GASKELL, ELIZABETH CLEGHORN (STEVENSON) (1810-1865).--Novelist, _dau._ of

William Stevenson, a Unitarian minister, and for some time Keeper of the

Treasury Records. She _m._ William G., a Unitarian minister, at

Manchester, and in 1848 _pub._ anonymously her first book, _Mary Barton_,

in which the life and feelings of the manufacturing working classes are

depicted with much power and sympathy. Other novels followed, _Lizzie

Leigh_ (1855), _Mr. Harrison's Confessions_ (1865), _Ruth_ (1853),

_Cranford_ (1851-3), _North and South_ (1855), _Sylvia's Lovers_ (1863),

etc. Her last work was _Wives and Daughters_ (1865), which appeared in

the _Cornhill Magazine_, and was left unfinished. Mrs. G. had some of

the characteristics of Miss Austen, and if her style and delineation of

character are less minutely perfect, they are, on the other hand, imbued

with a deeper vein of feeling. She was the friend of Charlotte Bronté

(_q.v._), to whom her sympathy brought much comfort, and whose _Life_ she

wrote. Of _Cranford_ Lord Houghton wrote, "It is the finest piece of

humoristic description that has been added to British literature since

Charles Lamb."

GATTY, MRS. ALFRED (MARGARET SCOTT) (1809-1873).--_Dau._ of Rev. A.J.

Scott, D.D., a navy chaplain, who served under, and was the trusted

friend of, Nelson. She _m._ the Rev. Alfred Gatty, D.D., Ecclesfield,

Yorkshire, and became a highly useful and popular writer of tales for

young people. Among her books may be mentioned _Parables from Nature_,

_Worlds not Realised_, _Proverbs Illustrated_, and _Aunt Judy's Tales_.

She also conducted _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, and wrote a book on British

sea-weeds. Juliana Ewing (_q.v._) was her daughter.

GAUDEN, JOHN (1605-1662).--Theologian, _b._ at Mayfield in Essex, and

_ed._ at Camb. His claim to remembrance rests on his being the reputed

author of _Eikon Basiliké_ (the Royal Image), a book purporting to be

written by Charles I. during his imprisonment, and containing religious

meditations and defences of his political acts. _Pub._ immediately after

the King's execution, it produced an extraordinary effect, so much so

that Charles II. is reported to have said that, had it been _pub._ a week

earlier, it would have saved his father's life. There seems now to be

little doubt that Gauden was the author. At all events he claimed to be

recompensed for his services, and was made Bishop successively of Exeter

and Worcester, apparently on the strength of these claims. The work

passed through 50 ed. within a year, and was answered by Milton in his

_Iconoclastes_ (the Image-breaker).

GAY, JOHN (1685-1732).--Poet and dramatist, _b._ near Barnstaple of a

good but decayed family. His parents dying while he was a child he was

apprenticed to a silk-mercer in London, but not liking the trade, was

released by his master. In 1708 he _pub._ a poem, _Wine_, and in 1713

_Rural Sports_, which he dedicated to Pope, whose friendship he obtained.

A little before this he had received an appointment as sec. in the

household of the Duchess of Monmouth. His next attempts were in the

drama, in which he was not at first successful; but about 1714 he made

his first decided hit in _The Shepherd's Week_, a set of six pastorals

designed to satirise Ambrose Philips, which, however, secured public

approval on their own merits. These were followed by _Trivia_ (1716), in

which he was aided by Swift, an account in mock heroic verse of the

dangers of the London streets, and by _The Fan_. G. had always been

ambitious of public employment, and his aspirations were gratified by his

receiving the appointment of sec. to an embassy to Hanover, which,

however, he appears to have resigned in a few months. He then returned to

the drama in _What d'ye call It_, and _Three Hours after Marriage_,

neither of which, however, took the public fancy. In 1720 he _pub._ a

collection of his poems, which brought him £1000, but soon after lost

all his means in the collapse of the South Sea Company. After producing

another drama, _The Captive_, he _pub._ his _Fables_ (1727), which added

to his reputation, and soon after, in 1728, achieved the great success of

his life in _The Beggar's Opera_, a Newgate pastoral, suggested by Swift,

in which the graces and fantasticalities of the Italian Opera were

satirised. A sequel, _Polly_, was suppressed by the Lord Chamberlain as

reflecting upon the Court, but was _pub._ and had an enormous sale. The

last few years of his life were passed in the household of the Duke of

Queensberry, who had always been his friend and patron. He _d._ after

three days' illness, aged 47. G. was an amiable, easy-going man, who

appears to have had the power of attracting the strong attachments of his

friends, among whom were Pope and Swift. He seems to have been one of the

very few for whom the latter had a sincere affection. He is buried in

Westminster Abbey. Of all he has written he is best remembered by one or

two songs, of which the finest is _Black-eyed Susan_.

GEDDES, ALEXANDER (1737-1802).--Theologian and scholar, of Roman Catholic

parentage, was _b._ at Ruthven, Banffshire, and _ed._ for the priesthood

at the local seminary of Scalan, and at Paris, and became a priest in his

native county. His translation of the _Satires_ of Horace made him known

as a scholar, but his liberality of view led to his suspension. He then

went to London, where he became known to Lord Petre, who enabled him to

proceed with a new translation of the Bible for English Roman Catholics,

which he carried on as far as Ruth, with some of the Psalms, and which

was _pub._ in 3 vols. (1792-6). This was followed by _Critical Remarks on

the Hebrew Scriptures_, in which he largely anticipated the German school

of criticism. The result of this publication was his suspension from all

ecclesiastical functions. G. was also a poet, and wrote _Linton: a

Tweedside Pastoral_, _Carmen Seculare pro Gallica Gente_ (1790), in

praise of the French Revolution. He _d._ without recanting, but received

absolution at the hands of a French priest, though public mass for his

soul was forbidden by the ecclesiastical powers.

GEOFFREY of MONMOUTH (1100?-1154).--Chronicler, was probably a

Benedictine monk, and became Bishop of St. Asaph. He wrote a Latin

_History of British Kings_. _Merlin's Prophecies_, long attributed to

him, is now held to be not genuine. The history is rather a historical

romance than a sober history, and gave scandal to some of the more

prosaic chroniclers who followed him. It was subsequently translated into

Anglo-Norman by Gaimar and Wace, and into English by Layamon.

GERARD, ALEXANDER (1728-1795).--Philosophical writer, _s._ of Rev.

Gilbert G., was _ed._ at Aberdeen, where he became Prof., first of

Natural Philosophy, and afterwards of Divinity, and one of the ministers

of the city. As a prof. he introduced various reforms. In 1756 he gained

the prize for an _Essay on Taste_ which, together with an _Essay on

Genius_, he subsequently _pub._ These treatises, though now superseded,

gained for him considerable reputation.

GIBBON, EDWARD (1737-1794).--Historian, was _b._ at Putney of an ancient

Kentish family. His _f._ was Edward G., and his mother Judith Porten. He

was the only one of a family of seven who survived infancy, and was

himself a delicate child with a precocious love of study. After receiving

his early education at home he was sent to Westminster School, and when

15 was entered at Magdalen Coll., Oxf., where, according to his own

account, he spent 14 months idly and unprofitably. Oxf. was then at its

lowest ebb, and earnest study or effort of any kind had little

encouragement. G., however, appears to have maintained his wide reading

in some degree, and his study of Bossuet and other controversialists led

to his becoming in 1753 a Romanist. To counteract this his _f._ placed

him under the charge of David Mallet (_q.v._), the poet, deist, and ed.

of Bolingbroke's works, whose influence, not unnaturally, failed of the

desired effect, and G. was next sent to Lausanne, and placed under the

care of a Protestant pastor, M. Pavilliard. Various circumstances appear

to have made G. not unwilling to be re-converted to Protestantism; at all

events he soon returned to the reformed doctrines. At Lausanne he

remained for over four years, and devoted himself assiduously to study,

especially of French literature and the Latin classics. At this time also

he became engaged to Mademoiselle Suzanne Curchod; but on the match being

peremptorily opposed by his _f._ it was broken off. With the lady, who

eventually became the wife of Necker, and the mother of Madame de Staël,

he remained on terms of friendship. In 1758 G. returned to England, and

in 1761 _pub._ _Essai sur l'Etude de la Littérature_, translated into

English in 1764. About this time he made a tour on the Continent,

visiting Paris, where he stayed for three months, and thence proceeding

to Switzerland and Italy. There it was that, musing amid the ruins of the

Capitol at Rome on October 15, 1764, he formed the plan of writing the

history of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He returned to

England in 1765, and in 1770 his _f._ _d._, leaving him the embarrassed

estate of Buriton, which had been his usual home when in England. With a

view to recovering his affairs, he left his estate and lived in London

where, in 1772, he seriously set himself to realise the great plan which,

since its conception, had never been out of his thoughts. The first

chapter was written three times, and the second twice before he could

satisfy himself that he had found the style suited to his subject. The

progress of the work was delayed by the fact that G. had meanwhile (1774)

entered the House of Commons, where, as member for Liskeard, he was a

steady, though silent, supporter of Lord North in his American policy. He

subsequently sat for Lymington, and held office as a Commissioner of

Trade and Plantations 1779-82. The first vol. of the _Decline and Fall_

appeared in 1776, and was received with acclamation, and it was not until

some time had elapsed that the author's treatment of the rise of

Christianity excited the attention and alarm of the religious and

ecclesiastical world. When, however, the far-reaching nature of his views

was at length realised, a fierce and prolonged controversy arose, into

which G. himself did not enter except in one case where his fidelity as

an historian was impugned. The second and third vols. appeared in 1781,

and thereafter (1783) G. returned to Lausanne, where he lived tranquilly

with an early friend, M. Deyverdun, devoting his mornings to the

completion of his history, and his evenings to society. At length, on

the night of June 27, 1787, in the summer-house of his garden, the last

words were penned, and the great work of his life completed. Of the

circumstances, and of his feelings at the moment, he has himself given an

impressive account. The last three vols. were issued in 1788, G. having

gone to London to see them through the press. This being done he returned

to Lausanne where, within a year, his beloved friend Deyverdun _d._ His

last years were clouded by ill-health, and by anxieties with regard to

the French Revolution. In 1793, though travelling was a serious matter

for him, he came to England to comfort his friend Lord Sheffield on the

death of his wife, took ill, and _d._ suddenly in London on January 16,

1794.

The place of G. among historians is in the first rank, and if the vast

scale of his work and the enormous mass of detail involved in it are

considered along with the learning and research employed in accumulating

the material, and the breadth of view, lucidity of arrangement, and sense

of proportion which have fused them into a distinct and splendid picture,

his claims to the first place cannot be lightly dismissed. His style,

though not pure, being tinged with Gallicisms, is one of the most noble

in our literature, rich, harmonious, and stately; and though sources of

information not accessible to him have added to our knowledge, and have

shown some of his conclusions to be mistaken, his historical accuracy has

been comparatively little shaken, and his work is sure of permanence. As

a man G. seems to have been somewhat calm and cool in his feelings,

though capable of steady and affectionate friendships, such as those with

Deyverdun and the Sheffields, which were warmly reciprocated, and he

appears to have been liked in society, where his brilliant conversational

powers made him shine. He was vain, and affected the manners of the fine

gentleman, which his unattractive countenance and awkward figure, and

latterly his extreme corpulence, rendered somewhat ridiculous. He left an

interesting _Autobiography_.

SUMMARY.--_B._ 1737, _ed._ Westminster and Oxf., became Romanist and sent

to Lausanne 1753, where he returned to Protestantism, _pub._ _Essay on

Study of Literature_ 1761, visited Rome 1764 and resolved to write his

_Decline and Fall of Roman Empire_, began to write it 1772, _pub._

1776-87, _d._ 1794.

