son Guilherme and myself embarked in a large canoe at 9 o’clock this
morning, to ascend the Ribeira. The margin of the river on the way to
Xiririca presented many desirable locations which I had not been able to
see when coming down in the night. A short stop was made at the village,
where a letter was delivered to Senor Bernardo José Cabral, that should
have been presented on my first arrival. Other letters were left for
parties who were not at home.
On resuming our ascent of the river, a short visit was made to the farm
of Senor Francisco Alvares da Silva, where his interesting family
received us cordially, and one of his daughters gave us several pieces
of music on the piano. He regaled us with excellent grapes of various
qualities, the germs of which were imported from the United States. A
few stalks of cotton from American seed were growing finely in his yard.
But I was most interested in his coffee field, where trees from three
years to twenty years growth presented a most exuberant crop of berries,
and certainly present as good a prospect for a large yield of coffee as
any of the trees seen in the best regions of Campinas, Lemeira and Rio
Claro. These trees are growing in a sandy soil, upon a high bank of the
river, and there is an excellent crop of corn in the intervening space,
with good cane adjoining.
Our progress up the river enabled me to see again the lands on the
banks, which had been seen in my first descent, and further observation
impressed me even more favorably.
In many places there are hills extending to the margin, but in most
parts the land is elevated, with an extended plain, looking as if the
soil would be admirably adapted to cultivation. Corn, rice and
sugar-cane, with occasional small patches of coffee, were observed in
different localities, and this region seems not only well suited to a
variety of products, but also is admirably adapted for settlement. It is
high, and gives evidence of being healthy in the appearance of the
people living upon the margin of the river.
I have seen nowhere better specimens of healthy, vigorous development
than was presented by the daughters of the gentleman at whose house we
stopped, and the report given is unqualifiedly favorable to the
healthiness of the country and the pleasantness of the climate. Though
in the rainy season there is frequently wet weather for a few days, yet
even during this period there are intervals of clear, bright days.
The sun shone brightly upon us during most of the day, and though there
was a mere sprinkle late in the afternoon, it soon passed off and the
sky was again free from cloud.
The current, after ascending a short distance from Xiririca, becomes
more rapid, and though we had four stout negroes to man our large canoe,
it gave them heavy labor in using the poles. Upon making the suggestion
that it was severe work, the reply was simply that they were used to it
and did not tire.
It was after dark when we reached the mouth of the Inguary, and this
being the point of disembarkation, we stopped at a house for the night.
SUNDAY, _January 14, 1866_.
Again, my dependence upon the arrangements of others induced a departure
from the proper observance of the Sabbath. The night had been spent very
comfortably, with the assistance of bedding brought in the canoe; and,
though I slept in an open shed or piazza, I was not annoyed either by
the bite or buzzing of mosquitoes; which gives a promise of exemption
here from this troublesome tenant of the forests. The temperature at
this point, which is twelve miles above Xiririca, is most delightful;
and I am reminded of the remark of General Waddy Thompson, in regard to
the table lands of Mexico, that a person having a coat would not care to
take it off, or if it was removed, he would not care to put it on again.
It is that genial state of the atmosphere which renders a person quite
satisfied with his situation. With the majestic Ribeira flowing at our
feet, and the beautiful island, to which allusion was made in my descent
from Iporanga, lying immediately opposite our place of lodging, relieved
by a green background of luxuriant corn upon the other side of the
water, this pleasant spot held out encouragement for a thorough
examination of the adjacent country. The soil near the bank of the river
is a dark loamy earth, that gives every indication of fertility. A field
of corn and also a patch of sugar-cane were seen growing near our
quarters, and presented a very flourishing condition.
The negroes at the place said there had been a small space planted in
cotton, but that the weeds and grass had overgrown it, so that it was
abandoned. Upon asking why they did not work it better, they seemed to
regard it as too troublesome to cultivate, saying “Não da lucro,” (it
does not give profit.) So much for their knowledge of the value of
cotton. A small specimen of cotton from a neighboring farm was brought
for inspection, which looked as if it might have been produced under the
same sort of disadvantages which induced the other to be abandoned, and
gave a very unfavorable impression of the cotton culture in this part of
the country. The land, however, is evidently well suited to the growth
of cotton, when it may receive proper attention, and fine crops have
been seen both above and below this point.
The animals which had been sent from Caiacauga across the country
arrived here this morning, and all the preliminary steps were taken for
proceeding into the woods. Two pack-mules were loaded with bedding,
cooking-utensils and supplies of various kinds; yet there were sundry
articles to be carried by the negroes, and among them a huge tin box
having cooked provisions, plates, tumblers, spoons, knives and forks,
&c., &c. I was surprised to see that even two wooden forks and a pole
were to be carried, for suspending a hammock at night, especially as our
expected tour lay through forests, where these things could be got when
we stopped.
Seven negro men and one negro woman (as a cook) accompanied us, to
subserve the various objects connected with the examination of the lands
and the care of the stock.
Before starting, we were joined by Senor Bernardo Antonio de Ramos
Moraes, who is the owner of the small house at which we quartered, and
resides a mile distant from the river. He has here a large body of land,
and another party adjoining him below has a considerable tract lying on
the river, both of which will be sold, if it is thought desirable to
secure a body of land in this locality, extending to the water.
The stream, known as Ribeirão Inguary, which enters the Ribeira de
Ignape at this point, passes through the lands of the above-named party,
and at a short distance, perhaps half a mile, from the Ribeira, there is
a fall in its channel, that would afford a very good site for any
machinery that might be desirable.
After passing through this land, we entered a body of land owned by
Senor Miguel, and encountered at the outset quite a hilly region, a part
of which has formerly been cultivated, and is now covered with a second
growth, (capoeira,) while there is at our place a field of fine corn,
which indicates quite a productive soil. This land is of a dark gray
aspect, with some large gravel, and would certainly yield cotton
advantageously, even where it has been once cultivated with the hoe only
and turned out. There is adjoining this territory, and lying in an angle
between two of its extensions, a portion of land occupied by a number of
small farmers, who live in close proximity to each other, having the
ordinary thatched houses of the country. If these can be secured on
reasonable terms, the houses might form the nucleus for a settlement,
and they are not more than three or four miles from the river, with a
very fair road.
After passing this populated valley, we traversed some lands belonging
to Senor José Alves de Moraes, which still lay irregularly, and the soil
assuming more of a yellow aspect, while the growth of the palmetto was
intermixed with the large forest trees to a considerable extent. On this
place there was seen a small patch of coffee trees, three years old,
heavily laden with berries; and, though the soil was rather sandy, it
seemed to be favorable to the growth of the coffee. It is certain that
nowhere else have trees of the same age presented a more favorable
prospect for a yield of fruit.
