IF THE PHILARMONIA HAD NOT GIVEN CONCERTS AT VICENZA
For the sake of variety, perhaps of diversion, in the midst of more
serious speculations, let us have an "if" of musical history--and one
which, no doubt, musicians may regard as purely fanciful, totally
absurd. It should be stated at the start that this chapter is written by
one who has no knowledge of music, but is capable of a very keen
enjoyment of it, and has in his time heard much professional music--many
concerts, operas and oratorios--and also much of the spontaneous
untrained music of the people, including old New England ballads now
forgotten; the songs of German peasants at the fireside and spinning
wheel; the native corn songs, "wails" and "shouts" of Southern negroes
on the plantations; and the medicine songs, scalp songs, ceremonial
chants and love ditties of the American Indians.
The contingency which will be presented here is this: If a certain group
of unprofessional singers and musicians in the highly cultivated Italian
town of Vicenza, about midway of the sixteenth century, had not banded
themselves together in a society called the Philarmonia, and for the
first time in Europe given musical entertainments to which the public
were admitted, the musical institution called the concert might never
have existed, and music in that case would have remained a spontaneous
expression of human emotion, untainted with what is now called
virtuosity--that is, the strife and strain after technical mastery,
which affects the whole character of music, and diverts it from its
original purpose of pleasing the sense and comforting the heart.
Expert professional music was a thing of very slow growth. The old
chapelmasters or choirmasters were, of course, in a sense professional,
since they lived upon the church. But they had also a sacerdotal
character. At the beginning they were always priests. To make a class of
professional musicians, vying with one another for mere mastery, the
public concert, with paid musicians, had to be developed.
Though the Philarmonia gave public concerts at Vicenza, as we have said,
in the middle of the sixteenth century, concert music and opera music
had no general existence for as much as a century afterward. The first
opera ever represented was Peri's "Eurydice," written about 1600. Even
that was merely the expression of a group of enthusiasts, a sort of
private attempt to embody a theory of their own about what music should
be. It was not until the year 1672 that the first concert, with a price
for admission, was given in London. The price then charged was a
shilling, and the concert was in a private house.
By that time the start had been made. Other concerts were given soon
afterward. They became popular. There was a demand for skilled musicians
and soloists. Performers began practicing for the sake of excelling in
technical achievement. By swift and sudden steps a premium was put upon
mechanical perfection in the handling of instruments. The old
spontaneous methods of expression gradually became discredited.
As a consequence of the new development, two sorts of music grew up in
the world. On the one side stood concert music, professional music,
virtuoso music. This was difficult and complicated, and it was
impossible for ordinary people to sing it or play it. On the other side
was the popular music--folk music, the music of the street, the nursery,
the stable-shed and the taproom. As popular music was regularly deserted
now for the concert school by those who possessed the greatest musical
talent, it began to degenerate until it reached at last the degradation
of "Grandfather's Clock," "Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay," "Waiting at the Church"
and the graphophone.
On the other hand, concert music moved farther and farther away from the
hearts and the comprehension of the people, until it has become a thing
apart from their lives, to be enjoyed almost as much with the eye as
with the ear, the interest lying chiefly in the production, in
succession, of individual masters, each of whom visibly surpasses the
mechanical achievements of his immediate predecessor.
If those first concerts had not been given by the Philarmonia at
Vicenza, and the idea had not slowly rippled outward thence, like
spreading circles from a stone thrown into the water, until it reached
Vienna, Paris and London, what would have been the state of music
to-day?
Manifestly the development of church music would have gone on. The
people, no doubt, would have been taking part in magnificent chorals.
The masses of the Catholic Church would have their correspondent feature
in the anthems and hymns sung in the Protestant churches by the
congregations. Every instrument that existed in the sixteenth century
would have been perfected, but not one would have taken on the intricate
development which musical mechanism exacts.
In other words, the harpsichord would never have become a piano, and the
electrical church organ would not have been heard of. We should all play
some such instrument as the harp, the violin, the viol, the flute, the
pipe or the dulcimer. All might have been composers, as the negroes and
Indians are to-day, but on a higher plane.
What popular music might be now but for that unlucky Philarmonia
discovery is suggested by an extract from the writings of Thomas Morley,
an Englishman who became a great amateur and introducer of Italian
madrigals in his own country. In the year 1597 he wrote that, on a
certain evening, in England,--
supper being ended, and musicke-bookes, according to the
custome, being brought to the table, the mistresse of the house
presented mee with a part, earnestly requesting mee to sing.
But when, after manie excuses, I protested unfainedly that I
could not, euerie one began to wonder. Yea, some whispered unto
others, demanding how I was brought up. So that, upon shame of
mine ignorance, I go now to seek out mine old friende master
Gnorimus, to make myselfe his schollar.
In those days a person who could not sing, and sing well, was regarded
as a freak, and was required to fit himself to join in the universal
diversion. If we had not turned over our music making to professionals
it would be so now. Instead of going to the concert or the opera after
the evening meal, or playing bridge or talking scandal, people would
have participated in the singing of madrigals, glees or whatever other
sort of popular spontaneous music had been developed, and all would have
been sustained and uplifted by the exalted joy that comes from joining
with others in the production of good music.
The people would have been joyously and heartily musical. Their taste
would not have been degraded to the point where it is gratified, as in
the graphophone, with a complicated succession of flat and strident
sounds unmusical in themselves.