_How the Posts of the Kingdom were arranged._
The empire of Peru is so vast, that the Incas ordered a road to be made,
as I have already stated on many occasions, from Chile to Cuzco, and
even from the river of Maule[132] as far as the river Angasmayu.[133] If
the king was at one of these extreme points, he could be informed of
what had taken place at the other; but for one man to make such a
journey, even by very long marches, it would take a considerable time.
At the end of a journey, of a 1,000 leagues, there might be no time left
to take the needful measures, and to remedy any wrong step that had been
made. The Incas therefore, with a view to the efficient government of
the empire, invented a system of posts, which was the best that could be
thought of or imagined. The system is entirely due to the Inca Yupanqui,
who was son of Viracocha Inca, and father of Tupac Ynca, according to
the accounts given in the songs of the people, and in the statements of
the Orejones. The Inca Yupanqui not only invented the system of the
posts, but he did other great things, as I shall presently relate.
From the time of his reign, throughout all the royal roads, there were
built, from half-league to half-league, a little more or less, small
houses well roofed with wood and straw; and among the mountains they
were constructed against the rocks. Thus the roads were lined with these
small houses at regular intervals. The order was that in each house
there should be two Indians with provisions, stationed there by the
neighbouring villages.[134] They were not permanently left there, but
were relieved by others from time to time; and the system of government
was so efficient that it was only necessary to give the order, to ensure
that these men should always be at their stations so long as the Incas
reigned.
Each province took charge of the posts within its boundaries, including
those which were on the coast deserts or in the region of snowy heights.
When it was necessary to give notice to the kings in Cuzco, or in any
other part, of any event that had taken place, or which was connected
with their service, the men at the posts set out from Quito or
Tomebamba, or from Chile or Caranqui, or from whatever other part of the
empire, whether along the coast or in the mountains, and they ran with
great speed, without stopping, each one over his half league. For the
Indians who were stationed at the post houses, were chosen from among
the most active and swiftest of all their countrymen. When one
approached the next post house, he began to call out to the men who were
in it, and to say:--“Start at once, and go to the next post with news
that so and so has happened, which such a Governor wishes to announce to
the Inca.” When the other runner heard what was shouted to him, he
started with the utmost speed, while the runner who arrived went into
the house to rest, and to eat and drink of what was always kept in store
there; while the other did, in like manner, at the next post house.
So well was this running performed, that in a short time they knew, at a
distance of 300 leagues, 500, and even 800, what had passed, or what was
needed or required. With such secrecy did the runners keep the messages
that were entrusted to them, that neither entreaty nor menace could ever
extort a relation of what they had thus heard, although the news had
already passed onwards. The roads pass over rugged mountains, over snow
covered ridges, over stony wildernesses, and forests full of thorny
thickets, in such sort that it may be taken as quite certain that the
news could not have been conveyed with greater speed on swift horses or
on mules, than by these foot posts. For the men on foot have no
impediments, and one of them can do more in a day than a mounted
messenger could do in three. I do not mean one single Indian, but one
running for one half league, and another for the next, according to the
established order. And it must be understood that neither storms nor
anything else prevent the due service of the posts in the wildest parts,
and as soon as one started another arrived to wait in his place.
In this way the lords were kept informed of all that happened in every
part of the empire, and they arranged all that was needful for the
ordering of the government, in the same way. In no other part of the
world do we read of any such invention; although I am aware that when
Xerxes the Great was defeated, the news was conveyed by men on foot, in
a short time. Certainly this system of posts was very important in Peru,
and by it we may well see how good was the government of these lords. At
the present day some of these post-houses may be seen near the royal
roads, in many parts of the mountains, and they bear testimony to the
truth of what has been said. I have also seen some of the _topos_, which
as I have already explained, are like heaps for landmarks, except that
these are larger and better made, and were used for counting the
distance, each interval between them being one and a half leagues of
Castille.