The two great armies, now in battle array on the plain before the city
walls, began to advance towards each other. The Trojans moved along with
great clatter, which Homer compares to the noise of flocks of cranes:
The Trojan host moved on
With shouts and clang of arms, as when the cry
Of cranes is in the air, that, flying south
From winter and its mighty breadth of rain,
Wing their way over ocean.
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
The Greeks, on the other hand, advanced in deep silence.
But silently the Greeks
Went forward, breathing valor, mindful still
To aid each other in the coming fray.
As when the south wind shrouds a mountain-top
In vapors that awake the shepherd's fear,--
A surer covert for the thief than night,--
And round him one can only see as far
As one can hurl a stone,--such was the cloud
Of dust that from the warriors' trampling feet
Rose round their rapid march and filled the air.
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
As soon as the armies approached each other, almost front to front,
Paris rushed forward from the Trojan lines, and challenged the Greeks to
send their bravest warrior to fight him in simple combat. In appearance
he was beautiful as a god. Over his shoulders he wore a panther's skin.
His weapons were a bow, a sword, and two spears tipped with brass, which
he brandished in his hands. The challenge was speedily answered by
Menelaus, who bounded from his chariot the moment he beheld Paris,
rejoicing that at last the time had come to have revenge on the man who
had so greatly wronged him.
As a hungry lion who has made
A prey of some large beast--a horned stag
Or mountain goat--rejoices, and with speed
Devours it, though swift hounds and sturdy youths
Press on his flank, so Menelaus felt
Great joy when Paris, of the godlike form,
Appeared in sight, for now he thought to wreak
His vengence on the guilty one, and straight
Sprang from his car to earth with all his arms.
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
But when Paris saw who it was that had come forth to fight him, he was
seized with a great fear, and he shrank back into the ranks of his
companions.
As one who meets within a mountain glade
A serpent, starts aside with sudden fright,
And takes the backward way with trembling limbs.
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
Though Paris was really a brave man, his feeling of his own guilt and
the sight of Menelaus, whom he had injured, made him a coward for the
moment, and so he fled from before the face of the enraged king of
Sparta. The noble Hector was deeply vexed at seeing his brother's
flight, and in angry words upbraided him for his shameful conduct.
"Better would it have been," said he, "if you had never been born than
thus to bring disgrace upon us all. Well may the Greeks laugh at finding
that you, whom they supposed to be a hero, possess neither spirit nor
courage. You have brought evil on your father, your city, and your
people, by carrying away a beautiful woman from her husband, yet you now
fear to meet that warrior in battle. The Trojans are but a weak-minded
race, else they would have long since given you the death you deserve."
Paris admitted that his brother's rebuke was just, and he now declared
that he was willing to meet Menelaus in single combat, Helen and her
treasures to be the prize of the victor.
"Cause the Trojans and the Greeks
To pause from battle, while, between the hosts,
I and the warlike Menelaus strive
In single fight for Helen and her wealth.
Whoever shall prevail and prove himself
The better warrior, let him take with him
The treasure and the woman, and depart;
While all the other Trojans, having made
A faithful league of amity? shall dwell
On Ilium's fertile plain, and all the Greeks
Return to Argos."
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
Hector rejoiced at his brother's words, and, immediately going forward
into the center of the open space between the two armies, he spoke in a
loud voice to the Greeks and Trojans, telling them of the proposal which
Paris had made. The brave Menelaus heard the challenge with delight, and
promptly accepted it.
"Now hear me also,--me whose spirit feels
The wrong most keenly. I propose that now
The Greeks and Trojans separate reconciled,
For greatly have ye suffered for the sake
Of this my quarrel, and the original fault
Of Paris. Whomsoever fate ordains
To perish, let him die; but let the rest
Be from this moment reconciled, and part."
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
The Greeks and Trojans were happy at the hope thus offered of a speedy
end to the war. Hector sent for King Priam, that he and Agamemnon and
the other leaders on both sides might declare their approval of the
proposed conditions, and pledge themselves in the presence of both
armies to abide by the result of the combat between the two heroes. Just
then the Trojan monarch was seated on one of the watchtowers of the
walls, looking down on the plain where the great hosts were assembled.
With him were several of his venerable chiefs, now too old to take part
in fighting.
While they sat there the beautiful Helen came out from the palace to
witness the approaching conflict. She had been told of it by the
messenger Iris, who, descending from heaven, and taking the form of
La-odʹi-ce, one of Priam's daughters, appeared to Helen in her chamber.
There she was busy at her loom, making in golden tapestry a
representation of some of the great events of the war. In those days, as
we read in many parts of Homer, the noblest ladies, even queens and
their daughters, did not think it beneath them to work at spinning and
weaving and other useful occupations, and so Helen was employed when
Iris came to tell her that Paris and Menelaus were about to fight for
her and her treasure.
