)=," repeating the
answer to the challenge of the sentinel.
=134.= When officers of different rank approach the guardhouse from
different directions at the same time, the senior will be advanced
first, and will not be made to wait for his junior.
=135.= Out of ranks and under arms, the corporal salutes with the
rifle salute. He will salute all officers, whether by day or night.
=136.= The corporal will examine parties halted and detained by
sentinels, and, if he have reason to believe the parties have no
authority to cross sentinel's posts, will conduct them to the
commander of the guard.
=137.= The corporal of the guard will arrest all suspicious looking
characters prowling about the post or camp, all persons of a
disorderly character disturbing the peace, and all persons taken in
the act of committing crime against the Government on a military
reservation or post. All persons arrested by corporals of the guard or
by sentinels will at once be conducted to the commander of the guard
by the corporal.
=Section 7. Musicians of the guard.=
=138.= The musicians of the guard will sound calls as prescribed by
the commanding officer.
=139.= Should the guard be turned out for national or regimental
colors or standards, uncased, the field music of the guard will, when
the guard present arms, sound, "=To the color=" or "=To the
standard="; or, if for any person entitled thereto, the march,
flourishes, or ruffles, prescribed in paragraphs 375, 376, and 377, A.
R.
=Section 8. Orderlies and color sentinels.=
=140.= When so directed by the commanding officer, the officer who
inspects the guard at guard mounting will select from the members of
the new guard an orderly for the commanding officer and such number of
other orderlies and color sentinels as may be required.
=141.= For these positions the soldiers will be chosen who are most
correct in the performance of duty and in military bearing, neatest in
person and clothing, and whose arms and accouterments are in the best
condition. Clothing, arms, and equipments must conform to regulations.
If there is any doubt as to the relative qualifications of two or
more soldiers, the inspecting officer will cause them to fall out at
the guardhouse and to form in line in single rank. He will then, by
testing them in drill regulations, select the most proficient. The
commander of the guard will be notified of the selection.
=142.= When directed by the commander of the guard to fall out and
report an orderly will give his name, company, and regiment to the
sergeant of the guard, and, leaving his rifle in the arm rack in his
company quarters, will proceed at once to the officer to whom he is
assigned, reporting: "=Sir, Private ----, Company ----, reports as
orderly.="
=143.= If the orderly selected be a cavalryman, he will leave his
rifle in the arm rack of his troop quarters and report with his belt
on, but without side arms unless specially otherwise ordered.
=144.= Orderlies, while on duty as such, are subject only to the
orders of the commanding officer and of the officers to whom they are
ordered to report.
=145.= When an orderly is ordered to carry a message, he will be
careful to deliver it exactly as it was given to him.
=146.= His tour of duty ends when he is relieved by the orderly
selected from the guard relieving his own.
=147.= Orderlies are members of the guard, and their name, company,
and regiment are entered on the guard report and lists of the guard.
=148.= If a color line is established, sufficient sentinels are placed
on the color line to guard the colors and stacks.
=149.= Color sentinels are posted only so long as the stacks are
formed. The commander of the guard will divide the time equally among
them.
=150.= When stacks are broken, the color sentinels may be permitted to
return to their respective companies. They are required to report in
person to the commander of the guard at reveille and retreat. They
will fall in with the guard, under arms, at guard mounting.
=151.= Color sentinels are not placed on the regular reliefs, nor are
their posts numbered. In calling for the corporal of the guard, they
call: "=Corporal of the guard. Color line.="
=152.= Officers or enlisted men passing the uncased colors will render
the prescribed salute. If the colors are on the stacks, the salute
will be made on crossing the color line or on passing the colors.
=153.= A sentinel placed over the colors will not permit them to be
moved except in the presence of an armed escort. Unless otherwise
ordered by the commanding officer, he will allow no one to touch them
but the color bearer.
He will not permit any soldier to take arms from the stacks or to
touch them except by order of an officer or noncommissioned officer of
the guard.
If any person passing the colors or crossing the color line fails to
salute the colors, the sentinel will caution him to do so, and if the
caution be not heeded he will call the corporal of the guard and
report the facts.
=Section 9. Privates of the Guard.=
=154.= Privates are assigned to reliefs by the commander of the guard,
and to posts usually by the corporal of their relief. They will not
change from one relief or post to another during the same tour of
guard duty unless by proper authority.
=Section 10. Orders for Sentinels.=
=155.= Orders for sentinels are of two classes: General orders and
special orders. General orders apply to all sentinels. Special orders
relate to particular posts and duties.
=156.= Sentinels will be required to memorize the following:
My general orders are:
=1. To take charge of this post and all Government property in view.=
=2. To walk my post in a military manner keeping always on the alert
and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing.=
=3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.=
=4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse
than my own.=
=5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.=
=6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me all
orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, and officers
and noncommissioned officers of the guard only.=
=7. To talk to no one except in line of duty.=
=8. In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm.=
=9. To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near my post.=
=10. In any case not covered by instructions to call the corporal of
the guard.=
=11. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased.=
=12. To be especially watchful at night, and, during the time for
challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my port and to allow
no one to pass without proper authority.=
REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE GENERAL ORDERS FOR SENTINELS.
No. 1: =To take charge of this post and all Government property in
view.=
=157.= All persons, of whatever rank in the service, are required to
observe respect toward sentinels and members of the guard when such
are in the performance of their duties.
=158.= A sentinel will at once report to the corporal of the guard
every unusual or suspicious occurrence noted.
=159.= He will arrest suspicious persons prowling about the post or
camp at any time, all parties to a disorder occurring on or near his
post, and all, except authorized persons, who attempt to enter the
camp at night, and will turn over to the corporal of the guard all
persons arrested.
=160.= The number, limits, and extent of his post will invariably
constitute part of the special orders of a sentinel on post. The
limits of his post should be so defined as to include every place to
which he is required to go in the performance of his duties.
No. 2: =To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the
alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or
hearing.=
=161.= A sentinel is not required to halt and change the position of
his rifle on arriving at the end of his post, nor to execute =to the
rear, march=, precisely as prescribed in the drill regulations, but
faces about while walking in the manner most convenient to him and at
any part of his post as may be best suited to the proper performance
of his duties. He carries his rifle on either shoulder, and in wet or
severe weather, when not in a sentry box, may carry it at a secure.
=162.= Sentinels when in sentry boxes stand at ease. Sentry boxes will
be used in wet weather only, or at other times when specially
authorized by the commanding officer.
=163.= In very hot weather, sentinels may be authorized to stand at
ease on their posts, provided they can effectively discharge their
duties in this position; but they will take advantage of this
privilege only on the express authority of the officer of the day or
the commander of the guard.
164. A mounted sentinel may dismount occasionally and lead the horse,
but will not relax his vigilance.
No. 3: =To report all violations of orders I am instructed to
enforce.=
=165.= A sentinel will ordinarily report a violation of orders when he
is inspected or relieved, but if the case be urgent, he will call the
corporal of the guard, and also, if necessary, will arrest the
offender.
No. 4: =To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the
guardhouse than my own.=
=166.= To call the corporal of the guard for any purpose other than
relief, fire, or disorder (pars. 167 and 178), a sentinel will call,
"=Corporal of the guard, No. (--)=," adding the number of his post. In
no case will any sentinel call, "=Never mind the corporal="; nor will
the corporal heed such call if given.
No. 5: =To quit my post only when properly relieved.=
=167.= If relief becomes necessary, by reason of sickness or other
cause, a sentinel will call, "=Corporal of the guard, No. (----),
Relief=," giving the number of his post.
=168.= Whenever a sentinel is to be relieved, he will halt, and with
arms at a right shoulder, will face toward the relief, when it is 30
paces from him. He will come to a port arms with the new sentinel, and
in a low tone will transmit to him all the special orders relating to
the post and any other information which will assist him to better
perform his duties.
No. 6: =To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me,
all orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, and
officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard only.=
=169.= During his tour of duty a soldier is subject to the orders of
the commanding officer, officer of the day, and officers and
noncommissioned officers of the guard only; but any officer is
competent to investigate apparent violations of regulations by members
of the guard.
=170.= A sentinel will quit his piece on an explicit order from any
person from whom he lawfully receives orders while on post; under no
circumstances will he yield it to any other person. Unless necessity
therefor exists, no person will require a sentinel to quit his piece,
even to allow it to be inspected.
=171.= A sentinel will not divulge the countersign (Pars. 209 to 217)
to anyone except the sentinel who relieves him, or to a person from
whom he properly receives orders, on such person's verbal order given
personally. Privates of the guard will not use the countersign except
in the performance of their duties while posted as sentinels.
No. 7: =To talk to no one except in line of duty.=
=172.= When calling for any purpose, challenging, or holding
communication with any person a dismounted sentinel armed with a rifle
or saber will take the position of port arms or saber. At night a
dismounted sentinel armed with a pistol takes the position of raised
pistol in challenging or holding communication. A mounted sentinel
does not ordinarily draw his weapon in the daytime when challenging or
holding conversation; but if drawn he holds it at advance rifle, raise
pistol, or port saber, according as he is armed with a rifle, pistol,
or saber. At night in challenging and holding conversation his weapon
is drawn and held as just prescribed, depending on whether he is armed
with a rifle, pistol, or saber.
No. 8: =In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm.=
=173.= In case of fire, a sentinel will call, "=Fire, No. (----)=,"
adding the number of his post; if possible, he will extinguish the
fire himself. In case of disorder he will call, "=The Guard, No.
(----)=," adding the number of his post. If the danger be great, he
will in either case discharge his piece before calling.
No. 11: =To salute all officers and all colors and standards not
cased.=
=174.= When not engaged in the performance of a specific duty, the
proper execution of which would prevent it, a member of the guard will
salute all officers who pass him. This rule applies at all hours of
the day or night, except in the case of mounted sentinels armed with a
rifle or pistol, or dismounted sentinels armed with a pistol, after
challenging. (See par. 181.)
=175.= Sentinels will salute as follows: A dismounted sentinel armed
with a rifle or saber salutes by presenting arms; if otherwise armed,
he salutes with the right hand.
A mounted sentinel, if armed with a saber and the saber be drawn,
salutes by presenting saber; otherwise he salutes in all cases with
the right hand.
=176.= To salute, a dismounted sentinel, with piece at a right
shoulder or saber at a carry, halts and faces toward the person to be
saluted when the latter arrives within 30 paces.
The limit within which individuals and insignia of rank can be readily
recognized is assumed to be about 30 paces, and therefore at this
distance cognizance is taken of the person or party to be saluted.
=177.= The salute is rendered at six paces; if the person to be
saluted does not arrive within that distance, then when he is nearest.
=178.= A sentinel in a sentry box, armed with a rifle, stands at
attention in the doorway on the approach of a person or party entitled
to salute, and salutes by presenting arms according to the foregoing
rules.
If armed with a saber, he stands at a carry and salutes as before.
=179.= A mounted sentinel on a regular post, halts, faces, and salutes
in accordance with the foregoing rules. If doing patrol duty, he
salutes, but does not halt unless spoken to.
=180.= Sentinels salute, in accordance with the foregoing rules, all
persons and parties entitled to compliments from the guards (Pars.
224, 227, and 228); officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps;
military and naval officers of foreign powers; officers of volunteers
and militia officers when in uniform.
=181.= A sentinel salutes as just prescribed when an officer comes on
his post; if the officer holds communication with the sentinel, the
sentinel again salutes when the officer leaves him.
