small animals. These were apparently rubbed down and pointed on stone
implements or on the sides of the cliff, where grooves are often
found (fig. 33).
[Illustration: FIG. 33. Bone implement.]
[Illustration: FIG. 34. Bone scraper.]
Several fine bone scrapers (figs. 34, 35) were dug out of the débris
covering the floors of the rooms. These are beveled to a sharp edge
at one end, the trochanter of the bone serving as a handle.
[Illustration: FIG. 35. Bone scraper.]
FETISH
Only one fetish in the form of a human being was obtained at
Spruce-tree House, this being found in the débris near the floor of
kiva G. So far as the objects from Mesa Verde ruins have been figured
or described, this is the first record of the finding of a fetish
of human shape in any of these ruins. Moreover, such a fetish is a
rarity in cliff-house ruins elsewhere in the Southwest, a fact which
imparts to this specimen more than usual interest.
LIGNITE GORGET
In the author’s account of his excavations in ruins in the Little
Colorado valley there was figured a large fragment of a disk made
of cannel coal or lignite. This disk is convex on one side and
plain on the side opposite, the latter having an eyelet, or two
holes for suspension. A lignite gorget, similar for the most part
to the above-mentioned specimen, but differing therefrom in having
the eyelet in the convex instead of in the flat side, was found
at Spruce-tree House. Probably both objects were formerly used as
ornaments, being suspended about the neck. No similar specimen has
thus far been described from Mesa Verde ruins.
CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH SEEDS
All indications point to maize, or Indian corn, as the chief food
plant of the prehistoric people of this cliff-dwelling. This is
evident not only from the presence in the ruins of metates and
grinding stones, but also from the abundance of corn ears and other
fragments discovered; corn husks and seed corn were especially
plentiful in rooms and in the refuse-heaps. As in the case of the
modern Pueblos, the corn appears to have been of several colors,
while the size of the cobs indicates that the ears were small with
but few rows of seeds. In addition to cobs, fragments of corn stalks,
leaves, and even tassels were found in some of the rooms. Beans of
the brown variety, specimens of which were numerous in one room,
were the most esteemed. There were obtained also stalks and portions
of gourds some of which are artificially perforated, as well as a
gourd the rind of which is almost complete. Apparently these gourds
were used for ceremonial rattles and for drinking vessels. The form
suggests that of a Hopi netted gourd in which sacred water is brought
from distant springs for use in the kivas, or ceremonial rooms.
HOOP-AND-POLE GAME
[Illustration: FIG. 36. Hoop used in hoop-and-pole game.]
It appears from the discovery of a small wooden hoop in one of the
rooms that the prehistoric people of Spruce-tree House were familiar
with the hoop-and-pole game (fig. 36) so popular among several of our
aboriginal tribes. But whether or not the individual hoop obtained
was used in a secular game or a ceremony may be open to differences
of opinion. The author is inclined to connect the specimen above
referred to with basket dances, one of which is called by the Hopi
the _Owakulti_.[31] In this dance the hoop is rolled on the ground
and the players throw or attempt to throw darts through it.
LEATHER AND SKIN OBJECTS
[Illustration: FIG. 37. Portion of leather moccasin.]
Fragments of leather or dressed skin (fig. 37) were found in several
of the rooms. These are apparently parts of moccasins or sandals,
but may have been pouches or similar objects. A strip of rawhide by
means of which an ax was lashed to its handle was picked up in the
dump, where also was a fragment of what may have been a leather pouch
with a thong of hide woven in one edge. If skins of animals were used
for clothing, as they probably were, but slight evidence of the fact
remains.
ABSENCE OF OBJECTS SHOWING EUROPEAN CULTURE
In the excavations which were necessary to clean out the rooms of
Spruce-tree House no object of European make was discovered. There
was no sign of any metal, even copper being unrepresented; no object
discovered shows traces of cutting by knives or other implements made
of metal. Evidently European culture exerted no influence on the
aborigines of Spruce-tree House.
