PREPARING FOR PEACE
We have already noticed that arrangements were made in October, 1900,
under which the High Commissionership was to be separated from the
Governorship of the Cape Colony in order that Lord Milner might be
free to undertake the work of administrative reconstruction in the new
colonies. In pursuance of this decision of the Home Government, Lord
Milner became Administrator of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony
upon the departure of Lord Roberts (November 29th, 1900); but
circumstances did not permit him to resign the governorship of the
Cape Colony and remove to the Transvaal until three months later. The
new Governor of the Cape Colony was Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson, who
was himself succeeded, as Governor of Natal, by Sir Henry E. McCallum;
and at the same time (March 1st, 1901), Sir H. (then Major)
Goold-Adams was appointed Deputy-Administrator of the Orange River
Colony, where he took over the duties hitherto discharged by General
Pretyman as Military Governor.
[Sidenote: Milner in the Transvaal.]
Lord Milner left Capetown to assume the administration of the new
colonies on February 28th, 1901. The incidents of his journey
northwards are illustrative alike of the state of South Africa at this
time, and of the varied responsibilities of the High Commissioner.
After three months of continuous and successful conflict with the
forces of rebellion in the south, he was suddenly confronted with a
situation in the north even more pregnant with the possibilities of
disaster. This was the day on which Commandant-General Louis Botha
entered the British lines at Middelburg to treat for peace with
General Lord Kitchener; and many counsels of precaution sped
northwards upon the wires as the High Commissioner's train crossed the
plains and wound slowly up through the mountain passes that led to the
higher levels of the Karroo plateau. March 1st, which was spent in the
train, was the most idle day that Lord Milner had passed for many
months. The respite was of short duration. At midnight, directly after
the train had left De Aar junction, a long telegram from Lord
Kitchener, giving the substance of his interview with Botha, caught
the High Commissioner. But if peace was in the air in the north, war
held the field in the south. From De Aar to Bloemfontein the railway
line was astir with British troops, concentrating or dispersing, in
pursuit of De Wet. At Bloemfontein station Lord Milner was met (March
2nd) by Lord Kitchener, and the nature of the reply to be given to
Botha was discussed between them. On the next morning Lord Milner's
saloon car was attached to the Commander-in-Chief's train, and a long
telegram was drafted and despatched to London.[272] The position which
Lord Milner took up on this occasion, and afterwards at the final
negotiations of Vereeniging, was that which he had himself condensed
in the two words "never again." He was anxious for peace; no man more
than he; but a peace upon terms that would leave South Africa with the
remotest prospect of a return to the abnormal political conditions
which had made the war inevitable, he regarded as a disaster to be
avoided at all costs. This telegram despatched, the train left
Bloemfontein, and, in spite of more than one sign of the proximity of
the Boer raiders, it reached Pretoria without delay at 9 a.m. on March
4th. The next ten days Lord Milner remained at the capital of the
Transvaal, in constant communication with the Home Government on the
subject of the peace negotiations[273] with the Boers, which
ultimately proved abortive; but on the 9th he went over to
Johannesburg for the day to see the house which was being prepared for
his occupation. On the 15th he left Pretoria finally for Johannesburg.
He was received at the station by a guard of honour furnished by the
Rand Rifles, and, thus escorted, drove to Sunnyside, a pleasant house
in what is now the suburb of Parktown, commanding an unbroken view
over the veld to the Magaliesberg range beyond Pretoria; and here
he continued to reside until he left South Africa on April 2nd, 1905.
[Footnote 272: This telegram is printed in Cd. 528.]
[Footnote 273: For the nature of these "Middelburg terms,"
see forward in note 2 on p. 568.]
[Illustration: _By permission of the Argus Printing and Publishing
Co., Ltd., Johannesburg._
Lord Milner at Sunnyside.]
[Sidenote: Affairs in the Cape colony.]
From this time forward (March 15th, 1901), Lord Milner's
administrative activity is primarily concerned with the Transvaal and
Orange River Colony. Owing, however, to the continued resistance of
the Boers and the extension of the area of hostilities by the second
invasion of the Cape Colony, the administrative development of the new
colonies was confined within the narrowest limits, until six months of
strenuous military operations had enabled Lord Kitchener to render the
protected areas and the railways virtually secure against the raids of
the Boer commandos. Four out of these six months were occupied by Lord
Milner's second visit to England (May-August, 1901). But before we
approach this episode, and thereby resume the main current of the
narrative, it is necessary to trace the course of events in the Cape
Colony. With the government of the Colony once more in the hands of
the British party, Lord Milner had been relieved of the acute and
constant anxieties that marked his official relationship to the
Afrikander Ministry. On the vital question of the necessity of
establishing British authority upon terms that would make any
repetition of the war impossible, Sir Gordon Sprigg and his ministers
were absolutely at one with Lord Milner and the Home Government.
Whatever differences of opinion arose subsequently between the Cape
ministers and the Imperial authorities were differences not of
principle but of detail. For the most part they were such as would
have manifested themselves in any circumstances in a country where the
civil government was compelled, by the exigencies of war, to surrender
some of its powers to the military authority.
[Sidenote: The Bond and peace.]
By supporting the Treason Bill, Mr. Schreiner and Sir Richard Solomon
had dissociated themselves from the Afrikander nationalists; and
henceforward their influence was used unreservedly on the side of
British supremacy.[274] On the other hand, Mr. Merriman and Mr. Sauer,
as we have seen, had openly denounced the policy of the Imperial
Government, and no less openly advocated the aims, and defended the
methods, of the Afrikander Bond. The Bond's determination to do all in
its power to secure the independence of the Boers, and thereby defeat
the policy of the Imperial Government, was manifested by the abrupt
refusal of its leaders to associate themselves with the efforts of the
Burgher Peace Committee. Mr. P. de Wet and the other peace delegates
who had visited the Colony in the circumstances already mentioned,
desired the Bond to co-operate with them by informing the republican
leaders that they must expect no military assistance from the
Afrikander party, and by formally advising them to end the war in the
interests of the Afrikander population. The details of the incident,
as recorded in the Blue-book,[275] show that Mr. Theron, the President
of the Provincial Bestuur of the Bond and a member of the Legislative
Assembly, was at first disposed to regard the proposal of the peace
delegates with favour. But, after expressing himself to this effect at
Wellington, on February 15th, 1901, he went to Capetown to consult the
Bond leaders on the matter, and, as the result of this consultation,
he wrote to Mr. de Wet, five days later, declining to meet the peace
delegates again, or negotiate with them, on the ground that the
"principles of the Afrikander Bond" would be prejudiced by his
entering into official negotiations with the deputation, whose
official status he was unable, after inquiry, to recognise. It is
difficult not to connect this summary treatment of the peace delegates
by the Bond with the fact that, just at this time, General C. de Wet
was reporting to General Louis Botha that the "Cape Colony had risen
to a man."[276] However this may be, the wholesale manner in which the
Afrikander Bond had identified itself in the country districts with
the Boer invaders is sufficiently displayed by a return published six
months later, from which it appears that, out of a total of
thirty-three men holding official positions in the Bond organisation
in three districts in the Cape Colony, twenty-seven were accused of
high treason, of whom twenty-four were convicted, two absconded, and
one was acquitted.[277]
[Footnote 274: Sir Richard Solomon was appointed legal
adviser to the new Transvaal Administration.]
[Footnote 275: Cd. 903.]
[Footnote 276: See p. 431.]
[Footnote 277: Cd. 903.]
With the Bond in this mood, with certain districts practically
maintaining the enemy and certain other districts constantly exposed
to the incursions of the guerilla leaders, with a large proportion of
the loyalist population fighting at the front, and a still larger
number organised for local defence, and with the whole of the Colony,
except the ports, under martial law, it was obviously impossible for
the machinery of representative government to continue in its normal
course.
[Sidenote: Anti-British libels.]
The registration of electors, which, under the provisions of the
colonial law, was directed to take place not later than the last day
of February, 1901, was postponed to a more convenient season. The
existing register, while it contained the names of--it was
estimated--ten thousand persons disfranchised, or about to be
disfranchised, for rebellion, and of some thousands of others then in
arms against their sovereign, failed to include persons who had
acquired the necessary qualifications since the date of the last
registration (1899). Apart from the unsatisfactory condition of the
voters' lists, there were other circumstances that made it undesirable
as well as difficult not merely to hold the elections necessary to
fill up the nine or ten vacant seats in the Legislative Assembly, but
even to summon Parliament. Locomotion in many parts of the Colony was
inconvenient, and sometimes dangerous. So large a proportion of the
members of both chambers were absent in Europe, or engaged either in
repelling the invaders or in repressing rebellion, that the remainder,
if assembled, would present a mere simulacrum of the actual
legislature of the Colony. Moreover, it was necessary that no fresh
opportunities for promoting disaffection should be provided by
discussions in Parliament or contested elections. The "carnival of
mendacity" which, culminating in the Worcester Congress, was mainly
responsible for the second invasion of the Colony, had been
inaugurated by the inflammatory speeches delivered in the last session
of Parliament by the Afrikander members during the debates on the
Treason Bill. The spirit of malevolence displayed at this period by
the anti-British Press, whether printed in Dutch or in English, may be
inferred from the list of convictions reported on April 19th by Sir W.
Hely-Hutchinson to the Colonial Office. Mr. Albert Cartwright, editor
of _The South African News_ (the reputed organ of Mr. Merriman and Mr.
Sauer), was found guilty of a defamatory libel on Lord Kitchener, and
sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment without hard labour. Mr.
Advocate Malan, editor of _Ons Land_ (the reputed organ of Mr.
Hofmeyr), was found guilty of a defamatory libel on General French,
and sentenced to a similar term of imprisonment. Mr. de Jong, editor
of _The Worcester Advertiser_, and Mr. Vosloo, editor of _Het Oosten_,
were both convicted of the same offence as Mr. Malan, and sentenced to
six months' imprisonment without hard labour, while the former was
further charged with a seditious libel attributing atrocities to the
British troops, in respect of which he was convicted and sentenced to
a fine of L100 or two months' imprisonment.[278]
[Footnote 278: Cd. 903.]
The extension of martial law in January (1901) had made such excesses,
whether on the platform or in the Press, no longer possible. But the
Afrikander nationalists in the ports, and especially in Capetown,
continued to render assistance to the guerilla leaders, both by
providing intelligence of the plans of the British military
authorities, and by forwarding supplies of arms and ammunition, until
the time (October 9th) when these towns were placed, like the rest of
the Colony, under martial law.
