The brick oven was a feature of every chimney. Sometimes in early
days it was built partly outside the house but so far as known the
opening was always in the kitchen fireplace. To reach it the housewife
must stoop below the oaken lintel and stand inside the fireplace,
taking care that her woolen skirts did not come near the flames. To
heat it for a baking, a fire was built inside, usually with specially
prepared pine or birch wood that had been split and seasoned out of
doors for a short time and then housed. The oven was hot enough when
the black was burned off the top and the inside had become a uniform
light color. The fire and ashes were then taken out by means of a
peel--a long-handled, flat-bladed shovel made for the purpose--and
when dusted out with a broom made of hemlock twigs it was ready for
the brown bread, beans, peas, Indian pudding, pies, and rye drop cakes
which were made with rye meal, eggs and milk and baked directly on the
bricks in the bottom of the oven. Potatoes and eggs were roasted in the
ashes of the fireplace.
Between the years of 1635 and 1655, court records and inventories of
estates in the Massachusetts Bay Colony mention the following articles
of food:
Bacon, beef, butter, cheese, eggs, fowls, lamb, milk, mutton, pork,
suet, veal, wild game, and cod, herring, mackerel, salmon and sturgeon.
Barley, beans, Indian beans, bran, cabbages, carrots, chaff, corn,
English corn, Indian corn, hops, Indian meal, rye meal, oatmeal, oats,
parsnips, pease, pumpions, rye, squashes, turnips and wheat.
Apples, berries, fruit, honey, raisins, sugar and vinegar.
Biscuit, blewlman, bread, cake, malt, salad oil, porridge, rye malt,
yeast, salt and many kinds of spices.
Much of this food was raised on the farm and nearly every family
had its garden. Such articles of food as were imported were usually
obtained at the shops in the larger towns by barter, as money was
scarce. In 1651, a farmer from the frontier town of Andover came
through the woods to Salem in his cart bringing twelve bushels of rye.
He stopped at a shop owned by George Corwin and from the daybook
kept at the time and still carefully preserved, we learn that among
other necessaries he carried home sugar for the goodwife and for the
children--a doll and a bird whistle.
In the early years domestic animals were too valuable to be killed for
meat but game was plentiful and was roasted by being trussed on iron
spits resting on curved brackets on the backs of the andirons. This,
of course, required constant turning to expose the roast on all sides
in order to cook it evenly--a task frequently delegated to a child. A
skillet would be placed beneath to catch the drippings. Sometimes a
bird was suspended before the fire by a twisted cord that would slowly
unwind and partly wind again, requiring some one in frequent attendance
to twist the cord. Families of wealth possessed a “jack” to turn the
spit. This was a mechanism fastened over the fireplace and connected
with the spit by means of a pulley and cord. A heavy weight suspended
by a cord which slowly unwound, supplied the power that turned the spit.
At night, on going to bed, the fire was carefully covered with ashes
in order to keep it for the next day. This was called “raking up the
fire.” If through poor judgment the fire didn’t keep some one would go
to a near neighbor to borrow coals, or if this was inconvenient, resort
was then had to the tinder box. Tinder was made by charring linen or
cotton rags and the tinder box was kept in the niche on the inside of
the fireplace, made by leaving out a couple of bricks.
In “the hall,” usually upon open shelves, but sometimes upon a dresser,
was displayed the pride of the housewife,--the dress of pewter and
lattin ware. “China dishes,” imported by the East India Company or made
in Holland, were used sparingly during the early years of the colonies.
There was much earthenware and stoneware bottles and jugs, but it was
woodenware and pewter that were commonly used. When Lionel Chute died
in 1645 he bequeathed his silver spoon to his son James.[15] It was
the only piece of silver in the house. Of pewter he died possessed of
fourteen dishes “small and great,” eleven pewter salts, saucers and
porringers, two pewter candlesticks and a pewter bottle. The widow
Rebecca Bacon who died in Salem in 1655, left an estate of £195.
