recognized fully by the nation at large, individuals and families have
it in their power to act on the knowledge they have acquired.... When
once more the importance of good birth comes to be recognized in a new
sense, ... it will be understood to be more important to marry into a
family with a good hereditary record of physical, mental, and moral
qualities than it ever has been considered to be allied to one with
sixteen quarterings." "Families in which good and noble qualities of
mind and body have become hereditary form a natural aristocracy, and,
if such families take pride in recording their pedigrees, marry among
themselves, and establish a predominant fertility, they can assure
success and position to the majority of their descendants in any
political future. They can become the guardians and trustees of a
sound inborn heritage, which, incorruptible and undefiled, they can
preserve in purity and vigour throughout whatever period of ignorance
and decay may be in store for the nation at large. Neglect to hand on
undimmed the priceless germinal qualities which such families possess,
can be regarded only as the betrayal of a sacred trust....
"We look, then, for a day in the near future, when, in some circles at
any rate, a comparison of scientific pedigrees will replace, or at all
events precede, the discussion of settlements in the preliminaries to
a marriage; when birth and good-breeding (in its wide sense),
character and ability will be the qualities most prized in the choice
of mates; when a bad ancestral strain likely to reappear in
succeeding generations will suppress an incipient passion as
effectually as it is now cured by a deficiency of education or a
superfluity of accent." (Whetham.)
As matters are at present it is all too often the case that marriage
is _followed_ by the disclosure or discovery of a family history of
sterility, or criminality, or insanity. In a truly enlightened society
the failure to make known such conditions in the antecedents to a
marriage will be regarded as evidence of the greatest moral obliquity,
if not of criminal misdemeanor.
The wise and honored founder of Eugenics looks forward to the
inclusion of eugenic ideals as a factor in religion. "Eugenics,"
Galton writes, "strengthens the sense of social duty in so many
important particulars that the conclusions derived from its study
ought to find a welcome home in every tolerant religion." "Eugenic
belief extends the function of philanthropy to future generations; it
renders its action more pervading than hitherto, by dealing with
families and societies in their entirety; and it enforces the
importance of the marriage covenant, by directing serious attention to
the probable quality of the future offspring. It strongly forbids all
forms of sentimental charity that are harmful to the race, while it
eagerly seeks opportunity for acts of personal kindness as some
equivalent to the loss of what it forbids. It brings the tie of
kinship into prominence, and strongly encourages love and interest in
family and race. In brief, eugenics is a virile creed, full of
hopefulness, and appealing to many of the noblest feelings of our
nature."
And Whetham adds: "Hitherto the development of our race has been
unconscious, and we have been allowed no responsibility for its right
course. Now, in the fulness of time ... we are treated as children no
more, and the conscious fashioning of the human race is given into our
hands. Let us put away childish things, stand up with open eyes, and
face our responsibilities."
INDEX
INDEX
Ability, heredity of, 146, 147.
heredity and pedigrees of, 176-181.
Acquired characteristics, relation of, to heredity, 199-207.
Adaptedness, 200-202.
Albinism, and order of birth, 125, 126.
heredity of, 142.
Alcoholism, heritable effects of, 203-207.
American Breeders' Association, 15, 196.
Andalusian fowl, heredity of color in, 81-83.
Angio-neurotic oedema, pedigree of, 168, 170.
Aristotle, 18.
Bagatelle board, to illustrate variability, 58-60.
Bateson, William, 81, 100.
Bentley, Madison, quoted, 19.
Biffen, R. H., 133.
Biology, and Sociology, 8, 35-45.
eugenic applications of, 38-40, 49 _et seq._
Biometric Laboratory, 14.
Bio-Sociology, 8.
Birth rate, and social status, 116-123.
decreasing, in England, 122.
Boies, abstract of Winship's data of Edwards family, 187, 188.
Booth, classification of London population, 70.
Brachydactylism, heredity of, 142.
pedigree of, 150-153.
Cataract, heredity of, 143.
pedigree of, 157, 159.
Cephalic index, heredity of, 140, 144.
Chance, law of, 56-58.
Child labor laws, effect of, 211, 212.
Chorea, Huntington's, heredity of, 143.
pedigree of, 160, 165.
Church, influence and opportunities of, 231.
Civic worth, variability of, 70.
Coefficient of correlation, 110, 111.
Coefficient of correlation
between birth rate and social status, 117.
positive and negative, 111-113.
significance of, 111.
Coefficient of heredity, 109.
human, 140.
Coefficient of variability, 62, 63.
human, 69.
Color blindness, heredity of, 142.
Connecticut, vasectomy statute of, 220-222.
Conservation of human protoplasm, 136.
Correlation, 103, 104.
coefficient of, 110, 111.
social status and birth rate, 116-123.
Cousin marriage, regulation of, 154, 155.
Criminality, and order of birth, 125, 126.
increase in, 29.
Darwin, pedigree of, 181, 183.
quoted, 6, 184.
Data, need for and collection of, 192.
Davenport, quoted, 192-195.
Deaf, United States census of, 34.
