rotating, the cuneus is severed, the membrane is one
or two-celled, and the meso- and metasternum are
composite.
j. Ocelli absent, clypeus dilated toward the apex;
hemelytra always short, membrane wanting. Species
parasitic. Bed bugs, etc. CIMICIDAE
k. Beak short, reaching to about the anterior coxae;
scutellum acuminate at the apex; lateral margin
of the elytra but little reflexed, apical margin
more or less rounded; intermediate and posterior
coxae very remote.
l. Body covered with short hairs, only the sides
of the pronotum and the hemelytra fringed with
longer hairs; antennae with the third and
fourth segments very much more slender than
the first and second; pronotum with the
anterior margin very _deeply sinuate_. CIMEX
L.
m. Sides of the pronotum widely dilated, broader
than the breadth of one eye, and densely
fringed with backward curved hairs; apical
margin of the hemelytra nearly straight,
rounded toward the interior or exterior
angles.
n. Body covered with very short hairs; second
segment of the antenna shorter than the
third; sides of the pronotum feebly
reflexed, fringed with shorter hairs than
the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the
commissural (inner) margin rounded and
shorter than the scutellum, apical margin
rounded towards the interior angle. The
common bed bug (fig. 19h). C. LECTULARIUS
Linn
nn. Body covered with longer hairs; second and
third segments of the antenna of equal
length; side of the pronotum narrowly, but
distinctly, reflexed, fringed with longer
hairs than the breadth of one eye;
hemelytra with the commissural margin
straight and longer than the scutellum,
apical margin rounded towards the exterior
angle. Species found on bats in various
parts of the United States. _C.
pillosellus_ Hov.
mm. Sides of the pronotum neither dilated, nor
reflexed, fringed with less dense and nearly
straight hairs; hemelytra with the apical
margin distinctly rounded. Parasitic on man,
birds and bats. Occurs in the old world,
Brazil and the West Indies. C. HEMIPTERUS
Fabr. (= rotundatus)
ll. Body clothed with rather longer silky hairs;
third and fourth segments of the antenna
somewhat more slender than the first and
second; anterior margin of the pronotum _very
slightly sinuate_ or nearly straight in the
middle, produced at the lateral angles. This
is the species which in American collections
is known as _C. hirundinis_, the latter being
an old world form. It is found in swallows
nests. O. VICARIUS. OECIACUS Stal
kk. Beak long, reaching to the posterior coxae;
scutellum rounded at the apex; lateral margins
of the elytra strongly reflexed, apical margin
slightly sinuate toward the middle; intermediate
and posterior coxae sub-contiguous. This species
infests poultry in southwest United States and
in Mexico. H. INODORUS. HAEMATOSIPHON Champ.
[Illustration: 160. Pselliopsis (Milyas) cinctus (x2). After C. V.
Riley.]
jj. Ocelli present, if rarely absent in the female,
then the tarsus has two segments; or if with three
tarsal segments, the wing membrane with one or two
cells.
k. Beak four-segmented, or with two-segmented tarsi.
ISOMETOPIDAE, MICROPHYSIDAE, and some
CAPSIDAE.
kk. Beak three-segmented.
l. Hemelytra with embolium; head horizontal, more
or less conical; membrane with one to four
veins, rarely wanting. ANTHOCORIDAE
Several species of this family affecting man
have been noted, ANTHOCORIS KINGI and
CONGOLENSE, from Africa and LYCTOCORIS
CAMPESTRIS from various parts of the world.
LYCTOCORIS FITCHII Reuter (fig. 19 j), later
considered by Reuter as a variety of L.
CAMPESTRIS, occurs in the United States.
ll. Hemelytra without embolium. Superfamily
ACANTHIOIDEA (= SALDAE Fieber and LEPTOPODAE
Fieber)
ii. Posterior coxae rotating.
j. Claws preapical; aquatic forms. GERRIDAE and
VELIADAE
jj. Claws apical.
k. Prosternum without stridulatory sulcus (notch for
beak).
l. Tarsus with three segments; membrane with two
or three longitudinal cells from which veins
radiate; rarely with free longitudinal veins
(Arachnocoris) or veins nearly obsolete
(Arbela); clavus and corium coriaceous; ocelli
rarely absent. NABIDAE
REDUVIOLUS (= CORISCUS) SUBCOLEOPTRATUS (fig. 19
g), a species belonging to this family,
occurring in the United States, has been
accused of biting man. This insect is flat,
of a jet black color, bordered with yellow
on the sides of the abdomen, and with
yellowish legs. It is predaceous, feeding on
other insects.
ll. With other combinations of characters.
HYDROMETRIDAE, HENICOCEPHALIDAE,
NAEOGEIDAE, MESOVELIADAE, JOPPEICIDAE
kk. Prosternum with stridulatory sulcus (notch for
beak); with three segments, short, strong.
l. Antennae filiform or sometimes more slender
apically, geniculate; wing membrane with two
or three large basal cells; scutellum small or
moderate/ REDUVIIDAE
For a key to the genera and species see next
page.
ll. Last antennal segment clavate or fusiform; win
membrane with the veins often forked and
anastomosing; scutellum large; tarsi each with
two segments; fore legs strong. (= PHYMATIDAE)
MACROCEPHALIDAE
ee. Clavus noticeably narrowed towards the apex, never extending
beyond the scutellum, the two not meeting to form a
commissure; head horizontal, much prolonged between the
antennae, on each side with an antennal tubercle, sometimes
acute; ocelli absent; meso- and metasternum simple; tarsi
each with two segments; body flattened (fig. 19c). ARADIDAE,
including DYSODIIDAE.
dd. Pulvilli present (absent in one Australian family
THAUMATOCORIDAE in which case there is a membranous
appendage at the tip of the tibia). CAPSIDAE (=
MIRIDAE),[G] _Eotrechus_ (in family GERRIDAE),
NAEOGAIDAE, TINGITIDAE, PIESMIDAE, MYODOCHIDAE,
CORIZIDAE, COREIDAE, ALYDIDAE, PENTATOMIDAE,
SCUTELLERIDAE, etc.
bb. Apex of head directed ventrally, beak arising from the hinder part
of the lower side of the head; sides of face contiguous to the
front coxae; first pair of wings, when present, of uniform
thickness. Cicadas, scale insects, plant lice (Aphids),
spittle-insects, leaf hoppers, etc. HOMOPTERA
REDUVIIDAE OF THE UNITED STATES
(Adapted from a key given by Fracker).
a. Ocelli none; wings and hemelytra always present in the adults; no
discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus.
_Orthometrops decorata_, _Oncerotrachelus acuminatus_, etc.,
Pennsylvania and south. _Sarcinae_
aa. Ocelli present in the winged individuals; anterior coxae not as long
as the femora.
b. Hemelytra without a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium
near the apex of the clavus.
c. Ocelli not farther cephalad than the caudal margins of the eyes;
segment two of the antenna single.
d. Thorax usually constricted caudad of the middle; anterior coxae
externally flat or concave. PIRATINAE
e. Middle tibiae without spongy fossa, head long, no lateral
tubercle on neck. _S. stria_, Carolina, Ill., Cal.
_Sirthenia_ Spinola
ee. Middle tibiae with spongy fossa; fore tibiae convex above;
neck with a small tubercle on each side.
f. Apical portion of anterior tibiae angularly dilated beneath,
the spongy fossa being preceded by a small prominence.
MELANOLESTES Stal
g. Black, with piceous legs and antennae. N. E. States (fig.
19a) M. PICIPES
gg. Sides, and sometimes the whole dorsal surface of the
abdomen red. Ill., and southward. M. ABDOMINALIS
ff. Tibiae not dilated as in "f"; spongy fossa elongate;
metapleural sulci close to the margin. R. BIGUTTATUS (fig.
22). South RASAHUS A. and S.
dd. Thorax constricted in the middle or cephalad of the middle;
anterior tarsi each three-segmented.
e. Apex of the scutellum narrow, without spines or with a single
spine REDUVIINAE
f. Antennae inserted in the lateral or dorso-lateral margins of
the head; antenniferous tubercles slightly projecting from
the sides of the head; head produced strongly cephalad;
ocelli at least as far apart as the eyes.
g. Antennae inserted very near the apex of the head; segments
one and three of the beak short, segment two nearly four
times as long as segment one. R. PROLIXUS. W. I.
RHODNIUS Stal
gg. Antennae inserted remote from the vertex of the head.
h. Body slightly hairy; pronotum distinctly constricted;
angles distinct; anterior lobe four-tuberculate, with
the middle tubercles large and conical. _M.
phyllosoma_, large species from the southwest.
_Meccus_ Stal
hh. Body smooth, margin of the pronotum sinuous, scarcely
constricted; anterior lobe lined with little
tubercles. CONORHINUS Lap.
i. Surface of the pronotum and prosternum more or less
granular.
j. Eyes small, head black; body very narrow, a fifth
as wide as long; beak reaches the middle of the
prosternum. California. C. PROTRACTUS
jj. Eyes large, head fuscous; body at least a fourth
as wide as long. Southern species. _C.
rubrofasciatus_
ii. Pronotum and prosternum destitute of granules.
j. Border of abdomen entirely black except for a
narrow yellowish spot at the apex of one segment.
Texas. _C. gerstaeckeri_
jj. Border of abdomen otherwise marked.
k. Beak slender, joints one and two slightly pilose,
two more than twice as long as one; tubercles at
the apical angles of the pronotum slightly
acute, conical. Md. to Ill. and south. The
masked bed bug hunter (fig. 71). C. SANGUISUGUS
kk. Beak entirely pilose, joint two a third longer
than joint one; joint one much longer than
three; tubercles at the apical angles of
pronotum slightly elevated, obtuse. Ga., Ill.,
Tex., Cal. _C. variegatus_
ff. Antenna inserted on top of the head between margins, close
to the eyes; antenniferous tubercles not projecting from
the side of the head.
g. Anterior lobe of the pronotum with a bispinous or
bituberculate disc; femora unarmed. _S. arizonica_, _S.
bicolor_. Southwestern species. _Spiniger_ Burm.
gg. Disc of pronotum unarmed; apex of scutellum produced
into a spine; ocelli close to the eyes; eyes large and
close together. REDUVIUS Lamarck
h. Color piceous. Widely distributed in the United States.
(Fig. 20). R. PERSONATUS
hh. More or less testaceous in color. Southwestern states.
R. SENILIS
ee. Apex of scutellum broad, with two or three spines.
ECTRICHODIINAE
f. First segment of the antenna about as long as the head. _E.
cruciata_ Pa. and south; _E. cinctiventris_, Tex. and Mex.
_Ectrichodia_ L. et S.
ff. First segment of the antennae short. _P. aeneo-nitens_.