In these circumstances Sir W. Hely-Hutchinson, acting on the advice of
his ministers, prorogued the Cape Parliament from time to time, until
the actual termination of hostilities made it possible for the
inhabitants of the Colony to return to the normal conditions of their
political life. As, however, the provision for the ordinary cost of
administration made by the Colonial Parliament in its last session did
not extend beyond June 30th, 1901, it became necessary to provide for
the expenditure of the Colony after this date by the issue of
Governor's warrants, under which the Treasurer-General was authorised
to pay out funds in anticipation of legislative authority. This
technically illegal procedure, by which the authority of the Governor
was substituted temporarily for that of Parliament, was advised by the
Cape ministers and sanctioned by Mr. Chamberlain. In this way
provision was made for the financial needs of the Government; and
when, after the war, the Cape Parliament was able to meet again, the
necessary bills of indemnity, legalising these acts of the Governor
and acts committed by the military authorities in the administration
of martial law, were passed in due course.[279]
[Footnote 279: The action of Sir W. Hely-Hutchinson was not
without precedent. See Cd. 903, pp. 57 and 67, and p. 123,
_supra_.]
[Sidenote: Breakdown of government.]
The only alternative course was the suspension, or abrogation, of the
Cape constitution by the Home Government. In view of the appeal for
the suspension of the constitution made to Mr. Chamberlain a year
later, and refused by him--an appeal which was endorsed by the
judgment both of Lord Milner and Mr. Cecil Rhodes, and supported by
the majority of the loyalists of both nationalities--it is interesting
to observe that petitions addressed to the Governor in June, 1901,
reveal a considerable body of opinion in favour of the proposal at
this date. These petitions came from the British inhabitants of the
small towns in the Eastern Province, since, in the vigorous language
of one of the petitioners, "it's those who live in small towns that
feel the Bond's iron heel." And the same correspondent asserts that a
great number of persons have been prevented from signing the petition,
although they approve of it, by fear of the "Bond boycott," adding,
"Some of the Bond members have already remarked, 'Now martial law is
on we are not in it; but wait until it's removed, then it will be our
turn.'"[280]
[Footnote 280: Cd. 903.]
The collapse of the system of responsible government in the Cape
Colony was complete. The truth upon which Lord Durham insisted in his
famous Report on Canada, that responsible government is only possible
where an effective majority of the inhabitants are British, was once
more demonstrated. In the granting of supplies, the characteristic
function of the lower chamber, the authority of the Governor was now
substituted for that of Parliament. The endeavour to check the
rebellion by the agency of the civil courts had been already
abandoned. The lenient penalties of the Treason Bill had produced a
large increase of disaffection. On April 6th, 1901, a notice was
issued by the Attorney-General warning the public that "any act of
treason or rebellion and any crime of a political character" committed
after the 12th instant would be brought no longer before the Special
Tribunals, with their mitigated penalties created by the Act of 1900,
but dealt with by the ordinary courts, and punishable by the severe
penalties of the common law of the Colony. But this warning of the
Attorney-General was superseded a fortnight later (April 22nd), by a
notice, issued by Lord Kitchener and published by the Cape
Government, under which it was declared that--
[Sidenote: The military courts.]
"All subjects of His[281] Majesty and all persons residing in the
Cape Colony who shall, in districts thereof in which martial law
prevails, be actively in arms against His Majesty, or who shall
directly invite others to take up arms against him, or who shall
actively aid or assist the enemy or commit any overt act by which
the safety of His Majesty's forces or subjects is endangered,
shall immediately on arrest be tried by court martial, convened
by my authority, and shall on conviction be liable to the
severest penalties of the law."
[Footnote 281: Queen Victoria died January 22nd, 1901.]
The decision to deal with such cases by military courts was taken by
Lord Kitchener, after consultation with Lord Milner, on the ground
that the state of the midland and north-western districts was such
that "only prompt and severe punishment could stop the spread of
rebellion and prevent general anarchy."[282] The Cape Government,
however, in assenting to the measure, stipulated that certain
conditions should be laid down for the constitution and procedure of
the military courts, sufficient to check the more obvious abuses to
which such tribunals are liable. These conditions, as expressed in a
minute of Sir James Innes, the Attorney-General, were embodied in a
set of instructions issued by Lord Kitchener to his officers
concurrently with the publication of the notice of April 22nd. Nor was
this all. In view of the continued assistance known to be rendered to
the Boer and rebel commandos by the Afrikander nationalists, martial
law was extended, on October 9th, to the Cape ports; and on December
2nd the British Government announced that, as the result of the
establishment of martial law at the South African ports, no persons
would be allowed to land in South Africa from January 1st, 1902,
onwards without a permit, except under certain special circumstances.[283]
[Footnote 282: Cd. 983.]
[Footnote 283: Cd. 903. These measures were taken upon Lord
Milner's return to the Transvaal (September, 1901) after his
visit to England. The scandal of the almost open co-operation
of the Bond with the Boer leaders had become notorious, and
this assistance was recognised as a contributory cause to the
protraction of the guerilla war.]
Ample evidence alike of the necessity of these measures, and of the
_de facto_ suspension of the constitution, is provided by a Minister's
minute of September 12th, 1901. The immediate object of the minute is
to advise the Governor that it is impossible, in the opinion of the
Cape Ministry, to avoid the further prorogation of Parliament; and
this, although the Constitution Ordinance requires the Cape Parliament
to meet "once at least every year," and cannot, therefore, be complied
with, unless Parliament is summoned "for the despatch of business on
or before Saturday, 12th October." In support of this decision Sir
Gordon Sprigg and his colleagues referred to the Military Intelligence
Report for the current month, which showed that, south of the Orange
River, there were a dozen or more commandos, with a total of from
1,800 to 2,000 men; while in the portion of the Colony north of the
river there were "numerous commandos also roaming about." Then follows
a startling revelation of the character of the men whom the Bond
organisation had sent to Parliament:
[Sidenote: Condition of Cape parliament.]
"One member of the House of Assembly," ministers write, "is
undergoing a term of imprisonment for seditious libel, three
members are awaiting their trial on the charge of high treason,
two seats are practically vacant by reason of the absence of the
members without leave during the whole of last session. Those two
members are alleged to have welcomed the invaders of the Colony,
and encouraged rebellion, and then fled to Holland, where they
are now living. One seat is vacant by the resignation of the
member, who has accepted an appointment in the Transvaal Colony.
Another seat is vacant on account of the death of the member,
another member is sending in his resignation owing to ill health,
which compels him to reside in Europe. In all these cases the
divisions concerned are either under martial law or in a state of
disturbance, which makes new elections impracticable.
"Besides the cases enumerated there are members who have been
deported from their homes on account of the seditious influences
which the military authorities allege they were exercising, and
others who are under military observation, with respect to whom
their attendance in Parliament must be regarded as uncertain.
Several members also are engaged in military operations, whose
attendance could not, in the present condition of the country, be
relied on. There are also some members who would be unable to
attend owing to the state of war and rebellion prevailing in the
districts where they reside, whose personal presence is
necessary for the protection of their families and property."
Such a legislature, they concluded, could not be regarded as "fairly
representing the people." Moreover--
"There is also the further consideration that the probability of
good resulting from the meeting of Parliament now is but small,
while the likelihood of evil consequences accruing from the
publication of speeches of a character similar to many that were
delivered last session is strong. The tendency of such speeches
would be to encourage the spirit of rebellion which unhappily
prevails in the Colony over a large area, and ministers regard it
as an imperative duty to do everything in their power to subdue
that rebellious spirit, and restore peace and good-will to the
distracted country."[284]
[Footnote 284: Cd. 903.]
The necessity for the more stringent action now taken by the Imperial
authorities was, therefore, undoubted. But here again, in placing the
ports, the centres of commercial life, under martial law, an endeavour
was made to render the restraints of military rule as little onerous
as possible. A Board, consisting of three persons nominated
respectively by the Governor, the Prime Minister, and the General
Commanding in the Cape Colony, was created for the consideration and,
where necessary, the redress of all complaints or grievances arising
out of martial law in the Colony, other than pecuniary claims against
the Government. The fact that, on the whole, martial law was
judiciously administered is indicated by the Report of the proceedings
of this Board, presented on December 3rd by Mr. (now Sir Lewis)
Mitchell, who, as Manager of the Standard Bank, had been appointed
chairman by Sir W. Hely-Hutchinson. Out of 199 cases brought before
the Board, Mr. Mitchell writes:
"A fair number of substantial grievances have been redressed, but
in a majority of instances the Board have held that complainants
suffered through some misconduct of their own, or were deported,
imprisoned, or otherwise punished on reasonable grounds of
suspicion."[285]
[Footnote 285: Cd. 903.]
[Sidenote: Loyalists defend the colony.]
In all this Sir Gordon Sprigg loyally co-operated with the Imperial
military authorities. His attitude, and that of the loyalist
inhabitants of the Colony, may be gathered from the speech which he
delivered at Capetown on December 1st, 1901. In this striking and
inspiring utterance we have the companion picture to that presented in
the minute of September 12th. Throughout there runs a note of
justifiable pride in the military efforts of the Cape Government, and
in the sacrifices which these efforts have entailed upon the loyalist
population. First there was the number of troops provided. The Cape
Government had placed, he said, 18,000 men in the field against the
invaders and rebels; they had a defensive force of 18,000 town guards,
of whom 3,000 were natives; and, in addition, 7,000 natives were
under arms in the Transkei for the defence of those territories. In
respect of this force of 18,000 men in the field, Sir Gordon Sprigg
pointed out that such a number of men, coming from a population of
500,000, was equivalent to a force of 1,450,000 men from the United
Kingdom, with its population of over 40,000,000. He might have added
that, since half of the 500,000 Europeans in the Cape Colony were
"either actually in rebellion against the Crown or in positive
sympathy with rebellion," the more correct equivalent force from the
United Kingdom would have been 3,000,000 men. And as for the cost of
maintenance, the colony provided three-fourths of the expenditure upon
the 18,000 men in the field, while it wholly supported the town guards
and other purely defensive forces. He then dwelt with satisfaction
upon the fact that these local forces were now entirely controlled by
the Cape Government, which had made itself responsible for the defence
of no less than thirty-one districts of the Colony.
"Months ago," he said, "we pressed strongly upon the
Commander-in-Chief to hand over to us the colonial forces then
under his direction. We thought that if we got them into our
possession, not only defraying the cost of their maintenance, but
taking charge of certain parts of the Colony, we could keep those
districts clear of the enemy. We were continually putting that
view before the Commander-in-Chief, and also before the High
Commissioner, Lord Milner, but still the matter hung, and we had
communications going backwards and forwards till at last the High
Commissioner communicated with me, and he said, 'I think the only
way to come to an understanding in this matter is, if we have a
conference. If you could manage to meet Lord Kitchener and
myself, I have great hopes we should be able to arrange what you
desire.' I asked then if Lord Kitchener and Lord Milner could
come to meet me half-way, but Lord Kitchener said it was not
possible for him to leave Pretoria at that time, but he would be
only too delighted if I could come up and meet him and Lord
Milner upon the question. The result of that was that I went up
with two of my colleagues. It has been put about all over the
country that we were ordered by Lord Kitchener to proceed to
Pretoria, but, so far from that being the case, it was our
suggestion that we should take over the command of certain
portions of the country, and we went up to Pretoria to secure
that object. And in that we were successful, and the result of it
has been published very lately."[286]
[Footnote 286: Cd. 903. This was, in its essence, the
proposal for the systematic and effective defence of the
Colony, which Lord Milner had consistently advocated both
before and during the war--with General Butler and the Home
Government, with Lord Roberts at the time of the Forward
Movement (see p. 353), and now at the eleventh hour with Lord
Kitchener in support of the Cape Government.]