During the hours when challenging is prescribed, the first salute is
given as soon as the officer has been duly recognized and advanced. A
mounted sentinel armed with a rifle or pistol, or a dismounted
sentinel armed with a pistol, does not salute after challenging.
He stands at advance rifle or raise pistol until the officer passes.
=182.= In case of the approach of an armed party of the guard, the
sentinel will halt when it is about 30 paces from him, facing toward
the party with his piece at the right shoulder. If not himself
relieved, he will, as the party passes, place himself so that the
party will pass in front of him; he resumes walking his post when the
party has reached six paces beyond him.
=183.= An officer is entitled to the compliments prescribed, whether
in uniform or not.
=184.= A sentinel in communication with an officer will not interrupt
the conversation to salute. In the case of seniors the officer will
salute, whereupon the sentinel will salute.
=185.= When the flag is being lowered at retreat, a sentinel on post
and in view of the flag will face the flag, and, at the first note of
the Star-Spangled Banner or =to the color= will come to a present
arms. At the sounding of the last note he will resume walking his
post.
No. 12: =To be especially watchful at night and during the time for
challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow
no one to pass without proper authority.=
=186.= During challenging hours, if a sentinel sees any person or
party on or near his post, he will advance rapidly along his post
toward such person or party and when within about 30 yards will
challenge sharply, "=Halt, who is there?=" He will place himself in
the best possible position to receive or, if necessary, to arrest the
person or party.
=187.= In case a mounted party be challenged, the sentinel will call,
"=Halt, Dismount. Who is there?="
=188.= The sentinel will permit only one of any party to approach him
for the purpose of giving the countersign (Pars. 200 to 217), or, if
no countersign be used, of being duly recognized. When this is done
the whole party is advanced, i. e., allowed to pass.
=189.= In all cases the sentinel must satisfy himself beyond a
reasonable doubt that the parties are what they represent themselves
to be and have a right to pass. If he is not satisfied, he must cause
them to stand and call the corporal of the guard. So, likewise, if he
have no authority to pass persons with the countersign, or when the
party has not the countersign, or gives an incorrect one.
=190.= A sentinel will not permit any person to approach so close as
to prevent the proper use of his own weapon before recognizing the
person or receiving the countersign.
=191.= When two or more persons approach in one party, the sentinel,
on receiving an answer that indicates that some one in the party has
the countersign, will say, "=Advance one with the countersign=," and
if the countersign is given correctly, will then say, "=Advance
(so-and-so)=," repeating the answer to his challenge. Thus if the
answer be "=Relief (friend with the countersign, patrol, etc.)=," the
sentinel will say, "=Advance one with the countersign="; then
"=Advance, relief (friends, patrol, etc.).="
=192.= If a person having the countersign approach alone, he is
advanced to give the countersign. Thus if the answer be "=Friend with
the countersign (or officer of the day, or etc.)=," the sentinel will
say, "=Advance, friend (or officer of the day, or etc.) with the
countersign="; then "=Advance, friend (or officer of the day, or
etc.).="
=193.= If two or more persons approach a sentinel's post from
different directions at the same time, all such persons are challenged
in turn and required to halt and to remain halted until advanced.
The senior is first advanced, in accordance with the foregoing rules.
=194.= If a party is already advanced and in communication with a
sentinel, the latter will challenge any other party that may approach;
if the party challenged be senior to the one already on his post, the
sentinel will advance the new party at once. The senior may allow him
to advance any or all of the other parties; otherwise the sentinel
will not advance any of them until the senior leaves him. He will then
advance the senior only of the remaining parties, and so on.
=195.= The following order of rank will govern a sentinel in advancing
different persons or parties approaching his post: Commanding
officers, officer of the day, officer of the guard, officers, patrols,
reliefs, noncommissioned officers of the guard in order of rank,
friends.
=196.= A sentinel will never allow himself to be surprised, nor permit
two parties to advance upon him at the same time.
=197.= If no countersign be used, the rules for challenging are the
same. The rules for advancing parties are modified only as follows:
Instead of saying "=Advance (so-and-so) with the countersign=," the
sentinel will say "=Advance (so-and-so) to be recognized.=" Upon
recognition he will say, "=Advance (so-and-so.)="
=198.= Answers to a sentinel's challenge intended to confuse or
mislead him are prohibited, but the use of such an answer as "=Friends
with the countersign=," is not to be understood as misleading, but as
the usual answer made by officers, patrols, etc., when the purpose of
their visit makes it desirable that their official capacity should not
be announced.
SPECIAL ORDERS FOR SENTINELS AT THE POST OF THE GUARD.
=199.= Sentinels posted at the guard will be required to memorize the
following:
=Between reveille and retreat to turn out the guard for all persons
designated by the commanding officer, for all colors or standards not
cased, and in time of war for all armed parties approaching my post,
except troops at drill and reliefs and detachments of the guard.=
=At night, after challenging any person or party, to advance no one
but call the corporal of the guard, repeating the answer to the
challenge.=
=200.= After receiving an answer to his challenge, the sentinel calls,
"=Corporal of the guard (so-and-so)=," repeating the answer to the
challenge.
He does not in such cases repeat the number of his post.
=201.= He remains in the position assumed in challenging until the
corporal has recognized or advanced the person or party challenged,
when he resumes walking his post, or, if the person or party be
entitled thereto, he salutes and, as soon as the salute has been
acknowledged, resumes walking his post.
=202.= The sentinel at the post of the guard will be notified by
direction of the commanding officer of the presence in camp or
garrison of persons entitled to the compliment. (Par. 224.)
=203.= The following examples illustrate the manner in which the
sentinel at the post of the guard will turn out the guard upon the
approach of persons or parties entitled to the compliment (Pars. 224,
227, and 228), "=Turn out the guard, commanding officer="; "=Turn out
the guard, governor of a Territory="; "=Turn out the guard, national
colors="; "=Turn out the guard, armed party="; etc.
At the approach of the new guard at guard mounting the sentinel will
call, "=Turn out the guard, armed party.="
=204.= Should the person named by the sentinel not desire the guard
formed, he will salute, whereupon the sentinel will call "=Never mind
the guard.="
=205.= After having called "=Turn out the guard=," the sentinel will
never call "=Never mind the guard=," on the approach of an armed
party.
=206.= Though the guard be already formed he will not fail to call,
"=Turn out the guard=," as required in his special orders, except that
the guard will not be turned out for any person while his senior is at
or coming to the post of the guard.
=207.= The sentinels at the post of the guard will warn the commander
of the approach of any armed body and of the presence in the vicinity
of all suspicious or disorderly persons.
=208.= In case of fire or disorder in sight or hearing, the sentinel
at the guardhouse will call the corporal of the guard and report the
facts to him.
=Section 11. Countersigns and Paroles.=
=209.= _Seventy-seventh article of war._--Any person subject to
military law who makes known the parole or countersign to any person
not entitled to receive it according to the rules and discipline of
war, or gives a parole or countersign different from that which he
received, shall, if the offense be committed in time of war, suffer
death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. (See
Par. 171.)
=210.= The =countersign= is a word given daily from the principal
headquarters of a command to aid guards and sentinels in identifying
persons who may be authorized to pass at night.
It is given to such persons as may be authorized to pass and repass
sentinels' posts during the night, and to officers, noncommissioned
officers, and sentinels of the guard.
=211.= The =parole= is a word used as a check on the countersign in
order to obtain more accurate identification of persons. It is
imparted only to those who are entitled to inspect guards and to
commanders of guards.
The parole or countersign, or both, are sent sealed in the form of an
order to those entitled to them.
=212.= When the commander of the guard demands the parole, he will
advance and receive it as the corporal receives the countersign. (See
Par. 133.)
=213.= As the communications containing the parole and countersign
must at times be distributed by many orderlies, the parole intrusted
to many officers, and the countersign and parole to many officers and
sentinels, and as both the countersign and parole must, for large
commands, be prepared several days in advance, there is always danger
of their being lost or becoming known to persons who would make
improper use of them; moreover, a sentinel is too apt to take it for
granted that any person who gives the right countersign is what he
represents himself to be; hence for outpost duty there is greater
security in omitting the use of the countersign and parole, or in
using them with great caution. The chief reliance should be upon
personal recognition or identification of all persons claiming
authority to pass.
Persons whose sole means of identification is the countersign, or
concerning whose authority to pass there is a reasonable doubt, should
not be allowed to pass without the authority of the corporal of the
guard after proper investigation; the corporal will take to his next
superior any person about whom he is not competent to decide.
=214.= The =countersign= is usually the name of a battle; the parole,
that of a general or other distinguished person.
=215.= When they can not be communicated daily, a series of words for
some days in advance may be sent to posts or detachments that are to
use the same parole or countersign as the main body.
=216.= If the countersign be lost, or if a member of the guard deserts
with it, the commander on the spot will substitute another for it and
report the case at once to headquarters.
=217.= In addition to the countersign, use may be made of preconcerted
signals, such as striking the rifle with the hand or striking the
hands together a certain number of times as agreed upon. Such signals
may be used only by guards that occupy exposed points.
They are used before the countersign is given and must not be
communicated to anyone not entitled to know the countersign. Their use
is intended to prevent the surprise of a sentinel.
In the daytime signals such as raising a cap or a handkerchief in a
prearranged manner may be used by sentinels to communicate with the
guard or with each other.
=Section 12. Guard Patrols.=
=218.= A guard patrol consists of one or more men detailed for the
performance of some special service connected with guard duty.
=219.= If the patrol be required to go beyond the chain of sentinels,
the officer or noncommissioned officer in charge will be furnished
with the countersign and the outposts and sentinels warned.
=220.= If challenged by a sentinel, the patrol is halted by its
commander, and the noncommissioned officer accompanying it advances
alone and gives the countersign.
=Section 13. Watchmen.=
=221.= Enlisted men may be detailed as watchmen or as overseers over
prisoners, and as such will receive their orders and perform their
duties as the commanding officer may direct.
=Section 14. Compliments from Guards.=
=222.= The compliment from a guard consists in the guard turning out
and presenting arms. (See Par. 50.) No compliments will be paid
between retreat and reveille except as provided in paragraphs 361 and
362, nor will any person other than those named in paragraph 224
receive the compliment.
=223.= Though a guard does not turn out between retreat and reveille
as a matter of compliment, it may be turned out for inspection at any
time by a person entitled to inspect it.
=224.= Between reveille and retreat, the following persons are
entitled to the compliment: The President; sovereign or chief
magistrate of a foreign country and members of a royal family; Vice
President; President and President pro tempore of the Senate; American
and foreign ambassadors; members of the Cabinet; Chief Justice;
Speaker of the House of Representatives; committees of Congress
officially visiting a military post; governors within their respective
States and Territories; governors general; Assistant Secretary of War
officially visiting a military post; all general officers of the Army;
general officers of foreign services visiting a post; naval, marine,
volunteer, and militia officers in the service of the United States
and holding the rank of general officer; American or foreign envoys or
ministers; ministers accredited to the United States; chargés
d'affaires accredited to the United States; consuls general accredited
to the United States; commanding officer of the post or camp; officer
of the day.
=225.= The relative rank between officers of the Army and Navy is as
follows: General with admiral, lieutenant general with vice admiral,
major general with rear admiral, brigadier general with commodore,[14]
colonel with captain, lieutenant colonel with commander, major with
lieutenant commander, captain with lieutenant, first lieutenant with
lieutenant (junior grade), second lieutenant with ensign. (A. R. 12.)