Leaving this, we again entered the territory of Senor Miguel, at a part
where the configuration is more regular, and approaches in many places a
level surface. It is an undulating plain, with slopes here and there of
more or less abruptness; and having plateaus of elevated level land, and
also flat low lands which lie along the stream, Aborbora, which runs
through this land. Besides this stream, there are other smaller branches
running into it, which serve to water all parts of the tract. But there
is not any site, which was seen on this portion of the territory, that
would be adapted to the use of water-power for machinery, and the
reliance for this region must be upon the water-power of the Inguary
lying between it and the port of shipment for products.
The quality of these lands varies greatly, presenting in parts great
fertility, and in others evidently of less adaptation to the growth of
the great staples of the country; while there is occasionally a small
portion of land that seems to have been to a great extent exhausted by
cultivation in by-gone years, and is overgrown with a long grass,
corresponding to our broom-sage grass.
The proportion of virgin forest and second growth could not be
accurately ascertained, but my impression is, that three-fourths of the
territory has never been entered by the axe; and in this, the Pon D’Alho
and Figaro Branco are of frequent occurrence, which are here considered
as indicative of the best soil. The timber is not of that enormous
dimension which was observed in some parts of the interior, nor do I
consider any portion of this land equal in fertility and durability to
the (terra rocha) dark purple lands of the inferior of the province. Yet
the soil and the growth upon it are well adapted to the purposes of the
agriculturist, and the facility for machinery, with the convenience of
navigation, are matters of much moment.
I saw young corn on a portion of the tract of Senor Miguel, last
described, which presented a good appearance, and also rice growing in
upland that looked very favorable. Some older corn examined did not
impress me as a good crop, though there was evidence of want of proper
culture. The beans had evidently not yielded well, and it was stated
that the time of planting by the tenants was improper.
MONDAY, _January 15, 1866_.
Having spent the night at the house of one of the tenants of this
property, immediately upon the bank of a small stream known as Aborbora,
it was found that we were not entirely exempt from mosquitoes, as on the
night before, yet they gave us no trouble in the house whatever. This
stream is one of the branches that go to make up the Rio Jacupiranga,
and its name is applied to this territory, supposed to embrace two
square leagues of land, owned by Senor Miguel.
In leaving this house we ascended a short abrupt hill, and reached an
elevated plain which extended with only one depression for half a mile,
being in part covered with original forest, and presenting a dark
mulatto soil. A portion, which was cleared, had an excellent crop of
rice growing upon it, though there were low lands in the vicinity which
would probably have suited this article better; and this want of
judgment in arranging crops seems to be general among the people of the
class that become tenants in this way.
After passing this level region the land became hilly and even
mountainous at one point, making the ascent and descent difficult for
our animals. The soil upon these hills was inclined to a clay
consistence of a yellow hue, while the increase of the palmetto and
scrubby palm indicated an inferior quality of land. Yet, upon a slope of
one of these hills, corn was growing well in fresh land, while it was
looking badly in old land.
Upon a small creek called Ribeirão de Lagoa, a low, flat, dark-colored
bottom land spread out to some distance on either side, and the corn
seen upon it indicated a good soil. This stream would admit of
machinery, and there is sufficient fall near the point where it was
crossed to render the water-power available. It is clear and cool, so
that we enjoyed a draught of the water as much as if from a spring.
The house of another tenant was located near this stream, and he had a
small patch of coffee trees, that seemed to have been neglected,
presenting a very untoward prospect for a crop. The position being low,
is doubtless likewise an unfavorable condition, while the soil is not
here suited to their growth, being deficient in stamina.
In this place was seen a hedge of a scrubby, knotty tree with numerous
short, thick limbs that seemed well suited to exclude even hogs from a
field; and, as it grows from the cutting, an enclosure can be readily
effected in a few years.
There is also another small tree having thorns that is used for hedges,
and the enclosure so made is called “cerca de espinhos,” making an
effectual barrier.
Although these and other growths are available for enclosure of grounds,
hedges are not very often resorted to in the country; and in the campos
where the timber is wanting, large ditches are made at a great
expenditure of labor, whereas a hedge could be grown to answer every
purpose when only cattle and horses or mules are to be enclosed.
In this region of country, however, there is an abundant supply of
timber, and the only difficulty is to find that which is favorable for
splitting into rails.
After traversing the premises of another party, that contained the
poorest specimen of land seen since leaving the river, we proceeded to
an extension of the territory of Senor Miguel, which goes within four
miles of the town of Xiririca. There corn and rice were growing very
satisfactorily, and though most of the land lay unfavorably for
cultivation, those parts that are cleared have a comparatively level
surface.
Near this portion of the land a field of coffee, on the premises of
another party, presented a very encouraging prospect for a yield, being
generally loaded heavily with fruit. This was upon a steep hillside from
which the superficial soil had disappeared, and the mulatto clay
formation, which forms the basis of most parts throughout this region,
remained alone to support the growth of the trees. These elevated lands
are thought to be most favorable to the coffee.
From this point we retraced our steps for a few miles, and then
descended a stream called Braço de Gado for six or seven miles along a
low, flat, and broad bottom land, having elevated lands on each side. A
tenant occupies a house where we entered this territory, and there is
near by an extensive fall in the stream above-named, which would be
available for an overshot wheel of any desired size.
This point is particularly suitable for the location of machinery, as it
is but four miles from Xiririca, with a road already in use which could
be readily made to serve for wagons. It is, besides, near the direct
line of communication between this place and Cananea.
In the course of the Braço de Gado several small streams enter from each
side, affording water for the several humble families who occupy houses
at different points by the favor of the owner.
The ridges upon each side, approaching a mountainous elevation,
constitute the boundary lines of this property; and the breadth varies
from three to four miles, while the length is considered to be six
miles. The slopes of the hills on each side admit for the most part of
ready cultivation; and the soil being of a dark gray aspect with a
mulatto clay base, is adapted to all the staples, yet the most irregular
portions would be most appropriately used for coffee. I saw good corn
growing far up on the side of one of these slopes, and corn and rice
were also seen upon the level plain below, but was too young to
determine what would be the result.
This low land is generally level, and yet is not at all marshy, as the
stream has a deep channel below the surface of the ground with abrupt
angular banks, so that the water does not overflow except in immense
falls of rain causing a flood of water.
The earth is solid throughout this bottom, and the road firm and good,
except at the crossings of some of the small branches. With very little
work a fine wagon-road could be made extending along this stream on a
level route, communicating above with the road to Xiririca, or extending
below some four or five miles over the same kind of surface to the Rio
Jacupiranga, which is navigable with the largest canoes thence to its
mouth.
TUESDAY, _January 16, 1866_.
We spent the night at the house of a mulatto man named Senor Bartholomew
da Costa; and having a heavy rain, the Braço de Gado was so full this
morning that it could not be forded without swimming. Notwithstanding
this flood of water, there were very few points at which it overflowed
the high banks, and yet it did not fall sufficiently during the day for
us to cross it, so that we remained at this place observing what was to
be seen about the premises of this gentleman of color.
A patch of coffee, having some two thousand trees, was examined, which
afforded a poor prospect of a yield. This was, in part, perhaps,
attributable to being planted with a southern exposure, instead of
facing towards the east; yet it is most likely that the soil is
deficient in those elements suited to the production of coffee.