[Sidenote: Second visit to England.]
These events, revealing the slow and laborious progress of the
Imperial troops in a South Africa rent by war from end to end, account
sufficiently for the postponement of the work of active administrative
reconstruction in the new colonies, to which Lord Milner owed the
opportunity for his second visit to England. On April 3rd, 1901, he
telegraphed a request that he might be allowed to return home at an
early date, on leave, since he feared that, unless he had a short
rest, he would approach the onerous duty of superintending the work of
reconstruction with lessened efficiency. "I have now been continuously
in harness," he said, "without a day's holiday, for more than two
years ... and it is, undoubtedly, better for the public service, if I
am to get such a rest at all, that I should take leave immediately
while military operations still continue and the work of civil
administration is necessarily curtailed, rather than when it will be
possible to organise civil government in a more complete fashion, and
when many important problems which are for the moment in abeyance will
have to be dealt with." To this request Mr. Chamberlain replied that,
although His Majesty's Government greatly regretted that it was
necessary for Lord Milner to leave South Africa at present, they quite
recognised that it was unavoidable that he should take the rest which
the severe strain of the last two years had made imperative.[287] He
was, therefore, to take leave as soon as he found it possible to do
so.
[Footnote 287: Cd. 547.]
[Sidenote: Civil affairs in new colonies.]
None the less the little that could be done to develop the inchoate
machinery of administration which marked the transition from military
to civil order in the new colonies, was done, and done well, before
Lord Milner left Johannesburg. On May 4th, 1901, Sir H. Gould-Adams
was able to report that the chief departments of the administration
of the Orange River Colony had been transferred from military to
civil officials, and reorganised on a permanent basis. In the
Transvaal the departments of finance, law, mines, and that of the
Secretary to the Administration, had been organised, and were
gradually taking over an increasing volume of administrative work from
the military officials. Even more significant was the establishment by
proclamation (May 8th), of a nominated Town Council for the management
of the municipal affairs of Johannesburg, and the consequent abolition
of the office of Military Governor, with the transfer of the
departments hitherto controlled by him to a Government Commissioner
and other officials of the civil administration. This step was
rendered possible by the circumstance that a certain number of the
principal residents, of whom twelve were nominated for service on the
Council, had now returned to their homes. It marked the recommencement
of the industrial life of the Rand, which had followed the permission,
given by Lord Kitchener in April, for three mines to resume work. From
this time forward the Uitlander refugees began to return; although, as
we have seen,[288] it was not possible to allow the general mass of
the inhabitants to leave the coast towns until the following November.
And, in addition to this, Lord Milner had obtained statements of the
views of the Cape and Natal Governments on the question of the
settlement of the new colonies. Mr. Chamberlain had attached great
importance to this interchange of opinions; rightly holding that, in
determining the conditions and methods of the settlement of the
conquered territories, the British South African colonies should be
taken into the counsels of the Imperial Government. Lord Milner had,
therefore, submitted to the colonial Governments the draft of the
Letters Patent, under which the system of Crown Colony government was
to be established in the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, before
they were issued.[289] As the result of these consultations the terms
of surrender granted to the Boers at Vereeniging, and the consequent
administrative arrangements arising out of them, embodied decisions
based not merely on the judgment of the Imperial Government, but on
what was virtually the unanimous opinion of the loyal population of
South Africa. In this, as in the crisis of the negotiations before the
war, the loyalists found in Lord Milner their "representative man."
[Footnote 288: See p. 459.]
[Footnote 289: The Letters Patent were not issued until
August.]
[Sidenote: Milner in England.]
Lord Milner--then Sir Alfred Milner--left Capetown on May 8th, and
reached England on the 24th. On his arrival in London he was met at
the station by Lord Salisbury and Mr. Chamberlain, and immediately
conducted to the King, who was at that time still residing at
Marlborough House. At the end of a long audience His Majesty announced
his intention of raising him to the peerage, the first of many marks
of royal favour, including his elevation to the Privy Council, which
were shown to the High Commissioner during his stay in England. The
warm demonstrations of popular regard with which he had been welcomed
upon his arrival in London, were followed by a luncheon given on the
next day (Saturday, May 25th) in his honour by Mr. Chamberlain, his
official chief. The speech elicited by this notable occasion is one in
which a graceful humour is characteristically blended with deep
emotion. Those who have had the good fortune to hear many of Lord
Milner's speeches--speeches sometimes turning a page of history,
sometimes mere incidents of official or administrative routine--know
that they are all alike distinguished by the high quality of
sincerity.[290] But this was an occasion upon which even adroitness of
intellect and integrity of purpose might well have sought the shelter
of conventional expressions. Lord Milner dispenses with any such
protection. "In a rational world," he said, it would have seemed
better to everybody that he, "with a big unfinished job awaiting
him," and many of his fellow workmen unable to take the rest which
they both deserved and needed, "should have arrived, and stayed, and
returned in the quietest possible manner." But it was an age in which
it "seemed impossible for many people to put a simple and natural
interpretation on anything; and his arrival in this quiet manner would
have been misconstrued to a degree, which would have been injurious to
the public interests." If his "hard-begged holiday" could have been
represented as a "veiled recall," then of course it was obvious that,
having taken the proverbial hansom from Waterloo to his own chambers,
this very harmless action would have been "trumpeted over two
continents as evidence of his disgrace."
[Footnote 290: It was, in its essence, the "high seriousness
of absolute sincerity" that Arnold, after Aristotle, makes
the central attribute of poetic thought. In commenting upon a
speech delivered at Germiston on March 15th, 1905, the
Johannesburg _Star_ wrote on the day following: "Did ever a
High Commissioner for South Africa speak in this wise before?
But beneath the light words and unstudied diction there is
the weight and sureness of the 'inevitable' thought. A man
who has pursued a single task for eight years with
unremitting effort and unswerving devotion can afford to put
his mind into his words. And in all that Lord Milner says
there is an absolute sincerity, born of high integrity of
purpose and an assurance of knowledge, that compels
conviction. Or, rather, should we say, that makes the need of
conviction as unnecessary as a lamp in daylight."]
"It is hard, it is ludicrous," he continued, "that some of the
busiest men in the world should be obliged to occupy their time,
and that so many of my friends and well wishers should be put to
inconvenience--and on a day, too, when it would be so nice to be
in the country--merely in order to prove to persons with an
ingrained habit of self-delusion that the British Government will
not give up its agents in the face of the enemy, or that the
people of this country will not allow themselves to be bored into
abandoning what they have spent millions of treasure and so many
precious lives to obtain. All I can say is, that if it was
necessary (I apologise for it: I am sorry to be the centre of a
commotion from which no man could be constitutionally more averse
than myself), I can only thank you heartily for the kindness and
the cordiality with which the thing has been done. I feel indeed
that the praises which have been bestowed, the honours which
have been heaped on me, are beyond my deserts. But the simplest
thing to do under these circumstances is to try to deserve them
in the future. In any case I am under endless obligations. It is
difficult to say these things in the face of the persons
principally concerned, but I feel bound to take this opportunity,
especially in view of the remarks which have been made in certain
quarters, to express my deep sense of gratitude for the manner in
which His Majesty's Government, and especially my immediate
chief, have shown me great forbearance, and given me support most
prompt at the moment when it was most needed, without which I
should have been helpless indeed. And I have also to thank many
friends, not a few of them here present, and some not present,
for messages of encouragement, for kindly words of suggestion and
advice received at critical moments, some of which have been of
invaluable assistance to me, and have made an indelible
impression on my heart. I am afraid, if I were to refer to all my
benefactors, it would be like the bidding prayer--and you would
all lose your trains.
[Sidenote: Hint from the bidding prayer.]
"But there is one hint I may take from the bidding prayer. Not
only in this place, but at all times and in all places, I am
specially bound to remember the devotion of the loyalists--the
Dutch loyalists, if you please, and not only the British--the
loyalists of South Africa. They responded to all my appeals to
act, and, harder still, to wait. They never lost their cheery
confidence in the darkest days of our misfortunes, they never
faltered in their fidelity to a man of whose errors and failings
they were necessarily more conscious than anybody else, but of
whose honesty of purpose they were long ago, and once for all,
convinced. If there is anything most gratifying to me on this
memorable occasion it is the encouragement which I know the
events of yesterday and of to-day will give to thousands of our
South African fellow-countrymen, like minded with us, in the
homes and in the camps of South Africa.
"Your Royal Highness,[291] Mr. Chamberlain, ladies, and
gentlemen--I am sure you will not desire me to enter into any
political questions to-day. More than that, I really have nothing
to add to what I have already said and written, I fear with
wearisome reiteration. It seems to me we are slowly progressing
towards the predestined end; latterly it has appeared as if the
pace was somewhat quickening, but I do not wish to make too much
of that or to speak with any too great confidence. However long
the road, it seems to me the only one to the object which we were
bound to pursue, and which seems now fairly in sight. What has
sustained me personally--if your kindness will allow me to make a
personal reference--what has sustained me personally on the weary
road is my absolute, unshakable conviction that it was the only
one which we could travel.
[Footnote 291: The Duke of Cambridge.]
"Peace we could have had by self-effacement. We could have had it
easily and comfortably on those terms. But we could not have held
our own by any other methods than those which we have been
obliged to adopt. I do not know whether I feel more inclined to
laugh or to cry when I have to listen for the hundredth time to
these dear delusions, this Utopian dogmatising that it only
required a little more time, a little more patience, a little
more tact, a little more meekness, a little more of all those
gentle virtues of which I know I am so conspicuously devoid, in
order to conciliate--to conciliate what? Panoplied hatred,
insensate ambition, invincible ignorance. I fully believe that
the time is coming--Heaven knows how we desire it to come
quickly--when all the qualities of the most gentle and forbearing
statesmanship which are possessed by any of our people will be
called for, and ought to be applied, in South Africa. I do not
say for a moment there is not great scope for them even to-day,
but always provided they do not mar what is essential for success
in the future--the conclusiveness of the final scenes of the
present drama."
[Sidenote: Merriman and Sauer mission.]
[Sidenote: Liberals and Afrikanders.]