South. _Pothea_ A. et S.
cc. Ocelli cephalad of the hind margins of the eyes; first segment
of the antennae stout, second segment divided into many smaller
segments. South and west. _Homalocoris maculicollis_, and
_Hammatocerus purcis_. HAMMATOCERINAE
bb. Hemelytra with a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium
near the apex of the clavus (fig. 159e).
c. Anal areole of the membrane not extending as far proximad as the
costal areole; basal segment of the antenna thickened, porrect;
the other segments slender, folding back beneath the head and
the first segment STENOPODINAE
d. Head armed with a ramous or furcate spine below each side,
caudad of the eyes.
e. First segment of the antenna thickened, apex produced in a
spine beyond the insertion of the second segment. Species
from Va., Ill. and south. _Pnirontis_ Stal.
ee. First segment of the antenna not produced beyond the
insertion of the second segment. _Pygolampis_, N. E. states
and south; _Gnathobleda_, S. W. and Mex.
dd. Head unarmed below or armed with a simple spine; rarely with a
subfurcate spine at the side of the base. Carolina, Missouri
and south. _Stenopoda_, _Schumannia_, _Diaditus_, _Narvesus_,
_Oncocephalus_
cc. Anal areole of membrane extending farther proximad than the
costal areole.
d. Ocelli farther apart than the eyes. _A. crassipes_, widely
distributed in the United States; other species occur in the
southwest. _Apiomerus_ Hahn.
dd. Ocelli not so far apart as the eyes. ZELINAE
e. Sides of mesosternum without a tubercle or fold in front.
f. Fore femur as long as or longer than the hind femur; first
segment of the beak much shorter than the second. _Z.
audax_, in the north eastern states; other species south
and west. _Zelus_ Fabr.
ff. Fore femur shorter than the hind femur, rarely of equal
length, in this case the first segment of the beak as long
or longer than the second.
g. First segment of the beak shorter than the second; fore
femur a little shorter than the hind femur; the first
segment of the beak distinctly longer than the head
before the eyes. _P. cinctus_ a widely distributed
species (fig. 160). _P. punctipes_, _P. spinicollis_,
Cal., Mex. (= _Milyas_) _Pselliopus_ Berg.
gg. First segment of the beak as long or longer than the
second.
h. Pronotum armed with spines on the disc.
i. Juga distinctly prominent at the apex and often acute
or subacute; fore femur distinctly thickened;
hemelytra usually not reaching the apex of the
abdomen. _Fitchia aptera_, N. Y., south and west;
_F. spinosula_, South; _Rocconata annulicornis_,
Texas, etc.
ii. Juga when prominent, obtuse at apex; eyes full width
of the head; fore femur not thickened; pronotum with
four spines on posterior lobe. _R. taurus_, Pa.,
south and west. _Repipta_ Stal.
hh. Pronotum unarmed on the disc.
i. Spines on each apical angle of the penultimate
abdominal segment. _A. cinereus_, Pa., and south.
_Atrachelus_ A. et S.
ii. Apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment
unarmed. _Fitchia_ (in part); _Castolus ferox_,
Arizona.
ee. Sides of the mesosternum with a tubercle or fold in front at
the hind angles of the prosternum; first segment of the beak
longer than the part of the head cephalad of the eyes.
f. Fore femur thickened, densely granulated; hind femur
unarmed.
[Illustration: 161. Taxonomic details of Diptera. (_a_) Ventral aspect
of abdomen of Cynomyia; (_b_) antenna of Tabanus; (_c_) ventral aspect
of abdomen of Chortophila; (_d_) ventral aspect of abdomen of Stomoxys;
(_e_) claw of Aedes (Culex) sylvestris, male; (_f_) claw of Hippoboscid;
(_g_) foot of dipterous insect showing empodium developed pulvilliform;
(_h_) hind tarsal segment of Simulium vittatum, female; (_i_) foot of
dipterous insect showing bristle-like empodium.]
g. Fore tibiae each with three long spines on the ventral
side. _S. diadema_ (fig. 159e), a widely distributed
species; and several southwestern species. _Sinea_ A. et
S.
gg. Fore tibiae unarmed. _A. multispinosa_, widely
distributed; _A. tabida_, Cal. _Acholla_ Stal.
ff. Fore femur unarmed, rarely a little thickened, a little
granulated.
g. Pronotum produced caudad over the scutellum, with a high
mesal tuberculate ridge (fig. 19e). A. CRISTATUS. N. Y.
to Cal. and south. ARILUS Hahn.
gg. Caudal lobe of the pronotum six sided, neither elevated
nor produced caudad. _H. americanus_, Southwest; also
several W. I. and Mexican genera. HARPACTOR Lap.
DIPTERA (Mosquitoes, Midges, Flies)
a. Integument leathery, abdominal segments indistinct; wings often
wanting; parasitic forms. PUPIPARA
b. Head folding back on the dorsum of the thorax; wingless flies
parasitic on bats. Genus _Nycteribia_. NYCTERIBIIDAE
bb. Head not folding back upon the dorsum of the thorax; flies either
winged or wingless; parasitic on birds and on bats and other
mammals.
c. Antennae reduced, wings when present, with distinct parallel veins
and outer crossveins; claws simple; palpi leaf-like, projecting
in front of the head. Flies chiefly found on bats. Several
genera occur in North America. STREBLIDAE
[Illustration: 162. Hippobosca equina, x4. After Osborn.]
cc. Antennae more elongate, segments more or less distinctly
separated; head sunk into an emargination of the thorax; wings
when present with the veins crowded toward the anterior margin;
palpi not leaf-like. HIPPOBOSCIDAE
d. Wings absent or reduced and not adapted for flight.
e. Wings and halteres (balancers) absent. _M. ovinus_, the sheep
tick. _Melophagus_ Latr.
ee. Wing reduced (or cast off), halteres present.
f. Claw bidentate; ocelli present. On deer after the wings are
cast off. _L. depressa_. _Lipoptena_ Nitsch
ff. Claw tridentate (fig. 161 f). On _Macropis_. _B.
femorata._ _Brachypteromyia_ Will.
dd. Wings present and adapted for flight.
e. Claws bidentate.
f. Ocelli present; head flat; wings frequently cast off. On
birds before casting of the wing. _Lipoptena_ Nitsch.
ff. Ocelli absent; head round; wings present. The horse tick
H. EQUINA may attack man (fig. 162). HIPPOBOSCA L.
ee. Claws tridentate (fig. 161 f.).
f. Anal cell closed at apical margin by the anal crossvein.
g. Ocelli absent. _Stilbometopa_ Coq.
gg. Ocelli present.
h. R_{4+5} does not form an angle at the crossvein. On
birds. There is a record of one species of this genus
attacking man. ORNITHOMYIA Latr.
hh. R_{4+5} makes an angle at the crossvein. _O.
confluens_. _Ornithoica_ Rdi.
ff. Anal cell not closed by an anal crossvein. _Lynchia_,
_Pseudolfersia_, and _Olfersia_ are chiefly bird
parasites. The first mentioned genus is said to be the
intermediate host of _Haemoproteus columbae_.
aa. Abdominal segments chitinous; not parasitic in the adult stage.
b. Antennae with six or more segments and empodium not developed
pulvilliform; palpi often with four segments.
c. Ocelli present. BLEPHAROCERIDAE, RHYPHIDAE, BIBIONIDAE,
MYCETOPHILIDAE, besides some isolated genera of other families.
cc. Ocelli absent.
d. Dorsum of the thorax with a V-shaped suture; wings usually with
numerous veins; legs often very long and slender. Crane flies.
TIPULIDAE
dd. Dorsum of the thorax without a V-shaped suture.
e. Not more than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing
margin; wing usually hairy: antennae slender; coxae not
long; tibiae: without spurs, legs long and slender. Small,
delicate flies often called Gall gnats. CECIDOMYIIDAE.
ee. More than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin.
f. The costal vein is not produced beyond the tip of the wing;
radius with not more than three branches.
g. Antennae short, composed of ten or eleven closely united
segments; legs stout; body stout; abdomen oval; anterior
veins stout, posterior ones weak (fig. 163 b); eyes of
the male contiguous over the antennae. Black flies,
buffalo flies, turkey gnats. Many North American
species, several of them notorious for their blood
sucking propensities. SIMULIIDAE
h. Second joint of the hind tarsus with basal scale-like
process and dorsal excision (fig. 161 h); radial
sector not forked; no small cell at the base of the
wing. _S. forbesi_, _jenningsi_, _johannseni_,
_meridionale_, _piscicidium_, VENUSTUM, VITTATUM, etc.
Widely distributed species (= EUSIMULIUM) SIMULIUM
Latr.
hh. No basal scale-like process on the second joint of the
hind tarsus; radial sector usually forked (fig. 163
b).
i. Face broad, small basal cell of the wing present. _P.
fulvum_, HIRTIPES, _mutatum_, PECUARUM, _pleurale_.
PROSIMULIUM Roub.
ii. Face linear; small basal cell of the wing absent.
One species, _P. furcatum_, from California.
_Parasimulium_ Malloch
gg. Flies of a different structure.
h. Antennae composed of apparently two segments and a
terminal arista formed of a number of closely united
segments. Rare flies with aquatic larvae.
ORPHNEPHILIDAE
hh. Antennae of six to fifteen segments, those of the male
usually plumose; legs frequently slender and wings
narrow. CHIRONOMIDAE
i. Media forked (except in the European genus
_Brachypogon_); thorax without longitudinal fissure
and not produced over the head (except in four
exotic genera); antennae usually fourteen-jointed in
both sexes; fore tibia with a simple comb of setulae,
hind tibia with two unequal combs, middle tibia
without comb. CERATOPOGONINAE
j. Thorax produced cap-like over the head, wing narrow
and very long. _Jenkinsia_, _Macroptilum_ and
_Calyptopogon_, eastern hemisphere;
_Paryphoconus_, Brazil.
jj. Thorax not produced over the head.
k. Eyes pubescent, empodium well developed, or if
short then R_{2+3} distinct and crossvein-like
or the branches of R coalescent; r-m crossvein
present; fore femora not thickened; wing either
with appressed hairs or with microscopic erect
setulae. _Dasyhelea_ Kieff.
kk. Eyes bare, or otherwise differing from the
foregoing.
l. Empodium well developed, nearly as long as the
claws and with long hairs at the base; femora
and fifth tarsal segments unarmed, i.e.
without spines or stout setae; fourth tarsal
segment cylindrical.
m. Wing with erect and microscopic setulae.
Widely distributed. (= Atrichopogon)
_Ceratopogon_ Meig.
mm. Wing with long and depressed hairs. Widely
distributed. _Forcipomyia_
n. Hind metatarsus shorter or not longer than
the following (i.e. the second tarsal)
segment. Subgenus _Prohelea_ Kieff
nn. Hind metatarsus longer than the following
segment. Subgenus _Forcipomyia_ Meig.
ll. Empodium short, scarcely reaching the middle
of the claws, or vestigial.
m. R-m crossvein wanting.
n. Palpi four segmented; inferior fork of the
media obliterated at the base. Australia.
_Leptoconops_ Skuse
nn. Palpi three-segmented.
o. Legs spinulose, tarsal claws of the
female with a basal tooth or strong
bristle, those of the male unequal, the
anterior with a long sinuous tooth, the
posterior with a short arcuate tooth.
Italy. MYCTEROTYPUS Noe
oo. Legs unarmed; no crossvein between the
branches of the radius (fig. 163e). New
Mexico. TERSESTHES Townsend
mm. R-m crossvein present.
n. Fore femora very much swollen, armed with
spines below, fore tibia arcuate and
applied closely to the inferior margin of
the femur.
o. R_{2+3} present, therefore cell R_1 and
R_2 both present; wing usually fasciate.
United States _Heteromyia_ Say.
oo. R_{2+3} not distinct from R_{4+5}, hence
cell R_3 obliterated. South America
_Pachyleptus_ Arrib. (Walker)
nn. Fore femur not distinctly swollen.
o. R_{2+3} present therefore cells R_1 and
R_3 both present, or if not, then the
branches of the radius more or less
coalescent, obliterating the cells.
p. At least the tip of the wing with erect
setulae; tip of R_{4+5} scarcely
attaining the middle of the wing,
empodium rather indistinct, not
reaching the middle of the claws, the
claws not toothed, equal, with long
basal bristle; legs without stout
setae. Widely distributed. CULICOIDES
Latr.
HAEMATOMYIDIUM and OECACTA are probable
synonyms of this.
pp. Wings bare, if rarely with hair, then
the radius reaches beyond two-thirds
the length of the wing, or the femur
or fifth tarsal segment with stout
black spines.
q. Media unbranched. Europe.