[Footnote 14: The grade of commodore ceased to exist as a
grade on the active list of the Navy of the United States on
Mar. 3, 1899. By section 7 of the act of Mar. 3, 1899, the
nine junior rear admirals are authorized to receive the pay
and allowances of a brigadier general of the Army.]
=226.= Sentinels will not be required to memorize paragraph 224, and,
except in the cases of general officers of the Army, the commanding
officer and the officer of the day will be advised in each case of the
presence in camp or garrison of persons entitled to the compliment.
=227.= Guards will turn out and present arms when the national or
regimental colors or standards, not cased, are carried past by a guard
or an armed party. This rule also applies when the party carrying the
colors is at drill. If the drill is conducted in the vicinity of the
guardhouse, the guard will be turned out when the colors first pass,
and not thereafter.
=228.= In case the remains of a deceased officer or soldier are
carried past, the guard will turn out and present arms.
=229.= In time of war all guards will turn out under arms when armed
parties, except troops at drill and reliefs or detachments of the
guard, approach their post. (See Par. 53.)
=230.= The commander of the guard will be notified of the presence in
camp or garrison of all persons entitled to the compliment except
general officers of the Army, the commanding officer, and the officer
of the day. Members of the guard will salute all persons entitled to
the compliment and all officers in the military or naval service of
foreign powers, officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, officers
of volunteers, and officers of militia when in uniform.
GENERAL RULES CONCERNING GUARD DUTY.
=232.= _Eighty-fifth article of war._--* * * Any person subject to
military law, except an officer, who is found drunk on duty shall be
punished as a court-martial may direct.
=233.= All material instructions given to a member of the guard by an
officer having authority will be promptly communicated to the
commander of the guard by the officer giving them.
=234.= Should the guard be formed, soldiers will fall in ranks under
arms. At roll call each man, as his name or number and relief are
called, will answer "Here," and come to an order arms.
=235.= Whenever the guard or a relief is dismissed, each member not
at once required for duty will place his rifle in the arm racks, if
they be provided, and will not remove it therefrom unless he requires
it in the performance of some duty.
=236.= Without permission from the commander of the guard, members of
the main guard, except orderlies, will not leave the immediate
vicinity of the guardhouse. Permission to leave will not be granted
except in cases of necessity.
=237.= Members of the main guard, except orderlies, will not remove
their accouterments or clothing without permission from the commander
of the guard. (Par. 66.)
=Section 15. Prisoners.=
=238.= Articles of war 69, 70, 71, 72, and 73 have special reference
to the confinement of prisoners and should be carefully borne in mind.
=239.= The commander of the guard will place a civilian in confinement
on an order from higher authority only, unless such civilian is
arrested while in the act of committing some crime within the limits
of the military jurisdiction, in which case the commanding officer
will be immediately notified.
=240.= Except as provided in the sixty-eighth article of war, or when
restraint is necessary, no soldier will be confined without the order
of an officer, who shall previously inquire into his offense. (=A. R.
930.=)
=241.= An officer ordering a soldier into confinement will send, as
soon as practicable, a written statement, signed by himself, to the
commander of the guard, setting forth the name, company, and regiment
of such soldier, and a brief statement of the alleged offense. It is a
sufficient statement of the offense to give the number and article of
war under which the soldier is charged.
=242.= A prisoner, after his first day of confinement, and until his
sentence has been duly promulgated, is considered as held in
confinement by the commanding officer. After due promulgation of his
sentence, the prisoner is held in confinement by authority of the
officer who reviews the proceedings of the court awarding sentence.
The commander of the guard will state in his report, in the proper
place, the name of the officer by whom the prisoner was originally
confined.
=243.= Enlisted men against whom charges have been preferred will be
designated as "awaiting trial"; enlisted men who have been tried will,
prior to the promulgation of the result be designated as "awaiting
result of trial"; enlisted men serving sentences of confinement not
involving dishonorable discharge will be designated as "garrison
prisoners." Persons sentenced to dismissal or dishonorable discharge
and to terms of confinement at military posts or elsewhere will be
designated as "general prisoners." (=A. R. 928.=)
=244.= The sentences of prisoners will be read to them when the order
promulgating the same is received. The officer of the guard, or the
officer of the day if there be no officer of the guard, will read them
unless the commanding officer shall direct otherwise.
=245.= When the date for the commencement of a term of confinement
imposed by sentence of a court-martial is not expressly fixed by
sentence, the term of confinement begins on the date of the order
promulgating it. The sentence is continuous until the term expires,
except when the person sentenced is absent without authority. (=A. R.
969.=)
=246.= When soldiers awaiting trial or the result of trial, or
undergoing sentence commit offenses for which they are tried, the
second sentence will be executed upon the expiration of the first.
=247.= Prisoners awaiting trial by, or undergoing sentence of, a
general court-martial and those confined for serious offenses will be
kept apart, when practicable, from those confined by sentence of an
inferior court or for minor offenses. Enlisted men in confinement for
minor offenses, or awaiting trial or the result of trial for the same,
will ordinarily be sent to work under charge of unarmed overseers
instead of armed sentinels and will be required to attend drills
unless the commanding officer shall direct otherwise.
=248.= Prisoners, other than general prisoners, will be furnished with
food from their respective companies or from the organizations to
which they may be temporarily attached.
The food of prisoners will, when practicable, be sent to their places
of confinement, but post commanders may arrange to send the prisoners,
under proper guard, to their messes for meals.
When there is no special mess for general prisoners, they will be
attached for rations to companies.
Enlisted men bringing meals for the prisoners will not be allowed to
enter the prison room. (See Par. 289.)
=249.= With the exception of those specially designated by the
commanding officer, no prisoners will be allowed to leave the
guardhouse unless under charge of a sentinel and passed by an officer
or noncommissioned officer of the guard. The commanding officer may
authorize certain garrison prisoners and paroled general prisoners to
leave the guardhouse, not under the charge of a sentinel, for the
purpose of working outside under such surveillance and restrictions as
he may impose.
=250.= Prisoners reporting themselves sick at sick call, or at the
time designated by the commanding officer, will be sent to the
hospital under charge of proper guard, with a sick report kept for the
purpose. The recommendation of the surgeon will be entered in the
guard report.
=251.= The security of sick prisoners in the hospital devolves upon
the post surgeon, who will, if necessary, apply to the post commander
for a guard.
=252.= Prisoners will be paraded with the guard only when directed by
the commanding officer or the officer of the day.
=253.= A prisoner under charge of a sentinel will not salute an
officer.
=254.= All serviceable clothing which belongs to a prisoner, and his
blankets, will accompany him to the post designated for his
confinement, and will be fully itemized on the clothing list sent to
that post. The guard in charge of the prisoner during transfer will be
furnished with a duplicate of this list, and will be held responsible
for the delivery of all articles itemized therein with the prisoner.
At least one serviceable woolen blanket will be sent with every such
prisoner so transferred. (=A. R. 939.=)
=255.= When mattresses are not supplied, each prisoner in the
guardhouse will be allowed a bed sack and 30 pounds of straw per month
for bedding. So far as practicable iron bunks will be furnished to all
prisoners in post guardhouses and prison rooms. (=A. R. 1084.=)
If the number of prisoners, including general prisoners, confined at a
post justifies it, the commanding officer will detail a commissioned
officer as "officer in charge of prisoners". At posts where the
average number of prisoners continually in confinement is less than
12, the detail of an officer in charge of prisoners will not be made.
=Section 16. Guarding Prisoners.=
=299.= The sentinel at the post of the guard has charge of the
prisoners except when they have been turned over to the prisoner guard
or overseers. (Pars. 247 and 300 to 304.)
=(a) He will allow none to escape.=
=(b) He will allow none to cross his post leaving the guardhouse
except when passed by an officer or noncommissioned officer of the
guard.=
=(c) He will allow no one to communicate with prisoners without
permission from proper authority.=
=(d) He will promptly report to the corporal of the guard any
suspicious noise made by the prisoners.=
=(e) He will be prepared to tell, whenever asked, how many prisoners
are in the guardhouse and how many are out at work or elsewhere.=
Whenever prisoners are brought to his post returning from work or
elsewhere, he will halt them and call the corporal of the guard,
notifying him of the number of prisoners returning. Thus: "=Corporal
of the guard, (so many) prisoners.="
He will not allow prisoners to pass into the guardhouse until the
corporal of the guard has responded to the call and ordered him to do
so.
=300.= Whenever practicable, special guards will be detailed for the
particular duty of guarding working parties composed of such prisoners
as can not be placed under overseers. (Par. 247.)
=301.= The prisoner guard and overseers will be commanded by the
police officer; if there be no police officer, then by the officer of
the day.
=302.= The provost sergeant is sergeant of the prisoner guard and
overseers, and as such receives orders from the commanding officer and
the commander of the prisoner guard only.
=303.= Details for prisoner guard are marched to the guardhouse and
mounted by being inspected by the commander of the main guard, who
determines whether all of the men are in proper condition to perform
their duties and whether their arms and equipments are in proper
condition, and rejects any men found unfit.
=304.= When prisoners have been turned over to the prisoner guard or
overseers, such guards or overseers are responsible for them under
their commander, and all responsibility and control of the main guard
ceases until they are returned to the main guard. (Par. 306.)
=305.= If a prisoner attempts to escape, the sentinel will call
"=Halt.=" If he fails to halt when the sentinel has once repeated his
call, and if there be no other possible means of preventing his
escape, the sentinel will fire upon him.
The following will more fully explain the important duties of a
sentinel in this connection:
(Circular.) WAR DEPARTMENT,
ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE,
_Washington, November 1, 1887_.
By direction of the Secretary of War, the following is published
for the information of the Army:
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT, EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN,
AUGUST 1, 1887.
THE UNITED STATES V. JAMES CLARK.
The circuit court has jurisdiction of a homicide committed by one
soldier upon another within a military reservation of the United
States.
If a homicide be committed by a military guard without malice and
in the performance of his supposed duty as a soldier, such
homicide is excusable, unless it was manifestly beyond the scope
of his authority or was such that a man of ordinary sense and
understanding would know that it was illegal.
It seems that the sergeant of the guard has a right to shoot a
military convict if there be no other possible means of
preventing his escape.
The common-law distinction between felonies and misdemeanors has
no application to military offenses.
While the finding of a court of inquiry acquitting the prisoner
of all blame is not a legal bar to a prosecution, it is entitled
to weight as an expression of the views of the military court of
the necessity of using a musket to prevent the escape of the
deceased.
* * * * *
By order of the Secretary of War:
R. C. DRUM, _Adjutant General_.
The following is taken from Circular No. 3, of 1883, from Headquarters
Department of the Columbia:
VANCOUVER BARRACKS, W. T., _April 20, 1883_.
To the ASSISTANT ADJUTANT GENERAL,
_Department of the Columbia_.
Sir:
* * * * *
A sentinel is placed as guard over prisoners to prevent their
escape, and, for this purpose, he is furnished a musket, with
ammunition. To prevent escape is his first and most important
duty.
* * * * *
I suppose the law to be this: That a sentinel shall not use more
force or violence to prevent the escape of a prisoner than is
necessary to effect that object, but if the prisoner, after being
ordered to halt, continues his flight the sentinel may maim or
even kill him, and it is his duty to do so.