PICTOGRAPHS
Near Spruce-tree House, as elsewhere on the Mesa Verde, are
found examples of those rock-etchings and other markings known
as pictographs. Some of these represent human beings in various
attitudes, and animals, as deer, mountain sheep, snakes, and other
subjects not yet determined. As seems to be true of the other
rock-inscriptions just mentioned, some of those near Spruce-tree
House are religious symbols, some are totems, while others are mere
scribblings.
These pictographs are so rude that they give little idea of the
artistic possibilities of their makers, while many are so worn that
even the subjects intended to be depicted are doubtful.
The walls of some of the rooms in the Mesa Verde cliff-dwellings
still show figures painted while the rooms were inhabited. Among
these the favorite designs are of triangular form.
The walls of the secular rooms and kivas of Spruce-tree House were
formerly covered with a thin wash of colored sand which was well
adapted for paintings of symbolic or decorative character. The colors
(yellow, red, and white), were evidently put on with the hands,
impressions of which can be found in several places. In some cases,
as with the upper part of the wall painted white and the lower part
red, the contrast brings out the colors very effectively. The walls
of some of the rooms are blackened with smoke.
Among the designs used are the triangular figures on the upper margin
of the dados and pedestals of kivas. Figures similar in form, but
reversed, are made by the Hopi, who call them butterfly and raincloud
symbols.
_Birds and quadrupeds._—Nordenskiöld (pp. 108-9) thus writes of one
of the ancient paintings:
The first of them, fig. 77, is executed in a room at Sprucetree
House. Here too the lower part of the mural surface is dark red,
and triangular points of the same colour project over the yellow
plaster; above this lower part of the wall runs a row of red dots,
exactly as in the estufa at Ruin 9. To the left two figures are
painted, one of them evidently representing a bird, the other a
quadruped with large horns, probably a mountain sheep. [Elsewhere,
as quoted on p. 5, Nordenskiöld identifies these figures as “two
birds.”] The painting shown in fig. 78 is similar in style to the
two just described.
In this room the dado bears at intervals along its upper edge the
triangular figures already noticed, and rows of dots which appear
to be a symbolic decoration, occurring likewise on pottery, as an
examination of the author’s collection makes evident.
_Square figures._—On the eastern wall of the same room in which occur
the figures of a bird and a horned mammal there is a square figure on
the white surface of the upper wall. This figure is black in outline;
part of the surface bears an angular meander similar to decorations
on some pieces of pottery. Similar designs, arranged in series
according to Mindeleff’s figures, form the decoration band of one of
the kivas in Chelly canyon.
The significance of this figure is unknown but its widespread
distribution, especially in that region of the Southwest
characterized by circular kivas, adds considerable interest to its
interpretation.
_Terraced figure._—Covering almost the whole side of a wall north of
kiva C and overlooking the plaza of which this room forms in part the
northern wall, is a conspicuous figure painted white. If we regard
the building of which this is a side as formerly two stories high,
this painting would have been on the inside of a room, otherwise we
have the exceptional feature of a painting on an outer wall. The
purpose of this painting is not clear to the author, but similar
figures, reversed, signify rain clouds. The figure recalls in form a
representation of a =T=-shaped doorway and appears to be a unique one
among Mesa Verde ruins.
CONCLUSIONS
From the preceding facts it is evident that the people who once
inhabited Spruce-tree House were not highly developed in culture,
although the buildings show an advanced order of architecture for
aborigines of North America. Architecturally the cliff-dwellings
excel pueblos of more recent construction.
The pottery is not inferior to that of other parts of the Southwest,
but has fewer symbols and is not as fine or varied in colors as that
from Sikyatki or from Casas Grandes in Sonora. It is better than the
pottery from the Casa Grande and other compounds of the Gila and
about the same in texture and symbols as that from Chelly canyon and
Chaco canyon.
The remaining minor antiquities, as cloth, basketry, wood, and bone,
are of the same general character as those found elsewhere in the
Southwest. Shell work is practically lacking; no objects made from
marine shells have been found.
The picture of culture drawn from what we know of the life at
Spruce-tree House is practically the same as that of a pueblo like
Walpi at the time of its discovery by whites, and until about
fifty years ago. The people were farmers, timid, industrious, and
superstitious. The women were skillful potters and made fine baskets.