[Illustration: HELEN OF TROY.
_Painting by Lord Leighton._]
From her spinning Helen rose up and went to the walls to view the
combat. As she came near the place where Priam sat, even the venerable
chiefs were compelled to admire her wondrous beauty. "Fair as the
immortal goddesses she is," said they; "yet much better would it be if
she would return to her own country, and not remain here to bring ruin
upon us and our children." But Priam called to her to sit by his side,
and said to her:
"No crime of thine our present sufferings draws,
Not thou, but Heaven's disposing will, the cause
The gods these armies and this force employ,
The hostile gods conspire the fate of Troy."
POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
Then King Priam asked Helen to name for him some of the Greek leaders
whom he saw before him, not far from the city walls.
"Who is that tall and gallant hero," he asked, "who seems like unto a
king? Never have I beheld a man so graceful, nor so venerable." "Revered
and honored father," answered Helen, "would that death had taken me
before I left my husband and home to come with your son hither, but the
Fates did not will it so, therefore am I here. That hero whom you see is
the wide-ruling Agamemnon, the son of Atreus, both a good king and a
brave warrior, and once my brother-in-law."
"My brother once, before my days of shame,
And oh! that still he bore a brother's name!"
POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
"O happy Agamemnon," exclaimed Priam, "fortunate in ruling over so
mighty a host! But who is this other chief, less in height than
Agamemnon, though broader in the shoulders? His arms lie on the ground,
while he himself moves from rank to rank like a thick-fleeced ram which
wanders through a great flock of sheep."
"The stately ram thus measures o'er the ground,
And, master of the flock, surveys them round."
POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
"That," said Helen, "is the wise Ulysses, man of many arts. Though
nursed in a rugged island, yet is he skilled in all kinds of stratagem
and prudent counsel." Ajax and Idomeneus were next noticed by King
Priam,--Ajax the mighty, who overtopped the Argives by his head and
shoulders, and Idomeneus the valiant king of Crete. Helen knew them
well, for she had seen them at her Spartan home.
"Ajax the great," the beauteous queen replied,
"Himself a host; the Grecian strength and pride.
See! bold Idomeneus superior towers
Amid yon circle of his Cretan powers,
Great as a god! I saw him once before,
With Menelaus on the Spartan shore.
The rest I know, and could in order name;
All valiant chiefs, and men of mighty fame."
POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
But at this point the heralds sent by Hector came to tell Priam that he
was wanted on the plain below to approve the terms of the challenge.
Immediately the king, descending from the ramparts, mounted his chariot,
accompanied by his wise counselor, Antenor. They drove through the Scæan
Gate into the space between both armies, and there, with the ceremonies
usual on such occasions, a solemn league was formed between the two
monarchs. First, they mixed in a bowl wine brought by both parties. This
was an emblem of reconciliation. Next, water was poured on the hands of
the kings, after which Agamemnon cut with his dagger hairs from the
heads of three lambs. These were divided among the chiefs on both sides,
so that all might be bound by the pledge about to be made. Then
Agamemnon, stretching forth his hands, prayed thus aloud:
"O father Jupiter, most glorious, most mighty, and thou, O Sun, who
beholdest all things, and ye rivers, and thou earth, and ye in the
regions of the dead that punish those who swear false oaths, be ye
witnesses of this league. If, on the one hand, Paris slay Menelaus, let
him keep Helen and all her possessions, and let us return home in our
ships. But if, on the contrary, Menelaus slay Paris, let the Trojans
restore Helen and all her treasures, and pay a fine to the Argives such
as may be just."
Then the lambs were sacrificed, and the kings drank of the mixed wine.
Some of it was also poured on the earth, while the Greeks and Trojans
joined in praying that terrible punishment might be sent upon any person
who should violate the league:
"Hear, mighty Jove! and hear, ye gods on high!
And may their blood, who first the league confound,
Shed like this wine, disdain the thirsty ground."
POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
Such was the league formed between the kings and chiefs of the two great
armies. Priam then went back to the city, for he could not bear to
witness a conflict in which his son might be slain. Lots were now drawn
to decide which of the warriors should cast his spear first. Paris won,
and immediately the champions, putting on their armor and taking up
their weapons, advanced into the middle of the ground that Hector and
Ulysses had measured out for the combat.
Then the fight began. Paris hurled his javelin, but Menelaus warded off
the blow with his strong brazen shield. In his turn the Spartan king
poised his long spear for a throw at his enemy. At the same time he
prayed to Jupiter to give him strength and victory:
"O Sovereign Jove! vouchsafe that I avenge
On guilty Paris wrongs which he was first
To offer; let him fall beneath my hand,
That men may dread hereafter to requite
The friendship of a host with injury."