_Brachypogon_ Kieff
qq. Media branched.
r. Hind femur much swollen and spined.
America and Europe. _Serromyia_
Meg.
rr. Hind femur not distinctly swollen.
s. Cell R_1 not longer than high;
fork of the media distad of the
crossvein; wing with microscopic
setulae. _Stilobezzia_ Kieff
ss. Cell R_1 elongate.
t. Femora unarmed. Widely
distributed. (= Sphaeromias
Kieff. 1913 not Curtis?).
JOHANNSENIELLA Will.
tt. Femora, at least in part, with
strong black spines. Widely
distributed. _Palpomyia_
Megerle
oo. R_{2+3} coalescent with R_{4+5} hence
cell R_3 is obliterated.
p. In the female the lower branch of the
media with an elbow near its base
projecting proximad, the petiole of
the media coalescent with the basal
section of the radius, wing long and
narrow, radial sector ending near the
tip of the wing; venation of the male
as in _Bezzia_; front concave. United
States. _Stenoxenus_ Coq.
pp. Venation otherwise, front not concave.
q. Subcosta and R_1 more or less
coalescent with the costa; wing
pointed at the apex, much longer
than the body; antennae fourteen
segmented, not plumose. India.
_Haasiella_ Kieff.
qq. Subcosta and radius distinct from
the costa.
r. Abdomen petiolate. _Dibezzia_
Kieff.
rr. Abdomen not petiolate.
s. Head semi-globose; hind tarsi
unusually elongate in the
female; antennae of the male not
plumose. Europe. _Macropeza_
Meigen.
ss. Head not globose, more or less
flattened in front; antennae of
the male plumose. Widely
distributed. _Bezzia_ Kieff.
t. Fore femora, at least, armed
with stout spines below.
Subgenus _Bezzia_ Kieff.
tt. Femora unarmed. Subgenus
_Probezzia_ Kieff.
ii. Media of the wing simple, and otherwise not as in
"i". To this group belong numerous Chironomid
genera, none of which are known to be noxious to
man.
ff. The costal vein apparently is continued around the hind
margin of the wing; radius with at least four branches.
g. Wing ovate pointed, with numerous veins; crossveins, if
evident, before the basal third of the wing; veins very
hairy; very small moth-like flies. PSYCHODIDAE
h. With elongate biting proboscis; the petiole of the
anterior forked cell of the wing (R_2) arises at or
beyond the middle of the wing (fig. 163d). PHLEBOTOMUS
Rdi.
[Illustration: 163. Wings of Diptera. (_a_) Anopheles; (_b_)
Prosimulium; (_c_) Johannseniella; (_d_) Phlebotomus (After Doerr and
Russ); (_e_) Tersesthes (after Townsend); (_f_) Tabanus; (_g_)
Symphoromyia; (_h_) Aphiochaeta; (_i_) Eristalis; (_j_) Gastrophilus;
(_k_) Fannia; (_l_) Musca.]
hh. With shorter proboscis; the petiole of the anterior
forked cell arises near the base of the wing.
_Psychoda_, _Pericoma_, etc.
gg. The r-m crossvein placed at or beyond the center of the
wing; wings not folded roof-like over the abdomen.
h. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing; wings bare
(DIXIDAE); or wings scaled (CULICIDAE, Subf.
CORETHRINAE).
hh. Proboscis elongate, adapted for piercing; wings
scaled, fringed on the hind margin; antennae of the
male bushy plumose. Mosquitoes. CULICIDAE (exclusive of
CORETHRINAE)
i. Metanotum without setae.
j. Proboscis strongly decurved; body with broad,
appressed, metalescent scales; cell R_2 less than
half as long as its petiole; claws of female
simple, some of the claws of the male toothed.
Several large southern species believed to feed
only on nectar of flowers. _Megarhinus_ R. D.
jj. Proboscis straight or nearly so, or otherwise
different.
k. Scutellum evenly rounded, not lobed; claws simple
in both sexes. ANOPHELES Meig.
l. Abdomen with clusters of broad outstanding
scales along the sides; outstanding scales on
the veins of the wing rather narrow,
lanceolate; upper side of the thorax and
scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate
scales. Florida and southward (CELLIA).
m. Hind feet from the middle of the second
segment largely or wholly snow white.
n. With a black band at the base of the last
segment of each hind foot. A.
ALBIMANUS*[H] and TARSIMACULATA*
nn. Without such a band A. ARGYRITARSIS*
mm. Hind feet black, mottled with whitish and
with bands of the same color at the sutures
of the segments. W. I. A. MACULIPES
ll. Abdomen without such a cluster of scales;
outstanding scales of the wing veins rather
narrow, lanceolate; tarsi wholly black.
m. Deep black, thorax obscurely lined with
violaceous, especially posteriorly; head,
abdomen and legs black; no markings on the
pleura; abdomen without trace of lighter
bindings; wing scales outstanding, uniform,
not forming spots, though little thicker at
the usual points indicating the spottings.
Florida. A. ATROPUS
mm. Otherwise marked when the wings are
unspotted.
n. Wings unspotted.
o. Petiole of the first forked cell (R_2)
more than a third the length of the
cell. Mississippi valley. A. WALKERI
oo. Petiole of the first forked cell a third
the length of the cell. Md. A. BARBERI
nn. Wings spotted.
o. Front margin of the wings with a patch of
whitish and yellow scales at a point
about two-thirds or three-fourths of the
way from base to apex of wing.
p. Veins of the wing with many broad
obovate outstanding scales; thorax
with a black dot near the middle of
each side. W. I. A. GRABHAMI*
pp. The outstanding scales of the wings
rather narrow, lanceolate.
q. Scales of the last vein of the wings
white, those at each end black;
R_{4+5} black scaled, the extreme
apex white scaled. Widely
distributed north and south (fig.
131). A. PUNCTIPENNIS
A dark variety from Pennsylvania has
been named A. PERPLEXENS.
qq. Scales of the last vein of the wing
white, those at its apex black;
R_{4+5} white scaled and with two
patches of black scales. South and
the tropics. A. FRANCISCANUS and
PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS*
oo. Front margin of the wings wholly black
scaled.
p. Last (anal) vein of the wings white
scaled with three patches of black
scales (fig. 132). New Jersey to
Texas. A. CRUCIANS*
pp. Last vein of the wings wholly black
scaled.
q. Widely distributed north and south
(fig. 130), (= MACULIPENNIS). A.
QUADRIMACULATUS*
qq. Distributed from Rocky Mountains
westward. A. OCCIDENTALIS
kk. Scutellum distinctly trilobed.
l. Cell R_2 less than half as long as its petiole;
thorax with metallic blue scales; median lobe
of the scutellum not tuberculate; few small
species which are not common. URANOTAENIA
Arrib.
ll. Cell R_2 nearly or quite as long as its
petiole, or otherwise distinct.
m. Femora with erect outstanding scales; occiput
broad and exposed. Large species. P.
CILIATA. P. HOWARDI PSOROPHORA R. D.
mm. Femora without erect scales.
n. Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs,
scutellum with broad scales only; back of
head with broad scales; scales along the
sides of the mesonotum narrow; some or the
claws toothed; thorax marked with a pair
of silvery scaled curved stripes; legs
black with white bands at the bases of
some of the segments (fig. 134). Yellow
Fever mosquito. AEDES (= STEGOMYIA)
CALOPUS.
nn. With another combination of characters.
Numerous species of mosquitoes belonging
to several closely related genera, widely
distributed over the country. (_Culex_,
_Aedes_, _Ochlerotatus_, etc.). CULEX in
the wide sense.
ii. Metanotum with setae. _Wyeomyia_ (found in the United
States); and related tropic genera.
bb. Antennae composed of three segments with a differentiated style or
bristle; third segment sometimes complex or annulate, in which
case the empodium is usually developed like the pulvilli, i.e.,
pad-like (fig. 161 g).
c. Empodium developed pad-like (pulvilliform) i.e., three nearly
equal membranous appendages on the underside of the claw (fig.
161g).
d. Squamae, head, and eyes large; occiput flattened or concave;
third segment of the antennae with four to eight annuli or
segments, proboscis adapted for piercing; body with fine
hairs, never with bristles; middle tibia with two spurs; wing
venation as figured (fig. 163f); marginal vein encompasses the
entire wing. Horse flies, greenheads, deer flies, gad flies
TABANIDAE[I]
e. Hind tibia with spurs at tip; ocelli usually present
(PANGONINAE)
f. Third joint of the antennae with seven or eight segments;
proboscis usually prolonged.
g. Each section the third antennal segment branched. Central
American species, _P. festae_. _Pityocera_ G. T.
gg. Sections of the third antennal segment not branched.
h. Upper corner of the eyes in the female terminating in
an acute angle; wings of both sexes dark anteriorly.
_G. chrysocoma_, a species from the eastern states.
_Goniops_ Ald.
hh. Upper corner of the eye in the female not so
terminating; wings nearly uniform in color, or
hyaline.
i. Proboscis scarcely extending beyond the palpi; front
of the female wide; much wider below than above. S.
W. States. _Apatolestes_ Will.
ii. Proboscis extending beyond the palpi.
j. Wing with cell M_3 closed. Tropic America. (=
_Diclisa_) _Scione_ Wlk.
jj. Cell M_3 open; ocelli present or absent. Two or
three eastern species; many south and west
PANGONIA Rdi.
ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions; ocelli
present.
g. First and second segments of the antenna short, the
second only half as long as the first, three western
species. SILVIUS Rdi.
gg. First and second segments of the antenna long, the
second distinctly over half as long as the first. Deer
flies. Many species, widely distributed. CHRYSOPS Meig.
ee. Hind tibia without spurs; ocelli absent.
f. Third segment of antenna with four divisions, no tooth or
angulation; wings marked with rings and circles of darker
coloring; front of the female very wide. Widely
distributed. _H. americana_, _H. punctulata_. HAEMATOPOTA
Meig.
ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions (fig.
161b).
g. Third segment of the antenna not furnished with a tooth
or distinct angular projection.
h. Body covered with metallic scales; front of female of
normal width; front and middle tibiae greatly dilated.
_L. lepidota_. _Lepidoselaga_ Macq.
hh. Body without metallic scales; antennae not very long,
the third segment not cylindrical, not situated on a
projecting tubercle; front of the female narrow.
South. _D. ferrugatus._ (= _Diabasis_) _Diachlorus_ O.
S.
gg. Third segment of the antenna furnished with a tooth or a
distinct angular projection.
h. Hind tibiae ciliate with long hairs. S. W. and tropics.
_Snowiella_ and _Stibasoma_.
hh. Hind tibiae not ciliate.
i. Species of slender build, usually with a banded
thorax and abdomen; third segment of the antenna
slender, the basal prominence long; wings mostly
with brownish markings. Tropic America.
_Dichelacera_ Macq.
ii. Species of a stouter build; third segment of the
antenna stout, its basal process short (fig. 161b).