A sentinel who allows a prisoner to escape without firing upon
him, and firing to hit him, is, in my judgment, guilty of a most
serious military offense, for which he should and would be
severely punished by a general court-martial.
* * * * *
(Signed) HENRY A. MORROW,
_Colonel Twenty-first Infantry, Commanding Post_.
[Third indorsement.]
OFFICE JUDGE ADVOCATE,
MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC,
_May 11, 1883_.
Respectfully returned to the assistant adjutant general, Military
Division of the Pacific, concurring fully in the views expressed
by Col. Morrow. I was not aware that such a view had ever been
questioned. That the period is a time of peace does not affect
the authority and duty of the sentinel or guard to fire upon the
escaping prisoner, if this escape can not otherwise be
prevented. He should, of course, attempt to stop the prisoner
before firing by ordering him to halt, and will properly warn him
by the words "Halt, or I fire," or words to such effect.
W. WINTHROP, _Judge Advocate_.
[Fourth indorsement.]
HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC,
_May 11, 1883_,
Respectfully returned to the commanding general, Department of
the Columbia, approving the opinion of the commanding officer,
Twenty-first Infantry, and of the judge advocate of the division,
in respect to the duty of and method to be adopted by sentinels
in preventing prisoners from escaping.
* * * * *
By command of Maj. Gen. Schofield:
J. C. KELTON,
_Assistant Adjutant General_.
See also Circular No. 53, A. G. O., December 22, 1900.
=306.= On approaching the post of the sentinel at the guardhouse, a
sentinel of the prisoner guard or an overseer in charge of prisoners
will halt them and call, "=No. 1, (so many) prisoners.=" He will not
allow them to cross the post of the sentinel until so directed by the
corporal of the guard.
=307.= Members of the prisoner guard and overseers placed over
prisoners for work will receive specific and explicit instructions
covering the required work; they will be held strictly responsible
that the prisoners under their charge properly and satisfactorily
perform the designated work.
=Section 17. Stable guards.=
STABLE GUARDS.
=308.= Under the head of stable guards will be included guards for
cavalry stables, artillery stables and parks, mounted infantry
stables, machine-gun organization stables and parks, and
quartermaster stables and parks. Where the words "troop" and "cavalry"
are used, they will be held to include all of these organizations.
=309.= When troop stable guards are mounted they will guard the
stables of the cavalry (see Par. 13). When no stable guards are
mounted the stables will be guarded by sentinels posted from the main
guard under the control of the officer of the day.
The instructions given for troop stable guard will be observed as far
as applicable by the noncommissioned officers and sentinels of the
main guard when in charge of the stables.
TROOP STABLE GUARDS.
=310.= Troop stable guards will not be used except in the field, or
when it is impracticable to guard the stables by sentinels from the
main guard.
=311.= Troop stable guards will be under the immediate control of
their respective troop commanders; they will be posted in each cavalry
stable or near the picket line, and will consist of not less than one
noncommissioned officer and three privates.
Stable guards are for the protection of the horses, stables, forage,
equipments, and public property generally. They will, in addition,
enforce the special regulations in regard to stables, horses, and
parks.
=312.= Sentinels of stable guards will be posted at the stables or at
the picket lines when the horses are kept outside. The troop stable
guard may be used as a herd guard during the day time or when grazing
is practicable.
=313.= The troop stable guard, when authorized by the post commander,
will be mounted under the supervision of the troop commander. It will
be armed, at the discretion of the troop commander, with either rifle
or pistol.
=314.= The tour continues for 24 hours, or until the guard is relieved
by a new guard.
=315.= The employment of stable guards for police and fatigue duties
at the stables is forbidden; but this will not prohibit them from
being required to assist in feeding grain before reveille.
=316.= The troop stable guard will attend stables with the rest of the
troop and groom their own horses, the sentinels being taken off post
for the purpose.
=317.= Neither the noncommissioned officer nor the members of the
stable guard will absent themselves from the immediate vicinity of the
stables except in case of urgent necessity, and then for no longer
time than is absolutely necessary. No member of the guard will leave
for any purpose without the authority of the noncommissioned officer
of the guard.
=318.= The noncommissioned officer and one member of the stable guard
will go for meals at the proper hour; upon their return the other
members of the guard will be directed to go by the noncommissioned
officer.
=319.= When the horses are herded each troop will furnish its own herd
guard. (Par. 14.)
=320.= Smoking in the stables or their immediate vicinity is
prohibited. No fire or light, other than electric light or stable
lanterns, will be permitted in the stables. A special place will be
designated for trimming, filling, and lighting lanterns.
NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER OF THE TROOP STABLE GUARD.
=321.= The noncommissioned officer receives his orders from his troop
commander, to whom he will report immediately after posting his first
relief, and when relieved will turn over all his orders to his
successor. He instructs his sentinels in their general and special
duties; exercises general supervision over his entire guard; exacts
order and cleanliness about the guardroom; prevents the introduction
of intoxicants into the guardhouse and stables; receives, by count,
from his predecessor, the animals, horse equipments, and all property
(both private and public) pertaining thereto; examines, before
relieving his predecessor, all locks, windows, and doors, and should
any be found insecure he will report the fact to his troop commander
when he reports for orders. He will personally post and relieve each
sentinel, taking care to verify the property responsibility of the
sentinel who comes off post, and see that the sentinel who goes on
post is aware of the property responsibility that he assumes.
=322.= That the noncommissioned officer may be more thoroughly
informed of his responsibility, all horses returning, except those
from a regular formation, will be reported to him. He will then notify
the sentinel on post, and, in the absence of the stable sergeant, will
see that the horses are promptly cared for.
In case of abuse, he will promptly report to the troop commander.
Should the horse be the private property of an officer, he will report
such abuse to the owner.
=323.= The noncommissioned officer will report any unusual occurrence
during his tour direct to his troop commander.
=324.= Horses and other property for which the noncommissioned officer
is responsible will not be taken from the stables without the
authority of the post or troop commander.
=325.= The noncommissioned officer must answer the sentinel's calls
promptly.
=326.= In case of fire, the noncommissioned officer will see that the
requirements of paragraph 334 are promptly carried out.
=327.= Whenever it becomes necessary for the noncommissioned officer
to leave his guard, he will designate a member of it to take charge
and assume his responsibility during his absence.
SENTINELS OF THE TROOP STABLE GUARD.
=328.= The sentinel in the discharge of his duties will be governed by
the regulations for sentinels of the main guard whenever they are
applicable--such as courtesies to officers, walking post in a
soldierly manner, challenging, etc.; he will not turn out the guard
except when ordered by proper authority.
=329.= The sentinel will receive orders from the commanding officer,
the troop commander, and the noncommissioned officers of the stable
guard only, except when the commanding officer directs the officer of
the day to inspect the stable guard.
=330.= In the field and elsewhere when directed by the commanding
officer the sentinel when posted will verify the number of horses for
which he is responsible, and when relieved will give the number to
his successor.
=331.= The sentinel will not permit any horse or equipments to be
taken from the stables, except in the presence of the noncommissioned
officer.
=332.= Should a horse get loose, the sentinel will catch him and tie
him up. If he be unable to catch the horse, the noncommissioned
officer will at once be notified. In case a horse be cast, or in any
way entangled, he will relieve him, if possible; if unable to relieve
him, he will call the noncommissioned officer. Sentinels are forbidden
to punish or maltreat a horse.
=333.= When a horse is taken sick, the sentinel will notify the
noncommissioned officer, who in turn will call the farrier and see
that the horse is properly attended to.
=334.= In case of fire the sentinel will give the alarm by stepping
outside the stable and firing his pistol or piece repeatedly, and
calling out at the same time, "=Fire, stables, Troop (----).="
As soon as the guard is alarmed, he will take the necessary
precautions in opening or closing the doors so as to prevent the
spreading of the fire and make it possible to remove the horses; he
will drop the chains and bars, and, with the other members of the
guard, proceed to lead out the horses and secure them at the picket
line or such other place as may have been previously designated.
=335.= Sentinels over horses, or in charge of prisoners, receive
orders from the stable sergeant, so far as the care of the horses and
the labor of prisoners are concerned.
=336.= In field artillery and machine-gun organizations, the guard for
the stables has charge of the guns, caissons, etc., with their
ammunition and stores, as well as the horses, harness, and forage.
=Section 18. Flags.=
=337.= The garrison, post, and storm flags are national flags and
shall be of bunting. The union of each is as described in paragraph
216, Army Regulations, and shall be of the following proportions:
Width, seven-thirteenths of the hoist of the flag; length, seventy-six
one-hundredths of the hoist of the flag.
The garrison flag will have 38 feet fly and 20 feet hoist. It will be
furnished only to posts designated in orders from time to time from
the War Department, and will be hoisted only on holidays and important
occasions.
The post flag will have 19 feet fly and 10 feet hoist. It will be
furnished for all garrison posts and will be hoisted in pleasant
weather.
The storm flag will have 9 feet 6 inches fly and 5 feet hoist. It will
be furnished for all occupied posts for use in stormy and windy
weather. It will also be furnished to national cemeteries. (A. R.
223.)
=338.= At every military post or station the flag will be hoisted at
the sounding of the first note of the reveille, or of the first note
of the march, if a march be played before the reveille. The flag will
be lowered at the sounding of the last note of the retreat, while the
flag is being lowered the band will play "The Star-Spangled Banner,"
or, if there be no band present, the field music will sound "to the
color." When "to the color" is sounded by the field music while the
flag is being lowered the same respect will be observed as when "The
Star-Spangled Banner" is played by the band, and in either case
officers and enlisted men out of ranks will face toward the flag,
stand at attention, and render the prescribed salute at the last note
of the music. (A. R. 437.)
The lowering of the flag will be so regulated as to be completed at
the last note of "The Star-Spangled Banner" or "to the color."
=339.= The national flag will be displayed at a seacoast or lake fort
at the beginning of and during an action in which a fort may be
engaged, whether by day or by night. (A. R. 437.)
=340.= The national flag will always be displayed at the time of
firing a salute. (A. R. 397.)
=341.= The flag of a military post will not be dipped by way of salute
or compliment. (A. R. 405.)
=342.= On the death of an officer at a military post the flag is
displayed at halfstaff and so remains between reveille and retreat
until the last salvo or volley is fired over the grave; or if the
remains are not interred at the post until they are removed therefrom.
(A. R. 422.)
=343.= During the funeral of an enlisted man at a military post the
flag is displayed at halfstaff. It is hoisted to the top after the
final volley or gun is fired or after the remains are taken from the
post. The same honors are paid on the occasion of the funeral of a
retired enlisted man. (A. R. 423.)
=344.= When practicable, a detail consisting of a noncommissioned
officer and two privates of the guard will raise or lower the flag.
This detail wears side arms or if the special equipments do not
include side arms then belts only.
The noncommissioned officer, carrying the flag, forms the detail in
line, takes his post in the center and marches it to the staff. The
flag is then securely attached to the halyards and rapidly hoisted.
The halyards are then securely fastened to the cleat on the staff and
the detail marched to the guardhouse.
=345.= When the flag is to be lowered, the halyards are loosened from
the staff and made perfectly free. At retreat the flag is lowered at
the last note of retreat. It is then neatly folded and the halyards
made fast. The detail is then re-formed and marched to the guardhouse,
where the flag is turned over to the commander of the guard.