Deaf and dumb, United States census of, 34.
Deaf-mutism, heredity of, 143.
Deaf-mutism, pedigree of, 160, 167.
Defect, and order of birth, 123-126.
Defectives, number of, in Great Britain, 31.
United States census of, 34.
Dependents, United States census of, 34.
Determiners, absence of, 143.
in germ, 54.
in Mendelian heredity, 88-95.
Development of the individual, 51.
as a form of reaction, 52, 53.
_Die Familie Zero_, 184-187.
Differential fertility, 113-121.
Dominance, in Mendelian heredity, 84.
irregular and incomplete, 87.
Dominant characteristics, 85.
Drapers' Company, 14.
Dugdale, account of "Jukes" family, 182-184.
quoted, 236, 237.
Education, 20, 71.
heritable effects of, 200.
Edwards, Jonathan, descendants of, 187, 188.
Elderton, quoted, 209-211.
Employer's liability laws, effects of, 211.
England, falling birth rate in, 122.
number of defectives in, 31, 32.
Environment, effects of, 197-207.
Eugenics, aims of, 5, 42-45, 114, 123.
as a factor in religion, 239, 240.
definition of, 3.
encouragement of ideals of, 234-240.
history of, 10-13.
objections to, 191.
practice of, 215-234.
program of, 189-240.
Eugenics Committee of American Breeders' Association, 15, 196.
Eugenics Education Society, 14.
Eugenics Laboratory, 14.
Eugenics Record Office, 15.
_Eugenics Review_, 14.
External conditions, effects of, 199-203.
Eye color, heredity of, 140, 142, 143.
Fabian Society, 122.
_Familie Zero_, 184-187.
Family histories. _See_ Pedigrees.
Feeble-minded, in Great Britain, 32.
in United States, 34.
Feeble-mindedness, pedigree of, 162-169.
Fellows of the Royal Society, mental heredity in, 145, 146.
Fertility, and social status, 116-123.
differential (selective), 113, 121.
in normal and pathological stocks, 115.
of various classes, 120, 121.
Fluctuation, 56.
Forearm, heredity in length of, 140.
Fowl, color heredity in Andalusian, 81-83.
Functional modification, non-inheritance of, 199-207.
Galton, Sir Francis, illustrations of variability, 58, 63.
in history of Eugenics, 9-13.
on mental heredity, 144-146.
pedigree of, 181-183.
quoted, 5, 44, 45, 236, 239, 240.
Gametic coupling, 100.
Germ, relation of, to adult structure, 50.
Germ cells, relation of, to Mendel's law, 88-94.
Goddard, account of feeble-minded family, 162-169.
Great Britain, number of defectives, etc., 31, 32.
Greece, 9, 10.
Guinea-pig, heredity of color in, 84-87.
Haemophilia, heredity of, 143.
Hair color and curliness, heredity of, 140, 142.
Harrow, mental heredity in students of, 147.
Head measurements, heredity of, 140.
Heredity, coefficient of, 109, 140.
definition of, 77.
human, 137-188.
Mendelian formula of, 80-102.
in human traits, 142.
need for studies in, 212, 213.
of acquired characters (modifications), 199-207.
psychic characters, 143-147.
relation of, to Eugenics, 78, 79.
statistical formula of, 80, 102-113.
Heron, David,
birth rate, and net fertility of social classes, 116, 119-121.
Homicides, number of, in United States, 30.
Huntington's chorea, heredity of, 143.
pedigree of, 160, 165.
Idiots, statistics of, 32.
Imbeciles, statistics of, 32.
Imbecility, heredity of, 143.
Immunity, relation of, to heredity of disease, 168-173.
Index of variability, 62.
Indiana, vasectomy statute of, 218, 219.
Infection, heredity of, diseases and defects due to, 168-173.
Infertility, pedigree of, 174, 175.
Inheritance. _See_ Heredity.
Insane, statistics of, 31-34.
Insanity, and order of birth, 124-126.
associated with alcoholism, 205, 206.
_Internationale Gesellschaft fuer Rassen-Hygiene_, 230.
Jennings, 66.
Johannsen, 66.
Jordan, David Starr, quoted, 209.
Joerger, _Die Familie Zero_, 184-187.
"Jukes" family, 182-184.
Keratosis, heredity of, 142.
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, "Kingdom of Man," 21-24.
quoted, 7.
_L'Elite_, 10.
Lobster claw, heredity of, 155.
pedigree of, 155, 157.
London, number of children in, 122.
university of, 14.
Man's place in Nature, 6, 7.
Marriage, antecedents to, 238, 239.
restrictions in, 228-232.
Mediocrity, 61.
Mendel, Gregor, 83, 84.
Mendelian formula of heredity, 80-102.
Mendelism and eugenic practice, 97, 233.
Mendel's law, and unit characters, 95-99.
characteristics inherited according to, 98, 99.
human, 142, 143.
complications of, 100.
present limitations of, 100-102.
Mental ability, pedigrees of, 176-181.
Mental defect, heredity of, 147, 160, 165, 162-169.