Many species, widely distributed TABANUS L.
dd. With another group of characters.
e. Squamae small, antennae variable, thinly pilose or nearly
bare species, without distinct bristles; wing veins not
crowded anteriorly, R_4 and R_5 both present, basal cells
large; middle tibiae at least with spurs. LEPTIDAE
f. Flagellum of the antenna more or less elongated, composed
of numerous more or less distinct divisions. XYLOPHAGINAE
and ARTHROCERATINAE.
ff. Antennae short, third segment simple, with arista or style;
face small, proboscis short LEPTINAE
g. Front tibiae each with one or two spurs, or if absent,
then no discal cell. _Triptotricha_, _Pheneus_,
_Dialysis_, _Hilarimorpha_.
gg. Front tibiae without terminal spurs, discal cell
present.
h. Hind tibiae each with a single spur.
i. Anal cell open (fig. 163g); third antennal segment
kidney-shaped with dorsal or subdorsal arista; first
antennal segment elongate and thickened. About a
dozen species have been described from the United
States, of which at least one (S. PACHYCERAS) is
known to be a vicious blood sucker. SYMPHOROMYIA
Frauenf.
ii. Anal cell closed; third antennal segment not
kidney-shaped. _Chrysopila_, _Ptiolina_, _Spania_.
hh. Hind tibiae each with two spurs.
i. Third segment kidney-shaped, the arista subdorsal;
anal cell closed. _Atherix_ Meig.
ii. Third segment of the antenna short and with terminal
arista; anal cell open _Leptis_ Fabr. Two European
species of this genus have been accused of blood
sucking habits, but the record seems to have been
based upon error in observation.
ee. With another combination of characters. STRATIOMYIIDAE,
CYRTIDAE, etc.
cc. Empodium bristlelike or absent.
d. Antennae apparently two segmented, with three-segmented arista,
wings (rarely wanting) with several stout veins anteriorly,
the weaker ones running obliquely across the wing (fig. 163h);
small, quick running, bristly, humpbacked flies. Several
genera; APHIOCHAETA, PHORA, TRINEURA, etc. PHORIDAE
dd. Flies with other characters.
e. No frontal lunule above the base of the antennae; both R_4
and R_5 often present; third segment of the antenna often
with a terminal bristle. ASILIDAE, MYDAIDAE,
APIOCERIDAE, THEREVIDAE, SCENOPINIDAE, BOMBYLIIDAE,
EMPIDIDAE, DOLICHOPODIDAE, LONCHOPTERIDAE.
ee. A frontal lunule above the base of the antennae; third
segment of the antenna always simple, i.e., not ringed,
usually with a dorsal arista; R_4 and R_5 coalesced into a
simple vein.
f. A spurious vein or fold between the radius and the media,
rarely absent; the cell R_{4+5} closed at the apex by vein
M_1; few or no bristles on the body, none on the head;
flies frequently with yellow markings. ERISTALIS (fig.
163i), HELOPHILUS, and many other genera. SYRPHIDAE
ff. No spurious vein present.
g. Body without bristles; proboscis elongate and slender,
often folding; front of both male and female broad.
CONOPIDAE
gg. Bristles almost always present on head, thorax, abdomen
and legs.
h. Arista terminal; hind metatarsus enlarged, sometimes
ornamented, hind tarsus more or less flattened beneath.
PLATYPEZIDAE
hh. Flies having a different combination of characters.
i. Head large, eyes occupying nearly the entire head;
cell R_{4+5} narrowed in the margin; small flies.
PIPUNCULIDAE
ii. Head and eyes not unusually large.
j. Squamae (tegulae, or calyptrae, or alulae)
not large, often quite small, the lower one
lacking, or at most barely projecting from below
the upper one (antisquama); front of both male and
female broad, the eyes therefore widely separated;
posthumeral and intraalar macrochaeta not
simultaneously present; thorax usually without a
complete transverse suture; postalar callus
usually absent; the connectiva adjoining the
ventral sclerites always visible; hypopleural
macrochaetae absent; last section of R_{4+5}
and M_{1+2} with but few exceptions nearly
parallel; subcostal vein often wanting or
vestigial or closely approximated to R_1; the
latter often short, basal cells small, the
posterior ones often indistinct or wanting;
vibrissae present or absent. ACALYPTRATE
MUSCOIDEA
k. Subcosta present, distinctly separated from R_1
at the tip; R_1 usually ends distad of the
middle of the wing; the small basal cells of the
wing distinct.
l. A bristle (vibrissa) on each side of the face
near the margin of the mouth. CORDYLURIDAE,
SEPSIDAE, PHYCODROMIDAE, HETERONEURIDAE,
HELOMYZIDAE.
ll. No vibrissae present.
m. Head nearly spherical, cheeks broad and
retreating; proboscis short; the cell R_5
closed or narrowed in the margin; legs very
long; tarsi shorter than the tibiae. CALOBATA
and other genera. MICROPEZIDAE
mm. Flies with another combination of
characters. RHOPALOMERIDAE, TRYPETIDAE,
ORTALIDAE, SCIOMYZIDAE.
kk. Subcosta absent or vestigial, or if present,
then apparently ending in the costa at the point
where R_1 joins it; R_1 usually ends in the
costa at or before the middle of the wing.
l. Arista long plumose, or pectinate above; oral
vibrissae present; anal cell complete; costa
broken at the apex of R_1. DROSOPHILA,
PHORTICA, and other genera. DROSOPHILIDAE
ll. With another combination of characters.
m. The cell M and first M_2 not separated by a
crossvein; anal cell absent; front bare or
only bristly above; usually light colored
flies. HIPPELATES, OSCINUS, and other
genera. (See also m m m.) OSCINIDAE
mm. Cell M and cell first M_2 often separated by
a crossvein; anal cell present, complete,
though frequently small; scutellum without
spines or protuberances; oral vibrissae
present; arista bare or short plumose; front
bristly at vertex only; small dark flies.
PIOPHILA (fig. 99), SEPSIS and other genera.
SEPSIDAE
mmm. The GEOMYZIDAE, AGROMYZIDAE,
PSILIDAE, TRYPETIDAE, RHOPALOMERIDAE,
BORBORIDAE and DIOPSIDAE differ in
various particulars from either the
OSCINIDAE and the SEPSIDAE noted above.
jj. Squamae well developed, usually large, the lower
one frequently projecting from below the upper
one; both posthumeral and intraalar macrochaetae
present; thorax with a complete transverse suture;
postalar callus present and separated by a
distinct suture from the dorsum of the thorax;
front of the female broad, of the male frequently
narrow, the eyes then nearly or quite contiguous;
the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites
either visible or not; hypopleural macrochaetae
present or absent; subcosta always distinct in its
whole course, R_1 never short. CALYPTRATE
MUSCOIDEA[J]
k. Oral opening small, mouth parts usually much
reduced or vestigial. This family is undoubtedly
of polyphyletic origin but for convenience it is
here considered as a single family. OESTRIDAE.
l. The costal vein ends at the tip of R_{4+5},
M_{1+2} straight, not reaching the wing
margin, hence cell R_5 wide open (fig. 163j);
squamae small; arista bare; ovipositor of the
female elongate. Larvae in the alimentary canal
of horses, etc. GASTROPHILUS
m. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) wanting; wings
smoky or with clouds. Europe. G. PECORUM
mm. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) present, at least
in part.
n. Wing hyaline with smoky median cross band,
and two or three spots; posterior
trochanters with hook in the male and a
prominence in the female. World wide
distribution. G. EQUI.
nn. Wings without spots.
o. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) distad of the
anterior crossvein (r-m); legs,
particularly the femora, blackish brown.
Europe and North America. G.
HAEMORRHOIDALIS
oo. Posterior crossvein opposite or proximad
of the anterior crossvein. Europe and
North America. G. NASALIS
ll. The costal vein ends at the tip of M_{1+2},
M_{1+2} with a bend, the cell R_5 hence much
narrowed in the margin, or closed.
m. Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep
slit; female without extricate ovipositor;
arista either bare or plumose; squamae large;
facial grooves approximated below.
n. Arista bare, short. Larvae in rodents.
Tropic America. _B. princeps_. _Bogeria_
Austen
nn. Arista pectinate above.
o. Tarsi broadened and flattened, hairy,
anal lobe of the wing large. Larvae in
rodents. A number of American species.
_Cuterebra_.
oo. Tarsi slender, not hairy; anal lobe of
the wing moderate. Larvae in man and
other mammals. Tropic America. D.
CYANIVENTRIS. DERMATOBIA Br.
mm. Mouth parts very small, vestigial; arista
bare.
n. Facial grooves approximated below, leaving
a narrow median depression or groove.
o. Cell R_5 closed and petiolate, body
nearly bare. Larvae in the nasal cavities
of the smaller Ungulates. The sheep bot
fly. O. OVIS. Widely distributed OESTRUS
L.
oo. Cell R_5 narrowly open, body hairy.
Larvae parasitic on deer. Europe and
America. _Cephenomyia_ Latr.
nn. Facial grooves far apart, enclosing
between them a broad shield-shaped
surface; squamae large; female with
elongate ovipositor. Larvae hypodermatic on
Ungulates HYPODERMA Clark
o. Palpi wanting; tibiae thickened in the
middle.
p. Hair at apex of the abdomen yellow;
legs including femora yellowish brown.
H. DIANA
pp. Hair at the apex of the abdomen
reddish yellow. Europe and America.
q. Tibiae and tarsi yellow; femora black.
H. LINEATA
qq. Legs black with black hair; tips of
hind tibia and tarsi yellowish
brown. H. BOVIS
oo. Palpi small, globular; tibiae
cylindrical, straight. On reindeer. _O.
tarandi_ _Oedemagena_ Latr.
kk. Oral opening of the usual size; mouth parts not
vestigial.
l. Hypopleurals wanting; if three sternopleurals
are present the arrangement is 1:2;
conjunctiva (fig. 161c) of the venter usually
present; if the terminal section of M_{1+2} is
bent it has neither fold nor appendage
(ANTHOMYIIDAE of Girschner).
m. Sternopleurals wanting; M_{1+2} straight
toward the apex, costa ends at or slightly
beyond the tip of R_{4+5}; mouth parts
vestigial. GASTROPHILINAE. See OESTRIDAE
mm. Sternopleurals present, if rarely absent
then differing in other characters.
n. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral
abdominal sclerite of the male deeply
notched on the median line usually to
beyond the middle; abdomen often
cylindrical or linear; abdomen often with
four to eight spots; eyes of the male
usually widely separated; sternopleurals
three, arranged in an equilateral
triangle; subapical seta of the hind tibia
placed very low; M_{1+2} straight; anal
vein abbreviated; wings not rilled.
_Caenosia_, _Caricea_, _Dexiopsis_,
_Hoplogaster_, _Schoenomyia_, etc.
(COENOSINAE)[K]. ANTHOMYIIDAE in part
nn. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral
abdominal sclerite of the male incurved,
rarely deeply cleft, rarely entire, in a
few genera deeply two or three notched;
M_{1+2} straight or curved; abdomen
usually short or elongate oval;
sternopleurals, if three are present,
arranged in the order 1:2 in a right
triangle. (MUSCINAE-ANTHOMYIINAE of
Girschner)
o. M_{1+2} straight, hence cell R_5 not
narrowed in the margin. ANTHOMYIIDAE in
part
p. Underside of the scutellum more or less
sparsely covered with fine hairs; anal
vein nearly always reaches the hind
margin of the wing; extensor surface
of the hind tibiae with a number of
stout setae; squamae often small and
equal. ANTHOMYIA, _Chortophila_,
_Eustalomyia_, _Hammomyia_,
_Hylemyia_, _Prosalpia_, _Pegomyia_,
etc. HYLEMYINAE-PEGOMYINAE
pp. Underside of the scutellum bare; anal
vein does not reach the wing margin.
q. First anal vein short, second anal
suddenly flexed upwards; hind tibiae
each with one or two strong setae on
the extensor surface. FANNIA (=
HOMALOMYIA), _Coelomyia_,
_Choristoma_, _Euryomma_, _Azelia_,
etc. FANNINAE-AZELINAE
qq. Anal veins parallel or divergent.
r. Setae on the exterior surface of the
hind tibiae wanting (except in
_Limnaricia_ and _Coenosites_),
lower squama not broadened to the
margin of the scutellum.
_Leucomelina_, _Limnophora_,
_Limnospila_, _Lispa_, _Mydaea_,
_Spilogaster_, etc.