_Decline and Fall_ (Sir W. Smith, 8 vols., 1854-55), another (J.B. Bury,

7 vols., 1896-1900). _Autobiography_ (Lord Sheffield, 1796), often

reprinted.

GIFFORD, RICHARD (1725-1807).--Poet, was _ed._ at Oxford and took orders.

He was the author of a poem, _Contemplation_. He also wrote theological

and controversial works.

GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826).--Critic and poet, was _b._ of humble

parentage at Ashburton, Devonshire, and after being for a short time at

sea, was apprenticed to a cobbler. Having, however, shown signs of

superior ability, and a desire for learning, he was befriended and _ed._,

ultimately at Oxf., where he _grad._ Becoming known to Lord Grosvenor, he

was patronised by him, and in course of time produced his first poem,

_The Baviad_ (1794), a satire directed against the Delia Cruscans, a

clique of very small and sentimental poets, which at once quenched their

little tapers. This was followed by another satire, _The Mæviad_,

against some minor dramatists. His last effort in this line was his

_Epistle to Peter Pindar_ (Dr. Walcot), inspired by personal enmity,

which evoked a reply, _A Cut at a Cobbler_. These writings had

established the reputation of G. as a keen, and even ferocious critic,

and he was appointed in 1797 ed. of the _Anti-Jacobin_, which Canning and

his friends had just started, and of the _Quarterly Review_ (1809-24). He

also brought out ed. of Massinger, Ben Jonson, and Ford. As a critic he

had acuteness; but he was one-sided, prejudiced, and savagely bitter, and

much more influenced in his judgments by the political opinions than by

the literary merits of his victims. In his whole career, however, he

displayed independence and spirit in overcoming the disadvantages of his

early life, as well as gratitude to those who had served him. He held

various appointments which placed him above financial anxiety.

GILDAS (516?-570?).--British historian, was a monk who is believed to

have gone to Brittany about 550, and founded a monastery. He wrote a

history, _De Excidio Britanniæ_ (concerning the overthrow of Britain). It

consists of two parts, the first from the Roman invasion until the end of

the 4th century, and the second a continuation to the writer's own time.

It is obscure and wordy, and not of much value.

GILDER, RICHARD WATSON (1844-1909).--Poet, _b._ at Borderstown, New

Jersey, was successively a lawyer, a soldier, and a journalist, in which

last capacity he ed. _Scribner's_ (afterwards the _Century_) _Magazine_.

He holds a high place among American poets as the author of _The New Day_

(1875), _The Celestial Passion_, _The Great Remembrance_, _Five Books of

Song_ (1894), _In Palestine_ (1898), _In the Heights_ (1905), _A Book of

Music_ (collection) (1906), etc.

GILDON, CHARLES (1665-1724).--Critic and dramatist, belonged to a Roman

Catholic family, and was an unsuccessful playwright, a literary hack, and

a critic of little acumen or discrimination. He attacked Pope as "Sawny

Dapper," and was in return embalmed in _The Dunciad_. He also wrote a

Life of Defoe.

GILFILLAN, GEORGE (1813-1878).--Poet and critic, _s._ of a dissenting

minister at Comrie, Perthshire, studied at Glasgow Univ., and was

ordained minister of a church in Dundee. He was a voluminous author.

Among his writings are _Gallery of Literary Portraits_, and a Series of

British Poets with introductions and notes in 48 vols. He also wrote

Lives of Burns, Scott, and others, and _Night_ (1867), a poem in nine

books. His style was somewhat turgid, and his criticism rather

sympathetic than profound.

GILFILLAN, ROBERT (1798-1850).--Poet, _b._ at Dunfermline, was latterly

Collector of Police Rates in Leith. He wrote a number of Scottish songs,

and was favourably mentioned in _Noctes Ambrosianæ_ (see Wilson, J.). He

was the author of the beautiful song, _Oh, why left I my Hame?_

GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648).--Scottish Theologian, was _b._ at

Kirkcaldy, and studied at St. Andrews. He became one of the ministers of

Edin., and was a member of the Westminster Assembly, in which he took a

prominent part. A man of notable intellectual power, he exercised an

influence remarkable in view of the fact that he _d._ in his 36th year.

He was one of the most formidable controversialists of a highly

controversial age. His best known work is _Aaron's Rod Blossoming_, a

defence of the ecclesiastical claims of the high Presbyterian party.

GILLIES, JOHN (1747-1836).--Historian, _b._ at Brechin and _ed._ there

and at Glasgow, wrote a _History of Greece_ (1786) from a strongly

anti-democratic standpoint, a _History of the World from Alexander to

Augustus_ (1807), and a _View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia_.

He also made various translations from the Greek. He succeeded Principal

Robertson as Historiographer Royal for Scotland.

GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (literary name of GERALD DE BARRI)

(1146?-1220?).--Geographer and historian, was _b._ of a Norman family

settled in Wales, which intermarried with the Royal family of that

country. He was an eminent scholar and Churchman, whose object of

ambition was the Bishopric of St. David's, to which he was twice elected

by the chapter, but from which he was kept out by the opposition of the

King. When travelling in Ireland with Prince John (1185) he wrote

_Topographia Hibernica_, a valuable descriptive account of the country,

and in 1188 he wrote _Itinerarium Cambriæ_, a similar work on Wales. He

left several other works, including an autobiography, _De Rebus a se

Gestis_ (concerning his own doings).

GISSING, GEORGE (1857-1903).--Novelist, _b._ at Wakefield. In his novels

he depicted the environment and struggles of the lower and lower middle

classes with a somewhat pessimistic and depressing realism, although his

last work, _The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft_, seemed to usher in the

dawn of a somewhat brighter outlook. His other novels include _Demos_

(1886), _Thyrza_ (1887), _The Nether World_ (1889), _New Grub Street_

(1891), _Born in Exile_ (1892), _In the Year of Jubilee_ (1894), and _The

Town Traveller_ (1898). He _d._ at St. Jean de Luz in the Pyrenees.

GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809-1898).--Statesman, scholar, and man of

letters, fourth _s._ of Sir John G., a merchant in Liverpool, was of

Scottish ancestry. He was _ed._ at Eton and Christ Church, Oxf. From his

youth he was deeply interested in religious and ecclesiastical questions,

and at one time thought of entering the Church. In 1832 he entered

Parliament as a Tory, and from the first gave evidence of the splendid

talents for debate and statesmanship, especially in the department of

finance, which raised him to the position of power and influence which he

afterwards attained. After holding the offices of Pres. of the Board of

Trade, Colonial Sec., and Chancellor of the Exchequer, he attained the

position of Prime Minister, which he held four times 1868-74, 1880-85,

1885-86, and 1892-93. His political career was one of intense energy and

activity in every department of government, especially after he became

Prime Minister, and while it gained him the enthusiastic applause and

devotion of a large portion of the nation, it exposed him to a

correspondingly intense opposition on the part of another. The questions

which involved him in the greatest conflicts of his life and evoked his

chief efforts of intellect were the disestablishment of the Irish Church,

the foreign policy of his great rival Disraeli, and Home Rule for

Ireland, on the last of which the old Liberal party was finally broken

up. In the midst of political labours which might have been sufficient to

absorb even his tireless energy, he found time to follow out and write

upon various subjects which possessed a life-long interest for him. His

first book was _The State in its Relations with the Church_ (1839), which

formed the subject of one of Macaulay's essays. _Studies on Homer and the

Homeric Age_ (1858), _Juventus Mundi_ (1869), and _Homeric Synchronism_

(1876), _The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture_ (1890), _The Vatican

Decrees and Vaticanism_ (1874-75), and _Gleanings of Past Years_ (1897),

8 vols., were his other principal contributions to literature. G.'s

scholarship, though sound and even brilliant, was of an old-fashioned

kind, and his conclusions on Homeric questions have not received much

support from contemporary scholars. In his controversies with Huxley and

others his want of scientific knowledge and of sympathy with modern

scientific tendencies placed him at a disadvantage. His character was a

singularly complex one, and his intellect possessed a plasticity which

made it possible to say of him that he never _was_ anything, but was

always _becoming_ something. His life was a singularly noble and

stainless one, and he must probably ever remain one of the great figures

in the history of his country.

_Life_ by J. Morley (3 vols.), others by J. M'Carthy, Sir Wemyss Reid,

and many others.

GLANVILL, JOSEPH (1636-1680).--Controversialist and moral writer, _b._ at

Plymouth, and _ed._ at Oxf., took orders, and held various benefices,

including the Rectory of Bath Abbey and a prebend at Worcester. He came

under the influence of the Camb. Platonists, especially of Henry More

(_q.v._). His contendings were chiefly with the English Nonconformists,

against whom (with the exception of Baxter whom he held in great esteem)

he exhibited great bitterness. His chief work is the _Vanity of

Dogmatizing_ (1661) which contains the story of "The Scholar Gipsy," in

later days turned to such fine account by Matthew Arnold. G. wrote a fine

literary style, at its best recalling that of Sir Thomas Browne.

GLAPTHORNE, HENRY (_fl._ 1640).--Dramatist, had a high reputation among

his contemporaries, though now almost forgotten. He wrote two comedies,

three tragedies, and a book of poems, which were all reprinted in two

vols. in 1874. His best work, is _Argalus and Parthenia_ (1639), based

upon Sidney's _Arcadia_. Others were _The Hollander_, _Wit is a

Constable_, and _The Ladies' Privilege_ (all 1640).

GLASCOCK, WILLIAM NUGENT (1787-1847).--Novelist. He saw a good deal of

service in the navy with credit, and from this drew the inspiration of

his vigorous and breezy sea-stories, which include _Sailors and Saints_

(1829), _Tales of a Tar_ (1836), and _Land Sharks and Sea Gulls_ (1838).

GLEIG, GEORGE ROBERT (1796-1888).--_S._ of George G., Bishop of Brechin,

entered the army, and served in the Peninsula and America. In 1820 he

took orders, and after serving various cures _bec._, in 1834, Chaplain of

Chelsea Hospital, and in 1844 Chaplain-General of the Forces, which

office he held until 1875. He was a frequent contributor to reviews and

magazines, especially _Blackwood's_, in which his best known novel, _The

Subaltern_, appeared, and he was also the author of Lives of Warren

Hastings, Clive, and Wellington, _Military Commanders_, _Chelsea

Pensioners_, and other works.

GLEN, WILLIAM (1789-1826).--Poet, _b._ in Glasgow, was for some years in

the West Indies. He _d._ in poverty. He wrote several poems, but the only

one which has survived is his Jacobite ballad, _Wae's me for Prince

Charlie_.

GLOVER, RICHARD (1712-1785).--Poet and dramatist, was a London merchant,

and M.P. for Weymouth. A scholarly man with a taste for literature, he

wrote two poems in blank verse, _Leonidas_ (1737), and _The Athenaid_

(1787). Though not without a degree of dignity, they want energy and

interest, and are now forgotten. He also produced a few dramas, which had

little success. He is best remembered by his beautiful ballad, _Hosier's

Ghost_, beginning "As near Portobello lying." G. had the reputation of a

useful and public-spirited citizen.