The men made cloth of good quality and cultivated corn, beans, and
melons.
In the long winters the kivas served as the lounging places for the
men who were engaged in an almost constant round of ceremonies of
dramatic character, which took the place of the pleasures of the
chase. They never ventured far from home and rarely met strangers.
They had all those unsocial characteristics which an isolated life
fosters.
What language they spoke, and whether various Mesa Verde Houses
had the same language, at present no one can tell. The culture was
selfcentered and apparently well developed. It is not known whether
it originated in the Mesa Verde canyons or was completely evolved
when it reached there.
Although we know little about the culture of the prehistoric
inhabitants of Mesa Verde, it does not follow that we can not find
out more. There are many ruins awaiting exploration in this region
and future work will reveal much which has been so long-hidden.
The pressure of outside tribes, or what may be called human
environment, probably had much to do originally with the choice of
caves for houses, and the magnificent caverns of the Mesa Verde
naturally attracted men as favorable sites for their houses. The
habit of huddling together in a limited space, necessitated by a life
in the cliffs, possibly developed the composite form which still
persists in the pueblo form of architecture.
INDEX
ANTELOPE MESA RUINS, pottery from, 35
ANTIQUITIES—
major—
ceremonial room other than kiva, 24
circular rooms other than kivas, 23
construction of walls, 9-10
kivas, 17-23
ledge-houses, 24-25
mortuary room, 24
plazas and courts, 8-9
refuse-heaps, 25
secular rooms, 10-17
stairways, 25
minor—
absence of objects showing European culture, 51
basketry, 42
bone implements, 48-49
corn, beans, and squash seeds, 50
fabrics, 44-47
fetish, 49
general discussion, 25-28
hoop-and-pole game, 50-51
leather and skin objects, 51
lignite gorget, 49-50
pictographs, 51-53
pottery, 28-38
stone implements, 38-42
summary, 53
wooden objects, 42-44
ARCH unknown to cliff-dwellers, 4
AWATOBI, pottery from, 35, 36
AXES, STONE, description of, 26, 38-40
BALCONIES, description of, 15
BALCONY HOUSE, features of, 15
BASKETRY, description of, 42, 53
baskets found in Spruce-tree House, 6, 26
“BEAN PLANTING,” a Hopi festival, 10
BIRDSALL, DR. W. R., cited on cliff-dwellings of Mesa Verde, 3
BLACK-AND-WHITE POTTERY, where found, 36
BONE IMPLEMENTS, description of, 48-49, 53
BURIALS, description of, 6, 7, 24, 26
CANYON LARGO RUINS, pottery from, 37
CASA GRANDE—
a ceramic area, 35
feature of ruins, 20
CASAS GRANDES, pottery from, 35, 53
CEREMONIAL ROOM, description of, 24
_See also_ Kivas.
CHACO CANYON—
ancient inhabitants, 20
in San Juan ceramic area, 34, 35, 36
pottery, 37
ruins, 15
CHAPIN, F. H., cited on cliff-dwellings, 3
CHELLY CANYON—
ancient inhabitants, 20
cliff-dwellings, 21
in San Juan ceramic area, 34, 35, 36, 37
pottery, 28, 36
CHEVLON, pottery from, 36-37
CHIMNEYS, absence of, 16
CIRCULAR ROOMS, description of, 23
_See also_ Kivas.
CLIFF PALACE, discovery of, 2-3
CLOTH OBJECTS. _See_ Fabrics.
COAL not used by ancient inhabitants, 16
COLLECTIONS from Spruce-tree House, 25-28
CORN, INDIAN, chief food of ancient inhabitants, 50
COURTS. _See_ Plazas and courts.
CULIN, STEWART, on hoop-and-pole game, 51
CULTURE of ancient inhabitants, 53-54
DIMENSIONS of Spruce-tree House, 7
DISCOVERY of Spruce-tree House, 2-3
DOORS, description of, 5, 6, 17
DOORWAYS, description of, 4-5, 14
DUBOIS, COERT, on cliff-dwellings on Mesa Verde, 8
ESTUFAS, description of, 4, 6
_See also_ Kivas.