Corn and rice were growing well in the flat land along the stream, but
most of it was too young to form a proper opinion as to the yield.
Observing that the rice was missing in various places, I was told by the
owner that it had been eaten by rats which live in the woods, of whose
voracity there is no reason to doubt; though this is the first time that
these rats have been heard of in the country.
Here it was observed that the cows were very much annoyed by a fly which
deposits its egg in the flesh and causes numerous points of irritation
in the skin. The same result ensues when they make a deposit in the
human skin.[32]
WEDNESDAY, _January 17, 1866_.
Finding the Braço de Gado reduced again to its natural channel, we left
our imprisonment, enjoying another day as bright and clear as that of
yesterday, until late in the afternoon, when there was a slight shower
of rain. This body of land is the possession of Senor Miguel, and we
proceeded from it across the ridge towards the Ribeiro to examine
another tract owned by him, of a configuration and quality that is
better suited to agricultural operations than any of the territory thus
far seen. There is perhaps a square league of land in this lot; and it
combines original forest, secondary growth, and open cultivated fields.
A large portion of the original forest is well timbered, and not so
irregular as to prevent cultivation with the plough; but there is one
part that assumes a mountainous character and of course precludes
ordinary culture. On the crest of this elevation I was informed that
crops had been grown and that the soil was good, but I did not make the
ascent.
In the lands under cultivation I saw a few patches of corn, some of
which was growing well, while others indicated an exhausted soil as well
as deficient culture. At one small house where we stopped there were
rice and peas, which the negro tenant had grown on the place; and at
another there was a considerable lot of corn. There is upon this place a
site where a large rice-mill was formerly in operation, and might be
made available again for machinery. I found the effects of the fly upon
the skin of cattle here also, and any quantity of mosquitoes in the
wood.
THURSDAY, _January 18, 1866_.
After a tour of five days and a return to the comforts of home, Senor
Miguel announced this as a day of rest for us; but a few points may be
adverted to in connection with my past observations upon the
surroundings of this place.
This section of country about Xiririca is exempt from local or epidemic
diseases, and the general constitutional stamina of the population
indicates vigorous health. Goitre and leprosy, which are found in most
other sections, are unknown in this region. The climate is free from
that oppressive heat which prevails in higher latitudes, and which is
observed in less elevated localities.
The atmosphere is also free from fogs or any other undue dampness. I am
here in what is known to be the rainy season of this country, and
setting out from the homestead of Senor Miguel Antonio Jorge on
Saturday, the 13th inst., we ascended the Ribeira de Ignape for
twenty-five miles, and during the entire day the sun was shining
brightly, and only a mere sprinkle late in the evening for a few
moments. On the following day we crossed the range of hills at right
angles from the river, proceeding some eight or ten miles, and again the
sun shone brightly all the day without any thing more than a light
sprinkle late in the afternoon. On the third day we traversed hills and
valleys on a line parallel with the Ribeira for a distance of fifteen
miles, and still the sun shone brightly throughout the day with no signs
of rain until night. On the fourth day the sun beamed forth again, and
the brightness of the fifth was only marred by a sprinkle in the
evening.
FRIDAY, _January 19, 1866_.
My friend Senor Miguel Antonio Jorge arranged that his son, Senor
Guilherme, should accompany me to-day to visit the lands lying between
our former route and the river. Setting out with a guide from Caiacauga,
we proceeded nearly four miles upon the road by which we returned from
our former tour, and then diverging to the right hand, we passed through
a portion of land lying favorably, and with good soil. This is located
upon a stream which forms the line of division between the territory
which Senor Miguel proposes to sell and that of his home place.
This stream further up has a good site for machinery, which is located
upon lands of Senor João Franco, that will be disposed of if they are
desired. This point would serve a good purpose in regard to much of the
land, which is best suited for agricultural operations, yet it is six or
eight miles from the Ribeira, upon which shipment must be made.
With a view to accommodate the products of these lands, Senor Miguel
proposes to donate land for a depot on the river below his residence, to
which point there is a practicable route for a road, which is now in
use.
After passing the mill site to which allusion is above made, we ascended
a very steep mountain, and the descent was equally steep on the other
side, so that this soil, though presenting a favorable aspect, is not
likely to be in requisition for cultivation.
Leaving this elevation we visited a coffee field of Senor Francisco de
Paula, upon the slope of a high hill. The trees were generally about six
years growth, and consequently at that age when the yield should be
best, yet the crop was by no means good, while the size and appearance
of the trees was unfavorable.
Whether the nature of the soil or the manner of planting may be the
cause of the failure, I could form no definite opinion.
Immediately at the villa of Xiririca a field of coffee, with fifteen
thousand trees, belonging to Senor João Franco, gave a much more
encouraging prospect for the culture of coffee.
These trees are for the most part four years old, and while larger and
healthy, they were loaded heavily with fruit, presenting by far the most
favorable aspect of any trees of the same age that have been seen
anywhere.
Here seems also to be an exception in the growth of the coffee tree upon
the level plain near the river, and although the bluff is high, so that
there is never an overflow of this land, yet it is what is usually
denominated as bottom land with us.
It has been alleged that in this whole region of country, the coffee
plant does not bear but a few years, when it declines, or even dies.
But in the ground adjoining these trees, some antiquated trees, supposed
to be fifty years old, are still standing, without any special
indication of decay, and I have seen elsewhere very old trees bearing
fruit.
There seems nothing in the nature of the soil, or the character of the
climate throughout this region, to preclude the proper growth of coffee.
On our route to-day several fields of corn were passed, which presented
a fine prospect for a yield, and especially did the crops of corn look
well near the road as we approached the villa. I am not fully prepared
to give an opinion as to the result, from simply seeing a vigorous
stalk, before the ears are formed, but enough of the crop is now earing
to afford a guarantee of a good yield, and with improved culture, corn
will most assuredly turn out well.
The road leading into the villa from the lands previously visited had
been reached by us before, some four miles from the villa, and now the
exploration of it was continued.
The route upon which the road is located is very favorable for the
construction of a good wagon-road, and by this line of communication the
products of the lands belonging to the tracts of Aborbora and Braço de
Gado could readily be brought to the villa of Xiririca for shipment.
There are lands belonging to the public domain in close proximity to
these private lands, of which I have a very favorable report from
Captain Buhlaw, formerly an officer of the engineer department in the
Confederate service, and now employed by the Brazilian government to
survey these lands. In connection with a portion of this territory first
examined, and lying nearest the river, I expect to effect a provisional
arrangement with the government of Brazil for such an extent of public
land as will accommodate those families who look to me for a selection.
These private lands lie almost parallel with the course of the river, at
a distance of from four to six miles from it, and their products may all
reach this navigable stream either at Xiririca or Caiacauga; while those
located higher up, and extending to the Ribeira de Ignape, have a direct
shipment by canoes. The latter may deposit their cargoes at Xiririca for
the steamboat, or make the trips entire to Ignape, as is done at present
by many of the planters.