GODWIN, MRS. MARY (WOLLSTONECRAFT) (1759-1797).--Miscellaneous writer,

was of Irish extraction. Her _f._ was a spend-thrift of bad habits, and

at 19 Mary left home to make her way in the world. Her next ten years

were spent as companion to a lady, in teaching a school at Newington

Green, and as governess in the family of Lord Kingsborough. In 1784 she

assisted her sister to escape from a husband who ill-treated her. In 1788

she took to translating, and became literary adviser to Johnson the

publisher, through whom she became known to many of the literary people

of the day, as well as to certain Radicals, including Godwin, Paine,

Priestly, and Fuseli, the painter. She then, 1792, went to Paris, where

she met Captain Imlay, with whom she formed a connection, the fruit of

which was her daughter Fanny. Captain Imlay having deserted her, she

tried to commit suicide at Putney Bridge, but was rescued. Thereafter she

resumed her literary labours, and lived with W. Godwin, who married her

in 1797. Their _dau._, Mary, whose birth she did not survive, became the

second wife of Shelley. Her chief original writings are a _Reply_ to

Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_ (1791), _Vindication of

the Rights of Women_ (1792), and _Original Stories for Children_,

illustrated by W. Blake. Her _Vindication_ received much adverse

criticism on account of its extreme positions and over-plainness of

speech.

GODWIN, WILLIAM (1756-1836).--Philosopher and novelist, _b._ at Wisbeach,

and _ed._ at a school in Norwich, to which city his _f._, a Presbyterian

minister, had removed, and subsequently at a Presbyterian coll. at

Hoxton, with a view to the ministry. From 1778 to 1783 he acted as

minister of various congregations near London; but his theological views

having undergone important changes, he resigned his pastorate, and

devoted himself to a literary career. His first work, a series of

historical sketches in the form of sermons, failed. He then found

employment as one of the principal writers in the _New Annual Register_,

and became otherwise prominent as an advocate of political and social

reform. Many of his views were peculiar and extreme, and even tended, if

fully carried out in practice, to subvert morality; but they were

propounded and supported by their author with a whole-hearted belief in

their efficacy for the regeneration of society: and the singular

circumstances of his connection with and ultimate marriage to Mary

Wollstonecraft showed at least that he had the courage of his opinions.

His _Enquiry concerning Political Justice_ (1793) made him famous. A year

later he _pub._ his masterpiece, _Caleb Williams_, a novel exhibiting a

sombre strength rarely equalled. The next few years were occupied in

political controversy, for which G. was, by his sincerity and his

masculine style, well fitted; and it was in the midst of these--in

1797--that his first marriage, already alluded to, and the death of his

wife, of whom he _pub._ a singular but interesting Life, occurred. In

1799 his second great novel, _St. Leon_, based upon the philosopher's

stone and the elixir of life, appeared. His other novels, _Fleetwood_

(1804), _Mandeville_ (1817), and _Cloudesley_ (1830), are much inferior.

In addition to these works G. brought out an elaborate _Life of Chaucer_

in 2 vols. (1803), _An Essay on Sepulchres_ (1808), containing much fine

thought finely expressed, _A History of the Commonwealth_, an Essay

against the theories of Malthus (_q.v._), and his last work, _Lives of

the Necromancers_. For some time he engaged in the publishing business,

in which, however, he ultimately proved unsuccessful. In his later years

he had the office of Yeoman Usher of the Exchequer conferred upon him. G.

entered in 1801 into a second marriage with a widow, Mrs. Clairmont, by

whom he had a _dau._ This lady had already a _s._ and _dau._, the latter

of whom had an irregular connection with Byron. His _dau._ by his first

marriage--Mary Wollstonecraft G.,--became in 1816 the wife of Shelley. G.

was a man of simple manners and imperturbable temper.

GOLDING, ARTHUR (1535?-1605?).--Translator, _s._ of a gentleman of Essex,

was perhaps at Camb., and was diligent in the translation of theological

works by Calvin, Beza, and others, but is chiefly remembered for his

versions of Cæsar's _Commentaries_ (1565), and specially of Ovid's

_Metamorphoses_ (1565-67), the latter in ballad metre. He also translated

Justin's _History_, and part of Seneca.

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728-1774).--Poet, dramatist, and essayist, _s._ of an

Irish clergyman, was _b._ at Pallasmore in Co. Longford. His early

education was received at various schools at Elphin, Athlone, and

Edgeworthstown. At the age of 8 he had a severe attack of smallpox which

disfigured him for life. In 1744 he went to Trinity Coll., Dublin,

whence, having come into collision with one of the coll. tutors, he ran

away in 1746. He was, however, induced to return, and _grad._ in 1749.

The Church was chosen for him as a profession--against his will be it

said in justice to him. He presented himself before the Bishop of Elphin

for examination--perhaps as a type of deeper and more inward

incongruencies--in scarlet breeches, and was rejected. He next figured as

a tutor; but had no sooner accumulated £30 than he quitted his employment

and forthwith dissipated his little savings. A long-suffering uncle named

Contarine, who had already more than once interposed on his behalf, now

provided means to send him to London to study law. He, however, got no

farther than Dublin, where he was fleeced to his last guinea, and

returned to the house of his mother, now a widow with a large family.

After an interval spent in idleness, a medical career was perceived to be

the likeliest opening, and in 1752 he steered for Edin., where he

remained on the usual happy-go-lucky terms until 1754, when he proceeded

to Leyden. After a year there he started on a walking tour, which led him

through France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. How he lived it is hard

to say, for he left Leyden penniless. It is said that he disputed at

Univ., and played the flute, and thus kept himself in existence. All this

time, however, he was gaining the experiences and knowledge of foreign

countries which he was afterwards to turn to such excellent account. At

one of the Univ. visited at this time, he is believed to have secured the

medical degree, of which he subsequently made use. Louvain and Padua have

both been named as the source of it. He reached London almost literally

penniless in 1756, and appears to have been occupied successively as an

apothecary's journeyman, a doctor of the poor, and an usher in a school

at Peckham. In 1757 he was writing for the _Monthly Review_. The next

year he applied unsuccessfully for a medical appointment in India; and

the year following, 1759, saw his first important literary venture, _An

Enquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe_. It was _pub._

anonymously, but attracted some attention, and brought him other work. At

the same time he became known to Bishop Percy, the collector of the

_Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, and he had written _The Bee_, a collection

of essays, and was employed upon various periodicals. In 1761 began his

friendship with Johnson, which led to that of the other great men of that

circle. His _Chinese Letters_, afterwards republished as _The Citizen of

the World_, appeared in _The Public Ledger_ in 1762. _The Traveller_, the

first of his longer poems, came out in 1764, and was followed in 1766 by

_The Vicar of Wakefield_. In 1768 he essayed the drama, with _The

Good-natured Man_, which had considerable success. The next few years saw

him busily occupied with work for the publishers, including _The History

of Rome_ (1769), Lives of Parnell the poet, and Lord Bolingbroke (1770),

and in the same year _The Deserted Village_ appeared; _The History of

England_ was _pub._ in 1771. In 1773 he produced with great success his

other drama, _She Stoops to Conquer_. His last works were _The

Retaliation_, _The History of Greece_, and _Animated Nature_, all _pub._

in 1774. In that year, worn out with overwork and anxiety, he caught a

fever, of which he _d._ April 4. With all his serious and very obvious

faults--his reckless improvidence, his vanity, and, in his earlier years

at any rate, his dissipated habits--G. is one of the most lovable

characters in English literature, and one whose writings show most of

himself--his humanity, his bright and spontaneous humour, and "the

kindest heart in the world." His friends included some of the best and

greatest men in England, among them Johnson, Burke, and Reynolds. They

all, doubtless, laughed at and made a butt of him, but they all admired

and loved him. At the news of his death Burke burst into tears, Reynolds

laid down his brush and painted no more that day, and Johnson wrote an

imperishable epitaph on him. The poor, the old, and the outcast crowded

the stair leading to his lodgings, and wept for the benefactor who had

never refused to share what he had (often little enough) with them. Much

of his work--written at high pressure for the means of existence, or to

satisfy the urgency of duns--his histories, his _Animated Nature_, and

such like, have, apart from a certain charm of style which no work of his

could be without, little permanent value; but _The Traveller_ and _The

Deserted Village_, _She Stoops to Conquer_, and, above all, _The Vicar of

Wakefield_, will keep his memory dear to all future readers of English.

SUMMARY.--_B._ 1728, _ed._ Trinity Coll., Dublin, went to Edin. 1752, and

to Leyden 1754, travelled on foot over large part of Continent, reached

London 1756, and wrote for magazines, etc., and after publishing various

other works produced _The Citizen of the World_ in 1762, _pub._ _Vicar of

Wakefield_ 1766, _Deserted Village_ 1770, and _She Stoops to Conquer_

1773, _d._ 1774.

There are many ed. of G.'s works by Prior, 1837, Cunningham, 1854, Prof.

Masson (Globe), 1869, Gibb (Bohn's Standard Library), 1885. Biographies

by Prior, 1837, Foster, 1848-71, Washington Irving, and others. _See_

also Boswell's _Johnson_, and Thackeray's _English Humorists_.

GOODALL, WALTER (1706?-1766).--Historical writer, _b._ in Banffshire, and

_ed._ King's Coll., Aberdeen, became assistant librarian to the

Advocates' Library in Edin. In 1754 he _pub._ an _Examination of the

Letters said to have been written by Mary Queen of Scots_, in which he

combats the genuineness of the "Casket Letters." He also ed., among other

works, Fordun's _Scotichronicon_ (1759).

GOODWIN, THOMAS (1600-1680).--Divine, was _b._ in Norfolk, and _ed._ at

Camb., where he was Vicar of Trinity Church. Becoming an Independent, he

ministered to a church in London, and thereafter at Arnheim in Holland.

Returning to England he was made Chaplain to Cromwell's Council of State,

and Pres. of Magdalen Coll., Oxf. At the Restoration he was deprived, but

continued to preach in London. He was the author of various commentaries

and controversial pamphlets, was a member of the Westminster Assembly,

and assisted in drawing up the amended Confession, 1658. He attended

Oliver Cromwell on his deathbed.

GOOGE, BARNABE (1540-1594).--Poet and translator, _b._ at Lincoln,

studied at both Camb. and Oxf. He was a kinsman of Cecil, who gave him

employment in Ireland. He translated from the Latin of Manzolli _The

Zodiac of Life_, a satire against the Papacy, and _The Popish Kingdome_

by T. Kirchmayer, a similar work; also _The Foure Bookes of Husbandrie_

of Conrad Heresbach. In 1563 he _pub._ a vol. of original poems, _Eglogs,

Epytaphes_, and _Sonnettes_.

GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833-1870).--Poet, was _b._ in the Azores, the _s._

of an officer in the army. He went to Australia, where he had a varied

career in connection with horses and riding, for which he had a passion.

He betook himself to the Bush, got into financial trouble, and _d._ by

his own hand. In the main he derives his inspiration (as in the _Rhyme of

Joyous Garde_, and _Britomarte_) from mediæval and English sources, not

from his Australian surroundings. Among his books are _Sea-spray and

Smoke-drift_ (1867), _Bush Ballads_ (containing _The Sick Stock-rider_)

(1870), _Ashtaroth_ (1867). In many of his poems, _e.g._ _An Exile's

Farewell_, and _Whispering in the Wattle Boughs_, there is a strong vein

of sadness and pathos.

GORE, MRS. CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (MOODY) (1799-1861).--Novelist, _dau._

of a wine merchant at Retford, where she was _b._ She _m._ a Captain

Gore, with whom she resided mainly on the Continent, supporting her

family by her voluminous writings. Between 1824 and 1862 she produced

about 70 works, the most successful of which were novels of fashionable

English life. Among these may be mentioned _Manners of the Day_ (1830),

_Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb_ (1841), and _The Banker's Wife_

(1843). She also wrote for the stage, and composed music for songs.