8. 6., which included a well-furnished house. She had brass pots,
skillets, candlesticks, skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent
supply of pewter including “3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse,
3 more a size lesse, 3 more a size lesse,” having a total value of
£1. 16. She also had a pewter basin, six large pewter plates, and six
lesser, nineteen pewter saucers, two fruit dishes, an old basin and
a great plate, two candlesticks, one large salt and a small one, two
porringers, a great flagon, one lesser, one quart, two pints and a
half pint; and an old porringer. She also left “1 silver duble salt, 6
silver spoones, wine cup & a dram cup of silver.”
Giles Badger of Newbury left to his young widow, a glass bowl, beaker,
and jug valued at three shillings; three silver spoons valued at £1,
and a good assortment of pewter, including “a salt seller, a tunell
and a great dowruff.” The household was also furnished with six wooden
dishes and two wooden platters. In other inventories appear unusual
items such as a pewter brim basin, pewter cullenders, pewter beer cups,
pans, and mustard pots. Pewter tankards were common. There were new and
old fashioned candlesticks. Pewter salts came in three sizes and the
saucers were both small and large. In 1693, best London pewter plates
cost the Boston shopkeepers 9-1/2 pence per pound in quantity.
The seventeenth century “hall” must have had little spare room for its
daily occupants, for in addition to its table and chairs, its settle,
stools and wash bench, the long ago inventories disclose such chattels
as powdering tubs in which the salted meats were kept, the churn,
barrels containing a great variety of things, keelers and buckets,
bucking tubs for washing, and the various implements used in spinning
and weaving, washing and ironing, cooking and brewing, and the making
of butter and cheese. In the chimney hung hams and bacon and suspended
from the ceiling were strings of dried apples and hands of seed corn.
It is claimed by some that the floors were sanded. That certainly was
true at a later period but there are strong elements of doubt as to
the prevalence of this custom during the seventeenth century. Sand,
however, was used freely with home-made soft soap, to scrub the floors
which were always kept white and clean, and whenever an early house is
restored or taken down sand is always found, sometimes in considerable
quantity, where it has sifted down through the cracks between the floor
boards. The downstairs rooms had double floors but the chamber floors
were made of one thickness of boards with here and there a knothole and
frequently with cracks between the boards through which the dust and
dirt from above must have sifted down upon the heads of those seated
at dinner or engaged in their daily tasks in the rooms below. Not
only does the structural evidence show this to be true but a number
of instances occur among the papers in Court files, where witnesses
have deposed as to what they had seen and heard through the cracks in
chamber floors. A grandson of Governor Endecott once fell a victim of
two gossiping sixteen-year old girls who had spent some time on their
knees peeping through the cracks in a chamber floor. Capt. Richard
More, the last survivor of the company on the “Mayflower,” late in life
kept a tavern in Salem. He was spied upon in this manner and eventually
brought before the justices of the Quarterly Court to answer for his
evasion of the law set forth and maintained at that time.
[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM
The kitchen showing roasting jack, settle, birch broom, hands of seed
corn, etc.]
The parlor, called “the foreroom” at a later time, was the room where
guests of station were received. The best bed hung with curtains and
valance and covered with a rug, stood in a corner. In those days rugs
were not used on floors but as bed furnishings. Even the baby’s
cradle had its rug. Carpets, likewise, were too fine for wooden
floors and were used as table covers. Of bedsteads there were many
kinds,--high and low, canopy, close, corded, half-headed, joined, side,
standing, inlaid, and wainscott, and slipped under the higher bedsteads
during the daytime, were trundle or “truckle” beds in which the
children slept at night. Lionel Chute, the schoolmaster, had an “old
darnkell coverlet” on his bed while some of his neighbors possessed
branched and embroidered coverlets and several had coverlets made of
tapestry.
Among the better families the parlor and chamber windows had curtains
hung from rods. In the parlor stood one or more chests in which were
stored the family clothing and bedding, for closets did not exist
in the seventeenth century house. There were great chests and small
chests, long boarded and great boarded chests, chests with a drawer,
carved chests, wainscot chests, trunks, and boxes. A few stools
and chairs, a looking glass, a small table, and perhaps a cupboard
completed the furnishings of the well-supplied parlor. In Capt. George
Corwin’s best room there were chairs with leather bottoms and straw
bottoms, a clock valued at £2, a screen having five leaves, a napkin
press, and a “Scriture or Spice box.” White calico curtains hung at his
chamber windows and the maid had a “Calico Cuberd cloth” in her room.