There are other private lands which may be secured, of similar quality
to those described, and so situated as to communicate readily with the
Rio Jacupiranga, which is navigable with the largest size of canoes into
the lower part of the Ribeira de Ignape.
The largest portion of these lands being owned by Senor Miguel Antonio
Jorge, he proposes, if it is desirable, to arrange with other parties
for the transfer of these lands, so as to bring all into one compact
body, which would enable our people to divide this territory more
advantageously among themselves, and to exclude those who might not be
desirable neighbors.
A paper has been received from this gentleman, in which the price of his
land is fixed at eighty-eight cents per acre, the houses with straw
covering going with the land, while those with tile roofs are to be
valued separately. It is specified that the payments be made in three
equal instalments, at the end of the third, fourth and fifth years from
the date of the purchase, and the whole without interest.
Should any one desire to anticipate the time fixed for payment, a
discount of six per cent. per annum for such years as the amount was to
remain unpaid will be allowed upon receiving the payment. It is also
stated that his large fazenda, containing about one square league of
land, located immediately upon the banks of the Ribeira de Ignape, will
be sold if it is desired. This place is known as Ponto-Grosso, and is
only forty miles above the town of Ignape, with every facility of
machinery and buildings that would be requisite for a large business. A
notice of it will be seen under the record of the 10th inst. The price
fixed for this place is ten thousand (10,000) dollars, with the same
time and conditions as specified for the other lands.
There is, likewise, another place immediately upon the river some
fifteen miles above this fazenda, where cattle are at present reared,
and, though not in cultivation, presents an elevated regular outline
with indications of fertility. This tract of land has a front on the
water of perhaps three-fourths of a mile, and a depth of two miles, yet
the exact measurements of this, as most of the land in this region of
country, have not been as yet ascertained. If Ponto-Grosso should be
sold this would likewise be disposed of, but not otherwise, as it is a
stopping place in passing from Caiacauga to the above-named fazenda.
As there are no cotton-gins introduced along this river, and a
considerable amount of cotton now planted, Ponto-Grosso would be a
favorable location for an extensive ginning establishment, or even for a
cotton factory.
SATURDAY, _January 20, 1866_.
My friends of Caiacauga having treated me throughout my sojourn here
with the greatest possible kindness, Senor Miguel and his very
accomplished wife, Donna Maria, walked with me to the canoe-landing this
morning, to give me their best wishes upon leaving their house. The
noble hospitality of these people exceeds any thing I ever expected to
realize among strangers, and, apart from any interested motive, I
believe it affords them a satisfaction to contribute to the enjoyment of
a guest.
It being arranged that my young friend, Senor Guilherme, would accompany
me, we embarked at 11 o’clock A. M. with two sturdy negro fellows to
paddle us down the river; and making a pleasant voyage, we reached
Ponto-Grosso at 6½ o’clock P. M.
An ample stock of provisions had been supplied by my hostess for the
entire trip to Ignape, consisting of chickens, fried fish, boiled rice,
excellent bread, farina, bananas, figs, and pine-apples. In addition to
these, we were supplied with a kind of beefsteak, enveloped in eggs and
fried, so as to afford a most palatable dish. Having partaken freely of
our stores on the way, a cup of coffee was all that I cared to take upon
arrival, though Senor Guilherme insisted upon having a warm supper
prepared.
Previous to visiting this region of country, nothing could be learned
definitely in regard to its adaptation to the growth of the staple
commodities, corn, cotton, and coffee; but my observations lead to the
conclusion that each of them may be produced here advantageously.
Corn has been heretofore one of the principal articles of export to
Santos and Rio de Janeiro; and, in the form of big hominy, is used to a
considerable extent in the country. But corn bread is not known here,
though the farina is frequently made when that of the mandioca is not at
hand. The white flint corn is the only kind which is planted, and though
the ears are not large, it seems to be a sound, good grain.
The common white corn is said to be much more liable to injury from
weevils than this hard variety; and the yellow or red corn is not found
so marketable in the form of big hominy, which is dried and shipped in
large quantities. A change of seed and improved culture would doubtless
secure better results in the growth of corn.
Cotton has been grown in this region by a few persons for several years,
with results that are conclusive as to the favorable yield, and yet
systematic culture is requisite to test fully the quality and quantity
that may be produced in these river lands. Should the improved
appliances and the skilled labor of the Southern States be applied to
the culture of cotton here, I am satisfied the yield will exceed that of
the lands in the United States; and it is likely that the amount of
cotton grown in Brazil within a few years will affect very much the
markets of the world. The labor of production is materially lessened by
its continuous growth from the same stalk, which is annually cut off and
yields again full crops.
Coffee has been seen here in lands of various kinds, and of all ages,
presenting the most favorable indications of an abundant yield. The
coffee produced in former years presents also the characteristics of a
good, sound grain; and I am informed that the average yield of trees
equals what was stated elsewhere to be a full crop on the best lands.
Several patches of coffee trees have been seen that did not afford a
prospect of good results; and it is evident that a selection of location
is a matter of moment here, as it is found to be even in the districts
where coffee is most successfully cultivated.
The same kind of discrimination is necessary in determining what
localities are suited to the growth of other articles, and a neglect of
such precautions leads to a failure in the crop of either.
Rice is recognized as a certain and prolific product of all this region,
but more especially of the lower section where lands become flat and
moist. Mandioca yields abundantly.
Beans, which are more prized in Brazil than any other provision crop,
are found to yield well in the lands visited, and though some specimens
of failure have been observed, this has, for the most part, been
satisfactorily accounted for by planting out of season or other
departure from good farming. An abundant crop of sugar-cane, oranges,
bananas, figs, and grapes, with a most excellent quality of pine-apples,
makes up a variety of products which renders this a desirable land for
the settlement of those who seek a home in Brazil.
SUNDAY, _January 21, 1866_.
Rising before day my young friend had all our baggage deposited in the
canoe, and fresh eggs, with hot coffee and bread were in readiness when
I was summoned from my bed. Partaking of these “fresh eggs,” etc., we
resumed our voyage down the river, and I found this was not to be
regarded as breakfast, but with the addition of two entire chickens to
our supplies for the trip, we breakfasted at 9 o’clock A. M., and dined
at 4 o’clock P. M. on the water.
We had as fellow-passenger a young porcupine, (ouriço,) that one of the
negroes was taking down to sell as a pet; and finding that he was
testing the quality of our figs, the negro guardian was called upon to
secure the ugly little varmint at one end of the canoe.
We passed during the forenoon the mouths of the Rio Jacupiranga and the
Rio Paricoera, on the latter of which I was told there are quite a
number of inhabitants. Shortly after mid-day we passed through a canal,
or cut through a neck of land, about one mile in length, which saved us
four miles in the natural course of the river. The difference of level
in the Ribeira is so slight at the entrance and outlet of this
artificial communication, that the current through it is feeble, and
instead of washing out it is gradually filling up from the repeated
rises of the river, and our canoe had great difficulty in passing. The
negroes labored hard, and one of them got out several times to push the
canoe through the mud; but they worked with a good will, under the
promise of a drink of rum at the close. Both had previously taken off
their shirts, and with the confined air of this narrow channel, the
mosquitoes, and the hard pulling, their bodies and arms were covered
with perspiration before reaching the open water of the river. After
getting their drink, and resting a short time, they proceeded as usual
again.