GOSSON, STEPHEN (1554-1624).--Poet, actor, and satirist, _b._ in Kent,

and _ed._ at Oxf., he went to London, and wrote plays, which are now

lost, and pastorals; but, moved by a sermon preached at Paul's Cross in

1577 during a plague, he deserted the theatre, and became one of its

severest critics in his prose satire, _The School of Abrose_ (1579),

directed against "poets, pipers, players, jesters, and such-like

Caterpillars of a Commonwealth." Dedicated to Sir P. Sidney, it was not

well received by him, and is believed to have evoked his _Apologie for

Poetrie_ (1595). G. entered the Church, and _d._ Rector of St. Botolph's,

London.

GOUGH, RICHARD (1735-1809).--Antiquary, was _b._ in London, and studied

at Camb. For many years he made journeys over England in pursuit of his

antiquarian studies. He _pub._ about 20 works, among which are _British

Topography_ (1768), _Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain_ (1786-99), an

ed. of Camden's _Britannia_, a translation of _The Arabian Nights_

(1798), and various other treatises on archæology, topography, and

numismatics.

GOWER, JOHN (1325?-1408).--Poet. Although few details of his life have

come down to us, he appears to have been a man of wealth and importance,

connected with Kent, well known at Court, and in possession of more than

one estate. He was the friend of Chaucer, who gives him the title of "the

moral Gower," which has clung to him ever since. His first principal work

was _Speculum Meditantis_ (the Mirror of one meditating) written in

French on the subject of married life. It was long believed to have been

lost. It was followed by _Vox Clamantis_ (the Voice of one crying)

written in Latin, giving an account of the peasants' revolt of 1381, and

attacking the misgovernment and social evils which had led to it. His

third, and only English poem, was _Confessio Amantis_ (Lover's

Confession), a work of 30,000 lines, consisting of tales and meditations

on love, written at the request of Richard II. It is the earliest large

collection of tales in the English tongue. In his old age G. became

blind. He had, when about 70, retired to the Priory of St. Mary Overies,

the chapel of which is now the Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, where he

spent his last years, and to which he was a liberal benefactor. G.

represented the serious and cultivated man of his time, in which he was

reckoned the equal of Chaucer, but as a poet he is heavy and prolix.

GRAFTON, RICHARD (_d._ 1572).--Printer and chronicler, printed various

ed. of the Bible and Prayer-book; also the Proclamation of the Accession

of Lady Jane Grey, for which he was cast into prison, where he compiled

an _Abridgement of the Chronicles of England_ (1563). To this he added in

1568 _A Chronicle at Large_. Neither holds a high place as authorities.

GRAHAME, JAMES (1765-1811).--Poet, _s._ of a lawyer, was _b._ and _ed._

in Glasgow. After spending some time in a law office in Edin., he was

called to the Scottish Bar. His health being delicate, and his

circumstances easy, he early retired from practice, and taking orders in

the Church of England in 1809, was appointed curate successively of

Shipton, Gloucestershire, and Sedgefield, Durham. He wrote several

pleasing poems, of which the best is _The Sabbath_ (1804). He _d._ on a

visit to Glasgow in his 47th year. His poems are full of quiet

observation of country sights expressed in graceful verse.

GRAHAME, SIMON or SIMION (1570-1614).--_B._ in Edin., led a dissolute

life as a traveller, soldier, and courtier on the Continent. He appears

to have been a good scholar, and wrote the _Passionate Sparke of a

Relenting Minde_, and _Anatomy of Humours_, the latter of which is

believed to have suggested to Burton his _Anatomy of Melancholie_. He

became an austere Franciscan.

GRAINGER, JAMES (1721-1766).--Poet, of a Cumberland family, studied

medicine at Edin., was an army surgeon, and on the peace settled in

practice in London, where he became the friend of Dr. Johnson, Shenstone,

and other men of letters. His first poem, _Solitude_, appeared in 1755.

He subsequently went to the West Indies (St. Kit's), where he made a rich

marriage, and _pub._ his chief poem, _The Sugar-Cane_ (1764).

GRANGER, JAMES (1723-1776).--Biographer, was at Oxf. and, entering the

Church, became Vicar of Shiplake, Oxon. He _pub._ a _Biographical History

of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution_ (1769). He insisted

on the importance of collecting engravings of portraits and himself

gathered 14,000, and gave a great impulse to the practice of making such

collections.

GRANT, MRS. ANNE (M'VICAR) (1755-1838).--Was _b._ in Glasgow, and in 1779

_m._ the Rev. James Grant, minister of Laggan, Inverness-shire. She

_pub._ in 1802 a vol. of poems. She also wrote _Letters from the

Mountains_, and _Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlands_. After

1810 she lived in Edin., where she was the friend of Sir W. Scott and

other eminent men, through whose influence a pension of £100 was bestowed

upon her.

GRANT, JAMES (1822-1887).--Novelist, was the _s._ of an officer in the

army, in which he himself served for a short time. He wrote upwards of 50

novels in a brisk, breezy style, of which the best known are perhaps _The

Romance of War_ (1845), _Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp_, _Frank Hilton_,

_Bothwell_, _Harry Ogilvie_, and _The Yellow Frigate_. He also wrote

biographies of _Kirkcaldy of Grange_, _Montrose_, and others which,

however, are not always trustworthy from an historical point of view.

GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827-1892).--Traveller, was an officer in the

army, and was sent by the Royal Geographical Society along with Captain

JOHN HANNING SPEKE (1827-1864), to search for the equatorial lakes of

Africa. Grant wrote _A Walk across Africa_, _The Botany of the Speke and

Grant Expedition_, and _Khartoum as I saw it in_ 1863. Speke wrote

_Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile_ (1863), and _What

led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile_ (1864).

GRATTAN, THOMAS COLLEY (1792-1864).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ in

Dublin, and _ed._ for the law, but did not practise. He wrote a few

novels, including _The Heiress of Bruges_ (4 vols., 1830); but his best

work was _Highways and Byways_, a description of his Continental

wanderings, of which he _pub._ three series. He also wrote a history of

the Netherlands and books on America. He was for some time British Consul

at Boston, U.S.

GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861).--Poet, _s._ of a hand-loom weaver at

Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire. He gave early promise at school, was

destined for the service of the Church, and was for 4 years at Glasgow

Univ. while he maintained himself by teaching. His first poems appeared

in the _Glasgow Citizen_. In 1860, however, he went with his friend

Robert Buchanan to London, where he soon fell into consumption. He was

befriended by Mr. Monckton Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton, but after a

sojourn in the South of England, returned home to die. His chief poem,

_The Luggie_ (the river of his birthplace) contains much beautiful

description; but his genius reached its highest expression in a series of

30 sonnets written in full view of an early death and blighted hopes, and

bearing the title, _In the Shadow_. They breathe a spirit of the deepest

melancholy unrelieved by hope.

GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771).--Poet, was _b._ in London, the _s._ of a

scrivener, who, though described as "a respectable citizen," was of so

cruel and violent a temper that his wife had to separate from him. To his

mother and her sister, who carried on a business, G. was indebted for his

liberal education at Eton (where he became a friend of Horace Walpole),

and Camb. After completing his Univ. course he accompanied Walpole to

France and Italy, where he spent over two years, when a difference

arising G. returned to England, and went back to Camb. to take his degree

in law without, however, any intention of practising. He remained at

Camb. for the rest of his life, passing his time in the study of the

classics, natural science, and antiquities, and in visits to his friends,

of whom Walpole was again one. It was in 1747 that his first poem, the

_Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College_, appeared, and it was

followed between 1750 and 1757 by his _Pindaric Odes_, including _The

Progress of Poesy_, and _The Bard_, which were, however, somewhat coldly

received. Nevertheless he had, on the death of Colley Cibber, the offer

of the laureateship, which he declined; but in 1768 he accepted the

Professorship of Modern History in his Univ., worth £400 a year. Having

been drawn to the study of Icelandic and Celtic poetry he produced _The

Fatal Sisters_, and _The Descent of Odin_, in which are apparent the

first streaks of the dawn of the Romantic Revival. G.'s poems occupy

little space, but what he wrote he brought to the highest perfection of

which he was capable, and although there is a tendency on the part of

some modern critics to depreciate him, it is probable that his place will

always remain high among all but the first order of poets. Probably no

poem has had a wider acceptance among all classes of readers than his

_Elegy in a Country Churchyard_. In addition to his fame as a poet, he

enjoys that of one of the greatest of English letter-writers, and of a

really great scholar. He _d._ at Camb. after a short illness following

upon a gradually declining state of health.

_Life_ by Gosse (Men of Letters Series, 1882).

GREELEY, HORACE (1811-1872).--Journalist and miscellaneous writer, was

the _s._ of a small farmer in New Hampshire. His early life was passed

first as a printer, and thereafter in editorial work. He started in 1841,

and conducted until his death, the _New York Tribune_. He was long a

leader in American politics, and in 1872 was an unsuccessful candidate

for the Presidency. His writings, which are chiefly political and

economical, include _Essays on Political Economy_ (1870), and

_Recollections of a Busy Life_ (1868).

GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837-1883).--Historian, was the _s._ of a tradesman

in Oxf., where he was _ed._, first at Magdalen Coll. School, and then at

Jesus Coll. He entered the Church, and served various cures in London,

under a constant strain caused by delicate health. Always an enthusiastic

student of history, his scanty leisure was devoted to research. In 1869

he finally gave up clerical work, and received the appointment of

librarian at Lambeth. He had been laying plans for various historical

works, including a History of the English Church as exhibited in a series

of Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, and, what he proposed as his

_magnum opus_, A History of England under the Angevin Kings. The

discovery, however, that his lungs were affected, necessitated the

abridgment of all his schemes, and he concentrated his energies on the

preparation of his _Short History of the English People_, which appeared

in 1874, and at once gave him an assured place in the first rank of

historical writers. In 1877 he _m._ Miss Alice Stopford, by whose talents

and devotion he was greatly assisted in carrying out and completing such

work as his broken health enabled him to undertake during his few

remaining years. Abandoning his proposed history of the Angevins, he

confined himself to expanding his _Short History_ into _A History of the

English People_ in 4 vols. (1878-80), and writing _The Making of

England_, of which one vol. only, coming down to 828, had appeared when

he _d._ at Mentone in March 1883. After his death appeared _The Conquest

of England_. The _Short History_ may be said to have begun a new epoch

in the writing of history, making the social, industrial, and moral

progress of the people its main theme. To infinite care in the gathering

and sifting of his material G. added a style of wonderful charm, and an

historical imagination which has hardly been equalled.

GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737).--Poet, is known as the author of _The

Spleen_, a lively and original poem in octosyllabic verse on the subject

of low spirits and the best means of prevention and cure. It has

life-like descriptions, sprightliness, and lightness of touch, and was

admired by Pope and Gray. The poem owes its name to the use of the term

in the author's day to denote depression. G., who held an appointment in

the Customs, appears to have been a quiet, inoffensive person, an

entertaining companion, and a Quaker.

GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882).--Philosopher, was _b._ at Birken Rectory,

Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Rugby and Balliol Coll., Oxf., where he became

Whyte Prof. of Moral Philosophy and, by his character, ability, and

enthusiasm on social questions, exercised a powerful influence. His chief

works are an _Introduction to Hume's Treatise on Human Nature_ (Clarendon

Press ed.), in which he criticised H.'s philosophy severely from the

idealist standpoint, and _Prolegomena to Ethics_, _pub._ posthumously.