The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and should always
be hoisted or lowered from the leeward side of the staff, the halyards
being held by two persons.
=Section 19. Reveille and Retreat Gun.=
=346.= The morning and evening gun will be fired by a detachment of
the guard, consisting, when practicable, of a corporal and two
privates. The morning gun is fired at the first note of reveille, or,
if marches be played before the reveille, it is fired at the beginning
of the first march. The retreat gun is fired at the last note of
retreat.
The corporal marches the detachment to and from the piece, which is
fired, sponged out, and secured under his direction.
=Section 20. Guard Mounting.=
=347.= Guard mounting will be formal or informal as the commanding
officer may direct. It will be held as prescribed in the drill
regulations of the arm of the service to which the guard belongs. If
none is prescribed, then as for infantry. In case the guard is
composed wholly of mounted organizations, guard mounting may be held
mounted.
=348.= When Infantry and mounted troops dismounted are united for
guard mounting, all details form as prescribed for Infantry.
FORMAL GUARD MOUNTING--MOUNTED.
(Extract Cavalry Drill Regulations, 1916.)
=857.= Formal guard mounting will ordinarily be held only in posts or
camps where a band is present. At the _assembly_ the men of each troop
designated for guard form at stand to horse on their troop parade
grounds, the noncommissioned officers falling in as file closers; the
supernumeraries do not fall in; each first sergeant verifies his
detail and inspects the dress and general appearance, replaces any man
unfit to go on guard, turns the detail over to the senior
noncommissioned officer, and retires. The senior noncommissioned
officer then mounts, draws saber, and causes the detail to mount. The
band, accompanied by the buglers, takes its place on the parade ground
so that the left of its front rank shall be 12 yards to the right of
the rank when the guard is formed.
=858.= At _adjutant's call_ the adjutant takes post so as to be 12
yards in front of and facing the center of the guard when formed; the
sergeant major takes post facing to the left 12 yards to the left of
the front rank of the band; the band plays in appropriate time, the
details are marched to the parade ground by their senior
noncommissioned officers; the detail that arrives first is marched to
the line so that upon halting the head of the horse of the man on the
right shall be on line with and near to the sergeant major's horse,
the noncommissioned officer, having halted his detail, places himself
facing the sergeant major at a distance from him a little greater than
the front of his detail, and commands: =DRESS.= The detail dresses on
its right trooper; the noncommissioned officers of the detail in the
line of file closers rein back so as to be 6 yards in rear of the
rank; the noncommissioned officer in command of the detail then
commands, =Front=, salutes, and reports, _The detail is correct_, or
_(so many) sergeants, corporals, or privates are absent_; the sergeant
major returns the salute; the noncommissioned officer in charge of the
detail then passes by the right of the guard and takes post on the
line of noncommissioned officers in rear of the right trooper of his
detail. Should there be more than one detail, it is formed in like
manner on the left of the one preceding; the privates, noncommissioned
officers, and commander of each detail dress on those of the preceding
details in the same rank or line.
Should the detail from a troop not include a noncommissioned officer,
one will be detailed to perform the duties of commander of the detail.
In this case such noncommissioned officer, after reporting to the
sergeant major, passes around the right flank between the guard and
the band and retires.
The troops detailed alternate in taking the right of the line.
=859.= When the last detail has formed the sergeant major draws saber,
verifies the details, causes the guard to count fours, and, if there
be more than five fours, divides the guard into two or more platoons;
he designates the center guide or guides and then commands, =DRESS=
(Par. 362), verifies the alignment of rank and the line of
noncommissioned officers, and then returns to the right of the rank,
turns to the left, commands, =FRONT=, passes to a point midway between
the adjutant and center of the guard, halts facing the adjutant,
salutes, and reports: _Sir, the details are correct_; or, _Sir, (so
many) sergeants, corporals, or privates are absent_; the adjutant
returns the salute, directs the sergeant major: _Take your post_, and
then draws saber; the sergeant major turns to the left about and takes
post 3 yards to the left of and on a line with the rank. When the
sergeant major has completed his report the officer of the guard takes
post facing to the front 8 yards in front of the center of the guard
and draws saber. The adjutant then directs, _Inspect your guard, Sir_,
at which the commander of the guard turns about, commands: 1. =Draw=,
2. =SABER=, 3. =Prepare for inspection=, 4. =MARCH=, moves toward and
inspects the guard, as in troop inspection. During the inspection the
band plays.
The adjutant returns saber, observes the general condition of the
guard, and falls out any man who is unfit for guard duty or does not
present a creditable appearance. Substitutes will report to the
commander of the guard at the guard house.
The adjutant, when so directed, selects orderlies and color sentinels
as prescribed in the Manual of Interior Guard Duty and notifies the
commander of the guard of his selection. He may require a trooper to
move out of the rank and to dismount for a more minute inspection. He
also notifies the two senior noncommissioned officers to act as
platoon leaders if there has been a division into platoons. If there
be a junior officer of the guard, he takes post at the same time as
the senior, facing to the front 3 yards in front of the guide of the
first platoon, and the senior of the two noncommissioned officers acts
and takes post as chief of the second platoon. The junior officer of
the guard may be directed by the commander of the guard to assist in
inspecting the guard.
=860.= If there be no officer of the guard the adjutant inspects the
guard and during the inspection notifies the senior noncommissioned
officer to command the guard and the next two senior noncommissioned
officers to serve as platoon leaders. A noncommissioned officer
commanding the guard takes the post of the officer of the guard, the
next senior noncommissioned officer the post of the junior officer of
the guard.
The inspection ended, the adjutant places himself about 30 yards in
front of and facing the center of the guard and draws saber. The new
officer of the day takes post in front of and facing the guard about
30 yards from the adjutant. The old officer of the day takes post 3
yards to the right of and 1 yard less advanced than the new officer of
the day. The commander of the guard takes post 8 yards in front of the
right trooper, facing to the front, and draws saber.
The adjutant then commands: 1. =Draw=, 2. =SABER=, 3. =SOUND OFF.=
The band, playing, passes in front of the commander of the guard to
the left of the line and back to its post on the right, when it ceases
playing.
The adjutant then commands =POSTS=, at which platoon leaders take
their posts 3 yards in front of the guides of their platoons, facing
to the front, and the commander of the guard takes post 6 yards in
front of the leader of the center (right) platoon, facing to the
front, and the file closers resume their places 3 yards in rear of the
rank. If there be no junior officer of the guard, the commander of the
guard takes post 3 yards in front of the center guide.
The commander of the guard and the chiefs of platoon and file closers
having taken their posts, the adjutant commands: 1. =Present=, 2.
=SABER=, faces toward the officer of the day, salutes, and then
reports, _Sir, the guard is formed_.
The new officer of the day, after the adjutant has reported, salutes
with the hand and directs the adjutant, _March the guard in review,
Sir._
=861.= The adjutant turns about, brings the guard to a carry, and
commands: 1. =Platoons right turn=, 2. =MARCH=; 3. =Guard=, 4. =HALT.=
The platoons execute the movement as in the troop, the band takes post
in front of the column (Par 806). The adjutant places himself abreast
of the first platoon and 6 yards from its left flank; the sergeant
major abreast of the second platoon and 6 yards from its left flank.
The adjutant then commands: 1. =Pass in review=, 2. =FORWARD=, 3.
=MARCH.=
The guard marches at the walk past the officer of the day, according
to the principles of squadron review, the adjutant, commander of the
guard, chiefs of platoon, sergeant major, and drum major saluting. The
new officer of the day returns the salute of the commander of the
guard and the adjutant only, making one salute with the hand.
=862.= The band, having passed the officer of the day, turns to the
left out of the column, places itself opposite to and facing him, and
continues to play until the guard leaves the parade ground. The
buglers detach themselves from the band when the latter turns out of
the column and remain in front of the guard, commencing to play when
the band ceases. In the absence of the band the buglers do not turn
out of the column, but continue to play in front of the guard.
=863.= The guard having passed 12 yards beyond the officer of the day,
the adjutant halts; the sergeant major halts alongside of the adjutant
and 1 yard to his left; they then return saber, salute, and retire.
The commander of the guard then, without halting, breaks the guard
into column of fours and marches it to its post.
=864.= The officers of the day turn toward each other and salute, the
old officer of the day turning over the orders to the new officer of
the day.
While the band is sounding off and while the guard is passing in
review the officers of the day remain at attention.
=865.= If the guard be not divided into platoons the adjutant
commands: 1. =Guard right turn=, 2. =MARCH=; 3. =Guard=, 4: =HALT=,
and it passes in review as explained; the commander of the guard is 3
yards in front of its center guide, the adjutant is 6 yards from the
rank and abreast of the commander, the sergeant major covers the
adjutant and marches abreast of the rank.
RELIEVING THE OLD GUARD--(FORMAL GUARD MOUNTING, MOUNTED.)
=866.= As the new guard approaches the guardhouse the old guard is
formed in line at the carry saber, its buglers 3 yards to its right;
when the buglers at the head of the new guard arrive opposite the left
of the old guard its commander commands: 1. =Present=, 2. =SABER=;
both commanders salute and, when the new guard has passed the
commander of the old guard, the latter commands: 1. =Carry=, 2.
=SABER.= The buglers and guard continue marching without changing
direction until the rear of the column has passed 9 yards beyond the
buglers of the old guard, when the commander of the new guard
commands: 1. =Fours right=, 2. =MARCH.=
=867.= The buglers and guard are marched 3 yards in rear of the line
of the old guard, when the commander of the new guard commands: 1.
=Fours right about=, 2. =MARCH=; 3. =Guard=, 4. =HALT=; 5. =DRESS=; he
then, facing to the front, aligns his guard so as to be on a line with
the old guard and commands, =Front=; the buglers of the new guard are
3 yards to the right of the rank.
=868.= The new guard being dressed, the commander of each guard, in
front of and facing its center, commands: 1. =Present=, 2. =SABER=,
resumes his front, salutes, resumes the carry, faces his guard, and
commands: 1. =Carry=, 2. =SABER.=
Each guard is then presented by its commander to its officer of the
day; if there be but one officer of the day present, or if an officer
acts in the capacity of old and new officer of the day, each guard is
presented to him by its commander.
=869.= If another person entitled to a salute approaches, each
commander of the guard brings his own guard to attention if not
already at attention. The senior commander of the two guards then
commands: 1. =Old and new guards=, 2. =Present=, 3. =SABER.= The
junior will salute at the command "Present, Saber," given by the
senior. After the salute has been acknowledged the senior brings both
guards to the "Carry, Saber."
=870.= After the salutes have been acknowledged by the officers of the
day, each guard returns saber by command of its own officer of the
guard; the commander of the new guard then directs the orderly or
orderlies to fall out and report.
=871.= The commander of the new guard then falls out members of the
guard for detached posts, placing them under charge of the proper
noncommissioned officer, divides the guard into three reliefs,
_first_, _second_, and _third_, from right to left, and directs a list
of the guard to be made by reliefs. The sentinels and detachments of
the old guard are at once relieved by members of the new guard, the
two guards standing at ease or dismounted while these changes are
being made. The commander of the old transmits to the commander of the
new guard all his orders, instructions, and information concerning the
guard and its duties.
=872.= The commander of the new guard then has his own guard fall out,
takes possession of the guardhouse and verifies the articles in charge
of the guard.