Another canal was encountered at no great distance, cutting off another
bend of the river, but it was much shorter, and there was no difficulty
in the passage. On approaching the city of Ignape there is a very large
artificial channel, in which a small steamboat passes; and being very
straight, with the water running in the direction we came, it made a
very pleasant trip of over a mile, to the immediate precincts of the
city bridge.
We stopped with the brother of my young friend, Senor Dom Miguel Jorge
Montinegro, who is keeping house in bachelor style, and places his
establishment at my disposal in a way that relieves me of all
embarrassment.
In descending the Ribeira it was observed that the corn did not present
so good an appearance as it had done above, and in most places the banks
were very low, so that the general surface of the land must be submerged
in the floods of the river. When approaching the city the water spreads
out into various channels, over an extensive area, again bringing up the
resemblance to the Mississippi river near its mouth.
The tainha, a fine fish which frequents these waters at this season, was
seen leaping up into the air to a distance of three feet.
MONDAY, _January 22, 1866_.
Having met the Rev. Ballard Smith Dunn, of Louisiana, at the hotel last
evening, we found many topics of interest in rehearsing what had been
seen by each of us in this country, and have spent this day together. He
is acting in behalf of a number of families who desire to be informed in
regard to Brazil, and has visited a portion of the provinces of Rio de
Janeiro and Esperitos de Santos. He was favorably impressed with the
inhabitants, and found some fine lands, yet did not conclude that it was
desirable to locate in that region. He is now investigating the lands
upon the tributaries of the Ribeira, and considers the soil adjacent to
the waters of the Rio Jacupiranga of excellent quality, with a very
promising prospect for crops of corn in most parts. In passing through,
from the colony of Cananea, he reports that very fertile lands were
seen, and he hopes to find in this region a desirable location for his
friends. He will ascend the Rio Paricoera, and also the Rio Inquia;
which latter affords an encouraging field for examination, as it is
likely to be the line of communication with the great iron-works of
Epanema. If he should recommend some portion of this territory for a
settlement of people from the Southern States, it would strengthen very
much my conviction of the advantages likely to accrue from a location in
the vicinity of Xiririca, as it is extremely desirable that our people
should be as far as practicable associated together.
TUESDAY, _January 23, 1866_.
Being detained to-day in Ignape, awaiting the arrival of the steamer, to
proceed to Cananea, I may note some points connected with this port of
entry. It is located upon a low flat point of land, with a rugged
mountain ridge rising up at a short distance from it, and the whole is
surrounded by water. With a low land extending up from the city, along
the Ribeira for a considerable distance, it is not a matter of surprise
that the place is reported to be unhealthy, and recently there has been
a very serious epidemic, bloody flux, prevailing, attended with
considerable fatality, but has now ceased.
There is a very large church in the process of completion, at a central
point of the buildings in the place; and the abandoned walls of an
immense jail that was supposed to be in demand some years ago, but the
improved morals of the population, or the want of resources, induced
them to leave it unfinished. There are but few houses of two stories,
conforming to the type of most of the interior towns in having one-story
buildings.
The general appearance of the population does not give a favorable
impression of their physical stamina, or their intellectual status, yet
I have met several gentlemen of refinement and cleverness, among whom I
may especially mention Dom Antonio Joaquim Rodrigues, Juiz de Direita,
and my young friend Dom Miguel Jorge Montinegro, who holds the position
corresponding to our District Attorney, or Solicitor for the State. The
latter speaks some English, and we got on very pleasantly, in his snug
bachelor’s retreat, during my stay.
WEDNESDAY, _January 24, 1865_.
Leaving Ignape during the forenoon, in the Dom Affonso, we steamed along
the inland sea, known as Mare Pequeno, and really the Bay of Venice
cannot present a scene of more simple beauty than this placid sheet of
water.
Several cozy-looking dwellings are located very near the margin, and the
borders are fringed with green foliage, while here and there an islet is
slightly elevated above the surface, and to complete the picture,
water-fowls of various plumage are seen either resting upon the water or
flying around with evident surprise at the presence of our little
intruder.
In the course of the afternoon a heavy rain drove us from the deck into
the cabin, and as the shades of evening were closing around us, the
steamer reached the villa of Cananea.
Shortly after anchoring, Senor E. H. Street came aboard, and took me
ashore to spend the night. We called upon Captain Buhlaw and lady, and
also Mr. Hanson and lady, living in the same house. They are favorably
impressed with the suitableness of the country for their future
residence; and arrangements are already completed by those two
gentlemen, for the location of a saw-mill upon the river Guarahu, five
miles above its confluence with the Rio Jacupiranga, which proceeds
thence thirty miles into the Ribeira de Ignape.
We took tea with these Southern people, and while sitting in that little
social group, unfettered by any political domination, my thoughts turned
anxiously to the fate of those who remained in the South.
THURSDAY, _January 25, 1866_.
We breakfasted with our Southern friends, and relished it the more for
being prepared by the hands of the ladies. Mrs. Hanson is quite a young
woman with one child, and seems prepared to take life as she may find
it, saying that she only wants now to get a place fixed where she could
have her own garden, and raise her own poultry, to feel entirely
independent.
Mrs. Buhlaw does not seem to adapt herself so readily to this border
style of living, yet she is cheerful, and hopeful of the future.
These families are sojourning only temporarily here, until arrangements
for their accommodation are completed at some distance in the country.
The villa of Cananea is one of the oldest settlements in Brazil, the
fleet of Martin Affonso de Sonza having landed at this place, August 12,
1531, and placed upon the island of Abrigo, at an elevated point known
as Morro São Joas, two stone pillars, which are still to be seen.
This island upon which the villa is located is at the outlet of the
long, narrow body of water, which we traversed in coming from Ignape.
Though the mouth of the Ribeira leads out to the ocean, opposite to the
city of Ignape the bar is so shallow as to preclude the passage of
vessels in that direction, so that they are required to come through
this Mare Pequeno, a distance of forty-five miles, for an outlet; and,
if going towards Rio de Janeiro, must return along the coast the same
distance, to reach the point from which they might proceed directly if
the mouth of the river could be made navigable.
In view of this circuitous navigation, it is very desirable that a good
wagon-road should be constructed from Xiririca across the country to the
port of Cananea near the main land. I am informed by Senor Street and
Captain Buhlaw that the route is very favorable even for a railroad;
while the port is capable of admitting, with good protection, vessels of
the largest size. The largest extent of public lands lies south of this
proposed road, and products might be conveyed along it either to
Xiririca or to the port of Cananea, as might be most convenient.