As a declaration to the British world that Lord Milner "possessed the
unabated confidence of his sovereign and of his fellow countrymen,"
Mr. Chamberlain's luncheon was amply justified. The protraction of the
war was beginning to try the endurance of the nation. Mr. Sauer and
Mr. Merriman were in England for the express purpose of discrediting
Lord Milner, and behind these fierce political freelances was the
astute brain of the Bond Master, Hofmeyr. They had been commissioned
early in the year by the Afrikander nationalists to give effect to the
resolutions of the Worcester Congress by co-operating with their
friends in England in an agitation for the recall of the High
Commissioner. It was said that these two ex-ministers of the Crown
were authorised to offer an undertaking that the Bond would use its
influence with ex-President Krueger and Mr. Fischer[292] to terminate
the war, in exchange for the promise of "autonomy" for the Boers and
a general armistice for the Cape rebels. However this may be, the
delegates of the Worcester Congress made it their chief business to
represent to the members of the Liberal party who favoured their
cause, that the recall of Lord Milner would remove the chief obstacle
to peace. This attempt never came within a measurable distance of
success; but its failure was not due to any want of effort on the part
of that section of the Liberal opposition which had been opposed to
the annexation of the Republics, and now denounced the British
Government and the Imperial troops for their "methods of barbarism."
The completeness with which Lord Courtney, Mr. Bryce, Mr.
Lloyd-George, Lord Loreburn (Sir Robert Reid), Mr. Burns, and other
prominent members of the Liberal party identified themselves with the
policy and action of the Afrikander Bond, is disclosed by the
proceedings which marked the banquet given on June 5th in honour of
Mr. Merriman and Mr. Sauer. Mr. Bryce, in a letter expressing his
approbation of the object of the banquet and his regret at his
inability to attend it, wrote: "Mr. Merriman and Mr. Sauer have not
only distinguished public records, but did excellent service, for
which the Government ought to have been grateful, in allaying passion
and averting disturbances in Cape Colony."[293] Lord (then Mr.)
Courtney, in proposing a vote of thanks to the guests of the evening,
declared that the annexation of the Republics was "a wrong and a
blunder"; adding that the Liberal policy would some day be "to temper
annexation, if not to abrogate it." Both Mr. Merriman and Mr. Sauer
revealed the aims of their mission with perfect frankness. The former,
after alluding to Mr. Chamberlain's luncheon as a display of the
"Imperial spirit of the servile senate who decreed ovations and
triumphs to Caligula and Domitian, when they had received rebuffs from
the ancestors both of ourselves and the heroic Dutch now struggling in
South Africa," and characterising Lord Milner's High Commissionership
as "a career of unmitigated and hopeless failure," proceeded to demand
his immediate recall. To employ Lord Milner in the settlement of the
new colonies, said Mr. Merriman, would be "a suicidal and ruinous
policy. He was a violent partizan; his predictions never came true;
the bursts of fustian and the frivolous utterances of his despatches
showed an ill-balanced and ill-regulated mind, which was utterly
unable to cope with the problem." While, as for the prospect of a
British army ever conquering the South African Dutch, he reasserted
the opinion which he held before the war--"Our friends they might be,
but our subjects never."[294] Mr. Sauer, who "felt honoured by seeing
such a gathering, and seeing in it a Gladstone[295] and a Leonard
Courtney," was no less explicit:
[Footnote 292: These two ex-officials, representing the
respective Governments of the late Republics, were living in
Holland at this time.]
[Footnote 293: It is only fair to assume that Mr. Bryce was
not acquainted with the details of the Dordrecht and Hargrove
affairs, to which reference has been made respectively at p.
287 and p. 375. And, still more that he was unaware of the
utterly discreditable Basuto incident, with respect to which
General Gordon's biographer writes: "The consequence was that
Mr. Sauer deliberately resolved to destroy Gordon's
reputation as a statesman, and to ensure the triumph of his
own policy by an act of treachery which has never been
surpassed."--_The Life of Gordon_, vol. ii., p. 83. (Fisher
Unwin.)]
[Footnote 294: Compare the different and infinitely more
instructive treatment of the question of Dutch allegiance by
Lord Milner in his Johannesburg speech, quoted at p. 145.]
[Footnote 295: _I.e._, the Rev. Stephen Gladstone.]
"I stand here," he said, "as a representative of the Dutch
people, and declare that they never mean to be a subject race. If
they cannot get their rights by justice they will get them by
other means.... I am glad to go back and tell my own people how
many there are in this country who appreciate their devotion to
an ideal, and are prepared to befriend them in the hour of
trial."[296]
[Footnote 296: Apart from those mentioned in the text, the
following attended the Merriman and Sauer banquet: Mr. E.
Robertson, M.P. (chairman), Lord Farrer, Mr. T. Shaw, M.P.,
Mr. Burt, M.P., Mr. Channing, M.P., Mr. John Ellis, M.P., Mr.
H. J. Wilson, M.P., Sir Wilfred Lawson, Mr. Frederic
Harrison, and others. And among those who sent letters of
regret for their absence were the Marquis of Ripon, Lord
Hobhouse, Dr. Spence Watson, Mr. Seale-Hayne, M.P., and Lord
Loreburn.]
A fortnight later a meeting of those who sympathised with the Boer
cause was held in the Queen's Hall, Langham Place. The spirit of this
notorious gathering, presided over by Mr. Labouchere, M.P., and
attended by Mr. Merriman. Mr. Sauer, Mr. Lloyd-George, M.P., and other
Radical members of Parliament, is sufficiently revealed by certain
characteristic incidents which marked the proceedings. The agents of
the meeting wore the Transvaal colours; a member of the audience who
uncovered at the mention of King Edward was ejected; the Union Jack
was hissed and hooted; and, while a printed form was handed round
inviting the signatures of persons prepared to pay eight and-a-half
guineas for a tour in Holland and the privilege of seeing ex-President
Krueger, the name of the British sovereign was received by the audience
with marks of evident disapprobation.
[Sidenote: Agitation for Milner's recall.]
The agitation for Lord Milner's recall was continued throughout the
year. It was accompanied by a repetition, in England and on the
continent of Europe, of the shameless calumnies upon the Imperial
troops, which had marked the "carnival of mendacity" that led to the
second invasion of Cape Colony. The injurious effect produced upon the
Boers in the field by the support thus given by public men in England
to the "continued resistance" policy of the Afrikander nationalists,
has been already noticed, and it is unnecessary, therefore, to say
more on this aspect of the subject. The attempt to discredit Lord
Milner culminated in the declaration made by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman,
then recognised as the official leader of the Liberal party, at
Plymouth, on November 19th, 1901, that, unless the British Government
changed its methods, "the whole of the Dutch population in our colonies,
as well as in the two territories, would in all probability be
permanently and violently alienated from us" when the war was ended. "I
am ready to speak out to-night," he continued, "and to say what I have
never yet said, that for my part I despair of this peril being conjured
away so long as the present Colonial Secretary is in Downing Street and
the present High Commissioner is at Pretoria." When the full report of
this speech had reached the Cape, the Vigilance Committee, a body
representing the loyalists of both nationalities, met[297] under the
presidency of Sir Gordon Sprigg, and resolved:
[Footnote 297: December 17th, 1901.]
"That this committee views with the utmost disapproval the
statement of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman at Plymouth, to the
effect that no satisfactory settlement would be arrived at in
South Africa so long as Mr. Chamberlain and Lord Milner retained
their present offices, and, on the contrary, emphatically affirms
that the retention in office of those statesmen is regarded by
the South African loyalists as affording the best security for a
settlement which will be permanent, just, and consistent with the
honour of the empire and the best interests of South Africa, and,
further, affirms that the whole tone of Sir Henry
Campbell-Bannerman's speech is most pernicious, and prejudicial
to Imperial interests in South Africa, and shows him to be
entirely out of sympathy with loyalist opinion in South Africa."
With this prompt and uncompromising rejoinder we may take leave of an
attempt to remove a great and devoted servant of the empire, which is
as discreditable to the intelligence as it is to the patriotism of
those prominent members of the Liberal party who thus lent their
co-operation to the Afrikander nationalists. In South Africa the
issue was simple. While Boer and rebel combined in their efforts to
rid themselves of the man who had thwarted their ambitions, the
loyalists closed their ranks and stood firm in his support. It is to
the far-off Homeland that we have to turn for the spectacle of a
nation in which gratitude to the man who upheld the flag gave place to
sympathy for the enemy and the rebel; in which patriotism itself
yielded to a greed of place wrapped up by sophistry in such decent
terms as "humanity," "Liberal principles," and "conciliation."
[Sidenote: Finances of the new colonies.]
In the meantime Lord Milner had returned to Johannesburg. His
"hard-begged" holiday had proved a change of occupation rather than a
respite from work. Before he left England (August 10th), he had made
known to the Home Government the actual condition of the infant
administrations of the new colonies, and obtained a provision for
their immediate wants. The Letters Patent constituting him Governor
and Commander-in-Chief of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony had
been passed under the Great Seal; and these and other instruments
creating a system of Crown Colony Government, with Executive and
Legislative Councils in both colonies, had been sent to him in
readiness for use "whenever it might be thought expedient to bring
them into operation."[298] And on August 6th the House of Commons had
voted L6,500,000 as a grant in aid of the revenues of the Transvaal
and Orange River Colony. Of this sum L1,000,000 was required for the
purchase of fresh rolling-stock for the Imperial Military Railways,
still placed under the direction of Sir Percy (then Colonel) Girouard,
and L500,000 was assigned to "relief and re-settlement," an item which
included the purchase of land and other arrangements for the
establishment of suitable British settlers on farms in both colonies.
The debate on the vote afforded a significant exhibition of the spirit
of mingled pessimism and distrust in which the Liberal Opposition
approached every aspect of the South African question. The idea of the
Transvaal ever being able to repay this grant-in-aid out of the
"hypothetical" development loan appeared ridiculous to Sir William
Harcourt. "Why," asked the Liberal ex-Chancellor of the Exchequer,
"was not the money required for the South African Constabulary put
forward in a supplementary military vote, instead of being proposed in
this form and, under the grant-in-aid, subject to future repayment by
the Transvaal, in which nobody believed?"[299]
[Footnote 298: They were read and published by Lord Milner on
June 21st, 1902.]
[Footnote 299: It is scarcely necessary to say that the
entire cost of the Constabulary has been borne by the new
colonies; or that every penny of this grant-in-aid was paid
back out of the development loan raised in 1902-3.]