=873.= If considerable time is required to bring in that portion of
the old guard still on post, the commanding officer may direct that as
soon as the orders and property are turned over to the new guard the
portion of the old guard at the guardhouse may be marched off and
dismissed. In such case the remaining detachments of the old guard
will be inspected by the commander of the new guard when they reach
the guardhouse. He will direct the senior noncommissioned officer
present to march these detachments off and dismiss them in the
prescribed manner.
=874.= In bad weather, at night, or after long marches the music may
be omitted, or the buglers may take the place of the band and sound
off standing on the right of the guard and the march in review be
omitted.
In cases in which an organization, entire or in part, is detailed for
guard, it is marched to the parade ground as a single detail (Par.
858.)
=875.= For detailed instructions for guards and sentinels see Manual
of Interior Guard Duty.
FORMAL GUARD MOUNTING, DISMOUNTED.
=876.= Guard mounting, dismounted, and relieving the old guard are
conducted on the same principles as when mounted, with the following
modifications:
(_a_) The men designated for guard fall in, dismounted, on their troop
parade grounds; noncommissioned officers not commanding detail, 2
paces in rear of rank.
(_b_) The detail that is to be on the right is marched to the line so
that upon halting the breast of the man on the right shall be near to
and opposite the left arm of the sergeant major. At the command
=DRESS=, the detail dresses up to the line of the sergeant major and
its commander, the man on the right placing his breast against the
left arm of the sergeant major.
(_c_) When the last detail has formed, the sergeant major takes a side
step to the right, draws saber if armed with one, verifies the detail,
takes post 2 paces to the right and 2 paces to the front of the guard,
facing to the left and causes the guard to count fours.
(_d_) When the sergeant major has reported, the officer of the guard
takes post 3 paces in front of the center of the guard, _draws saber_
and _orders saber_, the guard being at order arms.
The inspection which corresponds to that of par. 882 being ended, and
the officers of the day, the adjutant, and the commander of the guard
having taken their posts, the commander of the guard draws saber with
the adjutant and comes to the order.
The adjutant then commands: 1. =Parade=, 2. =Rest=, 3. =SOUND OFF=,
and comes to the _order_ and _parade rest_.
(_e_) After the band has sounded off, the adjutant, commander of the
guard, and platoon leaders come to attention, and the adjutant
commands: 1. =Present=, 2. =ARMS=, faces toward the officer of the day
and reports: _Sir, the guard is formed._ The new officer of the day,
after the adjutant has reported, returns the salute with the hand and
directs the adjutant: _March the guard in review, Sir._ The adjutant
carries saber, faces about, brings the guard to an order and
commands: 1. =At trail, platoons (or guard) right turn=, 2. =MARCH=;
3. =Guard=, 4. =HALT.=
The guard marches in quick time past the officer of the day, according
to the principles as when mounted.
While the band is sounding off and while the guard is marching in
review, the officers of the day stand at parade rest with arms folded.
They take this position when the adjutant comes to parade rest, resume
the attention with him, again take the parade rest at the first note
of the march in review, and resume attention as the head of the column
approaches.
(_f_) If the guard be not divided into platoons, the adjutant
commands: 1. =At trail, guard right turn=, 2. =MARCH=, 3. =Guard=, 4.
=HALT=, and it passes in review as explained; the commander of the
guard is 3 paces in front of its center guide.
=Section 21. Relieving the Old Guard.=
=360.= As the new guard approaches the guardhouse, the old guard is
formed in line, with its field music three paces to its right; and,
when the field music at the head of the new guard arrives opposite its
left, the commander of the new guard commands: 1. =Eyes, RIGHT=; the
commander of the old guard commands: 1. =Present=, 2. =ARMS=;
commanders of both guards salute. The new guard marches in quick time
past the old guard.
When the commander of the new guard is opposite the field music of the
old guard, he commands: =FRONT=; the commander of the old guard
commands: 1. =Order=, 2. =ARMS=, as soon as the new guard shall have
cleared the old guard.
The field music having marched three paces beyond the field music of
the old guard, changes direction to the right, and, followed by the
guard, changes direction to the left when on a line with the old
guard; the changes of direction are without command. The commander of
the guard halts on the line of the front rank of the old guard, allows
his guard to march past him, and, when its rear approaches, forms it
in line to the left, establishes the left guide three paces to the
right of the field music of the old guard, and on a line with the
front rank, and then dresses his guard to the left; the field music of
the new guard is three paces to the right of its front rank.
=361.= The new guard being dressed the commander of each guard, in
front of and facing its center, commands: 1. =Present=, 2. =ARMS=,
resumes his front, salutes, carries saber, faces his guard, and
commands: 1. =Order=, 2. =ARMS=.
Should a guard be commanded by a noncommissioned officer, he stands on
the right or left of the front rank, according as he commands the old
or new guard, and executes the rifle salute.
=362.= After the new guard arrives at its post and has saluted the old
guard, each guard is presented by its commander to its officer of the
day; if there be but one officer of the day present, or if one officer
acts in the capacity of old and new officer of the day, each guard is
presented to him by its commander.
=363.= If other persons entitled to a salute approach, each commander
of the guard will bring his own guard to attention if not already at
attention. The senior commander of the two guards will then command:
"1. =Old and new guards=, 2. =Present=, 3. =Arms=."
The junior will salute at the command "=Present Arms=" given by the
senior. After the salute has been acknowledged, the senior brings both
guards to the order.
=364.= After the salutes have been acknowledged by the officers of the
day, each guard is brought to an order by its commander; the commander
of the new guard then directs the orderly or orderlies to fall out and
report and causes bayonets to be fixed if so ordered by the commanding
officer; bayonets will not then be unfixed during the tour except in
route marches while the guard is actually marching or when specially
directed by the commanding officer.
The commander of the new guard then falls out members of the guard for
detached posts, placing them under charge of the proper
noncommissioned officers, divides the guard into three reliefs,
=first=, =second=, and =third=, from right, to left, and directs a
list of the guard to be made by reliefs. When the guard consists of
troops of different arms combined, the men are assigned to reliefs so
as to insure a fair division of duty under rules prescribed by the
commanding officer.
=365.= The sentinels and detachments of the old guard are at once
relieved by members of the new guard, the two guards standing at ease
or at rest while these changes are being made. The commander of the
old transmits to the commander of the new guard all his orders,
instructions, and information concerning the guard and its duties. The
commander of the new guard then takes possession of the guardhouse and
verifies the articles in charge of the guard.
=366.= If considerable time is required to bring in that portion of
the old guard still on post, the commanding officer may direct that as
soon as the orders and property are turned over to the new guard the
portion of the old guard at the guardhouse may be marched off and
dismissed. In such a case the remaining detachment or detachments of
the old guard will be inspected by the commander of the new guard when
they reach the guardhouse. He will direct the senior noncommissioned
officer present to march these detachments off and dismiss them in the
prescribed manner.
=367.= In bad weather, at night, after long marches, or when the
guard is very small, the field music may be dispensed with.
CHAPTER X.
MAP READING AND SKETCHING.
=Section 1. Military map reading.=
When you pick up a map, the first question is, Where is the north?
This can usually be told by an arrow (see fig. 1, p. 259) which will
be found in one of the corners of the map, and which points to the
true north--the north of the north star.
On some maps no arrow is to be found. The chances are a hundred to one
that the north is at the top of the map, as it is on almost all
printed maps. But you can only assure yourself of that fact by
checking the map with the ground it represents. For instance, if you
ascertain that the city of Philadelphia is due east of the city of
Columbus, then the Philadelphia-Columbus line on the map is a due
east-and-west line, and establishes at once all the other map
directions.
Now, the map represents the ground as nearly as it can be represented
on a flat piece of paper. If you are standing up, facing the north,
your right hand will be in the east, your left in the west, and your
back to the south. It is the same with a map; if you look across it in
the direction of the arrow--that is, toward its north--your right hand
will be toward what is east on the map; your left hand to the west;
the south will be at the bottom of the map.
[Illustration: Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and scale.]
There is another kind of an arrow that sometimes appears on a map. It
is like the one in figure 2, page 259, and points not to the true
north but to the magnetic north, which is the north of the compass.
Though the compass needle, and therefore the arrow that represents it
on the map, does not point exactly north, the deviation is, from a
military point of view, slight, and appreciable error will rarely
result through the use of the magnetic instead of the true north in
the solution of any military problems.
Should you be curious to know the exact deviation, consult your local
surveyor or any civil engineer.
Both arrows may appear on your map. In that case disregard the
magnetic arrow unless you are using the map in connection with a
compass.
If a map is being used on the ground, the first thing to be done is to
put the lines of the map parallel to the real outlines of the ground
forms, and roads, fences, railroads, etc., that the map shows; for the
making of a map is no more than the drawing on paper of lines parallel
to and proportional in length to real directions and distances on the
ground.
For instance, the road between two places runs due north and south.
Then on the map a line representing the road will be parallel to the
arrow showing the north and will be proportional in length to the real
road. In this way a map is a picture, or better, a bare outline
sketch; and, as we can make out a picture, though it be upside down,
or crooked on the wall, so we can use a map that is upside down or not
parallel to the real ground forms. But it is easier to make out both
the picture and the map if their lines are parallel to what they
represent. So in using a map on the ground we always put the lines
parallel to the actual features they show. This is easy if the map has
an arrow.
If the map has no arrow, you must locate objects or features on the
ground, and on the map, their representations. Draw on the map a line
connecting any two of the features; place this line parallel to an
imaginary line through the two actual features located, and your map
will be correctly placed. Look to it that you do not reverse on the
map the positions of the two objects or features, or your map will be
exactly upside down.
When the map has been turned into the proper position--that is to say,
"oriented"--the next thing is to locate on the map your position. If
you are in the village of Easton and there is a place on the map
labeled Easton, the answer is apparent. But if you are out in the
country, at an unlabeled point that looks like any one of a dozen
other similar points, the task is more complicated. In this latter
case you must locate and identify, both on the map and on the ground,
other points--hills, villages, peculiar bends in rivers, forests--any
ground features that have some easily recognizable peculiarity and
that you can see from your position.
Suppose, for instance, you were near Leavenworth and wanted to locate
your exact position, of which you are uncertain. You have the map
shown in this manual, and, looking about, you see southwest from where
you stand the United States Penitentiary; also, halfway between the
south and the southeast--south-southeast a sailor would say--the
reservoir (rectangle west of "O" in "Missouri"). Having oriented your
map, draw on it a line from the map position of the reservoir toward
its actual position on the ground. Similarly draw a line from the map
position of penitentiary toward its actual position. Prolong the two
lines until they intersect. The intersection of the lines will mark
the place where you stand--south Merritt Hill.
This method consists merely in drawing on the map lines that represent
the lines of sight to known and visible places. The lines pass through
the map position of the places you see and are parallel to the actual
lines of sight; therefore they are the map representations of the
lines of sight, and their intersection is the map position of the eye
of the observer.
After this orientation and location of position, one can deduce from
the map everything there is to know in regard to directions. In this
respect, study of the ground itself will show no more than will study
of the map.
After "What direction?" comes "How far?" To answer this, one must
understand that the map distance between any two points shown bears a
fixed and definite relation or proportion to the real distance between
the two points.
For instance: We measure on a map and find the distance between two
points to be 1 inch. Then we measure the real distance on the ground
and find it to be 10,000 inches; hence the relation between the map
distance and the real distance is 1 to 10,000, or 1/10000. Now, if the
map is properly drawn, the same relation will hold good for all
distances, and we can obtain any ground distance by multiplying by
10,000 the corresponding map distance.