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
Then Menelaus cast his spear. It pierced the shield and corselet of
Paris, and might have made a fatal wound had he not bent himself
sideways, and so escaped the full force of the weapon. Instantly
Menelaus rushed forward, sword in hand, and dealt a powerful blow at his
enemy's head. This time Paris was saved by the brazen helmet he wore,
for when Menelaus struck it, the blade of his sword broke in pieces.
Angry at his ill luck, the Spartan warrior seized his foe by the
horsehair crest of his helmet, and began to drag him towards the Grecian
lines; but at this point Venus came to the aid of her favorite. Standing
unseen beside him, she broke the helmet strap under his chin, and thus
released him from the grasp of the wrathful Menelaus. Then she cast a
thick mist around the Trojan prince, and, carrying him off to the city,
set him down in his chamber, within his own palace. The goddess also
conducted Helen to the palace, from the watchtower in which, after her
conversation with Priam, she had remained to witness the combat on the
plain. As soon as Helen beheld Paris she spoke to him in harsh words:
"Com'st thou from battle? Rather would that thou
Hadst perished by the mighty hand of him
Who was my husband. It was once, I know,
Thy boast that thou wert more than peer in strength
And power of hand, and practice with the spear,
To warlike Menelaus. Go then now,
Defy him to the combat once again.
And yet I counsel thee to stand aloof,
Nor rashly seek a combat, hand to hand,
With fair-haired Menelaus, lest perchance
He smite thee with his spear and thou be slain."
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
Meanwhile the Spartan king, furious as a lion, paced up and down the
field searching for Paris, but not even the Trojans could tell where he
was. If he were amongst them they would not have concealed him, for they
loved him not, knowing that he was the cause of all the sufferings which
the long war had brought upon them.
None of all
The Trojans, or of their renowned allies,
Could point him out to Menelaus, loved
Of Mars; and had they known his lurking-place
They would not for his sake have kept him hid,
For like black death they hated him.
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
Paris having disappeared from the field, the Greeks claimed the victory
for their champion, and Agamemnon called upon the Trojans to give up
Helen and her treasures, in accordance with the conditions of the
league. But the gods did not thus will it. The Fates had decreed the
destruction of Troy, and so the war could not have a peaceful ending.
Besides, the Greeks were doomed to suffer as Jupiter had promised
Thetis, because of the wrong that had been done to Achilles. Therefore,
after the matter had been discussed in a council of the gods in their
golden palace on Olympus, Minerva was sent down to urge the Trojans to
attack the Greeks, so that the league might be broken, and the war
renewed. According to the custom of heavenly messengers in such cases,
the goddess took the form of La-odʹo-cus, son of Antenor. Then,
approaching Panʹda-rus, a famous archer of the Trojan allies, she
persuaded him to aim an arrow at Menelaus.
"Great honor," she said, "you will have from all the Trojans, if you
slay the son of Atreus, and from Paris you may expect splendid gifts."
But Minerva, being friendly to the Greeks, did not really wish that
Menelaus should be killed; therefore, when Pandarus bent his bow and
with true aim let fly his arrow, she took care to turn the deadly weapon
aside.
Pallas assists, and (weakened in its force)
Diverts the weapon from its destined course:
So from her babe, when slumber seals his eye,
The watchful mother wafts the envenom'd fly.
POPE, _Iliad_, Book IV.
Nevertheless the arrow pierced the Spartan king's belt and made a slight
wound, but the skillful surgeon, Ma-chaʹon, son of the famous physician,
Æsculapius, stanched the blood and applied soothing balsams which his
father had taught him to use.
The league being thus broken by the treacherous act of Pandarus, both
sides at once prepared for battle. Agamemnon went on foot through his
army, speaking words of praise to the chiefs, whom he found active in
marshaling and encouraging their men. "Father Jupiter," he said, "will
not help those Trojans who have so basely broken their solemn pledges.
When we have taken their city we shall carry away rich spoils in our
ships." Of all the leaders none arranged and directed his troops more
wisely than the venerable Nestor.
The cavalry with steeds and cars he placed
In front. A vast and valiant multitude
Of infantry he stationed in the rear,
To be the bulwark of the war. Between
He made the faint of spirit take their place,
That, though unwillingly, they might be forced
To combat with the rest.
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IV.
Then he gave strict orders to the charioteers, warning them not to trust
too much to their valor, or rashly advance in front of their comrades.
"Let no man, too vain of horsemanship,
And trusting in his valor, dare advance
Beyond the rest to attack the men of Troy,
Nor let him fall behind the rest, to make
Our ranks the weaker. Whoso from his car
Can reach an enemy's, let him stand and strike
With his long spear, for 'tis the shrewder way."
BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IV.
[Illustration]