Parlor walls were whitewashed and bare of ornament. The first families
owned a portrait or two in oils and here and there a map in unglazed
frame decorated a wall. The Puritan character did not warm to the fine
arts and austere living was the aim if not always the achievement of
the time.
The chambers in the second story must have been curiously furnished
rooms, containing a huddle of stores of all descriptions. Henry Short,
the town clerk of Newbury, died in 1673 leaving a goodly estate valued
at nearly £2000.[16] He owned a negro slave and his house was large and
well furnished. There was an old parlor and a new parlor containing
beds, chests, chairs, trunks, and boxes. In the chamber over the new
parlor there was a good feather-bed and bed clothing but no bedstead.
Wool and yarn were stored in this room together with boxes, tubs, some
feathers, and miscellaneous “lumber”--the phrase of the period for odds
and ends. The chamber over the kitchen, a comfortable room of course,
in winter, had its bed and bedding, also “5 hogsheds, 6 barrels, 5 Iron
hoopes, a pair of stock-cards, meale trough & other lumber, a parcell
of old Iron, a pike, a bed cord & other cordage.” Small wonder in such
a clutter that the rooms frequently had other tenantry than the human
occupants.
When Jasper Dankers arrived in Boston in 1680, the captain of the
packet took him to his sister’s house where he lodged. “We were taken
to a fine large chamber,” he writes, “but we were hardly in bed before
we were shockingly bitten. I did not know the cause, but was not able
to sleep.... My comrade who was very sleepy, fell asleep at first. He
tumbled about very much; but I did not sleep any the whole night. In
the morning we saw how it was, and were astonished we should find such
a room with such a lady.”[17]
With the present wide-spread belief in Puritan austerity of character,
there is associated a conception of a simplicity of dress and manners.
But the channels of information by which present day beliefs have
been shaped usually have been ecclesiastical, and bias and convenient
forgetfulness have been factors in outlining the composition of the
picture. Human nature and human frailities were much the same in the
seventeenth century as at the present time. In point of fact, our
New England ancestors when viewed as a body, are found to have had
standards of living far below those of today. The common speech was
gross in the extreme. Crowded living led to familiarity. There was more
drunkenness, profanity, loose living and petty crime in proportion
to the population than at the present time, and by no means did every
one go to meeting on Sunday. The ministers controlled the lawmaking
body and sumptuary laws were enacted which are enlightening. Because
of “newe and immodest fashions” the wearing of silver, gold and silk
laces, girdles and hat bands was prohibited. It was the fashion at
that time to slash the sleeves so that a fabric of another color worn
beneath would show in an ornamental manner through the slash. The
ministers decreed that neither man nor woman should wear clothing with
more than one slash on each sleeve and another on the back. “Cuttworks,
inbroidered or needle worke capps, bands & rayles,” were forbidden.[18]
Ruffs and beaver hats were prohibited, as was long hair. Binding or
small edging laces might be used, but the making or selling of bone
lace was penalized at the rate of five shillings per yard.
But this didn’t change human nature and although from time to time
offenders were taken into court and punished, the wearing of fine
clothing fashioned after the London mode continued and a few years
later the ministers tried their hand again. Any kind of lace was
anathema and “no garment shalbee made with short sleeves, whereby the
nakedness of the arme may bee discovered.” On the other hand, large
sleeves were forbidden, so the maids and goodwives of the time must
have been somewhat at a loss to know how lawfully to fashion their
clothes.
The minister at Ipswich grew so ill-tempered over the ungodly state of
the women in his town that he vented his spleen as follows:--“When I
hear a nugiperous Gentledame inquire what dress the Queen is in this
week, what the nudius tertian of the Court, I look at her as the very
gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a cypher, the epitome
of nothing, fitter to be kickt, if she were of a kickable substance
than either honoured or humoured.”[19]
The minister in the adjoining town, Rowley, actually cut off his nephew
from his inheritance because he wore his hair long in the prevailing
fashion. Later in the century the offense of wearing long hair was
forgotten in the unspeakable sin of wearing wigs. The Great and General
Court again took a hand and in 1675 condemned “the practise of men’s
wearing their own or other’s hair made into periwigs.” Judge Sewall in
his _Diary_ alludes to the custom. In 1685 three persons were admitted
to the Old South Church in Boston. “Two wore periwigs,” comments the
Judge.