MYDAEINAE-LIMNOPHORINAE
rr. One (rarely more) seta on the
extensor surface of the hind
tibia; squamae usually large and
unequal. HYDROTAEA, _Aricia_,
_Drymeia_, _Ophyra_, _Phaonia_ (=
_Hyetodesia_), _Pogonomyia_,
_Trichophthicus_, etc. ARICINAE
oo. M_{1+2} curved or bent, hence the cell
R_5 more or less narrowed in the margin.
(MUSCINAE). MUSCIDAE in part. See
page 303 for generic synopsis.
ll. Hypopleurals present; when three
sternopleurals are present the arrangement is
2:1 or 1:1:1. (TACHINIDAE of Girschner)
m. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites of the
abdomen present, frequently well developed,
surrounding the sclerites.
n. Mouth parts vestigial. OESTRIDAE. See page
297 for generic synopsis.
nn. Mouth parts well developed.
o. M_{1+2} straight, hence cell R_5 wide
open in the margin; costa ending at the
tip of R_5; three sternopleurals
present; antennal arista plumose.
_Syllegoptera_. Europe.
(SYLLEGOPTERINAE). DEXIIDAE in part
oo. M_{1+2} bent, hence cell R_5 narrowed in
the margin; sternopleurals rarely
wanting, usually 1:1 or 0:1; facial
plate strongly produced below vibrissal
angle like the bridge of the nose;
antennal arista bare. Parasitic on
Hemiptera and Coleoptera. _Allophora_,
_Cistogaster_, _Clytia_, _Phasia_, etc.
(PHASIINAE) TACHINIDAE in part.
mm. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites
invisible (fig. 161a).
n. Second ventral sclerite of the abdomen
lying with its edges either upon or in
contact with the ventral edges of the
corresponding dorsal sclerite.
o. Outermost posthumeral almost always lower
(more ventrad) in position than the
presutural macrochaeta; fifth ventral
abdominal sclerite of the male cleft
beyond the middle, often strongly
developed; body color very frequently
metallic green or blue, or yellow;
arista plumose. (CALLIPHORINAE)
MUSCIDAE in part.
See page 303 for generic synopsis.
oo. Outermost posthumeral macrochaeta on
level or higher (more dorsad) than the
presutural macrochaeta; arista bare,
pubescent, or plumose only on the basal
two-thirds; body coloring usually
grayish (fig. 106). SARCOPHAGIDAE
p. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male
either wanting or with the caudal
margin straight; presutural intraalar
rarely present. (SARCOPHAGINAE)
q. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of
the male much reduced, the remaining
segments with straight posterior
margin, overlapping scale-like; in
the female only segment one and two
scale-like, the others wholly or in
part covered; sternopleurals usually
three or more. SARCOPHAGA and
related genera.
qq. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male
plainly visible; sternopleurals
usually two. SARCOPHILA,
WOHLFAHRTIA, _Brachycoma_,
_Hilarella_, _Miltogramma_,
_Metopia_, _Macronychia_, _Nyctia_,
_Paramacronychia_, _Pachyphthalmus_,
etc.
pp. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of
the male cleft to beyond the middle;
ventral sclerites usually visible,
shield-like. _Rhinophora_, _Phyto_,
_Melanophora_ RHINOPHORINAE
[Illustration: 164. Glossina palpalis. (x4.) After Austen.]
nn. Second ventral abdominal sclerite as well
as the others more or less covered,
sometimes wholly, by the edges of the
dorsal sclerite.
o. The presutural intraalar wanting; ventral
sclerites two to five nearly or quite
covered by the edges of the
corresponding dorsal sclerites; base of
the antennae usually at or below the
middle of the eye; arista usually
plumose; legs usually elongate;
abdominal segments with marginal and
often discal macrochaetae. DEXIIDAE
oo. Presutural intraalar present, if absent,
then the ventral sclerites broadly
exposed or the fifth ventral sclerite
vestigial; base of the antennae usually
above the middle of the eye; arista
bare; at least two posthumerals and
three posterior intraalars present.
Parasitic on caterpillars, etc.
TACHINIDAE
SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL GENERA OF THE MUSCIDAE OF THE WORLD
a. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing, or oral
margin much produced, snout-like.
b. Oral margin produced snout-like; vibrissa placed high above the
oral margin; antennal arista either pectinate or more or less
plumose.
c. Antennal arista short or long-plumose; neither sex with distinct
orbital bristles.
d. No facial carina between the antennae. RHYNCHOMYIINAE
e. Arista short-plumose. _R. speciosa._ Europe. _Rhynchomyia_ R.
D.
ee. Arista long-plumose. _I. phasina_. Europe and Egypt.
_Idiopsis_. B. B.
dd. With flattened carina, the bases of the antennae separated; no
abdominal macrochaetae. COSMININAE _C. fuscipennis_. South
Africa. _Cosmina_
cc. Antennal arista pectinate; bases of the antennae separated by a
flattened carina. RHINIINAE R. D.
d. Cell R_5 open, or closed at the margin.
e. Third segment of the antenna twice as long as the second;
claws of both sexes short; cell R_5 open. _I. lunata._
Eastern Hemisphere. _Idia_ Meigen
ee. Third segment of the antenna three times as long as the
second; cell R_5 open or closed; claws of the male long and
slender, of the female shorter than the last tarsal joint.
_I. mandarina_, China. _Idiella_ B. B.
dd. Cell R_5 petiolate. _Rhinia_; and _Beccarimyia_ Rdi.
bb. Proboscis long, directed forward, adapted for piercing. STOMOXINAE
c. Arista flat, pectinate above with plumose rays; sternopleurals
1:2; bases of the veins R_1 and R_{4+5} without setae; base of
the media bowed down; apical cell opens before the apex of the
wing. African species. GLOSSINA Wied.
d. Species measuring over twelve mm. in length. _G. longipennis_
and FUSCA.
dd. Species less than twelve mm. in length.
e. All segments of the hind tarsi black.
f. The fourth and fifth segments of the fore tarsi black;
antennae black (fig. 164). G. PALPALIS R. D.
ff. Otherwise marked. _G. bocagei_, _tachinoides_,
_pallicera._
ee. First three segments of the hind tarsi are yellow, the
fourth and fifth segments are black.
f. Fourth and fifth segments of the first and second pair of
tarsi are black.
g. The yellow bands of the abdominal segments occupy a third
of the segment (fig. 165). G. MORSITANS Westw.
gg. The yellow band on each segment of the abdomen occupies
a sixth of the segment. G. LONGIPALPIS Wied.
ff. Tarsi of the first and second pairs of legs wholly yellow.
_G. pallidipes_ Austen
cc. Rays of the arista not plumose; only one or two sternopleurals;
base of the media not strongly bowed down; apical cell opens at
or very near the apex of the wing.
d. Vein R_{4+5} without setae at the base; palpi about as long as
the proboscis.
e. Arista pectinate (i.e. rays on one side only), the rays often
undulate; two yellow sternopleurals often difficult to
detect; vein M_{1+2} only slightly bent, the apical cell
hence wide open. The horn fly, H. IRRITANS (= _Lyperosia
serrata_) and related species. Widely distributed (figs.
167, 168). HAEMATOBIA R. D. not B. B.
[Illustration: 165. Glossina morsitans. (x4.) After Austen.]
ee. Arista also with rays below; vein M_{1+2} more strongly
bent, the apical cell hence less widely open.
f. Palpi strongly spatulate at the tips, lower rays of the
arista about six in number, B. SANGUINOLENTUS. South Asia.
BDELLOLARYNX Austen
ff. Palpi feebly spatulate; apical cell of the wing narrowly
open slightly before the tip; sternopleurals black,
anterior bristle sometimes absent. H. ATRIPALPIS. Europe.
HAEMATOBOSCA Bezzi
dd. Vein R_{4+5} with setae at the base.[L]
e. Veins R_1 and R_{4+5} with setae at the base; two equally
prominent sternopleural macrochaetae; arista with rays both
above and below; palpi as long as the proboscis; apical cell
of the wing wide open. L. TIBIALIS. (_Haematobia_ B. B. not
R. D.). LYPEROSIOPS Town.
ee. Only vein R_{4+5} with basal setae; anterior sternopleural
macrochaeta wanting; arista pectinate.
f. Palpi as long as the proboscis, the latter stout, with
fleshy terminal labellae; apical cell narrowly open;
sternopleural macrochaetae black. S. MACULOSA from Africa
and related species from Asia. STYGEROMYIA Austen
ff. Palpi much shorter than the proboscis, the latter pointed
at the apex, without fleshy labellae; apical cell of the
wing wide open. S. CALCITRANS, the stable fly and related
species. Widely distributed in both hemispheres (fig.
110). STOMOXYS Geof.
aa. Proboscis neither slender nor elongate, the labellae fleshy and not
adapted for piercing.
b. Hypopleurae without a vertical row of macrochaetae. MUSCINAE
c. Arista bare; distal portion of M_{1+2} broadly curved at the end;
hypopleurae with a sparse cluster of fine hairs. _S.
braziliana_, Southern States and southward. _Synthesiomyia_ B.
B.
cc. Arista pectinate or plumose.
d. Arista pectinate. _H. vittigera_, with the posterior half of
the abdomen metallic blue. Mexico. _Hemichlora_ V. d. W.
dd. Arista plumose.
e. Middle tibia with one or more prominent setae on the inner
(flexor) surface beyond the middle, or inner surface very
hairy.
f. R_1 ends distad of the m-cu crossvein; M_{1+2} with a broad
curve near its apical end. (= _Neomesembrina_ Schnabl. =
_Metamesembrina_ Town). _M. meridiana._ Europe.
_Mesembrina_ Meigen
ff. R_1 ends proximad of the m-cu crossvein.
g. Eyes pilose, sometimes sparsely in the female.
h. Female with two or three stout orbital setae; the hind
metatarsus of the male thickened below at the base and
penicillate. _D. pratorum._ Europe. _Dasyphora_ R.
D.[M]
hh. Neither sex with orbital setae.
i. Abdomen without macrochaetae; arista plumose. _C.
asiatica._ Eastern Hemisphere. _Cryptolucilia_ B. B.
ii. Abdomen with strong macrochaetae; arista very
short-plumose, nearly bare. _B. tachinina._ Brazil.
_Reinwardtia_ B. B.
gg. Eyes bare.
h. Body densely pilose; thoracic macrochaetae wanting;
middle tibiae much elongate and bent; last section of
M_{1+2} with a gentle curve. H. (_Mesembrina_)
_mystacea, et al._, Europe and _H. solitaria_, N.
America. _Hypodermodes_ Town.
hh. Body not densely pilose.
i. Dorsocentrals six; last section of M_{1+2} with a
gentle curve.
j. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") wanting;
sternopleurals arranged 1:3. _P. cyanicolor_,
_cadaverina_, etc. Europe and America _Pyrellia_
R. D.
jj. Inner dorsocentrals ("acrostichals") present;
sternopleurals arranged 1:2. E. _latreillii._
North America. _Eumesembrina_ Town.
ii. Dorsocentrals five; inner dorsocentrals present;
last section of M_{1+2} with a rounded angle;
sternopleurals arranged 1:2. _P. cornicina_ Europe
and America. (_Pseudopyrellia_ Girsch.) _Orthellia_
R. D.
ee. Middle tibia without a prominent bristle on the inner
surface beyond the middle.
[Illustration: 166. Pycnosoma marginale. (x4.) After Graham-Smith.]
f. Squamula thoracalis broadened mesad and caudad as far as
the scutellum.
g. Sternopleural macrochaetae arranged in an equilateral
triangle; front of both sexes broad; genae bare;
dorsocentrals six, small; wing not rilled. (To
COENOSINAE). _Atherigona_ Rdi.
gg. Sternopleural macrochaetae when three are present,
arranged in a right triangle.
h. Last section of M_{1+2} with a more or less rounded
angle (fig. 163l).
i. Eyes of the male pilose or pubescent, of the female
nearly bare; m-cu crossvein usually at or proximad
of the mid-distance between the r-m crossvein and
the bend of M_{1+2}. P. (= _Placomyia_ R. D.)