GREENE, ROBERT (1560?-1592).--Poet, dramatist, and pamphleteer, was _b._

at Norwich, and studied at Camb., where he _grad._ A.B. He was also

incorporated at Oxf. in 1588. After travelling in Spain and Italy, he

returned to Camb. and took A.M. Settling in London he was one of the wild

and brilliant crew who passed their lives in fitful alternations of

literary production and dissipation, and were the creators of the English

drama. He has left an account of his career in which he calls himself

"the mirror of mischief." During his short life about town, in the course

of which he ran through his wife's fortune, and deserted her soon after

the birth of her first child, he poured forth tales, plays, and poems,

which had great popularity. In the tales, or pamphlets as they were then

called, he turns to account his wide knowledge of city vices. His plays,

including _The Scottish History of James IV._, and _Orlando Furioso_,

which are now little read, contain some fine poetry among a good deal of

bombast; but his fame rests, perhaps, chiefly on the poems scattered

through his writings, which are full of grace and tenderness. G. _d._

from the effects of a surfeit of pickled herrings and Rheinish wine. His

extant writings are much less gross than those of many of his

contemporaries, and he seems to have given signs of repentance on his

deathbed, as is evidenced by his last work, _A Groat's worth of Wit

bought with a Million of Repentance_. In this curious work occurs his

famous reference to Shakespeare as "an upstart crow beautified with our

feathers." Among his other works may be mentioned _Euphues' censure to

Philautus_, _Pandosto, the Triumph of Time_ (1588), from which

Shakespeare borrowed the plot of _The Winter's Tale_, _A Notable

Discovery of Coosnage_, _Arbasto, King of Denmark_, _Penelope's Web_,

_Menaphon_ (1589), and _Coney Catching_. His plays, all _pub._

posthumously, include _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_, _Alphonsus, King of

Aragon_, and _George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield_. His tales are

written under the influence of Lyly, whence he received from Gabriel

Harvey the nickname of "Euphues' Ape."

Plays ed. by Dyce (2 vols., 1831, new ed., 1861). His works are included

in Grosart's "Huth Library."

GREG, WILLIAM RATHBONE (1809-1881).--Essayist, _b._ in Manchester, and

_ed._ at Bristol and Edin., was for some years engaged in his father's

business as a millowner at Bury. Becoming deeply interested in political

and social questions he contributed to reviews and magazines many papers

and essays on these subjects, which were _repub._ in three collections,

viz., _Essays on Political and Social Science_ (1854), _Literary and

Social Judgments_ (1869), and _Miscellaneous Essays_ (1884). Other works

of his are _Enigmas of Life_ (1872), _Rocks Ahead_ (1874), and _Mistaken

Aims, etc._ (1876). In his writings he frequently manifested a distrust

of democracy and a pessimistic view of the future of his country. He held

successively the appointments of Commissioner of Customs and Controller

of H.M. Stationery Office.

GREVILLE, CHARLES CAVENDISH FULKE (1794-1865).--Political annalist, _ed._

at Eton and Oxf., was a page to George III., sec. to Earl Bathurst, and

afterwards held the sinecure office of Sec. of Jamaica. In 1821 he became

Clerk to the Privy Council, an office which brought him into close

contact with the leaders of both political parties, and gave him unusual

opportunities of becoming acquainted with all that was passing behind the

scenes. The information as to men and events thus acquired he fully

utilised in his _Journal of the Reigns of George IV., William IV., and

Queen Victoria_, which, ed. by Henry Reeve, of the _Edinburgh Review_,

was _pub._ in three series between 1874 and 1887. The _Journal_ covers

the period, from 1820-60, and constitutes an invaluable contribution to

the history of the time.

GRIFFIN, BARTHOLOMEW? (_fl._ 1596).--Poet, of whom almost nothing is

known, _pub._ in 1596 a collection of 62 sonnets under the title of

_Fidessa_, of which some are excellent.

GRIFFIN, GERALD (1803-1840).--Dramatist, novelist, and poet, _s._ of a

tradesman, _b._ and _ed._ in Limerick, he went in 1823 to London, where

most of his literary work was produced. In 1838 he returned to Ireland

and, dividing his property among his brothers, devoted himself to a

religious life by joining the Teaching Order of the Christian Brothers.

Two years thereafter he _d._, worn out by self-inflicted austerities. His

chief novel, _The Collegians_, was adapted by Boucicault as _The Colleen

Bawn_, and among his dramas is _Gisippus_. His novels depict southern

Irish life.

GRIMOALD, NICHOLAS (1519-1562).--Poet, was at Camb. and Oxf., and was

chaplain to Bishop Ridley. He contributed to Tottel's _Songs and

Sonnettes_ (1557), wrote two dramas in Latin, _Archi-propheta_ and

_Christus Redivivus_, and made translations.

GROOME, FRANCIS HINDES (1851-1902).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a

clergyman, wrote for various encyclopædias, etc. He was a student of the

gipsies and their language, and _pub._ _In Gypsy Tents_ (1880), _Gypsy

Folk Tales_ (1899), and an ed. of Borrow's _Lavengro_ (1900). Other works

were _A Short Border History_ (1887), _Kriegspiel_ (1896), a novel, and

_Two Suffolk Friends_ (his _f._ and Edward Fitzgerald, _q.v._).

GROSART, ALEXANDER BALLOCH (1827-1899).--Was a minister of the English

Presbyterian Church. He wrote Lives of various Puritan divines, ed. their

works, and also issued ed., with Lives, of the poems of Michael Bruce

(_q.v._) and Robert Fergusson (_q.v._). But his chief service to

literature was his reprints, with notes, of rare Elizabethan and Jacobean

literature, including _Fuller's Worthies Library_, 39 vols. (1868-76),

_Occasional Issues of Unique and Very Rare Books_, 38 vols. 1875-81,

_Huth Library_, 33 vols. (1886), Spenser's _Works_, 10 vols., _Daniel's

Works_, etc.

GROSE, FRANCIS (1731-1791).--Antiquary and lexicographer, of Swiss

extraction, was Richmond Herald 1755-63. He _pub._ _Antiquities of

England and Wales_ (1773-87), which was well received, and thereafter,

1789, set out on an antiquarian tour through Scotland, the fruit of which

was _Antiquity of Scotland_ (1789-91). He afterwards undertook a similar

expedition to Ireland, but _d._ suddenly at Dublin. In addition to the

works above mentioned he wrote _A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar

Tongue_ (1785), _A Provincial Glossary_ (1787), a _Treatise on Ancient

Armour and Weapons_, etc. He was an accomplished draughtsman, and

illustrated his works.

GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (_d._ 1253).--Theologian and scholar, was _b._ of

poor parents at Stradbrook, Suffolk, and studied at Oxf. and possibly

Paris. His abilities and learning procured him many preferments; but

after an illness he refused to be longer a pluralist, and resigned all

but a prebend at Lincoln. Later he was a strenuous and courageous

reformer, as is shown by his refusing in 1253 to induct a nephew of the

Pope to a canonry at Lincoln, of which he had been Bishop since 1235. He

was equally bold in resisting the demand of Henry III. for a tenth of the

Church revenues. Amid his absorbing labours as a Churchman, he found time

to be a copious writer on a great variety of subjects, including

husbandry, physical and moral philosophy, as also sermons, commentaries,

and an allegory, the _Chateau d'Amour_. Roger Bacon was a pupil of his,

and testifies to his amazing variety of knowledge.

GROTE, GEORGE (1794-1871).--Historian, _s._ of a wealthy banker in

London, was _b._ at Beckenham, and _ed._ at Charterhouse School. In 1810

he entered the bank, of which he became head in 1830. In 1832 he was

elected one of the members of Parliament for the City of London. In 1841

he retired from Parliament, and in 1843 from the bank, thenceforth

devoting his whole time to literature, which, along with politics, had

been his chief interest from his youth. He early came under the influence

of Bentham and the two Mills, and was one of the leaders of the group of

theorists known as "philosophical Radicals." In 1820 he _m._ Miss Harriet

Lewin who, from her intellectual powers, was fitted to be his helper in

his literary and political interests. In 1826 he contributed to the

_Westminster Review_ a severe criticism of Mitford's _History of Greece_,

and in 1845 _pub._ the first 2 vols. of his own, the remaining 6 vols.

appearing at intervals up to 1856. G. belongs to the school of

philosophical historians, and his _History_, which begins with the

legends, ends with the fall of the country under the successors of

Alexander the Great. It is one of the standard works on the subject,

which his learning enabled him to treat in a full and thorough manner;

the style is clear and strong. It has been repeatedly re-issued, and has

been translated into French and German. G. also _pub._, in 1865, _Plato

and other Companions of Socrates_, and left unfinished a work on

_Aristotle_. In political life G. was, as might be expected, a consistent

and somewhat rigid Radical, and he was a strong advocate of the ballot.

He was one of the founders of the first London Univ., a Trustee of the

British Museum, D.C.L. of Oxf., LL.D. of Camb., and a Foreign Associate

of the Académie des Sciences. He was offered, but declined, a peerage in

1869, and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

GRUB, GEORGE (1812-1892).--Historian, was _b._ in Old Aberdeen, and _ed._

at King's Coll. there. He studied law, and was admitted in 1836 to the

Society of Advocates, Aberdeen, of which he was librarian from 1841 until

his death. He was appointed Lecturer on Scots Law in Marischal Coll., and

was Prof. of Law in the Univ. (1881-91). He has a place in literature as

the author of an _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (1861), written

from the standpoint of a Scottish Episcopalian, which, though dry, is

concise, clear, fair-minded, and trustworthy. G. also ed. (along with

Joseph Robertson) Gordon's _Scots Affairs_ for the Spalding Club, of

which he was one of the founders.

GUEST, LADY CHARLOTTE (BERTIE) (1812-1895).--_Dau._ of the 9th Earl of

Lindsey, _m._ in 1833 Sir Josiah J. Guest, a wealthy ironmaster, after

whose death in 1852 she managed the works. She was an enthusiastic

student of Welsh literature, and aided by native scholars translated with

consummate skill the _Mabinogion_, the manuscript of which in Jesus

Coll., Oxf., is known as the _Red Book of Hergest_, and which is now a

recognised classic of mediæval romance. She also prepared a 'Boys'

_Mabinogion_ containing the earliest Welsh tales of Arthur. She was also

noted as a collector of china, fans, and playing cards, on which subjects

she wrote several volumes. She entered into a second marriage in 1855

with Dr. C. Schreiber, but in literature she is always referred to under

her first married name.

GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873).--Divine and philanthropist, _b._ at Brechin,

studied for the Church, and became a minister in Edin. Possessed of a

commanding presence and voice, and a remarkably effective and picturesque

style of oratory, he became perhaps the most popular preacher of his day

in Scotland, and was associated with many forms of philanthropy,

especially temperance and ragged schools, of the latter of which he was

the founder. He was one of the leaders of the Free Church, and raised

over £100,000 for manses for its ministers. Among his writings are _The

Gospel in Ezekiel_, _Plea for Ragged Schools_, and _The City, its Sins

and Sorrows_.

HABINGTON, WILLIAM (1605-1654).--Poet, _s._ of a Worcestershire Roman

Catholic gentleman, was _ed._ at St. Omer's, but refused to become a

Jesuit. He _m._ Lucia, _dau._ of Lord Powis, whom he celebrated in his

poem _Castara_ (1634), in which he sang the praises of chaste love. He

also wrote a tragi-comedy, _The Queen of Arragon_ (1640), and a _Historie

of Edward IV._ His verse is graceful and tender.