EUROPEAN INFLUENCE, absence of, 51
FABRICS, description of, 44-47, 53
FETISH, description of, 49
FEWKES, DR. J. WALTER, cited by Nordenskiöld, on ledge-houses, 6-7
FIREPLACES—
in kivas, 18, 21-23
in secular rooms, 16, 23
FLOORS, description of, 17, 18
FOUR as a symbolic number, 23
GILA CERAMIC AREA, pottery of, 34, 37, 38
GILL, MRS. M. W., work of, 29
GORGET, lignite, description of, 49-50
“GREAT HOUSES,” in southern ceramic area, 34
GRINDING STONES, description of, 40-41
HAND STONES, description of, 40-41
HANO, pottery from, 31, 33
HISTORY of Spruce-tree House, 2
HOLMES, PROF. W. H.—
cited on pottery from Pueblo area, 36
explorations of, 2
HOMOLOBI, pottery from, 36-37
HOOP-AND-POLE GAME, note on, 50-51
HOPI—
butterfly and raincloud symbols, 52
kivas, 18, 20, 22
name _Moki_ applied to, 2
old houses, 17
pottery, 31, 37, 38
stone objects, 40
_See also_ Sikyatki, pottery from.
HOPI ceramic area, 35-36, 37
HOUGH, DR. WALTER, on pit-houses, 20
HUNGO PAVIE, estufa at, 15
INHABITANTS (ancient) of Mesa Verde—
arts, 42, 43
coal not used by, 16
cookery, 16
early accounts of, 2
ethnic position, 15, 28
general culture, 31, 53-54
population of Spruce-tree House, 7
significance of kiva structure, 20
JACKSON RUIN, location of, 2
JACKSON, W. H., explorations of, 2
KIDDER, A. V., acknowledgment to, 29
KIVAS—
correlation with black-and-white ware, 31
general description, 9, 17-23
location, 7-8
proportion of, 14, 21
subterranean character, 11, 20
walls, 10, 52
LANGUAGE of ancient people of Mesa Verde, 53-54
LEATHER AND SKIN objects, notes on, 51
LEDGE-HOUSES, description of, 6-7, 24-25
LITTLE COLORADO VALLEY—
a ceramic area, 34, 35, 36-37
pottery from, 31, 34, 38
MAIZE, chief food of ancient inhabitants, 50
MANCOS CANYON, ruins in, 2
MASON, CHARLEY, discoveries of, 3
METAL, no traces of, 51
METATES, description of, 41
MISHONGNOVI, pottery from, 35
MOKI, meaning of term, 2
MONTEZUMA valley ruins, pottery from, 37
MORLEY, S. G., survey by, 7
MORTUARY CUSTOM, 28
MORTUARY ROOM, description of, 24
NAVAHO, and early Spanish travelers, 2
NORDENSKIÖLD, BARON GUSTAV—
objects figured by, 41, 42, 43
on ancient painting, 52
on balconies and terraced rooms, 15
on discovery of Cliff Palace and Spruce-tree House, 2-3
on Mesa Verde pottery, 28, 29
on “moccasin lasts”, 41
on number of rooms in Spruce-tree House, 7
on objects from Spruce-tree House, 26
Spruce-tree House described by, 3-7
work of, 3
NUSSBAUM, J., acknowledgment to, 1
OBSIDIAN OBJECTS absent from Spruce-tree House, 27
OWAKULTI, a Hopi basket dance, 51
PATKI CLAN (Hopi), coming of, 35
PESTLES. _See_ Grinding stones.
PICTOGRAPHS, description of, 51-53
PIROS CERAMICS not classified, 35
PIT-HOUSES, features of, 20
PLAN of ruin, 4, 7-8, 9
PLAZAS and courts, description of, 8-9
POPULATION, aboriginal, 7
POTTERY—
ceramic areas, 34-38
decoration, 32-34
forms, 29-30
general account of, 6, 28
structure, 30-32
summary, 53
_See also_ specific names, as San Juan valley, Sikyatki, Zuñi.