_vitripennis_. _Plaxemyia_ R. D.
ii. Eyes bare; the m-cu crossvein always nearer to the
bend of M_{1+2} than to the r-m crossvein.
j. Apex of the proboscis when extended reveals a
circlet of stout chitinous teeth. P. INSIGNIS
Austen, of India, bites both man and animals. (=
_Pristirhynchomyia_.) PHILAEMATOMYIA Austen
jj. Apex of the proboscis without black teeth.
k. Eyes of male separated by a distance equal to a
fourth the width of the head. House or typhoid
fly. M. DOMESTICA L. Widely distributed. MUSCA
L.
kk. Eyes of the male contiguous. E. CORVINA. Europe.
EUMUSCA Town
hh. Last section of M_{1+2} with a gentle curve (fig.
102).
i. Eyes pilose.
j. Claws in the male somewhat elongated; no orbitals
in either sex; antennae separated at the base by a
flat carina; abdomen marked with red or yellow.
_G. maculata._ Europe and America. _Graphomyia_ R.
D.
jj. Claws short and equal in the two sexes; two or
three stout orbital macrochaetae in the
female; R_1 scarcely produced beyond the r-m
crossvein; eyes contiguous in the male. _P.
obsoleta._ Brazil. _Phasiophana_ Br.
ii. Eyes bare; fronto-orbital macrochaetae in a double
row, antennae contiguous at the base.
j. One or more pairs of well developed anterior inner
dorsocentral (acrostichal) macrochaetae; seta on
extensor surface of hind tibia. M. ASSIMILIS,
STABULANS, etc. Europe and America. MUSCINA R. D.
jj. Anterior inner dorsocentrals and the setae; on the
extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting. _M.
micans_, etc. Europe and North America. _Morellia_
R. D.
ff. Squamula thoracalis not broadened mesad and caudad, not
reaching the margin of the scutellum; macrochaetae on
extensor surface of the hind tibia wanting.
g. Eyes pubescent. _M. meditabunda._ Europe and America.
_Myiospila_ Rdi.
gg. Eyes bare; R_1 ends before the middle of the wing. A
number of species from the tropics of both hemispheres.
_Clinopera_ V. d. W.
bb. Hypopleurae with a vertical row of macrochaetae.
c. Eyes pubescent.
d. R_1 ends about opposite the r-m crossvein; basal section of
R_{4+5} bristly nearly to the crossvein; _S. enigmatica_.
Africa. _Somalia_ Hough
dd. R_1 ends distad of the r-m crossvein.
e. Eastern hemisphere. Australasia. _N. ochracea_,
_dasypthalma_. _Neocalliphora_ Br.
ee. Western Hemisphere. _T. muscinum._ Mexico. _Tyreomma_ V. d.
W.
cc. Eyes bare.
d. The vibrissal angle situated at a noticeable distance above the
level of the margin of the mouth.
e. Sternopleural macrochaetae arranged in the order 1:1.
f. Genae with microchaetae.
g. Body grayish, with depressed yellow woolly hair among the
macrochaetae; wings folded longitudinally over the body
when at rest. Cluster flies. _P. rudis_ and related
species, widely distributed. _Pollenia_ R. D.[N]
gg. Body metallic blue or green. Eastern Hemisphere.
h. Vibrissal angle placed very high above the oral margin;
a carina between the antennae; outer posthumeral
wanting; anterior intraalar present. _T. viridaurea_.
Java. _Thelychaeta_ Br.
[Illustration: 167. Horn fly. (_a_) egg; (_b_) larva; (_c_) puparium;
(_d_) adult. (x4). Bureau of Entomology]
hh. Vibrissal angle moderately high above the oral margin;
carina small or wanting; no post humeral macrochaeta;
lower squamae hairy above. (= _Paracompsomyia_ Hough)
(fig. 166). _Pycnosoma_ Br.
ff. Genae bare. _S. terminata_. Eastern Hemisphere.
_Strongyloneura_ Bigot
ee. Sternopleurals arranged 2:1.
f. Body metallic green or blue, with gray stripes; genae hairy
to the lower margin; post humerals often wanting; lower
squamae bare above. (= _Compsomyia_ Rdi.). CHRYSOMYIA R. D.
g. With one or two orbitals; height of bucca less than half
the height of the eye. South and east U. S. (fig. 107).
C. MARCELLARIA
gg. No orbitals; height of bucca about a third less than
height of eye. West U. S. _C. wheeleri_ Hough
ff. Body black or sordidly metallic greenish gray, usually
yellow pollinose or variegate; genae at most hairy above.
_N. stygia_. Eastern Hemisphere. _Neopollenia_ Br.
dd. Vibrissal angle situated nearly on a level of the oral margin.
e. Species wholly blackish, bluish, or greenish metallic in
color.
f. First section of R_{4+5} with at most three or four small
bristles at the immediate base.
g. The bend of M_{1+2} a gentle curve; costal spine present;
cell R_5 closed, ending before the apex of the wing. _S.
cuprina._ Java. _Synamphoneura_ Bigot
gg. Bend of M_{1+2} angular; or the insect differs in other
characters; dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis
hairy (except in _Melinda_); arista plumose only on the
basal two-thirds (except usually in _Calliphora_ and
_Eucalliphora_).
[Illustration: 168. Head of horn-fly (Lyperosia irritans); (_a_) female;
(_b_) male; (_c_) lateral aspect of female. Bureau of Entomology]
h. Arista plumose only on the basal two-thirds.
i. Base of the antennae ventrad of the middle of the
eye; eyes of the male nearly contiguous; genae
hairy; second abdominal segment with median marginal
macrochaetae; two, rarely three, postsutural
intraalar macrochaetae.
j. Squamula thoracalis dorsally with long black hairs;
male hypopygium two-segmented, large, projecting;
claws and pulvilli of the male elongate; three
strong sternopleural macrochaetae; genae at
least half the width of the eye; buccae (cheeks)
half the height of the eyes; oviviparous. _O.
sepulcralis._ Europe. _Onesia_ R. D.
jj. Dorsal surface of the squamula thoracalis bare;
male hypopygium small, scarcely projecting below;
claws and pulvilli not elongate; two stout
sternopleural macrochaetae, sometimes with a
delicate one below the anterior; genae nearly
linear in the male; buccae about a third of the eye
height; oviparous. _M. caerulea_. Europe.
_Melinda_. R. D.
[Illustration: 169. Lateral and dorsal aspects of the thorax, and
frontal aspect of the head of a muscoidean fly, with designations of the
parts commonly used in taxonomic work.]
ii. Base of the antennae dorsad of the middle of the eye;
eyes of both sexes distinctly separated; dorsal
surface of the squamula thoracalis with black hairs;
two postsutural intraalar macrochaetae.
j. Hypopygium of the male large, with a pair of
slightly curved forceps whose ends are concealed
in a longitudinal slit in the fifth ventral
sclerite; third posterior inner dorso-central
(acrostichal) macrochaetae absent; anterior
intraalar rarely present; abdomen usually not
pollinose; the second segment without median
marginal macrochaetae; face yellow. _C.
mortuorum_, _cadaverina_, and related species.
Both hemispheres. _Cynomyia_ R. D.[O]
[Illustration: 170. Sepsis violacea; puparium and adult. (See page 297.)
After Howard.]
jj. Three pairs of posterior inner dorsocentrals
(acrostichals) present; second abdominal segment
with a row of marginal macrochaetae; genae
hairy, at least above.
k. Hypopygium of the male with a projecting style.
_S. stylifera_. Europe. _Steringomyia_ Pok.
kk. Hypopygium of the male without style. _A.
stelviana_ B. B. _Acrophaga_ B. B.
hh. Arista usually plumose nearly to the tip; posterior
dorsocentrals and inner dorsocentrals (acrostichals)
well developed; dorsal surface of the squamula
thoracalis hairy; abdomen metallic and usually
pollinose; genae hairy.
i. With one pair of ocellar macrochaetae. C. VOMITORIA,
ERYTHROCEPHALA, VIRIDESCENS, and related species.
Both hemispheres. CALLIPHORA R. D.
ii. With two strong pairs of ocellar macrochaetae. _E.
latifrons._ Pacific slope of the U. S.
_Eucalliphora_ Town.
ff. First section of R_{4+5} bristly near or quite half way to
the small crossvein; dorsal surface of the squamula
thoracalis is bare; the hypopygium of the male is
inconspicuous.
g. Genae bare; posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals
distinct and well developed. _L. caesar_, _sericata_,
_sylvarum_, and related species. Widely distributed in
both hemispheres (fig. 103). LUCILIA R. D.
gg. Genae with microchaetae, at least down to the
level of the base of the arista.
h. Mesonotum flattened behind the transverse suture.
i. Posterior dorsocentrals inconstant and unequally
developed; one pair of posterior inner
dorsocentrals. _P. terraenovae._ North America.
_Protophormia_ Town.
ii. Posterior dorsocentrals well developed, the inner
dorsocentrals (acrostichals) unequally developed.
_P. azurea_, _chrysorrhoea_, etc. Europe and America.
_Protocalliphora_ Hough
hh. Mesonotum not flattened behind the transverse suture;
posterior inner and outer dorsocentrals inconstant and
unequally developed. _P. regina._ Europe and America.
_Phormia_ R. D.
ee. Species more or less rufous or yellow in color.
f. Anterior dorsocentrals wanting; first section of the
R_{4+5} at most only bristly at the base, bend near apex
of M_{1+2} rectangular, R_1 ends over the crossvein;
fronto-orbital macrochaeta absent; eyes of the male
contiguous. _C. semiviridis._ Mexico. _Chloroprocta_
V. d. W
ff. With another combination of characters.
g. Body robust, of large size, abdomen elongate, not round;
genae with several ranges of microchaetae;
vibrissal ridges strongly convergent; abdomen with well
developed macrochaetae; costal spine usually absent;
eyes of the male widely separated.
[Illustration: 171. Stigmata of the larvae of Muscoidea. Third instar.
(_a_) Cynomyia cadaverina; (_b_) Phormia regina; (_c_) Chrysomyia
macellaria; (_d_) Musca domestica; (_e_) Sarcophaga sp.; (_f_) Oestris
ovis; (_g_) Gastrophilus equi; (_h_) Sarcophaga sp.; (_i_) Pegomyia
vicina; (_j_) Protocalliphora azurea; (_k_) Hypoderma lineata; (_l_)
Muscina stabulans. Magnification for f, g, and k, x25; all others, x50.]
h. Peristome broad, pteropleural macrochaetae
distinct; one or two sternopleurals; in the female a
single orbital macrochaeta; last abdominal segment
without discal macrochaetae; hypopygial processes
of the male with a long stylet; second abdominal
segment of the female sometimes much elongate. A.
LUTEOLA (fig. 86). Africa. The sub-genus
_Choeromyia_ Roub. is included here. AUCHMEROMYIA B.
B.
hh. Peristome narrow; no pteropleurals, two
sternopleurals; two orbitals in the female; second
segment not elongate; the fourth with two well
developed discal macrochaetae. B. DEPRESSA. Africa.
BENGALIA R. D
gg. With another combination of characters.
h. Costal spine present; body in part black; antennae
noticeably shorter than the epistome, inserted above
the middle of the eye and separated from each other by
a carina; abdominal segments with marginal
macrochaetae; sternopleurals 2:1 or 1:1.