This relation need not be 1/10000, but may be anything from 1/100 that
an architect might use in making a map or plan of a house up to one
over a billion and a half, which is about the proportion between map
and real distances in a pocket-atlas representation of the whole world
on a 6-inch page. Map makers call this relation the "scale" of the map
and put it down in a corner in one of three ways.
For the sake of an illustration, say the relation between map and
ground distances is 1 to 100; that is, 1 inch on the map is equal to
100 on the ground. The scale may be written:
First. 1 inch equals 100.
Second. 1/100.
Third. As shown by figure 3 (p. 259).
These expressions mean one and the same thing. A variation of the
first method on a map of different scale might be: 1 inch equals 1
mile. Since a mile contains 63,360 inches, then the real distance
between any two points shown on the map is 63,360 times the map
distance.
To find the ground distance by the third kind of scale, copy it on the
edge of a slip of paper, apply the slip directly to the map, and read
off the distance; and so we answer the question, "How far?"
After direction and distance comes the interpretation of the signs,
symbols, and abbreviations on the map. Those authorized are given on
pages 272 and 273 (a reprint of Appendix 4, Field Service Regulations,
1914); but there are a good many other conventional signs in common
use. A key to them is published by the War Department and is called
"Conventional Signs, United States Army." From these you read at once
the natural and artificial features of the country shown on your map.
It should be borne in mind that these conventional signs are not
necessarily drawn to scale, as are the distances. They show the
position and outline of the features rather than the size. This for
the reason that many of the features shown, if drawn to scale, would
be so small that one could not make them out except with a magnifying
glass. If the exact dimensions are of any importance, they will be
written in figures on the map. For instance, bridges.
In addition to the above conventional signs, we have contours to show
the elevations, depressions, slope, and shape of the ground. Abroad,
hachures are much used, but they serve only to indicate elevation,
and, as compared to contours, are of little value. Contours resemble
the lines shown in figure 4 (p. 259).
Hachures are shown in figure 5 (p. 259), and may be found on any
European map. They simply show slopes, and, when carefully drawn, show
steeper slopes by heavier shading and gentler slopes by the fainter
hachures. The crest of the mountain is within the hachures. (See fig.
5, p. 259.)
_Contours._--A certain student, when asked by his instructor to define
"space," said: "I have it, sir, in my head, but can not put it into
words." The instructor replied: "I suppose that under those
circumstances, Mr. ----, the definition really would not help much."
And so it is with contours--the definition does not help much if you
know a contour when you meet it on a map. For examples of contours,
turn to the map facing page 274, and, starting at the United States
penitentiary, note the smooth, flowing, irregular curved lines marked
880, 860, 840, 840, 860, etc.
The only other lines on the map that at all resemble contours are
stream lines, like "Corral Creek," but the stream lines are readily
distinguished from contours by the fact that they cross the contours
squarely, while the contours run approximately parallel to each other.
Note the stream line just to the west of South Merritt Hill.
The contours represent lines on the ground that are horizontal and
whose meanderings follow the surface, just as the edge of a flood
would follow the irregularities of the hills about it. Those lines
that contours stand for are just as level as the water's edge of a
lake, but horizontally they wander back and forth to just as great a
degree.
The line marked 880, at the penitentiary, passes through on that
particular piece of ground every point that is 880 feet above sea
level. Should the Missouri River rise in flood to 880 feet, the
penitentiary would be on an island, the edge of which is marked by the
880 contour.
Contours show several things; among them the height of the ground they
cross. Usually the contour has labeled on it in figures the height
above some starting point, called the =datum plane=--generally sea
level. If, with a surveying instrument, you put in on a piece of
ground a lot of stakes, each one of which is exactly the same height
above sea level--that is, run a line of levels--then make a map
showing the location of the stakes, a line drawn on the map through
all the stake positions is a contour, and shows the position of all
points of that particular height.
On any given map all contours are equally spaced in a vertical
direction, and the map shows the location of a great number of points
at certain fixed levels. If you know the vertical interval between any
two adjacent contours, you know the vertical interval for all the
contours on that map, for these intervals on a given map are all the
same.
With reference to a point through which no contour passes, we can only
say that the point in question is not higher than the next contour up
the hill, nor lower than the next one down the hill. For the purposes
of any problem, it is usual to assume that the ground slopes evenly
between the two adjacent contours and that the vertical height of the
point above the lower contour is proportional to its horizontal
distance from the contour, as compared to the whole distance between
the two contours. For instance, on the map, find the height of point
A. The horizontal measurements are as shown on the map. The vertical
distance between the contours is 20 feet. A is about one-quarter of
the distance between the 800 and the 820 contours, and we assume its
height to be one-quarter of 20 feet (5 feet) higher than 800 feet. So
the height of A is 805 feet.
The vertical interval is usually indicated in the corner of the map by
the letters "V. I." For instance: V. I.=20 feet.
On maps of very small pieces of ground, the V. I. is usually
small--perhaps as small as 1 foot; on maps of large areas on a small
scale it may be very great--even 1,000 feet.
Contours also show =slopes=. It has already been explained that from
any contour to the next one above it the ground rises a fixed number
of feet, according to the vertical interval of that map. From the
scale of distances on the map the horizontal distance between any two
contours can be found. For example: On the map the horizontal distance
between D and E is 90 yards, or 270 feet. The vertical distance is 20
feet, the V. I. of the map. The slope then is 20/270 = 1/13.5 = 7-1/2%
= 4-1/2°, in all of which different ways the slope can be expressed.
[Illustration: Slope.]
On a good many contoured maps a figure like this will be found in one
of the corners:
[Illustration: Scale.]
On that particular map contours separated by the distance
[Illustration: Scale.]
on the vertical scale show a slope of 1°; if separated by the distance
[Illustration: |__2°__| ] they show a 2° slope, etc. A slope of 1° is
a rise of 1 foot in 57. To use this scale of slopes, copy it on the
edge of a piece of paper just as you did the scale of distances and
apply it directly to the map.
You will notice that where the contours lie closest the slope is
steepest; where they are farthest apart, the ground is most nearly
flat.
It has already been set forth how contours show height and slope; in
addition to this they show the shape of the ground, or GROUND FORMS.
Each single contour shows the shape at its particular level of the
hill or valley it outlines; for instance, the 880 contour about the
penitentiary shows that the hill at that level has a shape somewhat
like a horse's head. Similarly, every contour on the map gives us the
form of the ground at its particular level, and knowing these ground
forms for many levels we can form a fair conception of what the whole
surface is like.
A round contour like the letter O outlines a round ground feature; a
long, narrow one indicates a long, narrow ground feature.
Different hills and depressions have different shapes. A good many of
them have one shape at one level and another shape at another level,
all of which information will be given you by the contours on the map.
One of the ways to see how contours show the shape of the ground is to
pour half a bucket of water into a small depression in the ground. The
water's edge will be exactly level, and if the depression is
approximately round the water's edge will also be approximately round.
The outline will look something like figure 6.
Draw roughly on a piece of paper a figure of the same shape and you
will have a contour showing the shape of the bit of ground where you
poured your water.
Next, with your heel gouge out on one edge of your little pond a
small, round bay. The water will rush in and the watermark on the soil
will now be shaped something like figure 7.
Alter your drawing accordingly, and the new contour will show the new
ground shape.
Again do violence to the face of nature by digging with a stick a
narrow inlet opening out of your miniature ocean, and the watermark
will now look something like figure 8.
Alter your drawing once more and your contour shows again the hew
ground form. Drop into your main pond a round clod and you will have a
new watermark, like figure 9, to add to your drawing. This new
contour, of the same level with the one showing the limit of the
depression, shows on the drawing the round island.
Drop in a second clod, this time long and narrow, the watermark will
be like figure 10, and the drawing of it, properly placed, will show
another island of another shape. Your drawing now will look like
figure 11.
It shows a depression approximately round, off which open a round bay
and a long, narrow bay. There is also a round elevation and a long,
narrow one; a long, narrow ridge, jutting out between the two bays,
and a short, broad one across the neck of the round bay.
[Illustration: Fig. 6 to 11.]
Now flood your lake deeply enough to cover up the features you have
introduced. The new water line, about as shown by the dotted line in
figure 11, shows the oblong shape of the depression at a higher level;
the solid lines show the shape farther down; the horizontal distance
between the two contours at different points shows where the bank is
steep and where the slope is gentler.
Put together the information each of these contours gives you, and you
will see how contours show the shape of the ground. On the little map
you have drawn you have introduced all the varieties of ground forms
there are; therefore all contour forms.
The contours on an ordinary map seem much more complicated, but this
is due only to the number of them, their length, and many turns before
they finally close on themselves. Or they may close off the paper. But
trace each one out, and it will resolve itself into one of the forms
shown in figure 11.
Just as the high-tide line around the continents of North and South
America runs a long and tortuous course, but finally closes back on
itself, so will every contour do likewise. And just as truly as every
bend in that high-tide mark turns out around a promontory, or in
around a bay, so will every bend in a contour stand for a hill or a
valley, pointing to the lowlands if it be a hill, and to the height if
it mark a valley.
If the map embrace a whole continent or an island, all the contours
will be of closed form, as in figure 11, but if it embrace only a part
of the continent or island, some of the contours will be chopped off
at the edge of the map, and we have the open form of contours, as we
would have if figure 11 were cut into two parts.
The closed form may indicate a hill or a basin; the open form, a ridge
or a valley; sometimes a casual glance does not indicate which.
Take up, first, the contour of the open type. If the map shows a
stream running down the inside of the contour, there is no difficulty
in saying at once that the ground feature is a valley; for instance,
V, V, V, and the valley of Corral Creek on the map. But if there is no
stream line, does the contour bend show a valley or a ridge?
First of all, there is a radical difference between the bend of a
contour round the head of a valley and its bend round the nose of a
ridge.
Compare on the map the valleys V and the ridges R. The bend of the
contour round the head of the valley is much sharper than the bend of
the contour round the nose of the ridge. This is a general truth, not
only in regard to maps, but also in regard to ground forms. Study any
piece of open ground and note how much wider are the ridges than the
valleys. Where you find a "hog back" or "devil's backbone," you have
an exception to the rule, but the exceptions are not frequent enough
to worry over.
To tell whether a given point is on a ridge or in a valley, start from
the nearest stream shown on the map and work across the map to the
undetermined point, keeping in mind that in a real trip across the
country you start from the stream, go up the hill to the top of a
ridge, down the other side of the hill to a watercourse, then up a
hill to the top of a ridge, down again, up again, etc. That is all
traveling is--valley, hill, valley, hill, valley, etc., though you
wander till the crack o' doom. And so your map travels must
go--valley, hill, valley, hill--till you run off the map or come back
to the starting point.
On the map, follow the R-V line, V indicating valley and R ridge or
hill. Note first the difference in sharpness in the contour bends;
also how the valley contours point to the highland and the ridge
contours to the lowland.
The contours go thus:
[Illustration: Sketch Low / High land.]
The streams flow down the valleys, and the sharp angle of the contour
points always _up_ stream. Note also how the junction of a stream and
its tributary usually makes an angle that points _down_ stream.
"Which way does this stream run?"