Mental traits, heredity of, 143-147.
Models, illustrating variability and variation, 59, 63-64.
Murders, number of, 30.
Mutation, 63-66.
National Association of British and Irish Millers, 133.
Natural selection, 21-23, 45.
Nettleship, pedigree of night blindness, 158-163.
Night blindness, heredity of, 143.
pedigrees of, 157, 158, 161, 163.
Normal frequency curve, 56-60.
Nurture, 17, 76.
Oedema, pedigree of angio-neurotic, 168-170.
Ohio Institution for the Feeble-Minded, superintendent quoted, 33.
Oneida community, 10.
Ontogeny, 51.
Ooephorectomy (ooephorotomy), 218-222.
Order of birth and pathological defect, 123-126.
Oxford, mental heredity in graduates of, 146, 147.
Paupers, United States census of, 34.
Pearson, Karl, 14, 27, 36.
heredity in school children, 143, 144.
quoted, 127-130, 216-218, 225-227.
Pedigrees of ability, 176-181.
Pedigrees of angio-neurotic oedema, 168, 170.
of brachydactylism, 150-153.
of cataract, 157, 159.
of deaf-mutism, 160, 167.
of feeble-mindedness, 162-169.
of Huntington's chorea, 160, 165.
of infertility, 174, 175.
of lobster claw or split hand, 155-157.
of night blindness, 157-163.
of polydactylism, 155, 156.
of tuberculosis, 168-171.
Plato, 3, 9.
Ploetz, Dr. Alfred, 230.
Poellman, family described by, 181.
Polydactylism, heredity of, 142.
pedigree of, 155, 156.
Population, of Europe and North America, 25, 26.
Practice of Eugenics, 192-240.
Prisoners, number of, in United States, 29, 30.
Probability, law of, 56-59.
Pure bred, 97.
Pure line, 67, 72.
Recessive characteristics, 85.
Regression, 105-108.
Regression line, 106, 107.
Rentoul, statistics of defectives, 31.
Rentoul's operation, 218-222.
Research, in the eugenic program, and need for, 196-215.
Restrictions in marriage, 154, 155, 230, 231.
Royal Society, mental heredity in Fellows of, 145, 146.
School children, heredity in, 143, 144.
Schuster, on mental heredity, 146, 147.
Scottish Commission, statistics of insane, 31.
Selective fertility, 113-122.
Sex limited heredity, 100.
Size of family, 114, 115.
and relative proportion of defectives, 126.
Social practices, investigation of, 207-212.
opposed to Eugenics, 227, 228.
Social status, and birth rate, 116-123.
Social variation, 75.
Society for social and racial hygiene (Munich), 230.
Sociological Society, 12.
Sociology, aims of, 35, 42.
and Biology, 8, 35-45.
Span, heredity of, 140.
Species, relation of, to pure line, 66.
Split hand. _See_ Lobster claw.
Sports, 65.
Standard deviation, 62.
Statistical formula of heredity, 80, 81, 102-113.
Stature, heredity of, 140.
of mothers, 56, 57.
Sterilization, eugenic value of, 222-225.
statutes permitting, 218-223.
"Studies in National Deterioration," 14.
Symbols used in pedigrees, 149.
Syndactylism, heredity of, 142.
Theognis, 3.
Thomson, 40.
"Treasury of Human Inheritance," 196.
symbols used by, 148-150.
Tredgold, quoted, 224, 225.
Tuberculosis, and order of birth, 124, 125.
associated with alcoholism, 204.
pedigree of pulmonary, 168, 171.
Typhoid fever, eradication of, 223.
Unit characters, 53.
list of, 98, 99.
Unit characters, relation of, to Mendel's law, 95-99.
United States Census Reports, statistics of defectives, etc., 28-34.
University of London, 14.
Variability, 56-63.
measure (coefficient) of, 61-63.
of human traits, 69, 70.
Variation, 55-70.
and modification, 75.
application of, in Eugenics, 70-77.
distinguished from variability, 63, 64.
Vasectomy, 218-225.
Connecticut statute permitting, 220-222.
Indiana statute permitting, 218, 219.
Wallace, Alfred Russell, 6.
Warbasse, quoted, 195.
Webb, Sidney, 122.
Wheat, new varieties of, 133, 134.
Whetham, quoted, 35, 74, 75, 229, 237-239, 240.
Winship, data regarding Edwards family, 187, 188.
Woods, heredity in royalty, 145.
_Zero, Die Familie_, 184-187.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.
2. Illustration captions are indicated by =caption=.
3. Images and tables have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to
the closest paragraph break.
4. Figure 17 is missing from the scanned pages even though there is no
break in the continuity of page numbers.
5. The word oedema uses an oe ligature in the original.
6. The following misprints have been corrected:
"stattistical" corrected to "statistical" (page 81)
Removed stray bracket in "second parent)" (page 93)
Added period at end of abbreviation "N.S.W" (page 115)
"conditons" corrected to "conditions" (page 245)
7. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies
in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been
retained.