POUNDING STONES, description of, 41
POWAMÛ FESTIVAL, incident of, 10
PRUDDEN, DR. T. MITCHELL, on ruins of San Juan valley, 8
PUEBLO CHETTRO KETTLE, balcony in, 15
PUEBLOS, ancient location of, 20
REFUSE-HEAPS, description of, 25, 27
RETZIUS, PROF. G., cited by Nordenskiöld, on skull from Spruce-tree
House, 24
RIO GRANDE RUINS—
in San Juan ceramic area, 36
pottery from, 33
ROOFS—
general description, 15, 17
of kivas, 18, 19, 21-23
ROOMS—
described by Nordenskiöld, 4-7
statistics, 7
_See also_ Kivas, Secular rooms.
SALT RIVER RUINS, pottery from, 38
SAN JUAN VALLEY—
a ceramic area, 34, 35, 36, 37-38
pottery from, 34, 36
type of ruins in, 8
SECULAR ROOMS, description of, 10-15
balconies, 15
decorations on walls, 52
doors and windows, 16
fireplaces, 16
floors and roofs, 17
SHELL OBJECTS, rarity of, 27, 28, 53
SHUMOPAVI, pottery from, 35, 36
SIKYATKI, pottery from—
decoration, 33
general character, 53
in Hopi ceramic area, 35, 36
lips of food bowls, 29
SIPAPÛ, description of, 14, 18
SITE of Spruce-tree House, 1, 7
SPANISH TRAVELERS, in Mesa Verde region, 2
SPRUCE-TREE CANYON, description of, 1
STAIRWAYS, description of, 25
STEP HOUSE, pottery from, 28
STONE OBJECTS, description of, 26, 27
axes, 38-40
cylinder of hematite, 41-42
grinding stones, 40-41
pounding stones, 41
TANOAN FAMILIES (Hopi), coming of, 35
TCAMAHIAS, description of, 39-40
TERRACED FORM of buildings, 15
TIPONI, sacred object of Hopi, 40
TURKEYS, traces of, in Spruce-tree House, 4, 7
TURQUOISE OBJECTS, absence of, 27
“TUSAYAN” POTTERY, character of, 36, 37
UNIT TYPE of ruin—
development of, 12
explanation of term, 8
UTE, in relation to Mesa Verde cliff-dwellings, 2
VENTILATION—
by openings in walls, 9
in kivas, 11, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23
of rooms, 16
WALLS, description of, 4, 5-6, 9-10
WALLS of circular room other than kiva, 23
of kivas, 18, 19-20, 21-23
terraced, 15
WETHERILLS, the, discoveries of, 2-3, 6
WINDOWS, description of, 16
WOODEN OBJECTS—
general description, 26, 53
miscellaneous, 44
planting slicks, 44
slabs, 43
spindles, 43-44
sticks tied together, 42-43
ZUÑI POTTERY—
belonging to Little Colorado ceramic area, 35, 36, 38
decoration, 33
description of, 31-32, 37
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 1
GROUND PLAN OF SPRUCE-TREE HOUSE]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 2
From the northwest]
[Illustration:
From the west
THE RUIN, FROM THE NORTHWEST AND THE WEST]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 3
Before repairing]
[Illustration:
After repairing
PLAZA D]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 4
Before repairing]
[Illustration:
After repairing
THE RUIN, FROM THE SOUTH END]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 5
THE RUIN, FROM THE SOUTH]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 6
General view]
[Illustration:
Room 11, from the south
ROOMS 11-24]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 7
THE RUIN, FROM THE NORTH END]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 8
NORTH END OF THE RUIN, SHOWING MASONRY PILLAR]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 9
Roof of room 43]
[Illustration:
Main street
A ROOF AND A STREET]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 10
Front of rooms 62 and 63]
[Illustration:
Plaza E. from the south, before repair
THE RUIN FROM THE SOUTH END, SHOWING ROOMS AND PLAZA]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 11
Before repairing]
[Illustration:
After repairing
KIVA D]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 12
KIVA D, FROM THE NORTH]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 13