Water flows down hill. If you are in the bed of a stream, contours
representing higher ground must be to your right and to your left. Get
the elevations of these contours. Generally the nearest contour to the
bank of the stream will cross the stream, and there will be an angle
or sharp turn in the contour at this crossing. If the point of the
angle or sharp turn is toward you, you are going downstream; if away
from you, you are going upstream.
If the contours are numbered, you have only to look at the numbers to
say where the low and where the high places are; but to read a map
with any speed one must be quite independent of these numbers. In
ordinary map reading look, first of all, for the stream lines. The
streams are the skeleton upon which the whole map is hung. Then pick
out the hilltops and ridges, and you have a body to clothe with all
the details that will be revealed by a close and careful study of what
the map maker has recorded.
As to closed contours, they may outline a depression or a hill On the
map "881" or "885" might be hills or ponds, as far as their shape is
concerned. But, clearly, they are hills, for on either side are small
streams running _away_ from them. If they were ponds, the stream lines
would run _toward_ the closed contours. The test of "hill, valley,
hill," will always solve the problem when there are not enough stream
lines shown to make evident at once whether a closed contour marks a
pond or a hill. Look in the beginning for the stream lines and
valleys, and, by contrast, if for no other reason, the hills and
ridges at once loom up.
To illustrate the subject of contours to aid those who have difficulty
in reading contoured maps the following is suggested:
1. Secure modeling clay and build a mound.
2. Use wire and slice this mound horizontally at equal vertical
intervals into zones; then insert vertical dowels through the mound of
clay.
3. Remove the top zone, place on paper, and draw outline of the bottom
edge. Trim your paper roughly to the outline drawn. Indicate where the
holes made by the dowels pierce the paper.
4. Do the above with each zone of your mound.
5. Place these papers in proper order on dowels similarly placed to
ones in original mound at, say, 1 inch vertical interval apart. A
skeleton mound results.
6. Replace the zones of the clay mound and form the original clay
mound along the side of skeleton mound.
7. Now force all the paper sheets down the dowels onto the bottom
sheet, and we have a map of clay mound with contours.
NOTE.--One-inch or 2-inch planks can be made into any desired form by
the use of dowels and similar procedure followed.
People frequently ask, "What should I see when I read a map?" and the
answer is given, "The ground as it is." This is not true any more than
it is true that the words "The valley of the Meuse," bring to your
mind vine-clad hills, a noble river, and green fields where cattle
graze. Nor can any picture ever put into your thought what the Grand
Canyon really is. What printed word or painted picture can not do, a
map will not. A map says to you, "Here stands a hill," "Here is a
valley," "This stream runs so," and gives you a good many facts in
regard to them. But you do not have to "see" anything, any more than
you have to visualize Liege in order to learn the facts of its
geography. A map sets forth cold facts in an alphabet all its own, but
an easy alphabet, and one that tells with a few curving lines more
than many thousand words could tell.
=Section 2. Sketching.=
Noncommissioned officers and selected privates should be able to make
simple route sketches. This is particularly useful in patrolling, as
thereby a patrol leader is able to give his commander a good idea of
the country his patrol has traversed. Sketches should be made on a
certain scale, which should be indicated on the sketch, such as 3
inches on the sketch equals 1 mile on the ground. The north should be
indicated on the sketch by means of an arrow pointing in that
direction. Any piece of paper may be used to make the sketch on. The
back of the field-message blank is ruled and prepared for this
purpose. The abbreviations and conventional signs shown on the
following pages should be used in making such simple sketches.
Field Maps and Sketches.
The following abbreviations and signs are authorized for use on field
maps and sketches. For more elaborate map work the authorized
conventional signs as given in the manual of "Conventional Signs,
United States Army Maps,"; are used.
Abbreviations other than those given should not be used.
ABBREVIATIONS.
A. Arroyo.
abut. Abutment.
Ar. Arch.
b. Brick.
B.S. Blacksmith Shop.
bot. Bottom.
Br. Branch.
br. Bridge.
C. Cape.
cem. Cemetery.
con. Concrete.
cov. Covered.
Cr. Creek.
d. Deep.
cul. Culvert.
D.S. Drug Store.
E. East.
Est. Estuary.
f. Fordable.
Ft. Fort.
G.S. General Store.
gir. Girder.
G.M. Gristmill.
I. Iron.
I. Island.
Jc. Junction.
k.p. King-post.
L. Lake.
Lat. Latitude.
Ldg. Landing.
L.S.S. Life-Saving Station.
L.H. Lighthouse
Long. Longitude.
Mt. Mountain.
Mts. Mountains.
N. North.
n.f. Not fordable.
P. Pier.
pk. Plank.
P.O. Post Office
Pt. Point.
q.p. Queen-post.
R. River.
R.H. Roundhouse.
R.R. Railroad.
S. South.
s. Steel.
S.H. Schoolhouse.
S.M. Sawmill.
Sta. Station.
st. Stone.
str. Stream.
T.G. Tollgate.
Tres. Trestle.
tr. Truss.
W.T. Water Tank.
W.W. Water Works.
W. West.
w. Wood.
wd. Wide.
SIGNS--FIELD MAPS AND SKETCHES.
Telegraph Line {Symbol (modified below)
{Along improved road
{Along unimproved road
{Along trail
Railroads {Single track
{Double track
{Trolley
Roads {Improved
{Unimproved
{Trail
Fences {barbed wire
{smooth wire
{wood
{stone
{hedge
[Page with sketch examples of bridge, streams, house, church, school
house, woods, orchards, cultivated land, brush, crops or grass,
cemetery, trees, cut and fill.]
[Illustration: Map.]
CHAPTER XI.
MESSAGE BLANKS.
------------------------+-----+------+-------+-------+-------+--------
| No. | Sent | Time. | Rec'd | Time. | Check.
U. S. ARMY FIELD | | by. | | by. | |
MESSAGE. | (These spaces for Signal Operators only.)
------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Communicated by | [Name of sending detachment.]
Buzzer, Phone, |
Telegraph, Wireless, |_From_ ______________________________________
Lantern, Helio, Flag, |
Cyclist, Foot Messenger,|_At_ ________________________________________
Mounted Messenger, Motor|
Car, Flying Machine. |
Underscore means used. |_Date_ _________ _Hour_ _______ _No_ ________
------------------------+
_To_ _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_Received_ ___________________________________________________________
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The heading "From" is filled in with the _name_ of the detachment
sending the information: as "Officer's Patrol, 7th Cav." Messages sent
on the same day from the same source to the same person are numbered
consecutively. The address is written briefly, thus: "Commanding
officer, Outpost, 1st Brigade." In the signature the writer's surname
only and rank are given.
This blank is four and a half by six and three-quarters inches,
including the margin on the left for binding. The back is ruled in
squares, the side of each square representing 100 yards on a scale of
3 inches to one mile, for use in making simple sketches explanatory,
of the message. It is issued by the Signal Corps in blocks of forty
with duplicating sheets. The regulation envelope is three by five and
one-fourth inches and is printed as follows:
UNITED STATES ARMY FIELD MESSAGE.
_To_ ___________________________________________ _No_ ________________
(For signal operator only.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
_When sent_ __________________________________________ _No_ __________
_Rate of speed_ ______________________________________________________
_Name of messenger_ __________________________________________________
_When and by whom rec'd_ _____________________________________________
=This Envelope will be Returned to Bearer.=
CHAPTER XII.
SIGNALS AND CODES.
(Extracts from Signal Book, United States Army, 1916.)
=General Instructions for Army Signaling.=
=1.= Each signal station will have its call, consisting of one or two
letters, as Washington, "W"; and each operator or signalist will also
have his personal signal of one or two letters, as Jones, "Jo." These
being once adopted will not be changed without due authority.
=2.= To lessen liability of error, numerals which occur in the body of
a message should be spelled out.
=3.= In receiving a message the man at the telescope should call out
each letter as received, and not wait for the completion of a word.
=4.= A record of the date and time of the receipt or transmission of
every message must be kept.
=5.= The duplicate manuscript of messages received at, or the original
sent from, a station should be carefully filed.
=6.= In receiving messages nothing should be taken for granted, and
nothing considered as seen until it has been positively and clearly in
view. Do not anticipate what will follow from signals already given.
Watch the communicating station until the last signals are made, and
be very certain that the signal for the end of the message has been
given.
=7.= Every address must contain at least two words and should be
sufficient to secure delivery.
=8.= All that the sender writes for transmission after the word "To"
is counted.
=9.= Whenever more than one signature is attached to a message count
all initials and names as a part of the message.
=10.= Dictionary words, initial letters, surnames of persons, names of
cities, towns, villages, States, and Territories, or names of the
Canadian Provinces will be counted each as one word; e.g., New York,
District of Columbia, East St. Louis should each be counted as one
word. The abbreviation of the names of cities, towns, villages,
States, Territories, and provinces will be counted the same as if
written in full.
=11.= Abbreviations of weights and measures in common use, figures,
decimal points, bars of division, and in ordinal numbers the affixes
"st," "d," "nd," "rd," and "th" will be each counted as one word.
Letters and groups of letters, when such groups do not form dictionary
words and are not combinations of dictionary words, will be counted at
the rate of five letters or fraction of five letters to a word. When
such groups are made up of combinations of dictionary words, each
dictionary word so used will be counted.
=12.= The following are exceptions to paragraph 55, and are counted as
shown:
A. M 1 word
P. M 1 word
O. K 1 word
Per cent 1 word
=13.= No message will be considered sent until its receipt has been
acknowledged by the receiving station.
=The International Morse or General Service Code.=
=18.= The International Morse Code is the General Service Code and is
prescribed for use by the Army of the United States and between the
Army and the Navy of the United States. It will be used on radio
systems, submarine cables using siphon recorders, and with the
heliograph, flash-lanterns, and all visual signaling apparatus using
the wigwag.
_Alphabet._
A . --
B -- . . .
C -- . -- .
D -- . .
E .
F . . -- .
G -- -- .
H . . . .
I . .
J . -- -- --
K -- . --
L . -- . .
M -- --
N -- .
O -- -- --
P . -- -- .
Q -- -- . --
R . -- .
S . . .
T --
U . . --
V . . . --
W . -- --
X -- . . --
Y -- . -- --
Z -- -- . .
_Numerals._
1 . -- -- -- --
2 . . -- -- --
3 . . . -- --
4 . . . . --
5 . . . . .
6 -- . . . .
7 -- -- . . .
8 -- -- -- . .
9 -- -- -- -- .
0 -- -- -- -- --
_Punctuation._
Period . . . . . .
Comma . -- . -- . --
Interrogation . . -- -- . .
Hyphen or dash -- . . . . --
Parenthesis (before and after the words) -- . -- -- . --
Quotation mark (beginning and ending) . -- . . -- .
Exclamation -- -- . . -- --
Apostrophe . -- -- -- .
Semicolon -- . -- . -- .
Colon -- -- -- . . .
Bar indicating fraction -- . . -- .
Underline (before and after the word or words it is
wished to underline) . . -- -- . --
Double dash (between preamble and address, between
address and body of message, between body of message
and signature, and immediately before a fraction) -- . . . --
Cross . -- . -- .
=Visual Signaling: in General.=
=21.= Methods of visual signaling are divided as follows:
(_a_) By flag, torch, hand lantern, or beam of searchlight (without
shutter.) (General Service Code.)
(_b_) By heliograph, flash lantern, or searchlight (with shutter.)
(General Service Code.)
(_c_) By Ardois. (General Service Code.)