_Paratricyclea_ Villen.
hh. Costal spine not distinct, or if present, insect
otherwise different.
i. Genae with several ranges of microchaetae;
vibrissal ridges strongly converging; peristome
broad; arista moderately plumose; sternopleurals
usually 1:1; color entirely testaceous. C.
ANTHROPOPHAGA (fig. 87) and GRUNBERGI. Africa.
CORDYLOBIA Grunb.
ii. Genae bare or with but one range of setae;
vibrissal ridges less converging; peristome narrow;
arista long plumose.
j. Genae with a single row of microchaetae.
k. Sternopleurals 2:1; color entirely testaceous.
_Ochromyia_ Macq.[P]
kk. Sternopleurals 1:1. _P. varia_ Hough. Africa.
_Parochromyia_ Hough
jj. Genae bare.
k. Basal section of R_{4+5} bristly only at the
immediate base, distally M_{1+2} with a broad
curve; distal portion of the abdomen metallic;
sternopleurals usually 1:1, rarely 2:1. _M.
aeneiventris_ Wd. Tropic America.
_Mesembrinella._ G. T.
kk. R_{4+5} bristly at least nearly half way to the
small crossvein; sternopleurals 1:1.
l. Macrochaetae of the abdomen marginal;
neither sex with orbitals; no carina between
the base of the antennae; three pairs of
presutural inner dorsocentrals. Eastern
hemisphere. _T. ferruginea._ _Tricyclea V. d.
W_. (= _Zonochroa_ B. B. according to
Villeneuve 1914).
ll. Abdomen without macrochaetae; wing
usually with a marginal streak and gray
markings. Brazil. Hemilucilia B. B.
[Illustration: 172. Left hand stigmata of the larvae of muscoidea. Third
instar. (_a_) Lucilia caesar; (_b_) Calliphora vomitoria; (_c_) Stomoxys
calcitrans; (_d_) Orthellia cornicina; (_e_) Pyrellia cadavarina;
(_f_) Haematobia irritans; (_g_) Mesembrina mystacea; (_h_) Mesembrina
meridiana; (_i_) Myospila meditabunda; (_j_) Mydaea urbana; (_k_)
Polietes albolineata; (_l_) Polietes lardaria; (_m_) Morellia hortorum;
(_n_) Hydrotaea dentipes; (_o_) Hebecnema umbratica; (_p_) H. vespertina;
(_q_) Limnophora septemnotata; (_r_) Muscina stabulans. (_a_ and _b_)
after MacGregor; (_d_) after Banks; all others after Portchinsky.
Magnification varies. The relative distance to the median line is
indicated in each figure.]
SIPHONAPTERA. Fleas
Adapted from a table published by Oudemans.
a. Elongated fleas, with jointed (articulated) head, with combs
(ctenidia) on head and thorax; with long, oval, free-jointed
flagellum of the antenna (fig. 92d). Suborder FRACTICIPATA
b. With ctenidia in front of the antennae and on the genae (cheeks);
maxillae with acute apices; labial palpi five-segmented,
symmetrical; eyes poorly developed or wanting. On rodents.
HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE
c. Abdominal segments without ctenidia.
d. Post-tibial spines in pairs and not in a very close set row;
head with ctenidia. _Ctenophthalmus_ Kol.
dd. Post-tibial spines mostly single and in a close set row.
_Ctenopsyllus_ and _Leptopsyllus_. The last genus has recently
been erected for _L. musculi_, a widely distributed species
occurring on rats and mice.
cc. Abdominal segments with one or more ctenidia; post-tibial spines
in numerous, short, close-set transverse rows on posterior
border with about four spines in each row. _H. americana._
_Hystrichopsylla_ Taschenb.
bb. With only two pairs of subfrontal ctenidia; labial palpi
five-segmented, symmetrical; eyes vestigial or wanting. On bats.
(= ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE). NYCTERIDIPSYLLIDAE
With more or less blunt maxilla; all tibiae with notch; a single
antepygidial bristle; metepimeron without ctenidium. _N.
crosbyi_ from Missouri was found on bats. Rothschild suggests
that this is probably the same as _N. insignis_. (=
_Ischnopsyllus_ = _Ceratopsyllus_), _Nycteridiphilus_
aa. Head not jointed, i.e. the segments coalescent, traces of the
segmentation still being visible in the presence of the vertex
tubercle, the falx (sickle-shaped process), and a suture. Suborder
INTEGRICIPITA
b. Flagellum of the antennae long and oval.
c. Usually elongate fleas, with a free-segmented flagellum of the
antenna; thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first
tergite.
d. Genae of the head and the pronotum with ctenidia. NEOPSYLLIDAE
e. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; symmetrical; hind coxae
with patch of spines inside; row of six spatulate spines on
each side in front of the antennae. _C. ornate_ found on a
California mole. _Corypsylla_
ee. Labial palpi two-segmented, transparent, membranous. On
hares. _Spilopsyllus_ Baker
dd. No ctenidium on the head.
e. Pronotum with ctenidium. DOLICHOPSYLLIDAE
f. Labial palpi five-segmented, symmetrical.
g. Antepygidial bristles one to three; eyes present.
h. Inner side of hind coxae distally with a comb of minute
teeth; falx present. On rodents and carnivores.
_Odontopsyllus_ Baker
hh. Inner side of hind coxae without comb or teeth. Many
North American species on rodents. CERATOPHYLLUS
Curtis
gg. Antepygidial bristles five on each side; eyes absent;
suture white. _D. stylosus_ on rodents. _Dolichopsyllus_
Baker
ff. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; asymmetrical
(membranous behind), apex acute. _Hoplopsyllus anomalus_
found on Spermophiles in Colorado. HOPLOPSYLLIDAE
ee. Pronotum without ctenidium. _Anomiopsyllus californicus_ and
_nudatus_ on rodents. ANOMIOPSYLLIDAE
cc. Very short fleas; flagellum of the antenna with pseudo-segments
coalescent; thorax much shorter than the head and than the first
tergite. HECTOPSYLLIDAE
Flagellum of the antenna with six coalescent pseudo-segments;
maxilla blunt. The chigger on man (fig. 93). D. PENETRANS. (=
RHYNCHOPRION = SARCOPSYLLA) DERMATOPHILUS Guerin
bb. Flagellum short, round, free portion of the first segment shaped
like a mandolin.
c. Thorax not shorter than the head, longer than the first tergite;
flagellum either with free segments or in part with the segments
coalescent.
d. Head and pronotum with ctenidium; labial palpi asymmetrical.
ARCHAEOPSYLLIDAE
With four subfrontal, four genal, and one angular ctenidia.
Widely distributed. CTENOCEPHALUS Kol.
e. Head rounded in front (fig. 92a). Dog flea. C. CANIS
ee. Head long and flat (fig. 92b). Cat flea. C. FELIS
dd. Neither head nor pronotum with ctenidium. Labial palpi
asymmetrical, membranous behind. PULICIDAE
e. Mesosternite narrow, without internal rod-like thickening
from the insertion of the coxae upwards. Human flea, etc.
PULEX L.
ee. Mesosternite broad with a rod-like internal thickening from
the insertion of the coxae upwards (fig. 89). X.
(LOEMOPSYLLA) CHEOPIS, plague or rat flea. XENOPSYLLA
cc. Thorax much shorter than the head and than the first tergite.
ECHIDNOPHAGIDAE. E. GALLINACEA, the hen flea also attacks man
(fig. 96). (= ARGOPSYLLA = XESTOPSYLLA) ECHIDNOPHAGA Olliff.
FOOTNOTES:
[E] Adapted from Banks, Nuttall, Warburton, Stiles, _et al._
[F] Dr. C. W. Stiles considers the species which is responsible for
spotted fever distinct from the _venustus_ of Banks, separating it as
follows:
Goblet cells about 75 in the male or 105 in the female. Texas. _D.
venustus._
Goblet cells 157 in the male, or 120 in the female; stigmal plate shaped
as shown in the figure (figs. 150 a, b). Montana, etc. D. ANDERSONI.
[G] Professor C. R. Crosby who has been working upon certain capsids
states that he and his assistant have been bitten by LYGUS PRATENSIS,
the tarnished plant bug, by CHLAMYDATUS ASSOCIATUS and by ORTHOTYLUS
FLAVOSPARSUS, though without serious results.
[H] Species marked with an * are known to transmit malaria. Species
found only in tropical North America and not known to carry malaria have
been omitted from this table, but all found in the United States are
included.
[I] This table to the North American genera of the Tabanidae is adapted
from one given by Miss Ricardo.
[J] The classification of the Muscoidea as set forth by Schiner and
other earlier writers has long been followed, although it is not
satisfactory, being admittedly more or less artificial. Within the last
two or three decades several schemes have been advanced, that of Brauer
and Bergenstamm and of Girschner, with the modifications of Schnabl and
Dziedzicki having obtained most favor in Europe. Townsend, in 1908,
proposed a system which differs from Girschner's in some respects, but
unfortunately it has not yet been published in sufficient detail to
permit us to adopt it. From considerations of expediency we use here the
arrangement given in Aldrich's Catalogue of North American Diptera,
though we have drawn very freely upon Girschner's most excellent paper
for taxonomic characters to separate the various groups.
It may sometimes be found that a species does not agree in all the
characters with the synopsis; in this case it must be placed in the
group with which it has the most characters in common.
[K] There are several genera of flies of the family _Cordyluridae_; (i.e.
_Acalyptratae_) which might be placed with the _Anthomyiidae_ (i.e.
_Calyptratae_), owing to the relatively large size of their squamae. As
there is no single character which will satisfactorily separate all
doubtful genera of these two groups we must arbitrarily fix the limits.
In general those forms on the border line having a costal spine, or
lower squama larger than the upper, or the lower surface of the
scutellum more or less pubescent, or the eyes of the male nearly or
quite contiguous, or the eyes hairy, or the frontal setae decussate in
the female; or any combination of these characters may at once be placed
with the _Anthomyiidae_. Those forms which lack these characteristics and
have at least six abdominal segments (the first and second segments
usually being more or less coalescent) are placed with the Acalyptrates.
There are other acalyptrates with squamae of moderate size which have
either no vibrissae, or have the subcosta either wholly lacking or
coalescent in large part with R_1 or have spotted wings; they, therefore
will not be confused with the calyptrates.
[L] _Pachymyia_ Macq. is closely related to _Stomoxys_. It differs in
having the arista rayed both above and below. _P. vexans_, Brazil.
[M] The genus _Eudasyphora_ Town. has recently been erected to contain
_D. lasiophthalma_.
[N] _Nitellia_, usually included in this genus has the apical cell
petiolate. _Apollenia_ Bezzi, has recently been separated from
_Pollenia_ to contain the species _P. nudiuscula_. Both genera belong to
the Eastern hemisphere.
[O] The following three genera are not sufficiently well defined to
place in this synopsis. In color and structural characters they are
closely related to _Cynomyia_ from which they may be distinguished as
follows. _Catapicephala_ Macq., represented by the species _C.
splendens_ from Java, has the setae on the facial ridges rising to the
base of the antennae and has median marginal macrochaetae on the
abdominal segments two to four: _Blepharicnema_ Macq., represented by
_B. splendens_ from Venezuela has bare genae, oral setae not
ascending; tibiae villose; claws short in both sexes; _Sarconesia_
Bigot with the species _S. chlorogaster_ from Chile, setose genae;
legs slender, not villose; claws of the male elongate.
[P] _Plinthomyia_ Rdi. and _Hemigymnochaeta_ Corti are related to
_Ochromyia_, though too briefly described to place in the key.
APPENDIX
HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS AGAINST HOUSEHOLD INSECTS
The following directions for fumigating with hydrocyanic acid
gas are taken from Professor Herrick's circular published by the
Cornell Reading Course:
Hydrocyanic acid gas has been used successfully against household
insects and will probably be used more and more in the future.