The epidemic bloody flux, which visited the city of Ignape, is now
prevailing in Cananea, and has been attended with great fatality, more
especially among children. In one family as many as eight persons have
died in one month, and a number of deaths have occurred in other
families. But the population have now to a large extent left the villa
and gone into the country, where they are entirely exempt from the
disease. The absence of a means of proper treatment has doubtless added
very much to the fatal results, as there was no medical man residing in
either of these places, and though a doctor is paid now by the province,
and medicines furnished to him for the treatment of the sick at Cananea,
there is but little confidence reposed in his skill or his integrity and
faithfulness.
Regarding this epidemic as a transient disease, confined to these
populated localities, it does not augur any thing unfavorable to the
healthfulness of the country.
FRIDAY, _January 26, 1866_.
Having resumed my voyage upon the Dom Affonso, Senor Street and myself
were reduced to the necessity of sleeping upon the table in the small
cabin, with all the apertures closed on account of a fall of rain. In
addition to the crowded condition of the berths by whites, and others
slightly tinged, there were several negro women of the real ebony stamp
sleeping upon the floor, and with the confined air, charged with
emanations from various accumulations during the night, our situation
was little short of the Black Hole of Calcutta. I will say, however, for
the general management aboard of the small and antiquated steamboat,
that it was very satisfactory; and though the table does not compare
with that of the Santa Maria, every thing is well prepared and clean.
The large number of persons aboard indicates that a better boat with
larger accommodations is needed upon this line, which makes a trip
monthly, touching at the points upon the coast as far south as Santa
Catharina.
Upon entering Santos we found the English steamer Galileo loading for
Rio de Janeiro; and as the passage is likely to be more expeditious as
well as more comfortable, Senor Street and myself with two or three
other passengers have arranged to go in this vessel to-morrow morning.
She is consigned to Mr. W. T. Wright.
Since my former visit, Mr. and Mrs. Wright have been favored with a
daughter, which is now a month old; and she is again doing the duties of
her household with her customary grace and kindness.
I am indebted to my friend, Mr. Wright, for collecting the following
valuable data pertaining to this city and province, as well as the whole
empire of Brazil.
_Mean temperature of city of Santos, by R. J. de Balbi, Inspector of
Port; transferred from Centigrade to Fahrenheit scale._
Month. 1863 1864 1865
January 83.62 80.67 No record
February 82.40 78.67 „
March 78.83 80.38 „
April 77.03 74.28 „
May 69.92 72.59 „
June 68.11 68.89 „
July 67.17 67.98 „
August 66.32 66.23 „
September 68.39 No record „
October 71.65 „ „
November 74.78 „ 75.49
December 78.22 „ 78.45
The only practical distinction here is, into cooler and warmer season,
but the classification is made and the months will be thus arranged into
seasons:
Summer.—December, January, and February.
Autumn.—March, April, and May.
Winter.—June, July, and August.
Spring.—September, October, and November.
The highest temperature is about 90°, and the lowest is about 60°
Fahrenheit.
The summer months constitute the rainy season, and the winter months the
driest part of the year in most of the territory of Brazil.
The government of Brazil consists of the Emperor and his Council, the
Senate, and House of Deputies, acting under the constitution.
The cabinet is formed as that of Great Britain; one man being
commissioned by the Emperor, selects his portfolio and colleagues, he
becoming president or premier of the council. The members are ministers
of the empire, of foreign affairs, of finance, of war, of the navy, of
justice; and under one head, of commerce, agriculture, with public
works; making seven departments.
Senators are balloted for by electors, the three highest being forwarded
to the Emperor, who selects one to fill the office, which is held for
life. It is not requisite that he shall be a resident of the province
for which he is chosen. Deputies are chosen every four years by
electors. The Emperor can dissolve any congress and call for a new
election as in Great Britain.
There is a judge for each district, and two terms of court each year. In
trial by jury, the decision is by plurality, and grade of punishment
according to majority.
Courts of appeal at Bahia, Maranhão, and other places, while there is a
supreme court for higher offences. There is no grand jury, but process
formed by delegado or sub-delegado of police, (corresponding to sheriff
and deputy,) and if there is reason found for trial, indictment is sent
to the municipal judge, (corresponding to magistrate,) and if approved
he sends it to the district judge; and when approved by him, the case is
ordered for trial before the jury. Magistrates elected by the people.
In addition to delegado and sub-delegado appointed by the President of
the province for each district, there is a chief of police for each
province appointed by the Emperor. Each province has its own
legislature, chosen by the people. The President has veto power, which
may be set aside by a two-thirds vote.
One archbishop residing at Bahia is the chief see, and there is also a
bishop for each province, and a vicar in each district.
One mint at Rio de Janeiro, and the Bank of Brazil, with sundry others,
is also located there; while there are branch banks in various provinces
for issue, and private banks for deposit and discount.
Schools and colleges are numerous. A law academy in São Paulo, and also
in Bahia. A medical college in Rio de Janeiro.
_January 27, 1866._
Senor Street and myself came aboard of the fine steamship Galileo at 10
o’clock A. M., but the vessel was detained a considerable time by a
hawser becoming entangled in her screw.
A man was brought from the city by her agent, Mr. W. T. Wright, who
dived down under the wheel, and remaining over a minute under the water,
succeeded in disentangling the cable.
This vessel is the second English steamer that has recently taken
loading from this port, under an arrangement effected by Mr. Wright for
the permission of coastwise freight by foreign bottoms, in consideration
of the large proportion of Brazilian vessels now chartered by the
government in connection with the belligerent operations against
Paraguay. The troops of Lopez have now been withdrawn from Brazilian
territory, and yet hold a defiant attitude upon the soil of Paraguay. It
is now the purpose of the Emperor to conquer a peace with these
troublesome neighbors, and it is generally thought that hostilities will
soon be successfully ended.
The Galileo has taken aboard here nineteen hundred and fifty-two (1952)
bales of cotton of the small size, weighing one hundred and twelve (112)
pounds, some of which stop at Rio de Janeiro, while another portion is
for shipment to Liverpool. She brought from Montevideo a partial cargo,
consisting of two hundred sheep, and all the appurtenances of the
slaughtering of cattle, hides, horns, and bones, amounting to some five
hundred tons.
The sheep and a portion of the cargo are shipped for Rio, while the
remainder goes to England.
This vessel has excellent passenger accommodations, and the table is
served differently from that of the Brazilian steamers, the waiters
supplying promptly all the wants of the guests in the former, while in
the latter passengers are expected to look after their own wants during
the meals. In the fare of Brazilian steamers, table wine is included,
while on the English vessel all wines, beer, or liquors are a separate
item of charge, and there is a margin of two (2.00) dollars difference
in the rates between the Santa Maria and the Galileo, the passage on the
former being eighteen (18.00) dollars, while that of the latter is
sixteen (16.00) dollars.
We find on board Captain Markam, the master of the unfortunate Herschel,
that was wrecked below a short time since. His vessel first struck upon
a rock not indicated in the charts, and was so badly damaged that all
preparatory steps were taken for the safety of the passengers and crew
in the boats. But he still had a hope of getting her into the port of
Marlausdo, and placing her under the direction of a pilot she was run
upon a rock a second time and was lost, all on board being saved.
