134.--1. l'empereur Guillaume. William I, King of Prussia
in 1861 and Emperor of Germany from 1871 to 1888; it was during his
reign that the Franco-Prussian War occurred.
17. restez assis. In France the judges hold office for life
(_magistrature assise_), while prosecuting attorneys, etc., may be
removed from office by the Minister of Justice (_magistrature debout_);
there is thus a double meaning in _restez assis_ "rldquo;remain seated" or
"rldquo;remain a judge (for life)"; on condition, of course, that Dollinger
renounce his allegiance to France and take the oath of allegiance to
Germany.
26. le même grand christ. Used in administering oaths, the person
who took the oath raised his right hand toward the crucifix.
136.--4. aussi n'avancent-ils. Notice that _aussi_ here
means "tldquo;therefore" and that it causes inversion (this occurs also with _à
peine, encore, peut-être, ici, là_, etc.).
137.--5. des robes noires, des robes rouges. The former
are worn by the judges in the lower courts, the latter by the judges in
the courts of appeal.
6. président. The French Department of Justice is now constituted
as follows. The Department has at its head a Cabinet Minister (_Ministre
de la Justice_) and it comprises a civil and a criminal jurisdiction. In
each canton is a justice of the peace, in each department a civil court,
and in sixteen important cities a court of appeal. Criminals are tried
in each department in a court of assize, before a jury of citizens and
judges of whom the presiding judge is termed the _président_ and the
assistant judges _conseillers assesseurs_. Above all courts is the Court
of Appeal (_Cour de Cassation_, in the _Palais de Justice_ at Paris);
this court is charged with looking after the strict observance of the
Laws.
138.--24. monsieur le comte. Bismarck was given the higher
title of Prince in 1871.