This temporary financial assistance was of the utmost importance. Just
as in the Cape Colony Lord Milner had seen that the Boers and
Afrikander nationalists were to be beaten at their own game of renewed
invasion by enabling the loyalist population to defend the Colony, so
in the new colonies he proposed to beat the guerilla leaders at their
game of wanton and mischievous resistance by building up a new
prosperity faster than they could destroy the old. The conditions
under which he worked, and the state in which he found South Africa
when he began to engage actively in the work of reconstruction, he has
himself described. In a despatch, written from the "High
Commissioner's Office, Johannesburg," on November 15th, 1901, not only
has Lord Milner placed on record the actual position of affairs in the
new colonies at this time, but he has sketched with masterly precision
the nature of the economic and administrative problems that awaited
solution. The progress towards pacification won by the mobile columns
and the blockhouse system, the dominant influence of the railways as
the agency of transport, the condition of the Concentration Camps, and
the degree in which our responsibility for the non-combatant and
surrendered Boers limited our capacity to restore our own people to
their homes, the economic exhaustion of the country, the threatened
danger of the scarcity of native labour, and the processes and
problems of repatriation--all these subjects are touched as by a
master of statecraft.
[Sidenote: Improved situation.]
"Without being unduly optimistic," he writes, "it is impossible
not to be struck by two great changes for the better in [the
military situation] since the time when I first took up my
residence in the Transvaal--just eight months ago. These are the
now almost absolute safety and uninterrupted working of the
railways and the complete pacification of certain central
districts. As regards the railways, I cannot illustrate the
contrast better than by my own experiences. In the end of last
year and the earlier months of this I had occasion to make
several journeys between Capetown and Johannesburg or Pretoria,
and between Johannesburg and Bloemfontein. Though most careful
preparations were made and every precaution taken, I was
frequently 'hung up' on these journeys because the line had been
blown up--not, I think, with any reference to my movements, but
in the ordinary course of affairs. Small bodies of the enemy were
always hovering about, and a state of extreme vigilance, not to
say anxiety, was observable almost everywhere along the line.
Since my return from England I have again traversed the country
from East London to Bloemfontein and Johannesburg, and from
Johannesburg to Durban and back, to say nothing of constant
journeys between this place and Pretoria. On no single occasion
has there been the slightest hitch or the least cause for alarm.
The trains have been absolutely up to time, and very good time.
They could not have been more regular in the most peaceful
country. This personal experience, in itself unimportant, is
typical of a general improvement. I may add, in confirmation of
it, that during the last two months the mail train from Capetown
to the north has only been late on one or two occasions, and then
it was a matter of hours. Six months ago it was quite a common
event for it to arrive a day, or a couple of days, late. I need
not enlarge on the far-reaching importance of the improvement
which these instances illustrate. Not only have the derailments,
often accompanied by deplorable loss of life, which were at one
time so common, almost entirely ceased, but, owing to more
regular running, and especially the resumption of night running,
the carrying capacity of the railways has greatly increased.
Indeed, it is the inadequacy of the lines themselves to meet the
enormous and ever-increasing extra requirements resulting from
the war, and the shortness of rolling-stock, not any interference
from the enemy, which causes us whatever difficulties--and they
are still considerable--we now labour under in the matter of
transport. When the large amount of additional rolling-stock
ordered for the Imperial Military Railways last summer is
received--and the first instalment will arrive very
shortly--there will be a further great and progressive
improvement in the conveyance of supplies and materials for the
troops, the civil population of the towns, and the concentration
camps.
[Sidenote: Contraction of area of war.]
"The advance made in clearing the country is equally marked. Six
months ago the enemy were everywhere, outside the principal
towns. It is true they held nothing, but they raided wherever
they pleased, and, though mostly in small bodies, which made
little or no attempt at resistance when seriously pressed, they
almost invariably returned to their old haunts when the pressure
was over. It looked as though the process might go on
indefinitely. I had every opportunity of watching it, for during
the first two months of my residence here it was in full swing in
the immediate neighbourhood. There were half a dozen Boer
strong-holds, or rather trysting-places, quite close to Pretoria
and Johannesburg, and the country round was quite useless to us
for any purpose but that of marching through it, while the enemy
seemed to find no difficulty in subsisting there....
"To-day a large and important district of the Transvaal is now
firmly held by us. But it must not be supposed that all the rest
is held, or even roamed over, by the enemy. Wide districts of
both the new colonies are virtually derelict, except, in some
cases, for the native population. This is especially true of the
northern part of the Transvaal, which has always been a native
district, and where, excepting in Pietersburg and some other
positions held by our troops, the natives are now almost the only
inhabitants. Indeed, nothing is more characteristic of the latest
stage of the war than the contraction of Boer resistance within
certain wide but fairly well-defined districts, separated from
one another by considerable spaces. Instead of ranging
indifferently over the whole of the two late Republics, the enemy
show an increasing tendency to confine themselves to certain
neighbourhoods, which have always been their chief, though till
recently by no means their exclusive, centres of strength....
From time to time the commandos try to break out of these
districts and to extend the scene of operations. But the failure
of the latest of these raids--Botha's bold attempt to invade
Natal--shows the disadvantages under which the Boers now labour
in attempting to undertake distant expeditions.
"The contraction of the theatre of war is doubtless due to the
increased difficulty which the enemy have in obtaining horses and
supplies, but, above all, to the great reduction in their
numbers.... To wear out the resistance of the Boers still in the
field--not more than one-eighth, I think, of the total number of
burghers who have, first and last, been engaged in the
war[300]--may take a considerable time yet, and will almost
certainly involve further losses. I will not attempt to forecast
either the time or the cost. What seems evident is that the
concentration of the Boers, and the substitution of several
fairly well-defined small campaigns for that sort of running
fight all over the country which preceded them, is on the whole
an advantage to us, and tends to bring the end of the struggle
within a more measurable distance. Our great object, it seems to
me, should be to keep the Boers within the areas of their main
strength, even if such concentration makes the commandos
individually more dangerous and involves more desperate fighting,
and meanwhile to push on with might and main the settlement of
those parts of the country out of which they have been driven. No
doubt this is a difficult, and must be a gradual, process. The
full extent of the difficulty will appear from the sequel. But it
is the point to which the main efforts, of the civil authorities
at any rate, should be continually directed.
[Footnote 300: An under-estimate. One-fourth, or one-fifth,
would have been nearer the mark. See note, p. 454.]
[Sidenote: The return to the Rand.]
"If the latest phase of the military situation is maintained,
_i.e._, if we are able to prevent the Boers from breaking back
into the cleared areas, or from injuring the railway lines, I can
see no reason why the work of settlement should not proceed at a
greatly quickened pace in the immediate future. The most urgent
point is to bring back the exiled Uitlanders to the Rand, always
provided that they are able to find employment when they arrive
there. But the basis of any general revival of industrial and
commercial activity on the Rand is the resumption of mining
operations. So far it has only been found possible to proceed
very slowly in this respect. The full capacity of the Rand is
about 6,000 stamps. The first step was taken in April last, when
the Commander-in-Chief agreed to allow the Chamber of Mines to
open three mines with 50 stamps each. Up till now permission has
been granted for the working of 600 stamps, but only 450 have
actually been started. This is slow work, but even this
beginning, modest as it is, has made an immense difference in
the aspect of Johannesburg since first I came here in March last.
"The number of people allowed to return from time to time, for
other than mining employments, is in proportion to the number of
stamps re-started. This, no doubt, is a wise principle, for
business generally can only expand _pari passu_ with the
resumption of mining. Up to the present something like 10,000
people have been allowed to come up, the vast majority of them
being refugees, though there is a small new element of civil
servants and civilians in the employ of the military. Assuming
that from 8,000 to 9,000 are refugees, this would represent about
one-sixth of the total number of well-accredited Uitlanders
registered in the books of the 'Central Registration Committee.'
"The best that can be said on the thorny subject of the return of
the refugees, is that latterly the rate of return has been
steadily increasing. Last month the military authorities allowed
us to grant 400 ordinary permits (this number is over and above
permits given to officials or persons specially required for
particular services to the Army or the Government). This month
the number has been raised to 800. I need hardly say that the
selection of 800 people out of something like fifty times that
number is an onerous and ungrateful task. South Africa simply
rings with complaints as to favouritism in the distribution of
permits. As a matter of fact, whatever mistakes have been made,
there has been no favouritism. I do not mean to say that a
certain number of people--not a large number--have not slipped
through or been smuggled up under false pretences. But the great
bulk of the permits have been allotted by the Central
Registration Committee, a large, capable, and most representative
body of the citizens of this town and neighbourhood. And they
have been allotted on well-defined principles, and with great
impartiality.... I am satisfied that no body of officials, even
if our officials were not already over-worked in other
directions, could have done the business so well.
[Sidenote: Labour and transport.]
"There can, I think, be little doubt that the present rate of
return can be maintained, and I am not without hope that it may
in a short time be considerably increased. But this depends
entirely, for the reasons already given, on the question whether
the resumption of mining operations can be quickened. The
obstacles to such a quickening are two-fold: first, want of
native labour; secondly, want of trucks to bring up not only the
increased supplies which a larger population necessitates, but
also, and this is even a more serious matter, to bring up the
material required for their work. The latter, I need hardly say,
is a very heavy item, not only in the case of the mines, but in
the case of all those other industries, building, for instance,
which only need a chance in order to burst into extreme activity
in this place. For the Rand requires just now an increase of
everything--dwelling-houses, offices, roads, sewers, lighting,
water-supply, etc., etc. Capital would be readily forthcoming for
every kind of construction, and many skilled workmen are waiting
at the coast. But it is no use bringing up workmen to live in the
dearest place in the world unless they have the materials to work
with. The most necessary materials, however, are bulky, and the
carrying capacity of the railways, greatly improved as it is,
gives no promise of an early importation of quantities of bulky
material, if the other and more urgent demands upon our means of
transport are to be satisfied.
"As regards native labour for the mines, the greater development
of which is a condition of all other industrial development, the
difficulty is that, while natives can be found in abundance to
do surface work, the number of those who are willing to go
underground is limited. There are only certain tribes among whom
underground workers can be found in any great numbers, and these
reside mostly in Portuguese territory. As you are aware,
difficulties have arisen about the introduction of Portuguese
natives, and the matter is at present the subject of negotiations
between the Governor-General of Mozambique and myself. Having
regard to the friendly attitude of the Governor-General, I have
every hope that this difficulty may soon be overcome. But even
then we shall not be able to count on any great immediate influx
of labourers from Portuguese territory....
[Sidenote: The concentration camps.]