An English gentleman named Stickney, who was aboard of the Herschel, is
now a passenger with us, and has been examining some of the territory of
Brazil, with reference to farming and sheep-raising. He is much pleased
with some of the country, but has not yet made any selection. I infer
from his own statements, that he has been conducting quite an extensive
business in this department in England, and it would be very desirable
to see some of those experienced farmers entering into that neat and
systematic style of business in this country.
SUNDAY, _January 28, 1866_.
The harbor of Rio de Janeiro was entered to-day at 1 o’clock P. M. Being
hailed at the fort and boarded by three different officials of the
Brazilian government, our vessel proceeded to her anchorage, and I
reached the wharf at 3 o’clock P. M. My quarters are taken again at the
Exchange Hotel, and having a small bed-room, with an open hall in front
that is well ventilated, I am likely to have a quiet time for preparing
my report to the Minister of Agriculture pertaining to my tour of
observation.
Making a hurried inquiry at the office and other places for letters,
none were found, and I proceeded in a boat to a bark that had recently
arrived from New York, thinking it might bring some tidings of my family
or friends. I was not permitted by the custom-house officers to go
aboard, as the vessel had not yet been passed with her cargo; but upon
speaking with the Captain from the row-boat, he informed me that any
letters brought had gone to the post-office, under the existing
regulations, two days ago. I knew, therefore, that nothing had come for
me.
MONDAY, _January 29, 1866_.
The entire forenoon was occupied with my report for the minister, and it
was only suspended when the announcement was made that the United States
packet Havana had arrived in the harbor. Being informed that no one was
permitted to go aboard while she was still in charge of the custom-house
officers, I awaited the arrival of passengers and learned that there
were no people aboard from the Southern States, so that there was no
prospect of hearing through anyone from my friends.
Mr. G. N. Davis kindly accompanied me to the post-office, and personally
examined the letters received by the packet, but nothing was found for
me. This inscrutable interruption of all communication with my friends
in the South leaves no other alternative than to return and confer with
them in person respecting my impressions of the territory, climate,
productions and government of Brazil.
Senor E. D. Street has arranged for a meeting with the Minister of
Agriculture at 11 o’clock A. M. to-morrow.
TUESDAY, _January 30, 1866_.
The abstract of my observations upon the soil and industrial resources
of the country, examined during the past four months, was embodied in a
report of thirty-two pages of large letter paper, and presented to his
Excellency, Conselheiro Paulo Sonsa, Minister of Agriculture, Commerce,
&c., to-day. My interview was very brief, as he had an appointment
elsewhere, which prevented him from giving audience to numerous persons
in attendance, and he appointed day after to-morrow for another meeting.
In the mean time he can examine my paper and be prepared to make a
response to the propositions therein submitted.
On my return I called at the office of Dom Galvão, where he was found
with his secretary, Mr. Mello. These gentlemen renewed their offers of
assistance in any way they could serve my objects. But no satisfactory
information has been received in regard to the terms upon which negroes
may be hired from the province of Minas, and I will direct my efforts to
procuring another class of laborers.
I am informed by Mr. William Scully, the editor of the _Anglo-Brazilian
Times_, that he has had frequent applications from parties in England,
Scotland, and Ireland, in regard to securing employment for laborers
from those countries; and that so soon as we can give him any assurance
of the number that will be required for business operations among our
people who propose to settle in Brazil, he can certainly secure them for
the service.
Being constantly occupied during the entire morning, I did not have an
opportunity to get my breakfast, and, when it was nearly one o’clock, I
went into the Café Americano for a lunch that could be most promptly
served. Cold ham, shrimps and salad, with bread and butter, stayed my
stomach; and yet it proved to be a very costly repast, as a fine silk
umbrella was left in the establishment which could not be found upon
returning to look for it some two hours afterwards.
In compliance with previous invitation, I dined to-day with Mr. Malone
and his family, who are keeping house in the precinct of São Domingos.
Mr. J. A. Roussel, from Louisiana, went over with me on the ferry-boat,
and I met at the house Dr. D. Dansereau, also from Louisiana, and Mr. P.
B. Hockaday, an old gentleman from Missouri, all of whom are here to
select locations for their future residence. The latter two are
accommodated with boarding by Mr. and Mrs. Malone, and seem to be
pleasantly situated. This lady looks rather delicate, and yet she is
doing the cooking and housework for the family with her own hands, and
says that she is too busy to think of troubles or cares, feeling quite
cheerful and contented with her situation. They have two very
interesting little daughters, one about nine years old, and the other
about seven. Their health has improved since coming here, and they are
now quite hearty and sprightly. This family reached Brazil some six
months ago, and found many trials at the outset from the want of
associations with any of their own people, and the failure to find any
field of business in which they could be employed to advantage. But now
they are in good spirits, and expect ere long to identify themselves
with others who are expected to arrive from the Southern States, and
form a settlement in some part of the country. In their present sphere
of duty, they render essential service to those stopping in Rio.
When I sat down with Southern friends, at the table of a Southern
family, and partook of the food prepared by the hands of a Southern lady
in a foreign land, the change which has come over our people was fully
realized; yet this presented a type of the independence to which every
Southern heart aspired, and which can only be enjoyed now by a
separation from those who hold us in subjection.
On returning upon the ferry-boat, I was introduced to Mr. Franklin and
Colonel Parsons, of Texas, who are here for the purpose of locating in
the country. The latter gentleman is just recovering from a slight
attack of varioloid, contracted from some Brazilian soldiers on board of
the vessel coming from Bahia to Rio. The former has also been indisposed
for a few days. But both are again ready for business, and they are now
making arrangements to open a mercantile house in this city for
furnishing machinery and agricultural implements. They expect to be
provided with every thing that is likely to be wanted in opening
plantations; yet it will be desirable for planters to bring with them
all they may need.
The family of Mr. Gunter, from Alabama, with that of his son-in-law, are
located in Botafogo, and await his return from an exploration of the
country to determine upon a location. They have been very kindly
assisted and looked after by that noble-souled friend of Southerners,
Mr. Carlos Nathan. His acts of kindness will relieve the embarrassments
of many who have received favors at his hands, and among that number I
shall always feel thankful for the gentlemanly courtesy and substantial
aid which he has extended to me.
With a view to promote in a more enlarged sphere the emigration of our
people, a proposition has been submitted to the Brazilian government by
Mr. Nathan, in which arrangements will be made by him for the
transportation of persons from the Southern States to Brazil, with the
privilege to the emigrants of paying the passage-money in three
instalments, at the end of the third, fourth, and fifth years, and
without interest. He assumes the responsibility of guaranteeing to the
government the payment of these passage bills which it is to receive,
giving him bonds for the amount, with the allowance of a certain amount
for each emigrant that is thus brought from the United States to Brazil.
No action has been taken as yet upon this practical business
proposition, which would systematize the transportation across the
ocean, and enable many to accomplish the removal to Brazil who otherwise
will not be able to avail themselves of transportation.