It is particularly effective against bed-bugs, and cockroaches, but
because _it is such a deadly poison it must be used very carefully_.
The gas is generated from the salt potassium cyanid, by treating
it with sulfuric acid diluted with water. Potassium cyanid is a
most poisonous substance and the gas emanating from it is also
deadly to most, if not all, forms of animal life. The greatest care
must always be exercised in fumigating houses or rooms in buildings
that are occupied. Before fumigation a house should be vacated.
It is not necessary to move furniture or belongings except brass or
nickel objects, which may be somewhat tarnished, and butter, milk,
and other larder supplies that are likely to absorb gas. If the nickel
and brass fixtures or objects are carefully covered with blankets
they will usually be sufficiently protected.
There may be danger in fumigating one house in a solid row of
houses if there is a crack in the walls through which the gas may find
its way. It also follows that the fumigation of one room in a house
may endanger the occupants of an adjoining room if the walls between
the two rooms are not perfectly tight. It is necessary to keep
all these points in mind and to do the work deliberately and thoughtfully.
The writer has fumigated a large college dormitory of 253
rooms, once a year for several years, without the slightest accident
of any kind. In order to fumigate this building about 340 pounds
of cyanid and the same amount of sulfuric acid were used each time.
In addition to this, the writer has fumigated single rooms and smaller
houses with the gas. In one instance the generating jars were too
small; the liquid boiled over and injured the floors and the rugs.
Such an accident should be avoided by the use of large jars and by
placing old rugs or a quantity of newspapers beneath the jars.
THE PROPORTIONS OF INGREDIENTS
Experiments and experience have shown that the potassium
cyanid should be ninety-eight per cent pure in order to give satisfactory
results. The purchaser should insist on the cyanid being of
at least that purity, and it should be procurable at not more than
forty cents per pound. The crude form of sulfuric acid may be used.
It is a thickish, brown liquid and should not cost more than four or
five cents a pound. If a room is made tight, one ounce of cyanid for
every one hundred cubic feet of space has been shown to be sufficient.
It is combined with the acid and water in the following proportions:
Potassium cyanid 1 ounce
Commercial sulfuric acid 1 fluid ounce
Water 3 fluid ounces
A SINGLE ROOM AS AN EXAMPLE
Suppose a room to be 12 by 15 by 8 feet. It will contain 12 x 15 x 8, or
1440 cubic feet. For convenience the writer always works on the basis of
complete hundreds; in this case he would work on the basis of 1500 cubic
feet, and thus be sure to have enough. The foregoing room, then, would
require 15 ounces of cyanid, 15 ounces of sulfuric acid, and 45 ounces
of water. The room should be made as tight as possible by stopping all
the larger openings, such as fireplaces and chimney flues, with old rags
or blankets. Cracks about windows or in other places should be sealed
with narrow strips of newspaper well soaked in water. Strips of
newspaper two or three inches wide that have been thoroughly soaked in
water may be applied quickly and effectively over the cracks around the
window sash and elsewhere. Such strips will stick closely for several
hours and may be easily removed at the conclusion of the work.
While the room is being made tight, the ingredients should be measured
according to the formula already given. The water should be measured and
_poured first_ into a stone jar for holding at least two gallons. The
jar should be placed in the middle of the room, with an old rug or
several newspapers under it in order to protect the floor.
The required amount of sulfuric acid should then be poured rather slowly
into the water. _This process must never be reversed; that is, the acid
must never be poured into the jar first._ The cyanid should be weighed
and put into a paper bag beside the jar. All hats, coats, or other
articles that will be needed before the work is over should be removed
from the room. When everything is ready the operator should drop the bag
of cyanid gently into the jar, holding his breath, and should walk
quickly out of the room. The steam-like gas does not rise immediately
under these conditions, and ample time is given for the operator to walk
out and shut the door. If preferred, however, the paper bag may be
suspended by a string passing through a screw eye in the ceiling and
then through the keyhole of the door. In this case the bag may be
lowered from the outside after the operator has left the room and closed
the door.
The writer has most often started the fumigation toward evening and left
it going all night, opening the doors in the morning. The work can be
done, however, at any time during the day and should extend over a
period of five or six hours at least. It is said that better results
will be obtained in a temperature of 70^o F., or above, than at a lower
degree.
At the close of the operation the windows and doors may be opened from
the outside. In the course of two or three hours the gas should be
dissipated enough to allow a person to enter the room without danger.
The odor of the gas is like that of peach kernels and is easily
recognized. The room should not be occupied until the odor has
disappeared.
FUMIGATING A LARGE HOUSE
The fumigation of a large house is merely a repetition, in each room and
hall, of the operations already described for a single room. All the
rooms should be made tight, and the proper quantities of water and
sulfuric acid should be measured and poured into jars placed in each
room with the cyanid in bags besides the jars. When all is ready, the
operator should _go to the top floor and work downward_ because the gas
is lighter than air and tends to rise.
PRECAUTIONS
The cyanid should be broken up into small pieces not larger than small
eggs. This can best be done on a cement or brick pavement. It would be
advantageous to wear gloves in order to protect the hands, although the
writer has broken many pounds of cyanid without any protection on the
hands. Wash the hands thoroughly at frequent intervals in order to
remove the cyanid.
The operations of the work must be carried out according to directions.
The work should be done by a calm, thoughtful and careful person--best
by one who has had some experience.
Conspicuous notices of what has been done should be placed on the doors,
and the doors should be locked so that no one can stray into the rooms.
The gas is lighter than air, therefore one should always begin in the
rooms at the top of the house and work down.
After fumigation is over the contents of the jar should be emptied into
the sewer or some other safe place. The jars should be washed thoroughly
before they are used again.
_It must be remembered that cyanid is a deadly poison_; but it is very
efficient against household insects, if carefully used, and is not
particularly dangerous when properly handled.
LESIONS PRODUCED BY THE BITE OF THE BLACK-FLY
While this text was in press there came to hand an important paper
presenting a phase of the subject of black fly injury so different from
others heretofore given that we deem it expedient to reproduce here the
author's summary. The paper was published in _The Journal of Cutaneous
Diseases_, for November and December, 1914, under the title of "A
Clinical, Pathological and Experimental Study of the Lesions Produced by
the Bite of the Black Fly (_Simulium venustum_)," by Dr. John Hinchman
Stokes, of the University of Michigan.
RESUME AND DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
The principal positive result of the work has been the experimental
reproduction of the lesion produced by the black-fly in characteristic
histological detail by the use of preserved flies. The experimental
lesions not only reproduced the pathological pictures, but followed a
clinical course, which in local symptomatology especially, tallied
closely with that of the bite. This the writer interprets as
satisfactory evidence that the lesion is not produced by any living
infective agent. The experiments performed do not identify the nature of
the toxic agent. Tentatively they seem to bring out, however, the
following characteristics.
1. The product of alcoholic extraction of flies do not contain the toxic
agent.
2. The toxic agent is not inactivated by alcohol.
3. The toxic agent is not destroyed by drying fixed flies.
4. The toxic agent is not affected by glycerin, but is, if anything,
more active in pastes made from the ground fly and glycerin, than in the
ground flies as such.
5. The toxic agent is rendered inactive or destroyed by hydrochloric
acid in a concentration of 0.25%.
6. The toxic agent is most abundant in the region of the anatomical
structures connected with the biting and salivary apparatus (head and
thorax).
7. The toxic agent is not affected by a 0.5% solution of sodium
bicarbonate.
8. The toxic agent is not affected by exposure to dry heat at 100^o C.
for two hours.
9. The toxic agent is destroyed or rendered inactive in alkaline
solution by a typical hydrolytic ferment, pancreatin.
10. Incomplete experimental evidence suggests that the activity of the
toxic agent may be heightened by a possible lytic action of the blood
serum of a sensitive individual, and that the sensitive serum itself may
contain the toxic agent in solution.
These results, as far as they go (omitting No. 10), accord with Langer's
except on the point of alcoholic solubility and the effect of acids. The
actual nature of the toxic agent in the black-fly is left a matter of
speculation.
The following working theories have suggested themselves to the writer.
First, the toxin may be, as Langer believes in the case of the bee, an
alkaloidal base, toxic as such, and neutralized after injection by
antibodies produced for the occasion by the body. In such a case the
view that a partial local fixation of the toxin occurs, which prevents
its immediate diffusion, is acceptable. Through chemotactic action,
special cells capable of breaking up the toxin into harmless elements
are attracted to the scene. Their function may be, on the other hand, to
neutralize directly, not by lysis. This would explain the role of the
eosinophiles in the black-fly lesion. If their activities be essential
to the destruction or neutralization of the toxin, one would expect them
to be most numerous where there was least reaction. This would be at the
site of a bite in an immune individual. A point of special interest for
further investigation, would be the study of such a lesion.
Second, it is conceivable that the injected saliva of the fly does not
contain an agent toxic as such. It is possible, that like many foreign
proteins, it only becomes toxic when broken down. The completeness and
rapidity of the breaking down depends on the number of eosinophiles
present. In such a case immunity should again be marked by intense
eosinophilia.
[Illustration: 173. Fifth day mature lesion. Lower power drawing showing
papillary oedema and infiltrate in the region of the puncture. After Dr.
J. H. Stokes]
Third, lytic agents in the blood serum may play the chief role in the
liberation of the toxic agent from its non-toxic combination. An immune
individual would then be one whose immunity was not the positive one of
antibody formation, but the negative immunity of failure to metabolize.
An immune lesion in such a case might be conceived as presenting no
eosinophilia, since no toxin is liberated. If the liberation of the
toxin is dependent upon lytic agents present in the serum rather than in
any cellular elements, a rational explanation would be available for the
apparent results (subject to confirmation) of the experiment with
sensitive and immune sera. In this experiment it will be recalled that
the sensitive serum seemed to bring out the toxicity of the ground
flies, and the serum itself seemed even to contain some of the dissolved
or liberated toxin. The slowness with which a lesion develops in the
case of the black-fly bite supports the view of the initial lack of
toxicity of the injected material. The entire absence of early
subjective symptoms, such as pain, burning, etc., is further evidence
for this view. It would appear as if no reaction occurred until lysis of
an originally non-toxic substance had begun. Regarding the toxin itself
as the chemotactic agent which attracts eosinophiles, its liberation in
the lytic process and diffusion through the blood stream attracts the
cells in question to the point at which it is being liberated. Arriving
upon the scene, these cells assist in its neutralization.
The last view presented is the one to which the author inclines as the
one which most adequately explains the phenomena.
A fourth view is that the initial injection of a foreign protein by the
fly (i.e., with the first bite) sensitizes the body to that protein. Its
subsequent injection at any point in the skin gives rise to a local
expression of systematic sensitization. Such local sensitization
reactions have been described by Arthus and Breton, by Hamburger and
Pollack and by Cowie. The description of such a lesion given by the
first named authors, in the rabbit, however, does not suggest,
histopathologically at least, a strong resemblance to that of the
black-fly. Such an explanation of many insect urticariae deserves further
investigation, however, and may align them under cutaneous expressions
of anaphylaxis to a foreign protein injected by the insect. Depending on
the chemical nature of the protein injected, a specific chemotactic
reaction like eosinophilia may or may not occur. Viewed in this light
the development of immunity to insect bites assumes a place in the
larger problem of anaphylaxis.
[Illustration: 174. Experimental lesion produced from alcohol-fixed
flies, dried and ground into a paste with glycerin. After Dr. J. H.
Stokes]
SUMMARY
In order to bring the results of the foregoing studies together, the
author appends the following resume of the clinical data presented in
the first paper.