"The delay in obtaining native labour would be more serious if it
were not for the existence of that other and still greater
obstacle to the rapid revival of industry here which I have
already dwelt on, namely, the difficulty of transport. And this
latter difficulty is immensely aggravated at the present time by
the constantly increasing requirements of the concentration
camps. Not only has the number of people in these camps
increased, with overwhelming rapidity, to an extent never
contemplated when they were first started, but the extreme state
of destitution in which many of the people arrived, and the
deplorable amount of sickness which has all along existed among
them, create a demand for a great deal more than mere primary
necessities, such as food and shelter, if the condition of the
camps is to be anything like what we should wish to see it. The
amount of mortality in these camps, especially amongst very young
children, as you are well aware, has been deplorable. I do not,
indeed, agree with those who think--or assert--that the mortality
among the Boers would have been less, if thousands of women and
children had been allowed to live on isolated farms in a
devastated country, or to roam about on the trail of the
commandos. Indeed, I feel confident that it would have been far
greater. The best proof of this is the deplorable state of
starvation and sickness in which great numbers of people arrived
at the camps, and which rendered them easy victims to the attack
of epidemic diseases. At the same time it is evident that the
ravages of disease would have been less if our means of transport
had allowed us to provide them on their first arrival, not only
with tents, rations, and necessary medicines (all of which were,
as a matter of fact, supplied with great promptitude), but with
the hundred and one appliances and comforts which are so
essential for the recovery of the weakly and the sick, and the
prevention of the spread of disease. I do not mean to say that it
was only want of material, due to the insuperable difficulties of
transport (especially at the time when the camps were first
started, and when railways were subject to continual
interruptions) from which the camps suffered. Equally serious was
the want of personnel; of the necessary number of doctors,
nurses, matrons, superintendents, etc., who were simply not to be
found in South Africa, severely taxed as it had already been to
find men and women of sufficient training and experience to look
after the other victims of the war. Still, the want of material
has been a serious item; and it is evidently a want which, as the
carrying capacity of the railways increases, we must do our best
to supply. The Ladies' Commission, of whose devoted labours in
visiting and inspecting the camps it is impossible to speak too
highly (they have been of inestimable service to the Government),
have handed in a considerable list of requirements, which have
been, and are being, supplied as fast as possible. But evidently
these requirements enter into competition, and most serious
competition, with the supply of food and materials necessary for
the revival even of our central industry, not to say of
industrial and agricultural activity elsewhere in the new
colonies, of which, under the circumstances, it is, for the
moment, unfortunately impossible to think.
"To decide between the competing demands upon the still very
limited amount of truckage available for civil purposes, after
the paramount requirements of the army have been satisfied, is
indeed a most difficult and delicate task. Whether we have done
all for the best, it is not for me to say. That any amount of
conscientious thought and labour has been devoted, on all hands,
to grappling with the problem, I can confidently assert. And I am
equally confident that whatever has been done, and whatever may
yet be done, the amount of hardship must have been and must still
be very great. It would be amusing, if amusement were possible in
the presence of so much sadness and suffering, to put side by
side the absolutely contradictory criticisms, all equally
vehement, to which our action is subjected. On the one hand is
the outcry against the cruelty and heartlessness manifested in
not making better provision for the people in the concentration
camps: on the other, the equally loud outcry against our
injustice in leaving the British refugees in idleness and poverty
at the coast, in order to keep the people in the concentration
camps supplied with every luxury and comfort. I have even
frequently heard the expression that we are 'spoiling' the people
in the Boer camps. We are, alas, not in a position to spoil
anybody, however much we might desire to do so....
"The pressing questions connected with the return of the refugees
and the maintenance of the Boers at present in the concentration
camps are, it is evident, only the first of a series of problems
of the most complicated character, which have to be solved before
the country can resume its normal life....
[Sidenote: Re-settlement problems.]
"Even if the war were to come to an end to-morrow, it would not
be possible to let the people in the concentration camps go back
at once to their former homes. They would only starve there. The
country is, for the most part, a desert, and, before it can be
generally re-occupied, a great deal will have to be done in the
way of re-stocking, provision of seed, and also probably, in the
absence of draught animals, for the importation of steam ploughs.
"Then there are the arrangements to be made for the return of the
prisoners of war. Evidently these will have to wait till the
whole of the British refugees are brought back. The latter not
only have the strongest claim, but they will be immediately
wanted when order is restored, and will have, as soon as the
railway can bring up the necessary material, abundance of work,
whereas it may take some time before the country is fit to
receive the prisoners. Nevertheless, though the return of the
prisoners may still be far distant, there are certain measures
which have to be taken even now, in order that we may be able to
deal with the matter when the time comes.
"Altogether, the number and complexity of the tasks, embraced
under the general term 're-settlement,' which are either already
upon us or will come upon us as the country gradually quiets
down, are sufficient to daunt the most stout-hearted. And yet the
tone of hopefulness among the British population who have so far
returned to the new colonies is very marked, especially in the
Transvaal. It is not incompatible with many grievances, and with
much grumbling at the Administration. But that was only to be
expected, and is of very small importance as long as people are
prepared to tackle the big work of reconstruction in front of
them in a vigorous and sanguine spirit. Nor is this hopefulness,
in my opinion, at all ill-founded, however gloomy may be the
immediate outlook.
"Terrible as have been the ravages of war and the destruction of
agricultural capital, a destruction which is now pretty well
complete, the great fact remains that the Transvaal possesses an
amount of mineral wealth, virtually unaffected by the war, which
will ensure the prosperity of South Africa for the next fifty
years; and other resources, both industrial and agricultural,
which, properly developed, should make it a rich country, humanly
speaking, for ever. Economically, all that is required is that a
very small proportion of the superabundant but exhaustible riches
of the mines should be devoted to developing the vast permanent
sources of wealth which the country possesses, and which will
maintain a European population twenty times as large as the
present, when all the gold has been dug out. No doubt it is not
economic measures alone which will ensure that result. A social
change is also necessary, viz., the introduction of fresh blood,
of a body of enterprising European settlers, especially on the
land, to reinforce the Boer population, who have been far too
few, and far too easy-going, to do even the remotest justice to
the vast natural capabilities of the soil, on which, for the most
part, they have done little more than squat. But then the
introduction of the right type of agricultural settlers, though
it will not come about of itself, would not seem to be a task
beyond the powers of statesmanship to grapple with.
[Sidenote: The land settlement report.]
"This despatch has dealt so largely with questions of immediate
urgency, that I have left myself no time to refer to the work
which is being quietly done in both the new colonies to build up
the framework of the new Administration. I can hardly claim for
myself that I have been able to give to that work anything more
than the most general supervision, as my time is more than fully
occupied in dealing with matters of present urgency. But, thanks
to the great energy displayed by the principal officers of the
Administration--by Major Goold-Adams and Mr. Wilson at
Bloemfontein, by Mr. Fiddes, Sir Richard Solomon, and Mr. Duncan,
at Pretoria, and by Sir Godfrey Lagden and Mr. Wybergh here--a
really surprising amount of ground has been covered. Despite all
the difficulties and discouragements of the present time, the
machinery of the Government is getting rapidly into working
order, and, as soon as normal conditions are restored, the new
colonies will find themselves provided with an Administration
capable of dealing with the needs of a great and progressive
community, and with efficient and trustworthy courts of law. A
number of fundamental laws are being worked out, and will shortly
be submitted for your approval. In the Orange River Colony they
do not involve any great change of system, but, in the Transvaal,
some most important reforms are at once necessary, while an
immense amount of useless rubbish, which encumbered the Statute
Book and made it the despair of jurists, has already been
repealed."[301]
[Footnote 301: Cd. 903.]
In spite of the disturbed condition of the country, two independent
inquiries, each of which was concerned with matters of cardinal
importance to the future of South Africa, were concluded before the
second year of the war had run its course. From the report addressed
to Mr. Chamberlain by the Land Settlement Commission, of which Mr.
Arnold-Forster was chairman, and from that presented to Lord Milner by
Sir William (then Mr.) Willcocks[302] on Irrigation in South Africa,
there emerged three significant conclusions. Racial fusion, or the
ultimate solution of the nationality difficulty, was to be found in
the establishment of British settlers upon the land, living side by
side with the Dutch farmers and identified with them by common
pursuits and interests; the possibility alike of the successful
introduction of these settlers and of the development of the hitherto
neglected agricultural resources of South Africa depended upon the
enlargement and improvement of the cultivable area by irrigation; and
the only existing source of wealth capable of providing the material
agencies for the realisation of these objects was the Witwatersrand
gold industry. British agricultural settlers for the political,
irrigation for the physical regeneration of South Africa--this was the
essence of these two Reports.
[Footnote 302: Managing Director of the Daira Sania Company;
of the Indian and Egyptian Irrigation Services.]
"We desire to express our firm conviction," wrote the Land
Settlement Commissioners,[303] "that a well-considered scheme of
settlement in South Africa by men of British origin is of the
most vital importance to the future prosperity of British South
Africa. We find among those who wish to see British rule in
South Africa maintained and its influence for good extended, but
one opinion upon this subject. There even seems reason to fear
lest the vast expenditure of blood and treasure which has marked
the war should be absolutely wasted, unless some strenuous effort
be made to establish in the country, at the close of the war, a
thoroughly British population large enough to make a recurrence
of division and disorder impossible."
[Footnote 303: Cd. 626.]
[Sidenote: The irrigation report.]
Apart from its mineral development, Sir William Willcocks points
out,[304] South Africa has remained "strangely stationary. Fifty years
ago it was a pastoral country importing cereals and dairy produce, and
even hay from foreign countries. It is the same to-day. Half a century
ago it needed a farm of 5,000 acres to keep a family in decent
comfort; to-day it needs the same farm of 5,000 acres to keep a single
family in comfort." West of the great Drakenberg range it is an arid,
or semi-arid, region. The reason is not so much that the rainfall is
deficient, as that the rain comes at the wrong time, and is wasted.
What is wanted is water-storage, with irrigation works to spread the
water upon the land when it is needed by the farmer. Nothing short of
the agency of the State will serve to bring about this physical
revolution; for bad legislation must be annulled, and a great
intercolonial system of water-husbandry, comparable to those of India
and Egypt, must be created. Hitherto agriculture, in spite of the
latent possibilities of the country, has scarcely been "attempted";
for, with the exception of the extreme south-western corner of the
Cape Colony, the "conquered territory" of the Orange River Colony, and
the high veld of the Transvaal, the agricultural development of South
Africa "depends entirely on irrigation."
[Footnote 304: Cd. 1,163.]
But, great as was the claim of agriculture, the claim of the gold
industry was at once more immediate and more imperative.
"Valuable as water may be for agricultural purposes," Sir William
Willcocks wrote, "it is a thousand times more valuable for
gold-washing at the Rand mines."
And again:
"The prosperity and well-being of every interest, not only in the
Transvaal, but in South Africa generally, will depend on the
prosperity of the Rand, certainly for the next fifty years.
Though my life has been spent in the execution of irrigation
projects and the furtherance of agricultural prosperity, I feel
that, under the special conditions prevailing in South Africa,
the suggestion of any course other than the obvious one of first
putting the Rand mines on a sound footing as far as their water
supply is concerned, would have constituted me a bigot. Ten acres
of irrigable land in the Mooi or Klip river valleys, with
Johannesburg in the full tide of prosperity, will yield as good a
rent as forty acres with Johannesburg in decay."