“1708, Aug. 20, Mr. Chievar died. The Wellfare of the Province was much
upon his Spirit. He abominated Periwigs.”[20]
The Great and General Court at one time ordered that no person should
smoke tobacco in public under a penalty of two shillings and six pence,
nor in his own house with a relative or friend. But everybody smoked
who wanted to, even the maids, and the repressive legislation in time
met the usual fate of similar efforts to restrain individual liberty
and manners.
It is sweet to fancy Priscilla at her spinning wheel wearing the coif
and nun-like garb of the Puritan maiden of the poet and the artist.
But the inventories of estates in the early years of the Colony, as
well as at a later time, furnish evidence of a different character. The
variety of fabrics listed is amazing and holds its own with the modern
department store. There are most of the well-known fabrics of today,
such as calico, cambric, challis, flannel, lawn, linen, plush, serge,
silk, velvet, and many others; and there are also names that sound
strangely in modern ears, viz: cheney, darnex, dowlas, genting, inckle,
lockrum, ossembrike, pennistone, perpetuana, sempiternum, stammell, and
water paragon.
[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM
Corner of the kitchen showing dresser with its “dress of pewter,” wash
bench, meal chest, wooden ware, etc.]
As for dress,--the women wore bonnets, caps, silk hoods, coifs,
forehead cloths, ruffs, and whisks. Gowns, cloaks, mantles, and
muffs are mentioned frequently; as are many kinds of lace and even
fans and veils. Shawls and scarfs were not unknown and there were
gold, silver, and enamelled rings. At least one woman possessed a
mask, and stomachers were not uncommon. Tortoise shell combs appear;
all well-to-do persons wore gloves, and as for shoes--there were shoes
with French heels, fall shoes, and those with silver buckles. Even
shoe-strings appear in the inventories. There were silver, pewter, and
steel buttons and those of gympe, thread, and silk.
Laboring men wore leather and coarse fabrics and for others there were
suits, doublets, waistcoats and breeches. Trousers are mentioned;
also a cane and periwigs. Of caps and hats there were a number of
kinds--felt, castor, demi-castor, and even straw. Capt. George Corwin,
a Salem merchant, owned a cloth coat trimmed with silver lace, a
velvet coat, a tabby doublet, an old fashioned Dutch satin doublet,
four cloaks of various kinds, two pairs of golden topped gloves, one
embroidered pair, and a pair with black fringe. He also took his walks
abroad wearing silk stockings, with a hat encircled by a silver band
and carrying a silver headed cane or a plate hilt rapier, according to
fashion. He possessed two silver watches. Who shall say that the men
and women of the New England colonies did not dress well and live well
in the early days according to their means?
What was their conduct not only in their homes but in their relations
with their neighbors? Did they live peaceably and work together in
building up the settlements? Did they set up in the wilderness domestic
relations exactly like those they had abandoned over-seas? It was a
raw frontier country to which they came and it is apparent that at
the outset they felt themselves to be transplanted Englishmen. So far
as possible they lived the lives to which they had been accustomed
and they engrafted in their new homes the manners and customs of the
generations behind them. Most of them fully recognized, however, that
they were not to return; that they had cut loose from the old home
ties and it was not long before the necessities and limitations of
frontier life brought about changed conditions in every direction.
Politically, religiously and socially, they were in a different
relation than formerly in the English parish life. Many of them,
especially those somewhat removed from the immediate supervision of
magistrate and minister, before long seem to have shown a tendency to
follow the natural bent of the frontiersman toward independent thought
and action. Their political leaders made laws restricting daily life
and action and their religious leaders laid down rules for belief and
conduct, that soon were repellent to many. Civil and clerical records
are filled with instances showing an evasion of and even contempt for
the laws and rules laid down by the leaders of their own choosing.