A highly important meeting of citizens was held to-day at the hall of
the Merchants’ Exchange, at which the Minister of Agriculture and other
important officials co-operated with many of the most influential men of
the city, for the consideration of measures most likely to promote
emigration to Brazil.
Two meetings have been held prior to this, and propositions were
submitted by Senor Dom Furquim d’Almeida, which have in view the
recognition of all the civil and religious privileges which can be
desired by our people in coming into this empire. This gentleman has
great worth of character, and exercises much control in the affairs of
the country, so that his prominent advocacy of these reforms has secured
the concurrence of a large number of important persons, and through this
influence it is expected that action of the government will be secured.
An organization has been formed to-day with the object of facilitating
all the different steps towards settlement in this country; and with a
view to reach more adequately those for whose benefit it is designed,
foreigners are to be associated with Brazilians in a committee for
carrying out the plans of this society.
Few matters are initiated here by a public assemblage of the people,
such as that now witnessed in regard to emigration, and it indicates a
widespread and abiding conviction of the importance that is attached to
the settlement of the Southern planters in the territory of Brazil.
The official authorities have manifested great readiness to receive
favorably all of our people who have sought any position in connection
with the government; and they have afforded all the facilities
practicable for aiding those who desired to examine the resources of the
country, while they hold out the encouragement of prospective assistance
to such as may need aid in emigrating to this empire with their
families.
The people everywhere exhibit likewise the most cordial disposition to
favor this movement.
WEDNESDAY, _January 31, 1866_.
A brief summary of the report submitted to the Minister of Agriculture
will give a general view of the field of observation.
For the purposes of description, the following division of soil is
recognized: Volcanic earth, (terra rocha,) red land, (terra vermilha,)
dark land, (terra preta,) and light land, (terra branca.)
A further distinction results from the predominance of clay, sand,
shell, and decomposed vegetable matter. These are combined in various
proportions with other elements, in different specimens of soil
examined.
The territory is divided into original forest, (matto virgem,) secondary
forest, (capoeira,) and open plain, (campo.)
The soil of the forest is superior to that of the plain, and yet has
many grades.
Fruits and medicinal plants found to a large extent in some of the open
plains.
None of the native trees of the United States are found growing in the
forests examined.
The province of São Paulo may be divided into four different sections,
as follows:
1st. Coast land, including the land lying between the sea and the
neighboring serra adjacent to Santos, Conceicão, Ignape and Cananea.
In this the soil has rotten-shell combined with sand to a large extent.
Rice is the chief product of this region.
2d. Table land, including the territory lying south of the Serra Nigro,
and lying adjacent to Campinas, Lemeira, Rio Clara, Araraquara, Brotas,
Jahu, and Botacatu.
The best purple soil (terra rocha) is here in close proximity to the
poorest light sandy plains, and, while the latter are unproductive, the
former are considered the most favorable for coffee and all the standard
staples of the country.
3d. Mixed land, including the territory lying between the former and the
Serra da Cubitão, and lying adjacent to Jundiahi, São Paulo, Itu, Porto
Feliz, Sorocaba, Itapetininga, and Paranapanema.
Extensive grass plains are intermixed with forests of light land, and
occasionally dark soil.
The former very suitable for grazing stock, and the latter are giving
very favorable results in the culture of cotton and corn.
4th. River land, including the territory lying upon the upper waters of
the Ribeira de Ignape, and its tributaries from each side, and being
adjacent to Inquia, Iporanga and Xiririca.
Forest land prevails here exclusively, having for the most part a dark
soil with a yellow clay base. Corn, rice and sugar-cane have been the
principal products, yet this region is well adapted to the growth of
tobacco, cotton and coffee.
In all of these sections, the different tropical fruits, oranges,
bananas, pine-apples, &c., grow to great advantage.
The hoe is alone used in the culture of the land, and only three plows
were seen in the entire province. The introduction of the plow is likely
to improve the agricultural operations, and may serve to eradicate that
great pest of the planter, the ant. It is especially needed in the
preparation of the soil for cotton, and the increasing importance of
that crop is apparent.
Pack-mules are the reliance for transportation of product to market,
from section second and third, for the present. But a railroad line is
expected to be in operation soon, which will be available for a portion
of each of these sections. It runs from Santos to Jundiahi, eighty-five
miles.
Communication with a market, by water, is convenient for sections first
and fourth. The former affords no inducement for any large settlement,
while the latter presents a wide extent of territory, lying between the
Ribeira de Ignape and Cananea, and extending towards Parana. If it
should meet the views of our people to concentrate upon this territory,
a large wagon-road is desirable to connect Xiririca and the port of
Cananea, so as to afford them access to either of these ports.
The route indicated is pronounced by an engineer to be very favorable
for the location of a good road, and if it is authorized, it will
constitute an important item in the advantages of this section, for the
settlement of emigrants from the southern portion of the United States
of America.
THURSDAY, _February 1, 1866_.
In an interview with his Excellency Conselheiro Paulo Sonsa, Minister of
Agriculture, &c., I have received his assurance that a wagon-road should
be opened from the port of Cananea to Xiririca; and that the requisite
order would be issued forthwith for setting apart the funds for this
work. He has likewise given me a promise that an amount of public land,
sufficient for the accommodation of my friends, would be reserved in a
specified locality, until I should communicate to him some definite
intimation as to their decision. I am farther informed that authority
will be given me to hire a vessel at the expense of the Brazilian
government, for the use of the needy, provided two other vessels are
loaded by emigrants on their own account; and that the vessels would be
permitted to land their passengers and cargoes free of duty, at Cananea
or Ignape, if this is desired.
With this understanding, I feel that my mission in Brazil has terminated
satisfactorily, and I am now ready to submit the result for the
consideration of those who await this report.
The physical aspects of Brazil present great encouragement to those
desiring to engage in agricultural operations.
The great variety and superior quality of the products present
advantages not to be realized in the United States, and the facility of
cultivation, with the prospect of improvement under the more thorough
treatment of the soil to which our people are accustomed, renders this
branch of business particularly attractive.
The manufacturing resources afforded by the water-power which is in
almost every section of the country, afford the opportunity for working
up much of the material grown upon the soil, and enterprise may speedily
put to work spindles and looms even at points remote from the great
lines of transportation. To our Southern people the empire of Brazil
embodies the character and sentiment among the better class of citizens,
very much in keeping with our standard of taste and politeness. It has
grown out of the consciousness that worth makes the man, and doubtless
connected with the same relative status of races that was formerly a
line of distinction between the black and white population with us.
Though slavery may be destined to cease in Brazil at some future day, by
gradual emancipation, yet the elements of society which have resulted
from the mastery of the white man will never be erased entirely from the
people. There is a dignity and a hospitality among these people that
correspond in many respects to the lofty and generous bearing which
characterized the Southern gentleman in former times. We find people in
Brazil capable of appreciating the Southern character, and ready to
extend a cordial greeting to all who come.