And the prosperity of the mines is not only essential in the present:
it is to be the instrument for the development of the permanent
resources of the Transvaal:
[Sidenote: Economic importance of Rand.]
"The mineral wealth of the Transvaal is extra-ordinarily great,
but it is exhaustible, some say within a space of fifty years,
others within a space of one hundred years. It would be a
disaster indeed for the country if none of this wealth were
devoted to the development of its agriculture. Agricultural
development is slow, but it is permanent, and knows of no
exhaustion. If the companies working the gold, coal, and diamond
mines were by decree compelled to devote a percentage of their
gains to the execution of irrigation works on lines laid down by
the Government, they would assist in the permanent development of
the country and would be investing in works which, though slow to
give a remuneration, would, at any rate, be absolutely permanent.
It would thus happen, that when the mineral wealth of the country
had disappeared, its agricultural wealth would have been put on
such a solid basis that the country would not have to fall from
the height of prosperity to the depth of poverty."
These were conclusions of so fundamental a nature that no statesman
could afford to overlook them; and, in point of fact, Lord Milner kept
them steadily in sight from first to last in all that he did for the
administrative and economic reconstruction of the new colonies.
Another effort of the civil administration which was carried on
successfully during the war was the teaching of the Boer children in
the refugee camps. The narrative of the circumstances in which the
camp schools were first organised, of the manner in which teachers
came forward from all parts of the empire to offer their services, and
of the complete success which attended their efforts, was told three
years later by Mr. E. B. Sargant, the Education Adviser to the
Administration. The report in which the story appears not only affords
a record unique in the annals of educational effort, but adds a
pleasing and significant page to what is otherwise a gloomy chapter of
the war.[305] Mr. Sargant was invited by Lord Milner to organise the
work of educational reconstruction in the new colonies in the autumn
of 1900. He was then travelling in Canada, in the course of a journey
through the empire undertaken for the purpose of investigating the
methods and conditions of education in the several British colonies;
and he reached Capetown on November 6th, 1900. At that time the
headquarters of the new Transvaal Administration had not been
established in Pretoria; but in the Orange River Colony certain
schools along the railway line and elsewhere had been opened under the
military Government. From observations made in December in the two new
colonies, Mr. Sargant had begun to fear that the work of educational
reorganisation would have to be indefinitely postponed, when a visit
to the Boer prisoners' camp at Seapoint, Capetown, gave him the idea
from which the whole system of the camp schools was subsequently
evolved. Here he found that a school for boys and young men had been
provided by the prisoners themselves, but that it was destitute of
books and of almost all the necessary appliances. Mr. Sargant's appeal
on behalf of this school met with a ready response from the Cape
Government. What could be done here, he thought, could be done
elsewhere. The nearest refugee camp to Capetown was at Norval's Pont,
on the borders of the Orange River Colony; and it was here that Mr.
Sargant determined to make his first experiment.
[Footnote 305: This Report was issued (June 14th, 1904) from
the Education Adviser's Office, Johannesburg, on "The
Development of Education in the Transvaal and Orange River
Colony." It is one of the many contributions of permanent
value to political and economic science that mark the second
period of Lord Milner's Administration in South Africa.
_E.g._, in Appendix XXX. of this Report, the various
solutions of the much-vexed question of religious instruction
in State Schools, severally adopted by the self-governing
colonies of the empire, are excellently presented in tabular
form.]
[Sidenote: Origin of the camp schools.]
"Having provided myself," Mr. Sargant says, "with several boxes
of school books, I left Capetown on the last day of January and
took up my quarters in the camp already named. The Military
Commandant threw himself heartily into the experiment, although
at that time the provision of food and shelter for each new
influx of refugees was a matter of great difficulty. Fortunately
Norval's Pont, being nearer the base of supplies than the other
camps, had a few marquees to spare. In two of these I opened the
first camp school, remaining for a fortnight as its headmaster.
The rest of the teachers were found in the camp itself. It was
apparent from the first that the school would be a success. The
children flocked to it, and the mothers who brought them were
well content with the arrangement that the religious instruction
should be given in Dutch and other lessons in English. Here, as
in several other camps which were visited later, I found that a
school, taught through the medium of Dutch, had already been
opened by some of the more serious-minded of the people. In this
case, an offer was made to me by the Commandant to suppress this
school and to send the children to my marquees. This I refused,
and in less than two months I had the gratification of knowing
that teachers and children had come voluntarily to the Government
school, and that the tents in which they had been taught formed
one of a row of six which were needed to accommodate the rapidly
increasing number of scholars."[306]
[Footnote 306: Report on "The Development of Education in the
Transvaal and Orange River Colony."]
[Sidenote: Over-sea teachers.]
After this initial success Mr. Sargant made arrangements, first from
Bloemfontein, and afterwards from Pretoria, for the establishment of
such schools in all the refugee camps; and by the end of May, 1901,
there were 4,000 children in the camp schools, as against 3,500 in the
town schools of the two colonies. In the following month it became
evident that the local supply of teachers would be insufficient to
meet the demands of the rapidly increasing schools; and Lord Milner
devoted much of his time during his leave of absence to making
arrangements for the introduction of a number of well-trained teachers
from England, and subsequently from the over-sea colonies. Before
these welcome reinforcements could arrive, however, the number of
children in the camp schools, apart from the Government schools in the
towns, had risen to 17,500, and the supply of South African teachers
was exhausted. "In many cases," says Mr. Sargant, "the services of
young men and women who had passed the sixth, fifth, and even fourth
standard were utilised temporarily." With the new year, 1902, drafts
of carefully chosen and well-qualified teachers from England began to
arrive. Both the Board of Education for England and Wales and the
Scotch Education Department took up the work of selection and
appointment, and the co-operation of the Canadian, Australian, and New
Zealand Governments was obtained.[307] From this time forward the
system of the camp schools was steadily extended; and on May 31st,
1902, the date of the Vereeniging surrender, when the attendance
reached its highest point, more than 17,000 Boer children were being
thus educated in the Transvaal camps, and more than 12,000 in those of
the Orange River Colony.[308]
[Footnote 307: These imported teachers worked harmoniously
with the South African teachers, whether of British or Dutch
extraction; they filled the gap left by the Hollander
teachers, who had returned to Europe after the outbreak of
the war, and formed a valuable element in the permanent staff
of the Education Departments of the new colonies. In 1903
there were 475 of these over-sea teachers at work in the two
colonies, as against some 800 teachers appointed in South
Africa.]
[Footnote 308: Some idea of the significance of these figures
may be gathered from the fact that the highest number of
children on the rolls of the Government schools of the Orange
Free State was 8,157 (in the year 1898). That is to say, the
British Administration in the Orange River Colony was
educating one-third more Boer children in the camp schools
alone than the Free State Government had educated in time of
peace. Cd. 903.]
[Sidenote: Administrative progress, 1901.]
Apart from this unique and significant effort, the reports furnished
by the various departmental heads to Lord Milner in December afford
striking and sufficient evidence of the progress of the civil
administration in both the new colonies during the year 1901. In the
Orange River Colony the sphere of operations of the departments
existing at the time when Sir H. Gould-Adams was appointed
Deputy-administrator (March, 1901), had been increased, and new
departments were being organised. A statement issued by the financial
adviser on August 29th showed that for the period March 13th, 1900
(the occupation of Bloemfontein) to June 30th, 1901, the "real"
revenue and expenditure of the colony were respectively L301,800 8_s._
and L217,974 18_s._; an excess of revenue over expenditure of L83,825
10_s._ And during the half-year July 1st-December 31st the revenue
collected was about one-third in excess of the actual civil
expenditure.[309] The progress in education was remarkable. At the end
of February, 1902, there were 13,384 children on the roll of the
Government schools, camp and town,[310] or nearly 5,000 more than the
greatest number at school at any one time under the Republic, and the
reorganisation of both higher and technical instruction had been taken
in hand. A system of local self-government had been commenced by the
establishment of Boards of Health at Bloemfontein and in all
districts in the protected area, while in the capital itself the Town
Council was again at work. The Agricultural Department formed on July
1st, 1901, had taken over a large number of sheep and cattle from the
military authorities, and a commencement of tree-planting under an
experienced forester had been made. The Land Board was created in
October, with two branches concerned respectively with Settlement and
Repatriation. The Settlement branch was occupied especially in
procuring land suitable for agricultural purposes, and its efforts
were so successful that by the end of April, 1902, 150 British
settlers had been placed on farms. The Repatriation branch was engaged
in collecting information as to the whereabouts of the absentee Boer
landowners and their families, and the condition of their lands and
houses; in investigating the possibility of importing fresh stock, and
in collecting vehicles, implements, seed-corn, and the other
necessaries which would be required to enable the Boer population,
when repatriated, to resume their normal pursuits. Also temporary
courts, pending the re-opening of the ordinary civil courts, had been
established.
[Footnote 309: Cd. 1,163, p. 145. The accounts were
complicated by expenditure for, and refunds from, the
military authorities.]
[Footnote 310: This is in the Orange River Colony alone. For
the number of children in the _camp_ schools of both
colonies, as apart from the _town_ schools, see above.]
In the Transvaal the work was on a larger scale. Five departments,
those of the Secretary to the Administration (afterwards Colonial
Secretary), the Legal Adviser (afterwards Attorney-General), the
Controller of the Treasury (afterwards Treasurer), the Mining
Commissioner and of the Commissioner for Native Affairs, were already
organised. The progress achieved by the heads of these departments in
the Transvaal, and by Sir H. Gould-Adams and Mr. Wilson in the Orange
River Colony, formed collectively a record the merit of which was
acknowledged by "an expression of the high appreciation of His
Majesty's Government of the services which they had rendered in
circumstances of exceptional difficulty."[311]
[Footnote 311: Cd. 1,163.]
It is difficult to present an account of the work already done in the
Transvaal in a form at once brief and representative. The report of
Mr. Fiddes, the Secretary to the Administration,[312] recorded the
progress made in education, public works, and district administration.
Since July twenty-four new schools, of which seven were camp schools,
eight fee-paying schools, and nine free town schools, had been opened,
and 169 teachers were employed in the town schools, and 173 in the
camp schools, opened by the Administration. The public buildings,
including the hospitals and asylums at Johannesburg and Pretoria, the
post offices and the seventeen prisons administered by the department,
were being maintained and, where necessary, restored. In Johannesburg,
as we have seen, a Town Council had been established, but Pretoria was
still administered by a Military Governor, who controlled a temporary
Town Board and the police. The Administration, however, was empowered
by proclamation No. 28 of 1901 to appoint Boards of Health in places
where no municipality existed, and it was expected that Pretoria would
be endowed, before long, with the same municipal privileges as
Johannesburg.
[Footnote 312: Dated December 12th, 1901.]