HAILES, DALRYMPLE DAVID, LORD (1726-1792).--Scottish judge and historical

writer, was _b._ at Edin. Belonging to a family famous as lawyers, he was

called to the Bar in 1748, and raised to the Bench in 1766. An excellent

judge, he was also untiring in the pursuit of his favourite studies, and

produced several works of permanent value on Scottish history and

antiquities, including _Annals of Scotland_ (1776), and _Canons of the

Church of Scotland_ (1769). He was a friend and correspondent of Dr.

Johnson.

HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895).--Poet, _b._ at Leeds, _ed._ at Christ's

Hospital, was a physician, and practised at various places. His books

include _Madeline_ (1871), _Parables and Tales_ (1873), _The Serpent

Play_ (1883), _New Day Sonnets_ (1890), and _Memoirs of Eighty Years_

(1893).

HAKLUYT, RICHARD (1553?-1616).--Collector of voyages, belonged to a good

Herefordshire family of Dutch descent, was _b._ either at Eyton in that

county or in London, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf. The sight

of a map of the world fired his imagination and implanted in his mind the

interest in geography and the lives and adventures of our great

navigators and discoverers, which became the ruling passion of his life;

and in order to increase his knowledge of these matters he studied

various foreign languages and the art of navigation. He took orders, and

was chaplain of the English Embassy in Paris, Rector of Witheringsett,

Suffolk, 1590, Archdeacon of Westminster, 1602, and Rector of Gedney,

Lincolnshire, 1612. After a first collection of voyages to America and

the West Indies he compiled, while at Paris, his great work, _The

Principal Navigations, Voyages ... and Discoveries of the English Nation

made by Sea or over Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of

the Earth ... within the Compass of these 1500 Years_. It appeared in its

final form (three folio vols.) in 1599. Besides it he _pub._ _A Discourse

of Western Planting_, and he left a vast mass of MS. afterwards used (in

far inferior style) by S. Purchas (_q.v._). In all his work H. was

actuated not only by the love of knowledge, but by a noble patriotism: he

wished to see England the great sea-power of the world, and he lived to

see it so. His work, as has been said, is "our English epic." In addition

to his original writings he translated various works, among them being

_The Discoveries of the World_, from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano.

HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676).--Jurist and miscellaneous writer, has left

a great reputation as a lawyer and judge. Steering a neutral course

during the political changes of his time, he served under the

Protectorate and after the Restoration, and rose to be Chief Justice of

the King's Bench. He is mentioned here as the author of several works on

science, divinity, and law. Among them are _The Primitive Origination of

Mankind_, and _Contemplations, Moral and Divine_. His legal works are

still of great authority. Though somewhat dissipated in early youth, he

has handed down a high reputation for wisdom and piety.

HALES, JOHN (1584-1656).--Theologian, _b._ at Bath, and _ed._ there and

at Oxf., became one of the best Greek scholars of his day, and lectured

on that language at Oxf. In 1616 he accompanied the English ambassador to

the Hague in the capacity of chaplain, and attended the Synod of Dort,

where he was converted from Calvinism to Arminianism. A lover of quiet

and learned leisure, he declined all high and responsible ecclesiastical

preferment, and chose and obtained scholarly retirement in a Fellowship

of Eton, of which his friends Sir Henry Savile and Sir Henry Wotton were

successively Provost. A treatise on _Schism and Schismatics_ (1636?) gave

offence to Laud, but H. defended himself so well that Laud made him a

Prebendary of Windsor. Refusing to acknowledge the Commonwealth, he was

deprived, fell into poverty, and had to sell his library. After his death

his writings were _pub._ in 1659 as _The Golden Remains of the

Ever-Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton College_.

HALIBURTON, THOMAS CHANDLER (1796-1865).--_B._ at Windsor, Nova Scotia,

was a lawyer, and rose to be Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony. He

was the author of _The Clock-maker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick

of Slickville_, and a continuation, _The Attaché, or Sam Slick in

England_. In these he made a distinctly original contribution to English

fiction, full of shrewdness and humour. He may be regarded as the pioneer

of the American school of humorists. He wrote various other works,

including _The Old Judge_, _Nature and Human Nature_, _A Historical and

Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_, etc. In 1856 he settled in England,

and sat in the House of Commons for Launceston.

HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGU, 1ST EARL of (1661-1715).--A famous wit,

statesman, and patron of literature, was _ed._ at Westminster School and

Trinity Coll., Camb. Entering Parliament he became Chancellor of the

Exchequer in 1694, and First Lord of the Treasury 1697. Vain and

arrogant, he soon lost popularity and power. His chief literary effort

was his collaboration with Prior in _The Town and Country Mouse_ (1687),

a parody of and reply to Dryden's _Hind and Panther_. H. was the friend

and patron of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and many other of the classical

writers of his day. He became a peer in 1701.

HALL, MRS. ANNA MARIA (FIELDING) (1800-1881).--Novelist, was _b._ in

Dublin, but left Ireland at the age of 15. Nevertheless, that country

gave her the motive of several of her most successful books, such as

_Sketches of Irish Character_ (1829), _Lights and Shadows of Irish

Character_ (1838), _Marian_ (1839), and _The White Boy_ (1845). Other

works are _The Buccaneer_, and _Midsummer Eve_, a fairy tale, and many

sketches in the _Art Journal_, of which her husband, SAMUEL CARTER HALL

(1800-1889), was ed. With him she also collaborated in a work entitled

_Ireland, its Scenery, Character, etc._ Mrs. H. was a very voluminous

writer; her descriptive talents were considerable, as also was her power

of depicting character. Her husband was likewise a writer of some note,

chiefly on art.

HALL, BASIL (1788-1844).--Traveller, _s._ of Sir James H., an eminent man

of science, was in the navy, and rose to be captain. He was one of the

first to visit Corea, and wrote _Voyage of Discovery to Corea_ (1818),

also _Travels in North America in 1827-28_, a lively work which gave some

offence in the U.S., _Fragments of Voyages and Travels_ (1831-40), and

some tales and romances. He was latterly insane.

HALL, or HALLE, EDWARD (1499?-1547).--Chronicler, _b._ in London, studied

successively at Camb. and Oxf. He was a lawyer, and sat in Parliament for

Bridgnorth, and served on various Commissions. He wrote a history of _The

Union of the two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke_,

commonly called _Hall's Chronicle_. It was _pub._ after the author's

death by Richard Grafton, and was prohibited by Queen Mary.

HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656).--Divine, _b._ at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and _ed._

at Camb., he entered the Church, and became in 1627 Bishop of Exeter, and

in 1641 Bishop of Norwich. He had a chequered career. He accompanied

James I. to Scotland in 1617, and was a Deputy to the Synod of Dort.

Accused of Puritanism, and at enmity with Laud, he fell on troublous

days, and was, in 1641, imprisoned in the Tower for joining those bishops

who protested against the validity of laws passed during their exclusion

(owing to tumult in the streets) from Parliament. Returning to Norwich he

found that his revenues had been sequestrated, and his private property

seized. In 1647 he retired to a small farm near Norwich, where he passed

the remainder of his life. Among his works are _Contemplations_,

_Characters of Virtues and Vices_ (1614), and his _Virgidemiarum, or

Satires_ (1597-8), the last written before he was in orders, and

condemned by Archbishop Whitgift to be burned. Pope, however, thought

them "the best poetry and truest satire in the English language." H.'s

_Divine Right of Episcopacy_ gave rise to much controversy, in which

Archbishop Ussher, Milton, and the writers who called themselves

"Smectymnuus" (a combination of their initials) took part.

HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831).--Divine, _b._ at Arnsby, Leicestershire, the

_s._ of a Baptist minister of some note, was _ed._ at a Baptist Academy,

and at the Univ. of Aberdeen, from which he received the degree of D.D.

in 1817. He ministered to congregations at Bristol, Cambridge, Leicester,

and again at Bristol, and became one of the greatest pulpit orators of

his day. His most famous sermon was that on the _Death of the Princess

Charlotte_ (1817). Another which created a great impression was that on

_Modern Infidelity_. H. was a life-long sufferer, and was occasionally

insane, yet his intellectual activity was unceasing. After his death a

collection of 50 of his sermons was _pub._ (1843), and _Miscellaneous

Works and Remains_ (1846).

HALLAM, HENRY (1777-1859).--Historian, _s._ of a Dean of Wells, was _b._

at Windsor, and _ed._ at Eton and Oxf. He was called to the Bar at the

Inner Temple, and appointed a Commissioner of Stamps. Among his earliest

writings were papers in the _Edinburgh Review_; but in 1818 he leaped

into a foremost place among historical writers by the publication of his

_View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages_. This was followed

in 1827 by _The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of

Henry VII. to the Death of George II._, and his third great work,

_Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th

Centuries_, in 4 vols., appeared in 1837-39. All these, which have gone

through several ed., and have been translated into the principal

languages of Europe, are characterised by wide and profound learning,

indefatigable research, and judicial impartiality. They opened a new

field of investigation in which their author has had few, if any,

superiors. In politics H. was a Whig; but he took no active share in

party warfare. He had two sons of great promise, both of whom predeceased

him. Of these the elder, ARTHUR HENRY, is the subject of Tennyson's _In

Memoriam_, and of him his _f._ wrote a touching memoir prefixed to his

literary remains.

HALLECK, FITZGREENE (1790-1867).--Poet, _b._ at Guilford, Conn., wrote,

with Rodman Drake, a young poet who _d._ at 25, _The Croaker Papers_, a

series of satirical and humorous verses, and _Fanny_, also a satire. In

1822 he visited Europe, and the traces of this are found in most of his

subsequent poetry, _e.g._ his lines on Burns, and on Alnwick Castle.

HALLIWELL-PHILLIPS, JAMES ORCHARD (1820-1889).--Archæologist and

Shakespearian scholar, _ed._ at Camb., was the author of a _Life of

Shakespeare_ (1848), _New Boke about Shakespeare and Stratford upon Avon_

(1850), _Folio Edition of Shakespeare_ (1853-65), and various other works

relative to him, also _Dictionary of Old English Plays_ (1860). He also

ed. works for the Camden and Percy Societies, and compiled a _Dictionary

of Archaic and Provincial Words_. In 1872 he added his wife's name of

Phillips to his own.

HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT (1834-1894).--Artist and writer on æsthetics,

_s._ of a solicitor, was _b._ near Oldham. Originally intended for the

Church, he decided for art and literature. After working as an artist in

the Highlands with his wife, who was a Frenchwoman, he settled in France,

and devoted himself to writing on art. Among his works are _Etching and

Etchers, etc._ (1868), _Painting in France after the Decline of

Classicism_ (1869), _The Intellectual Life_ (1873), _Human Intercourse_

(1884), _The Graphic Arts_ (1882), _Landscape_ (1885), some of which were

magnificently illustrated. He also left an autobiography. His writings

had a great influence upon artists, and also in stimulating and diffusing

the love of art among the public.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804).--Statesman and political writer, _b._ in

the West Indies, was one of the framers of the Constitution of the United

States, and was the first Sec. of the national Treasury. He was one of

the greatest of American statesmen, and has also a place in literature as

the principal writer in the _Federalist_, a periodical founded to expound

and defend the new Constitution, which was afterwards _pub._ as a

permanent work. He contributed 51 of its 85 articles.

HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758-1816).--Wrote _The Cottagers of Glenburnie_, a

tale which had much popularity in its day, and perhaps had some effect in

the improvement of certain aspects of humble domestic life in Scotland.

She also wrote _Letters on Education_, _Essays on the Human Mind_, and

_The Hindoo Rajah_.

HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842).--Novelist, brother of Sir William Hamilton

(_q.v._), wrote a novel, _Cyril Thornton_ (1827), which was received with

great favour. He was an officer in the army, and, on his retirement,

settled in Edin., and became a contributor to _Blackwood_. He was also

the author of _Annals of the Peninsular Campaign_ (1829), and _Men and

Manners in America_ (1833).

HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF BANGOUR) (1704-1754).--Poet, was _b._ at the family

seat in Linlithgowshire. Cultivated and brilliant, he was a favourite of

society, and began his literary career by contributing verses to Allan

Ramsay's _Tea Table Miscellany_. He joined the Pretender in 1745, and

celebrated the Battle of Prestonpans in _Gladsmuir_. After Culloden he

wandered in the Highlands, where he wrote his _Soliloquy_, and escaped to

France. His friends, however, succeeded in obtaining his pardon, and he

returned to his native country. In 1750, on the death of his brother, he

succeeded to the family estate, which, however, he did not long live to

enjoy. He is best remembered for his fine ballad of _The Braes of

Yarrow_. He also wrote _The Episode of the Thistle_. He _d._ at Lyons.

HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF GILBERTFIELD) (1665?-1751).--Poet, served in the

army, from which he retired with the rank of Lieutenant. He wrote

poetical _Epistles_ to Allan Ramsay, and an abridgment in modern Scotch

of Blind Harry's _Life of Sir William Wallace_.

HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1788-1856).--Metaphysician, _b._ in Glasgow, in

the Univ. of which his _f._ and grandfather successively filled the Chair

of Anatomy and Botany, _ed._ there and at Balliol Coll., Oxf., was called

to the Scottish Bar, at which he attained little practice, but was

appointed Solicitor of Teinds. In 1816 he established his claim to the

baronetcy of H. of Preston. On the death of Dr. Thomas Brown in 1820, he

was an unsuccessful candidate for the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Edin.,

but in the following year he was appointed Prof. of History. It was not

until 1829 that he gave full proof of his remarkable powers and

attainments as a philosopher in a famous article in the _Edinburgh

Review_, a critique of Victor Cousin's doctrine of the Infinite. This

paper carried his name over Europe, and won for him the homage of

continental philosophers, including Cousin himself. After this H.

continued to contribute to the _Review_, many of his papers being

translated into French, German, and Italian. In 1852 they were _coll._

with notes and additions, and _pub._ as _Discussions in Philosophy and

Literature_, _etc._ In 1836 H. was elected Professor of Logic and

Metaphysics at Edinburgh, which office he held with great reputation

until his death, after which the lectures he had delivered were edited

and _pub._ by Prof. Mansel and Veitch. His _magnum opus_ was his edition

of the _Works of Dr. Thomas Reid_, left unfinished, and completed by

Mansel. H. was the last, and certainly the most learned and accomplished,

of the Scottish school of philosophy, which he considered it his mission

to develop and correlate to the systems of other times and countries. He

also made various important contributions to the science of logic. During

his later years he suffered from paralysis of one side, which, though it

left his mind unaffected, impaired his powers of work. A Memoir of H. by

Prof. Veitch appeared in 1869.

HANNA, WILLIAM (1808-1882).--Divine and biographer, _s._ of Samuel H.,

Prof. of Divinity in the Presbyterian Coll., Belfast, was _b._ there,

became a distinguished minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and

colleague of Dr. T. Guthrie (_q.v._). He wrote an admirable _Life of Dr.

Chalmers_, whose son-in-law he was, and ed. his works. He also ed. the

_Letters of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen_ (_q.v._), and wrote various

theological works.

HANNAY, JAMES (1827-1873).--Novelist and journalist, was _b._ at

Dumfries, and after serving for some years in the navy took to

literature, and became ed. of the _Edinburgh Courant_. He wrote two

novels, _Singleton Fontenoy_ (1850), and _Eustace Conyers_ (1855); also

_Lectures on Satire and Satirists_, and _Studies on Thackeray_. For the

last five years of his life he was British Consul at Barcelona.

HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTHBERT (1834-1903).--Youngest _s._ of Francis H.,

and nephew of Aug. and Julius H. (_q.v._), _b._ at Rome, practically

adopted by his aunt, the widow of Aug. H., and _ed._ at Harrow. He was

the author of a large number of books, which fall into two classes:

biographies of members and connections of his family, and descriptive and

historical accounts of various countries and cities. To the first belong

_Memorials of a Quiet Life_ (his adoptive mother's), _Story of Two Noble

Lives_ (Lady Canning and Lady Waterford), _The Gurneys of Earlham_, and

an inordinately extended autobiography; to the second, _Walks in Rome_,

_Walks in London_, _Wanderings in Spain_, _Cities of Northern, Southern,

and Central Italy_ (separate works), and many others. His writings are

all interesting and informing, but in general suffer from his tendency to

diffuseness.

HARE, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM (1792-1834).--Was the _s._ of Francis Hare-Naylor,

who _m._ a cousin of the famous Duchess of Devonshire, and was the author

of a history of Germany. He was sent by the widow of Sir W. Jones, whose

godson he was, to Winchester, and New Coll., Oxf., in the latter of which

he was for some time a tutor. Entering the Church he became incumbent of

the rural parish of Alton Barnes where, leading an absolutely unselfish

life, he was the father and friend of his parishioners. In addition to

writing in conjunction with his brother Julius (_q.v._), _Guesses at

Truth_, a work containing short essays on multifarious subjects, which

attracted much attention, he left two vols. of sermons.

HARE, JULIUS CHARLES (1795-1855).--Essayist, etc., younger brother of the

above, was _b._ at Vicenza. When two years old his parents left him to

the care of Clotilda Tambroni, female Prof. of Greek at Bologna. _Ed._ at

Charterhouse and Camb., he took orders and, in 1832, was appointed to the

rich family living of Hurstmonceau, which Augustus had refused. Here he

had John Sterling (_q.v._) for curate, and Bunsen for a neighbour. He was

also Archdeacon of Lewes and a Chaplain to the Queen. His first work was

_Guesses at Truth_ (1827), jointly with his brother, and he also _pub._,

jointly with Thirlwall (_q.v._), a translation of Niebuhr's _History of

Rome_, wrote _The Victory of Faith_ and other theological books and

pamphlets on Church and other questions, _A Life of Sterling_, and a

_Vindication of Luther_. H., though a lovable, was an eccentric, man of

strong antipathies, unmethodical, and unpunctual.

HARINGTON, SIR JOHN (1561-1612).--Miscellaneous writer, and translator,

_b._ at Kelston Park near Bath, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., became a

courtier of Queen Elizabeth, whose godson he was. In 1599 he served in

Ireland under Essex, by whom he was knighted on the field, a stretch of

authority which was much resented by the Queen. While there he wrote _A

Short View of the State of Ireland_, first _pub._ 1880. He was in repute

for his epigrams, of which some have wit, but others are only indelicate.

His translation of the _Orlando Furioso_ of Ariosto, in the metre of the

original, is a somewhat free paraphrase, and is now superseded. It first

appeared in the form of extracts, which were handed in MS. about the

Court until they reached the Queen, who reprimanded the translator for

corrupting the morals of her ladies by translating the most unedifying

passages, and banished him to his country seat until he should have

translated the whole poem. His most valuable work is one which was _pub._

in 1769 by a descendant, under the title of _Nugæ Antiquæ_ (Old-time

Trifles), a miscellaneous collection from his writings and papers,

containing many things of interest, _e.g._, a minute account of the

Queen's last illness, and letters and verses by her and other eminent

persons.

HARLAND, HENRY (1861-1905).--Novelist, _b._ of American parentage at St.

Petersburg, and _ed._ at Rome. Thereafter he went to Paris, and thence to

America, where he graduated at Harvard, and settled in New York. His

literary career falls into two distinctly marked sections, very diverse

in character. During the first of these he produced, under the pseudonym

of "Sidney Luska," a series of highly sensational novels, thrown off with

little regard to literary quality, and which it was his wish should be

forgotten; but about 1890 his aspirations underwent a complete change,

and he became an enthusiast in regard to style and the _mot propre_. The

first novels of this new era, _Mademoiselle Miss_ (1893), _Grey Roses_

(1895), and _Comedies and Errors_ (1898), though obtaining the approval

of the literary elect, had little general popularity; but the tide turned

with the appearance of _The Cardinal's Snuff-box_ (1900), which was

widely admired. It was followed by _The Lady Paramount_ (1901), and _My

Friend Prospero_ (1903). H. _d._ at San Remo after a prolonged illness.

HARRINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677).--Political theorist, _s._ of Sir Sapcotes

H., was _b._ at Upton, Northamptonshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., where he was

a pupil of Chillingworth. After leaving the university he travelled on

the Continent, visiting, among other places, The Hague and Venice, where

he imbibed republican principles. He was for some time a groom of the

bedchamber to Charles I. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided with

the Parliament, but disapproved of the execution of the King, for whom he

appears, notwithstanding his political theories, to have cherished a

personal attachment. Thereafter he withdrew from active life, and devoted

himself to composing his political romance (as it may be called) of

_Oceana_, which he _pub._ in 1656, and in which Oceana represents

England, Marpesia Scotland, and Panopæa Ireland. In this work he

propounds the theory that the natural element of power in states is

property, of which land is the most important. He further endeavoured to

propagate his views by establishing a debating society called the Rota,

and by his conversations with his friends. After the Restoration he was

confined in the Tower, and subsequently at Plymouth. He issued several

defences of _Oceana_, and made translations from Virgil. In his later

years he laboured under mental delusions. Aubrey describes him as of

middle stature, strong, well-set, with quick, fiery hazel eyes, and thick

curly hair.

HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780).--Grammarian, was a wealthy country gentleman

and member of Parliament, who held office in the Admiralty and the

Treasury. He was the author of a singular and learned work entitled

_Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar_. For

the purpose which it had in view it is useless; but it contains much

curious matter. His _s._ was the eminent diplomatist, James H., 1st Earl

of Malmesbury.

HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908).--Writer of tales, etc., _b._ at

Eatonton, Georgia, was successively printer, lawyer, and journalist. He

struck out an original line in his stories of animal life as it presents

itself to the mind of the Southern negro, in whose dialect they are

written. These not only achieved and retain an exceptional popularity

among children, to whom they were in the first instance addressed, but

attracted the attention of students of folklore and anthology. Among his

writings are _Uncle Remus_ (1880), _Nights with Uncle Remus_ (1884), _Mr.

Rabbit at Home_ (1895), _Aaron in the Wild Woods_ (1897), _Chronicles of

Aunt Minervy Ann_ (1899), etc.

HARTE, FRANCIS BRET (1839-1902).--American humorist, _b._ in Albany,

N.Y., but when still a boy went to California. He had a somewhat varied

career as a teacher, miner, and journalist, and it is as a realistic

chronicler of the gold-field and an original humorist that his chief

literary triumphs were achieved. Among his best known writings are

_Condensed Novels_, in which he showed great skill as a parodist, _The

Luck of Roaring Camp_, _The Idyll of Red Gulch_, and _The Heathen

Chinee_. In 1880 he came to Glasgow as U.S. Consul, and from 1885 he

lived in London. His writings often show the tenderness and fine feeling

that are allied to the higher forms of humour, and he may be said to have

created a special form of short story in his Californian tales and prose

idylls.

HARTLEY, DAVID (1705-1757).--Philosopher, _b._ at Luddenden, Yorkshire,

and _ed._ at Camb., studied for the Church, but owing to theological

difficulties turned to medicine as a profession, and practised with

success at various places, including London and Bath. He also attained

eminence as a writer on philosophy, and indeed may be said to have

founded a school of thought based upon two theories, (1) the Doctrine of

Vibrations, and (2) that of Association of Ideas. These he developed in

an elaborate treatise, _Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his

Expectations_. Though his system has long been discarded, its main ideas

have continued to influence thought and investigation.