Kiva A, repaired]
[Illustration:
Kiva D, repaired
INTERIORS OF TWO KIVAS]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 14
From stump of spruce tree, looking east]
[Illustration:
Interior of kiva C. looking southwest
CENTRAL PART OF RUIN, AND KIVA]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 15
From above, showing roof]
[Illustration:
Roof removed Section of air-shaft, or ventilator
DIAGRAMS OF KIVA, SHOWING CONSTRUCTION]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 16
DECORATED FOOD-BOWLS
Diameters (in inches): _a_, _a′_, 11¼; _b_, _b′_, 11; _c_, _c′_, 11½;
_d_, _d′_, 9⅛]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 17
DECORATED FOOD-BOWLS
Diameters (in inches): _a_, _a′_, 11; _b_, _b′_, 13; _c_, _c′_, 11¼]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 18
DECORATED FOOD-BOWLS
Diameters (in inches): _a_, _a′_, 9; _b_, _b′_, 12¼; _c_, _c′_, 11;
_d_, _d′_, 11¾]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 19
DECORATED VASE AND MUGS
Heights (in inches): _a_, 3½; _b_, 3⅜; _c_, 3⅝; _d_, 4½; _e_, 3¾;
_f_, 5]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 20
_a._ Small bowl (diam., 3¾ in.)]
[Illustration:
_b._ Two-handled globular canteen (height, 7¼ in.)
DECORATED BOWL AND CANTEEN]
[Illustration:
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 41 PLATE 21
STONE IMPLEMENTS
_a_-_g_, axes; _h_, tcamahia; _i_, paint stone; _j_, paint stone
(last?)
Lengths (in inches): _a_, 4¼; _b_, 4¾; _c_, 5; _d_, 5¼; _e_, 6¼; _f_,
6⅞; _g_, 5¾; _h_, 10½; _i_, 10½; _j_, 10¾]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The photographs from which plates 2-4, 6, 8-14 were made were
taken by Mr. J. Nussbaum, photographer of the Archæological Institute
of America.
[2] Ancient Ruins in Southwestern Colorado, in Rep. U. S. Geol. and
Geogr. Survey of the Ter., 1874, p. 369.
[3] Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, examined
during the summers of 1875 and 1876, ibid., 1876, p. 383.
[4] The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, pp. 12, 13, Stockholm, 1893.
[5] Cliff-dwellings of the Mancos Cañons, in _Appalachia_, VI, no. 1,
Boston, May, 1890; _The American Antiquarian_, XII, 193, 1890; The
Land of the Cliff Dwellers, 1892.
[6] The Cliff-dwellings of the Cañons of the Mesa Verde, in _Bulletin
of the American Geographical Society_, XXIII, no. 4, 584, 1891.
[7] Since this was written, a well-preserved mummy has been found
by Wetherill in the open space (28) at the very back of the cave.
This is a further example of the burial of the dead in the open
space between the village and the cliff wall behind it (see p.
47).—[NORDENSKIÖLD.]
[8] On the author’s plan of Spruce-tree House from a survey by Mr. S.
G. Morley, the third story is indicated by crosshatching, the second
by parallel lines, while the first has no markings. (Pl. 1.)
[9] See H. R. No. 3703, 58th Cong., 3d sess., 1905.—The Ruined Cliff
Dwellings in Ruin and Navajo Canyons, in the Mesa Verde, Colorado, by
Coert Dubois.
[10] See _American Anthropologist_, n. s., v. no. 2, 224-288, 1903.
[11] In Hopi dwellings the author has often seen a provisional
_sipapû_ used in household ceremonies.
[12] The proportion of kivas to dwellings in any village is not
always the same in prehistoric pueblos, nor is there a fixed ratio in
modern pueblos. It would appear that there is some relation between
the number of kivas and the number of inhabitants, but what that
relation is, numerically, has never been discovered.
[13] Nordenskiöld on the contrary seems to make the terraced rooms
one of the points of resemblance between the cliff-dwellings and the
great ruins of the Chaco. He writes: