TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.

2. Used numbers for footnotes.

3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.

4. Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=.

5. The caret (^) serves as a superscript indicator, applicable to

individual characters (like 2^d) and even entire phrases (like

1^{st}).

6. Subscripts are shown using an underscore (_) with curly braces { },

as in H_{2}O.

A century of science in America · 第 45 / 45 题