[Sidenote: Legislative reforms.]
The volume of work handled in the Legal Adviser's office formed a
remarkable testimony to the energy and capacity of Sir Richard
Solomon. Resident magistrates' courts had been established in twelve
districts; temporary courts were being held in Pretoria and
Johannesburg; the offices of the Registrar of Deeds and of the Orphan
Master, and the Patent Office, were reorganised; and an ordinance
creating a Supreme Court, consisting of a Chief Justice and five
Puisne Judges, was drafted ready to be brought into operation so soon
as circumstances permitted. The chaotic Statute Book of the late
Republic had been overhauled. A large number of laws, some obsolete,
some impliedly repealed, but still appearing on the Statute Book, and
others unsuited to the new _regime_, had been repealed by
proclamation; and at the same time many ordinances dealing with
matters of fundamental importance had been prepared for submission to
the future Legislative Council at the first opportunity.
The report of Mr. Duncan, the Controller of the Treasury, showed that
the revenue actually being collected, mainly from the customs, the
Post Office, mining and trading licences, and native passes, would
provide for the ordinary expenditure of the civil administration. And,
in point of fact, when the accounts were made up at the end of the
first financial year of the new colonies (July 1st, 1901-June 30th,
1902) it was found that the Orange River Colony had a balance in hand
of L231,000, while in the Transvaal the expenditure on civil
administration[313] had been covered by the revenue, which had assumed
already the respectable figure of L1,393,000.
The Departments of Mines and Native Affairs had been reorganised, and
the work done by Mr. Wybergh and Sir Godfrey Lagden respectively in
these departments, in co-operation with Sir Richard Solomon, had
produced the administrative reforms immediately required to regulate
the employment of native labourers in the mines. By proclamations
amending or repealing existing laws and making fresh provisions where
necessary the native had been protected against oppression and robbery
at the hands of unscrupulous labour-agents, and the liquor traffic,
the chief cause of his insubordination and incapacity, had been
effectively repressed. Considerations of public security made the
maintenance of the "pass" system necessary, but modifications were
introduced into the working of the system sufficient to protect the
educated native from unnecessary humiliation and the native labourer
from excessive punishment. In addition to this departmental work two
commissions had been appointed by Lord Milner to investigate two
matters of direct and immediate concern to the gold industry. The
first of these, over which Sir Richard Solomon presided, was engaged
in reviewing the existing gold laws, with a view to the introduction
of new legislation embodying such modifications as the best local
experience and the financial interests of the colony might require.
The second was employed in formulating measures necessary to provide
both the mines and the community of the Rand with a water-supply that
would be at once permanent and economic.
[Footnote 313: Excluding expenditure on the South African
Constabulary and relief and re-settlement, and certain other
charges. Cd. 1,163.]
[Sidenote: The Johannesburg police.]
There remain certain special features of the administrative
reconstruction accomplished in 1901 that merit attention, as showing
the degree in which Lord Milner kept in view the fundamental
necessities of the situation revealed by the Land Settlement and
Irrigation Reports to which reference has been made above. As part of
the work of the Law Department, the Johannesburg Municipal Police had
been organised and placed under the control of Mr. Showers, the late
head of the Calcutta Police.
"This fine body," Lord Milner wrote, "consists mainly of picked
men from the Army Reserve, including many old soldiers of the
Guards, and others who have fought in the war. The men are
dressed like London policemen, but carry rifles. This odd-looking
equipment is characteristic of the double nature of their duties.
On the one hand they do the work of ordinary town police, and
exhibit in that characteristic the same efficiency and civility
as their London prototypes. On the other hand, they have played
an important part in assisting the military and the Rand Rifles
in the defence of the long line, fifty miles in extent of towns
and mining villages which constitute the Rand district. Latterly,
since the enemy have been quite driven out of this part of the
country, the military portion of their duties is diminishing in
importance, though the danger of small raids on outlying portions
of the Rand by parties coming from a distance is not yet wholly
removed. On the other hand, with the return of the civil
population, their work as police proper is greatly on the
increase. In their struggle with the illicit liquor dealers, one
of the most difficult of their duties, they have so far met with
a great measure of success."[314]
[Footnote 314: Cd. 903.]
[Sidenote: South African constabulary.]
Just as here, in the case of the Johannesburg police, so in the
formation of the South African Constabulary and in the reorganisation
of the railways, Lord Milner had determined that no opportunity of
adding to the permanent British population of the two colonies should
be lost. The South African Constabulary was formed in October, 1900,
by General Baden-Powell, mainly on the lines of the Canadian
North-West police, for the protection of the settled population in the
new colonies. Since July, 1901, however, when it had been called out
for military service, this force, at the time some 9,000 strong, had
been employed as part of the army under the direction of the
Commander-in-Chief, although its organisation, finance, and internal
discipline were dealt with by the High Commissioner. The men recruited
for the Constabulary were of British birth, and every endeavour was
made in the selection of recruits to secure persons who were adapted
by pursuits and character to become permanent and useful colonists. It
is interesting to note that a body of 500 burgher police, consisting
of former burghers of the Orange Free State, and placed under the
colonel commanding the Orange Colony division, had been associated
with the Constabulary during the time that they were thus serving with
the troops. Nor is it necessary to point out that the military
experience, the knowledge of the country, and acquaintance with the
life of the veld which the Constabulary gained at this period, largely
contributed to the efficiency which they displayed afterwards in the
discharge of their regular duties.
But of all the reconstructive work accomplished in this year of
continuous and harassing warfare, the reorganisation of the railways
was perhaps the most essential and the most successful in its
immediate results. Although the railways of the two new colonies
remained entirely under the control of the military authorities, their
future importance to the civil administration was so great that, as
Lord Milner wrote,[315] "questions affecting their organisation and
development naturally claimed his constant attention." And this all
the more, since Sir Percy Girouard, the Director of Military
Railways, had been chosen by the Home Government to undertake the
management of the joint railway system of the two colonies so soon as
it was handed over to the civil authorities. The work accomplished
included the repair of the damage inflicted by the enemy, the increase
and improvement of the rolling-stock, the reorganisation of the staff
of European employees, and the construction of new lines required for
the industrial development of the country. Apart from 102 engines and
984 trucks, the Boers had destroyed many pumping-stations and station
buildings, 385 spans of bridges and culverts, and 25 miles of line.
These injuries to the "plant" of the railways were repaired "in an
absolutely permanent manner," and orders had been placed in August for
60 engines and 1,200 trucks over and above those required to replace
the rolling-stock destroyed by the enemy.[316] As the staff employed
in the time of the Republics had been "actively engaged on the side of
the enemy, and were animated by an exceedingly anti-British
spirit,"[317] they had to be almost entirely replaced.
[Footnote 315: December 14th, 1901. Cd. 903.]
[Footnote 316: The new rolling-stock was paid for out of the
grant-in-aid voted in August, 1901. The first of the new
lines constructed was that from Bloemfontein to Basutoland,
opening up the rich agricultural land known as the "conquered
territory" on the Basuto border in the Orange River Colony,
where many of the new British settlers had been established.]
[Footnote 317: The completeness with which the Netherlands
Railway Company had identified itself with the Government of
the South African Republic is well expressed in the reply of
Mr. Van Kretchmar, the General Manager of the N.Z.A.S.M., to
a question put to him by the Transvaal Concessions
Commissioners: "We considered that the interests of the
Republic were our interests" (Q. 612). Many of these railway
employees were, of course, imported Hollanders.]
[Sidenote: Reorganisation of railways.]
"But," Lord Milner continues, "the many difficulties incidental
to the organisation of a large new staff, unaccustomed to work
with one another, are being successfully overcome, and business
is carried on with a smoothness which gives no indication of the
internal revolution so recently effected. The new railway staff
comprises some 4,000 men of British race, including 1,500
Reservists or Irregulars who had fought in the war, and who, with
other newcomers, form a permanent addition to the British
population of South Africa."
Thanks to the blockhouse system, supplemented where necessary by
armoured trains, the mail trains from the ports to Johannesburg were
running almost as rapidly and as safely as in time of peace. But the
demands of the military traffic were so enormous that opportunities
for ordinary traffic were still rigorously restricted.
"Military requirements in food supplies, remounts and munitions
of war," Lord Milner wrote, "represented 29,000 tons weekly from
the ports; while the movements of men and horses to and fro over
the [then] huge theatre of war were as constant as they were
sudden."
None the less the civil traffic was increasing. While in August only
684 refugees had returned, in November the number had risen to 2,623;
and while in August the tonnage of civil supplies forwarded to
Bloemfontein and the Transvaal was 4,612, in November it was 8,522.
This result, moreover, had been obtained with the old rolling-stock,
and a much more rapid progress was anticipated in the future, since
the additional rolling-stock had already begun to arrive. And in
anticipation of this increased rate of progress, the Commander-in-Chief
had
"now seen his way to allow the mines to start 400 fresh stamps
per month, as against an average of under 100 in previous months,
and had also consented to the grant of 1,600 permits a month
(representing about 4,000 persons) for return to the Transvaal."
In addition to the repair and reorganisation of the lines running to
the coast, the Transvaal collieries had been re-opened and the coal
traffic had been resumed. Not only had progress been made in stocking
the mines with coal, timber, and machinery, preparatory to the full
resumption of working activity, but the large unemployed native
population found in Johannesburg at the time of Lord Milner's arrival
had been utilised for the construction of a new and much-needed coal
line, which ran for thirteen miles along the Rand.
"This short line," Lord Milner wrote, "would have no less than
thirty to forty miles of sidings leading from it to every
important mine, and securing direct delivery of about 1,000,000
tons of coal per annum, as well as of a large tonnage of general
stores."
[Sidenote: Development by railways.]
And then follows a statement of the part to be played by railway
construction in the policy of material development, which was pursued
with such determination by Lord Milner after the restoration of peace.
"It seems almost superfluous to argue the case for further
railway development in South Africa, and especially in the new
colonies. The richest agricultural districts of both colonies are
far removed from markets. The through lines to the coast from the
great centres of industry will be choked with traffic. Both to
stimulate agriculture and to facilitate the operations of
commerce, additional lines and relief lines will be urgently
required. Moreover, if the construction of the most necessary of
these is undertaken as fast as the districts through which they
pass are pacified, employment will be provided for large numbers
of persons who would otherwise be idle and dependent on
Government for relief, as well as for many newcomers, who will be
a valuable addition to the population of the country. If there is
one enterprise which is certain to be thoroughly popular with the
old population, it is this. The one thing which the Boers will
thoroughly appreciate will be railways bringing their richest
land into touch with the best markets. And the British population
will be equally in favour of such a course."[318]
[Footnote 318: Cd. 903.]
Thus, six months before Vereeniging, and less than three months after
Lord Milner's return from England, the "big unfinished job" was well
in hand.