HARVEY, GABRIEL (1545?-1630).--Poet, _s._ of a ropemaker, was _b._ at

Saffron Walden, _ed._ at Camb., and became the friend of Spenser, being

the Hobbinol of _The Shepheard's Calendar_. He wrote various satirical

pieces, sonnets, and pamphlets. Vain and ill-tempered, he was a

remorseless critic of others, and was involved in perpetual controversy,

specially with Greene and Nash, the latter of whom was able to silence

him. He wrote treatises on rhetoric, claimed to have introduced

hexameters into English, was a foe to rhyme, and persuaded Spenser

temporarily to abandon it.

HAWES, STEPHEN (_d._ 1523?).--Poet; very little concerning him is known

with certainty. He is believed to have been _b._ in Suffolk, and may have

studied at Oxf. or Camb. He first comes clearly into view as a Groom of

the Chamber in 1502, in which year he dedicated to Henry VII. his

_Pastyme of Pleasure_, first printed in 1509 by Wynkyn de Worde. In the

same year appeared the _Convercyon of Swerers_ (1509), and _A Joyful

Meditacyon of all England_ (1509), on the coronation of Henry VIII. He

also wrote the _Exemple of Vertu_. H. was a scholar, and was familiar

with French and Italian poetry. No great poet, he yet had a considerable

share in regularising the language.

HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN (1804-1875).--Poet and antiquary, _ed._ at

Cheltenham and Oxf., became parson of Morwenstow, a smuggling and

wrecking community on the Cornish coast, where he exercised a reforming

and beneficent, though extremely unconventional, influence until his

death, shortly before which he was received into the Roman Catholic

Church. He wrote some poems of great originality and charm, _Records of

the Western Shore_ (1832-36), and _The Quest of the Sangraal_ (1863)

among them, besides short poems, of which perhaps the best known is

_Shall Trelawny Die?_ which, based as it is on an old rhyme, deceived

both Scott and Macaulay into thinking it an ancient fragment. He also

_pub._ a collection of papers, _Footprints of Former Men in Cornwall_

(1870).

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864).--Novelist, _b._ at Salem,

Massachusetts, _s._. of a sea captain, who _d._ in 1808, after which his

mother led the life of a recluse. An accident when at play conduced to an

early taste for reading, and from boyhood he cherished literary

aspirations. His education was completed at Bowdoin Coll., where he had

Longfellow for a fellow-student. After graduating, he obtained a post in

the Custom-House, which, however, he did not find congenial, and soon

gave up, betaking himself to literature, his earliest efforts, besides a

novel, _Fanshawe_, which had no success, being short tales and sketches,

which, after appearing in periodicals, were _coll._ and _pub._ as

_Twice-told Tales_ (1837), followed by a second series in 1842. In 1841

he joined for a few months the socialistic community at Brook Farm, but

soon tired of it, and in the next year he _m._ and set up house in

Concord in an old manse, formerly tenanted by Emerson, whence proceeded

_Mosses from an Old Manse_ (1846). It was followed by _The Snow Image_

(1851), _The Scarlet Letter_ (1850), his most powerful work, _The House

of Seven Gables_, and _The Blithedale Romance_ (1852), besides his

children's books, _The Wonder Book_, and _The Tanglewood Tales_. Such

business as he had occupied himself with had been in connection with

Custom-House appointments at different places; but in 1853 he received

from his friend Franklin Pierce, on his election to the Presidency, the

appointment of United States Consul at Liverpool, which he retained for

four years, when, in consequence of a threatened failure of health, he

went to Italy and began his story of _The Marble Faun_, _pub._ in England

in 1860 under the title of _The Transformation_. The last of his books

_pub._ during his lifetime was _Our Old Home_ (1863), notes on England

and the English. He had returned to America in 1860, where, with failing

health and powers, he passed his remaining four years. After his death

there were _pub._ _The Ancestral Footstep_, _Septimus Felton_, _Dr.

Grimshawe's Secret_, and _The Dolliver Romance_, all more or less

fragmentary. Most of H.'s work is pervaded by a strong element of

mysticism, and a tendency to dwell in the border-land between the seen

and the unseen. His style is characterised by a distinctive grace and

charm, rich, varied, suggestive, and imaginative. On the whole he is

undoubtedly the greatest imaginative writer yet produced by America.

There are several ed. of the _Works_, _e.g._ Little Classics, 25 vols.;

Riverside, 15 vols.; Standard Library, 15 vols.; the two last have

biographies. _Lives_ by his son Julian, H. James (English Men of Letters,

1850), M.D. Conway (Great Writers, 1890), etc.

HAY, JOHN (1838-1906).--Diplomatist and poet, _b._ at Salem, Indiana,

_ed._ at Brown Univ., and called to the Illinois Bar, served in the army,

and was one of President Lincoln's secs. He then held diplomatic posts at

Paris, Madrid, and Vienna, was Ambassador to Great Britain, and was in

1898 appointed Sec. of State. He has a place in literature by virtue of

his _Pike County Ballads_, and _Castilian Days_ (1871).

HAYLEY, WILLIAM (1745-1820).--Poet and biographer, was _b._ at

Chichester, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb. Though overstrained and romantic,

he had some literary ability, and was a good conversationalist. He was

the friend of Cowper, whose Life he wrote; and it was to his influence

with Pitt that the granting of a pension to the poet was due. He was the

author of numerous poems, including _The Triumph of Temper_, and of

_Essays_ on _History_ and _Epic Poetry_, and, in addition to his

biography of Cowper, wrote a _Life of Milton_. On the death of Thos.

Warton in 1790 he was offered, but declined, the Laureateship. Of him

Southey said, "Everything about that man is good except his poetry."

HAYNE, PAUL HAMILTON (1830-1886).--Poet, _b._ at Charleston, S. Carolina,

of an old family, contributed to various magazines, and _pub._ _Poems_

(1885), containing "Legends and Lyrics." His graceful verses show the

influence of Keats. His sonnets are some of his best work.

HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1802-1884).--Miscellaneous writer, belonged to an old

Wiltshire family and was _ed._ at Tiverton School. He studied law at the

Inner Temple, and was called to the Bar 1832. He had a great reputation

as a _raconteur_ and sayer of good things, and he was a copious

contributor to periodicals, especially the _Quarterly Review_. Many of

his articles were reprinted as _Biographical and Critical Essays_, and

_Eminent Statesmen and Writers_; he also wrote Lives of George Selwyn and

Lord Chesterfield, and books on Whist, Junius, and _The Art of Dining_.

His _Select Correspondence_ appeared posthumously.

HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (1564?-1627).--Historian, _b._ at Felixstowe, was the

author of various historical works, the earliest of which, _The First

Part of the Life and Reign of King Henry IV._, was _pub._ in 1599, and

gave such offence to Queen Elizabeth that the author was imprisoned. He,

however, managed to ingratiate himself with James I. by supporting his

views of kingly prerogative. He also, at the request of Prince Henry,

wrote a _History of the three Norman Kings of England_ (William I.,

William II., and Henry I.) _The Life and Reign of Edward VI._ was _pub._

posthumously in 1630.

HAYWOOD, MRS. ELIZA (FOWLER) (1693-1756).--Dramatist and novelist, _b._

in London, was early _m._ to a Mr. H., but the union turning out

unhappily, she took to the stage, upon which she appeared in Dublin about

1715. She afterwards settled in London, and produced numerous plays and

novels, into which she introduced scandalous episodes regarding living

persons whose identity was very thinly veiled, a practice which, along

with her political satires, more than once involved her in trouble, and

together with certain attacks upon Pope, made in concert with Curll the

bookseller, procured for her a place in _The Dunciad_. Her enemies called

her reputation in question, but nothing very serious appears to have been

proved. She is repeatedly referred to by Steele, and has been doubtfully

identified with his "Sappho." Some of her works, such as _The History of

Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy_ had great popularity. Others were _The Fair

Captive_ (1721), _Idalia_ (1723), _Love in Excess_ (1724), _Memoirs of a

Certain Island adjacent to Utopia_ (anonymously) (1725), _Secret History

of Present Intrigues at the Court of Caramania_ (anonymously) (1727). She

also conducted _The Female Spectator_, and other papers.

HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830).--Essayist and critic, _b._ at Maidstone,

was the _s._ of a Unitarian minister. At his father's request he studied

for the ministry at a Unitarian Coll. at Hackney. His interests, however,

were much more philosophical and political than theological. The turning

point in his intellectual development was his meeting with Coleridge in

1798. Soon after this he studied art with the view of becoming a painter,

and devoted himself specially to portraiture, but though so good a judge

as his friend, J. Northcote, R.A., believed he had the talent requisite

for success, he could not satisfy himself, and gave up the idea, though

always retaining his love of art. He then definitely turned to

literature, and in 1805 _pub._ his first book, _Essay on the Principles

of Human Action_, which was followed by various other philosophical and

political essays. About 1812 he became parliamentary and dramatic

reporter to the _Morning Chronicle_; in 1814 a contributor to the

_Edinburgh Review_; and in 1817 he _pub._ a vol. of literary sketches,

_The Round Table_. In the last named year appeared his _Characters of

Shakespeare's Plays_, which was severely attacked in the _Quarterly

Review_ and _Blackwood's Magazine_, to which his democratic views made

him obnoxious. He defended himself in a cutting _Letter to William

Gifford_, the ed. of the former. The best of H.'s critical work--his

three courses of Lectures, _On the English Poets_, _On the English Comic

Writers_, and _On the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen

Elizabeth_--appeared successively in 1818, 1819, and 1820. His next works

were _Table Talk_, in which he attacked Shelley (1821-22), and _The

Spirit of the Age_ (1825), in which he criticised some of his

contemporaries. He then commenced what he intended to be his chief

literary undertaking, a life of _Napoleon Buonaparte_, in 4 vols.

(1828-30). Though written with great literary ability, its views and

sympathies were unpopular, and it failed in attaining success. His last

work was a _Life of Titian_, in which he collaborated with Northcote. H.

is one of the most subtle and acute of English critics, though, when

contemporaries came under review, he sometimes allowed himself to be

unduly swayed by personal or political feeling, from which he had himself

often suffered at the hands of others. His chief principle of criticism

as avowed by himself was that "a genuine criticism should reflect the

colour, the light and shade, the soul and body of a work." In his private

life he was not happy. His first marriage, entered into in 1807, ended in

a divorce in 1822, and was followed by an amour with his landlady's

_dau._, which he celebrated in _Liber Amoris_, a work which exposed him

to severe censure. A second marriage with a Mrs. Bridgewater ended by the

lady leaving him shortly after. The fact is that H. was possessed of a

peculiar temper, which led to his quarrelling with most of his friends.

He was, however, a man of honest and sincere convictions. There is a

_coll._ ed. of his works, the "Winterslow," by A.R. Waller and A. Glover,

12 vols., with introduction by W.E. Henley, etc.

HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND (1793-1875).--Traveller, essayist, and biographer,

served in the Engineers, went to South America as manager of a mining

company, which failed, and then turned to literature, and made

considerable reputation by a book of travels, _Rapid Journeys across the

Pampas and among the Andes_ (1827), which was followed by _Bubbles from

the Brunnens of Nassau_ (1834). He was Governor of Upper Canada 1835-37,

but was not a great success. Thereafter he contributed to the _Quarterly

Review_, and _repub._ his articles as _Stokers and Pokers--Highways and

Byways_, and wrote a _Life of Bruce_, the Abyssinian traveller. He was

made a Baronet in 1836.