Some of it doubtless was in the blood of the men who had come in
search of a certain individual freedom of action, but much of it may
be attributed to frontier conditions and primitive living. There
were many indentured servants, and rough fishermen and sailors have
always been unruly. Simple houses of but few rooms accommodating large
families are not conducive to gentle speech or modesty of manner nor to
a strict morality. The craving for land holding and the poorly defined
and easily removed bounds naturally led to ill feeling, assault,
defamation, and slander.
It has been stated frequently that in the olden times in New England
every one was obliged to go to church. The size of the meeting houses,
the isolated locations of many of the houses, the necessary care of the
numerous young children, and the interesting side-lights on the manners
of the time which may be found in the court papers, all go to show
that the statement must not be taken literally. Absence from meeting,
breaking the Sabbath, carrying a burden on the Lord’s Day, condemning
the church, condemning the ministry, scandalous falling out on the
Lord’s Day, slandering the church, and other misdemeanors of a similar
character were frequent.
A curious instance of Sabbath breaking occurred at Hampton, N. H. in
1646. Aquila Chase and his wife and David Wheeler were presented at
court for gathering pease on the Sabbath. They were admonished. The
family tradition has it that Aquila returned from sea that morning and
his wife wishing to supply a delicacy for dinner, fell into grave error
in thus pandering to his unsanctified appetite.
At the Feb. 29, 1648 session of the court held in Salem, eight cases
were tried. A Gloucester man was fined for cursing, saying “There are
the brethern; the devil scald them.” Four servants were fined for
breaking the Sabbath by hunting and killing a raccoon in the time of
the public exercise to the disturbance of the congregation. If the
animal had taken to the deep woods instead of staying near the meeting
house the servants might have had their fun without paying for it. Then
came a Marblehead case--a man who had sailed his boat into the harbor
loaded with hay that he had brought from Gloucester. This was on the
Lord’s Day at the time when people were going to the morning exercises.
He, too, was fined. Nicholas Pinion, who worked at the Saugus Iron
Works, was presented for absence from meeting four Lord’s Days
together, “spending his time drinking and prophanely,” and Nicholas
Russell of the same locality was fined for spending a great part of one
Lord’s Day with Pinion in drinking strong water and cursing Pinion’s
wife thereby causing jealousy in the family; and the woman in question
having broken her bond for good behavior, was ordered to be severely
whipped. The other cases were for swearing, in which the above named
lady was included; for being disguised in drink; and for living from
his wife. And so the court ended.
Drunkenness was very common in the old days. Every family kept on hand
a supply of liquor and wine, and cider was considered a necessity of
daily living in the country, where it was served with each meal and
also carried into the fields by the workers. It was stored in barrels
in the cellar and the task of drawing the cider and putting it on the
table usually fell to the younger members of the family. A man would
often provide in his will for the comfort of his loving wife by setting
aside for occupancy during her life, one half of his house, with a
carefully specified number of bushels of rye, potatoes, turnips and
other vegetables; the use of a horse with which to ride to meeting or
elsewhere; and lastly, the direction that annually she be provided with
a certain number of barrels of cider,--sometimes as many as eight.
Rev. Edward Holyoke, the President of Harvard College, was in the
habit of laying in each year thirty or more barrels of cider as he had
to provide for much entertaining. Late in the winter he would draw
off part of his stock and into each barrel he would pour a bottle of
spirit and a month later some of this blend would be bottled for use on
special occasions.
[Illustration: WELLCURB AT THE JOHN WARD HOUSE
Showing wellsweep, wooden bucket and girl dressed in the costume of the
late 17th century]
As an example of life and manners in seventeenth century New England,
the ministerial experiences of Topsfield may be cited. It is an inland
town near Ipswich and was settled in 1639. The first minister was the
Rev. William Perkins who had been a selectman and representative at
Weymouth and a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company
in Boston. Later he preached at Gloucester where one of his flock was
presented at court for unbecoming speeches against Mr. Perkins, saying
“if it were not for the law, shee would never come to the meeting,
the teacher was so dead ... affirming that the teacher was fitter to
be a ladys chamberman than to be in the pulpit.”[21] He removed to
Topsfield in 1656 and before long was collecting his salary through
the courts. Some of his flock retaliated and brought him into court
for drunkenness, when it appeared that he had stopped at the Malden
ordinary and called for a cup of sack but goody Hill told him that he
had had too much already and Master Perkins replied “if you think I am
drunk let me see if I can not goe” and he went tottering about the
kitchen and said the house was so full of potts and kettles that he
could hardly go.
In 1663 a meeting house was built in Topsfield, and the Rev. Thomas
Gilbert, a Scotchman, supplanted Mr. Perkins. The new minister also had
a love for good wine and after a time Mr. Perkins entered a complaint
and it appears from the records that one sacrament day Mr. Gilbert
entertained at dinner a number of the older men and women whose homes
were distant from the meeting house. He possessed a golden cup and what
was left of the sacramental wine was drunk at dinner, the cup being
passed around the table at least twice, the minister drinking deeply
with the not unusual result, for he forgot to give thanks and sang a
psalm with lisping utterance. Mr. Gilbert was followed in his pastorate
by the Rev. Jeremiah Hobart, a Harvard graduate, who, during his eight
years stay in Topsfield, became a familiar figure in the courts because
of suits for non-payment of salary, for cursing and swearing, and for a
damaging complaint for slander exhibiting much discreditable testimony.
Then came the Rev. Joseph Capen and during his pastorate of over forty
years the town and church enjoyed a peaceful growth interrupted only by
the witchcraft delusion of 1692 in which an attempt to appropriate land
of Topsfield men played an important part.
But manners and crimes vary with the centuries as do dress and speech.
In the year 1655, the following crimes were penalized in the courts of
the Massachusetts Bay Colony: eavesdropping, meddling, neglecting work,
naughty speech, profane dancing, kissing, making love without consent
of friends, uncharitableness to a poor man in distress, carelessness
about fire, wearing great boots, etc., and a few years later we find
other strange misdemeanors, such as abusing a mother-in-law, wicked
speeches against a son-in-law, kicking another in the street, leaving
children alone in the house, pulling hair, riding behind two fellows
at night (this was a girl, Lydia by name), sleeping in meeting and
dissenting from the rest of the jury.
With such minute supervision of the daily life of the colonists it can
readily be appreciated that it was an age for gossiping, meddlesome
interference with individual life and liberty and that in the course of
time nearly every one came before the courts as complainant, defendant
or witness. There were few amusements or intellectual diversions and
they could only dwell on the gossip and small doings of their immediate
surroundings. But all the while there was underlying respect for law,
religion and the rights of others. The fundamental principles of human
life were much the same as at the present day, and men and women lived
together then as now and as they always will--with respect and love.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
AN ACCOUNT OF SUPPLIES FURNISHED BY
THE COMPANY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY
TO REV. SAMUEL SKELTON, THE
MINISTER AT SALEM.
The following account of food, fabrics, household supplies and
equipment furnished by the Company of the Massachusetts Bay to Rev.
Samuel Skelton, the first minister at Salem, is of much economic
interest. The emigrants sailed from London about the middle of April,
1629 and reached the harbor of Naumkeak (now Salem) on June 30th. Mr.
Skelton died Aug. 2, 1634 and this accounting may have been made up
after his death. It begins in 1629 at the time of the departure from
England and covers an indeterminate period. The increase of livestock
over a period of _five years_ is described and this seems to indicate
the period of residence at Salem until his death.
It is enlightening to find that the Massachusetts Bay Company seems to
have maintained a company shop at which supplies of all kinds might be
obtained; and it is a matter for comment that the minister’s family
was supplied during the voyage and in the early days following the
settlement, with such luxuries as powdered sugar, salad oil, castile
soap and almonds, not to mention, also, a variety of spices, such as
pepper, cloves, mace, and nutmegs.
The original of this document may be seen in the Suffolk County Court
Files, Volume I.
Other interesting lists of all kinds of materials sent over by
the Company, may be found in the Company records printed by the
Commonwealth in 1853 (Vol. I, pp. 23-37) and also by the American
Antiquarian Society (Transactions, Vol. III, pp. 5-30e).
Coppie of An Accompte of monies M^r Skelton is Creditor viz.
li. s. d.
An^o 1629 Imprimis p so much w^{ch} should }
haue bene paid him in England } 20-00-00
towards fitting him for y^e voy^{adg} }
Item for Charges att Tillbury, Cowes,
& Plimoth, being wind bound 02-10-00
Item p Twenty ^{li} p Annum for 3
years is y^e some of 60-00-00
Item for on bushell of wheat flowe^r 00-15-00
Ite. for one bushell of oatmeale 00-10-00
Ite. for one holland & 2 ordenary
Cheess 00-10-00
Ite. for xx^{li} of powder sugar att 01-03-09
Ite. for one Loafe Cont 7^{li} att 1^s 6^d 00-10-06
Ite. for one sugar Loafe Cont 5^{li} att
1^s 7^d p li. 00-07-11
Ite. 6^{li} of pepper 00-12-00
Ite. Nutmeggs 4 oz 00-01-08
Ite. one oz. of Clovs, & one oz. of mace 00-02-00
Ite. iij^{li} of starch 00-01-03
Ite. xij^{li} of Rice 00-06-00
Ite. vj^{li} of Vntryed suett 00-03-00
Ite. one gall of aquavite 00-03-08
Ite. for one flitch of Bacon 00-14-00
Ite. Castle soape ix^{li} att 8^d p li 00-06-00
Ite. frute viz Rasons Corrants &
pruens 00-14-00
Ite. Safron ij oz 00-05-00
Ite. five qu of stronge water 00-08-00
Ite. Almonds ij^{li} at 1^s 2^d 00-02-04
Ite. xv^{li} of tryed suett at 8^d p. li 00-10-00
Ite. one gall of Sallert oyle 00-06-00
Ite. vj^{li} of Candles 00-03-00
Ite. v geese & ix ducks 00-08-00
An^o 1630 Ite. xij^{li} of Butter att 00-08-00
Ite. vj potts of Butter Cont. vij^{li} p pott 01-08-00
Ite. ij Cheeses about x li a pc 00-11-08
Ite. half a firkin of butter of M^r Gibbs 00-17-06
Ite. one Third p^rt of a barrell of w^t
biskett 00-10-00
Ite. one pott of honey vij^{li} wa^t att 00-07-10
Ite. one pott of butte^r att 00-03-00
Ite. x^{li} of Corrants att 00-05-00
Ite. [ ] Bacon 00-10-00
Ite. one doz of Candles 00-08-00
Ite. ij Cheeses att vj^d p li 00-11-03
Ite. iij Cheeses att vij p. li 00-17-09
Ite. one porkett 01-05-00
Ite. xij^{li} of tryed suett 00-08-00
Ite. vj gees & xij ducks 00-14-00
Ite. vj po: of powder suger about 20^d 00-10-00
Ite. v po: of powder suger 18^d 00-07-06
Ite. x^{li} of Loaf suger 01-00-00
Ite. Cloves & mace 00-01-00
Ite. ij oz of Nutmeggs j^s & Sinam^o 16^d 00-02-04
Ite. workmens wadges for Cutting
& bringing home wood against
winter about 03-00-00
---------
Suma to^{lis} 105-18-11
Item ⅌ so much p^d M^r Pearce[22]
for provisions of meale, pease,
Canvas, Carsey & etcr w^{th} 3^{li}
5^s 9^d after 25^{li} ⅌ Cent. & freight.
I say p^d the some of 12-15-01
Ite. for 3 quarts of aquavite 00-03-09
Ite. for x^{li} of Rice att 5d 00-04-02
Ite. 10^{li} of Butt[er] att 00-06-08
Ite. 4 Chees[es] att 01-03-04
Ite. 10 peeces of pork 00-11-08
Ite. more 20^{li} of Butter 00-10-00
Ite. more 4 bushells Virginia Corne 02-00-00
Ite. soape 7^s & vinege^r 4 gall^o 8^s &
1 g^l 2^s 00-17-00
Ite. 2 pecke of w^t salte att 00:03:00
---------
Sumis 18-14-08
And on the other syde the totall some of 105-18-11
---------
Suma to ^{lis} 124-13-07