Establishment for Insane Patients at Vanves.--Description of
the arrangements.--Englishman.--His religious madness.
You will think perhaps that I have chosen oddly the object which has
induced me to make an excursion out of town, and obliged me to give up
nearly an entire day at Paris, when I tell you that it was to visit an
institution for the reception of the insane. There are, however, few
things which interest me more than an establishment of this nature;
especially when, as in the present instance, my manner of introduction
to it is such as to give me the hope of hearing the phenomena of these
awful maladies discussed by those well acquainted with them. The
establishment of MM. Voisin and Fabret, at Vanves, was mentioned to me
as one in which many improvements in the mode of treating alienation
of mind have been suggested and tried with excellent effect; and
having the opportunity of visiting it in company with a lady who was
well acquainted with the gentlemen presiding over it, I determined to
take advantage of it. My friend, too, knew how to direct my attention
to what was most interesting, from having had a relation placed there,
whom for many months she had been in the constant habit of visiting.
Her introduction obtained for me the most attentive reception, and the
fullest explanation of their admirable system, which appears to me to
combine, and on a very large and noble scale, everything likely to
assuage the sufferings, soothe the spirits, and contribute to the
health of the patients.
Vanves is situated at the distance of one league from Paris, in a
beautiful part of the country; and the establishment itself, from
almost every part of the high ground on which it is placed, commands
views so varied and extensive, as not only to render the principal
mansion a charming residence, but really to make the walks and drives
within the enclosure of the extensive premises delightful.
The grounds are exceedingly well laid out, with careful attention to
the principal object for which they are arranged, but without
neglecting any of the beauty of which the spot is so capable. They
have shade and flowers, distant views and sheltered seats, with
pleasant walks, and even drives and rides, in all directions. The
enclosure contains about sixty acres, to every part of which the
patients who are well enough to walk about can be admitted with
perfect safety.
In this park are situated two or three distinct lodges, which are
found occasionally to be of the greatest utility, in cases where the
most profound quiet is necessary, and yet where too strict confinement
would be injurious. Indeed, it appears to me that the object
principally kept in view throughout all the arrangements, is the power
of keeping patients out of sight and hearing of each other till they
are sufficiently advanced towards recovery to make it a real pleasure
and advantage to associate together.
As soon as they reach this favourable stage of their convalescence,
they mix with the family in very handsome rooms, where books, music,
and a billiard-table assist them to pass the hours without _ennui_.
Every patient has a separate sleeping-apartment, in none of which are
the precautions necessary for their safety permitted to be visible.
What would wear the appearance of iron bars in every other place of
the kind that I have seen, are here made to look like very neat
_jalousies_. Not a bolt or a bar is perceptible, nor any object
whatever that might shock the spirit, if at any time a gleam of
recovered intellect should return to visit it.
This cautious keeping out of sight of the sufferers everything that
might awaken them to a sense of their own condition, or that of the
other patients, appears to me to be the most peculiar feature of the
discipline, and is evidently one of the objects most sedulously kept
in view. Next to this I should place the system of inducing the male
patients to exercise their limbs, and amuse their spirits, by working
in the garden, at any undertaking, however _bizarre_ and profitless,
which can induce them to keep mind and body healthily employed. I know
not if this has been systematically resorted to elsewhere; but the
good sense of it is certainly very obvious, and the effect, as I was
told, is found to be very generally beneficial; though it occasionally
happens that some among them have fancied their dignity compromised by
using a spade or a hoe,--and then some of the family join with them in
the labour, to prove that it is merely a matter of amusement: in
short, everything likely to cheer or soothe the spirits seems brought
into use among them.
The ground close adjoining to the house is divided into many small
well-enclosed gardens; the women's apartments opening to some, the
men's to others of them. In several of these gardens I observed neat
little tables, such as are used in the _restaurans_ of Paris, with a
clean cloth, and all necessary appointments, placed pleasantly and
commodiously in the shade, at each of which was seated one person, who
was served with a separate dinner, and with every appearance of
comfort. Had I not known their condition, I should in many instances
have thought the spectacle a very pleasing one.
M. Voisin walked through all parts of the establishment with us, and
there appeared to exist a perfectly good understanding between him and
his patients. Among many regulations, which all appeared excellent, he
told me that the friends of his inmates were permitted at all times,
and under all circumstances, to visit them without any restraint
whatever: an arrangement which can only be productive of confidence
and advantage to all parties; as it is perfectly inconceivable that
any one who had felt obliged to place an unhappy friend or relative
under restraint should wish to interfere with the discipline necessary
for his ultimate advantage; whereas a contrary system is likely to
give occasion to constant doubts and fears on one hand, and to the
possibility of ill treatment or unnecessary restraint on the other. In
one of the courts appropriated to the use of such male patients as
were sufficiently convalescent to permit their associating together,
and amusing themselves with the different games in which they are
permitted to share, we saw a young Englishman, now rapidly recovering,
but who had scrawled over the walls of his own sleeping-apartment,
poor fellow! with a pencil, a vast quantity of writing, almost wholly
on religious subjects; proving but too plainly that he was one of the
many victims of fanaticism. Every thought seemed pregnant with suffering,
and sometimes bursts of agony were scrawled in trembling characters,
that spoke the very extremity of terror. "Who is there can endure fire
and flame for ever, for ever, and for ever?" "Death is before us--Hell
follows it!" "The bottomless pit--groans--tortures--anguish--for
ever!"... Such sentences as these were still legible, though much had
been obliterated.
Who can wonder that a mind thus occupied should lose that fine balance
with which nature has arranged our faculties, making one keep watch
and ward over the other?... This poor fellow lost his wits under the
process of conversion: Judgment being entirely overthrown, Imagination
had vaulted into its seat, pregnant with visions black as night,
dark--oh! far darker than the tomb! "palled in the dunnest smoke of
hell," and armed with every image for the eternity of torture that the
ingenuity of man could devise. Who can wonder at his madness? And how
many crimes are there recorded in the Newgate Calendar which equal in
atrocity that of so distorting a mind, that sought to raise its humble
hopes towards heaven!
I felt particularly interested for this poor lunatic, both as my
countryman, and the victim of by far the most fearful tyranny that man
can exercise on man. Against all other injury it is not difficult to
believe that a steadfast spirit can arm itself and say with Hamlet,
"I do not set my life at a pin's fee."
But against this, it were a vain boast to add,
"And for my soul, what can it do to that,
Being a thing immortal as itself?"
For, alas! it is that very immortality which gives hope, comfort, and
strength under every other persecution that paralyses the sufferer
under this, and arms with such horrid strength the blasphemous wretch
who teaches him to turn in terror from his God.
M. Voisin told me that this unfortunate young man had been for some
time daily becoming more calm and tranquil, and that he entertained
not any doubt of his ultimate recovery.
Excepting this my poor countryman, the only patient I saw whose
situation it was particularly painful to contemplate was a young girl
who had only arrived the preceding day. There was in her eyes a
restless, anxious, agitated manner of looking about on all things, and
gathering a distinct idea from none--a vague uncertainty as to where
she was, not felt with sufficient strength to amount to wonder, but
enough to rob her of all the feeling of repose which belongs to home.
Poor girl! perhaps some faltering, unfixable thought brought at
intervals the figure of her mother to her; for as I looked at her
pale face, its vacant expression received more than once a sad but
passing gleam of melancholy meaning. She coughed frequently; but the
cough seemed affected,--or rather, it appeared to be an effort not so
much required by her lungs, as by the need of some change, some
relief--she knew not what, nor where nor how to seek it. She appeared
very desirous of shaking off the attendance of a woman who was waiting
upon her, and her whole manner indicated a sort of fretful unrest that
it made one wretched to contemplate. But here again I was comforted by
the assurance that there were no symptoms which forbade hope of
recovery.
I remember being told, when visiting the lunatic asylum near New York,
that the most frequent causes of insanity were ascertained to be
religion and drunkenness. Near Paris I find that love, high play, and
politics are considered as the principal causes of this calamity; and
certainly nothing can be more accordant with what observation would
teach one to expect than both these statements. At New York the
physician told me that madness arising from excessive drinking
admitted, in the great majority of cases, of a perfect cure; but that
religious aberration of intellect was much more enduring.
At Paris I have heard the same; for here also it occasionally
happens, though not often, that the reason becomes disturbed by
repeated and frequent intoxication: but where either politics or love
has taken such hold of the mind as to disturb the reasoning power, the
recovery is less certain and more slow.
Dr. Voisin told me that he uniformly found the first symptoms of
insanity appear in the wavering, indifferent, and altered state of the
affections towards relations and friends;--apathy, coldness, and, in
some cases, dislike, and even violent antipathy, being sure to appear,
wherever previous attachment had been the most remarkable. They
sometimes, but not very often, take capricious fits of fondness for
strangers; but never with any show of reason, and never for any length
of time. The most certain symptom of an approach towards recovery is
when the heart appears to be re-awakened to its natural feelings and
old attachments.
There was one old lady that I watched eating her dinner of vegetables
and fruit at a little table in one of the gardens, who had adorned her
bonnet with innumerable scraps of trumpery, and set it on her head
with the most studied and coquettish air imaginable: she fed herself
with the grace or grimace of a young beauty, eating grapes of a guinea
a pound, from a plate of crystal, with a golden fork. I am sure she
was enjoying all the happiness of feeling herself beautiful, elegant,
and admired: and when I looked at the wrinkled ruin of her once handsome
face, I could hardly think her madness a misfortune; for though I did
not obtain any pitiful story concerning her, or any history of the
cause which brought her there, I felt sure that it must in some way or
other be connected with some feeling of deeply-mortified vanity: and
if I am right in my conjecture, what has the world left for her equal
in consolation to the wild fancies which now shed such simpering
complacency over her countenance? And might we not exclaim for her in
all kindness--
"Let but the cheat endure!--She asks not aught beside?"
What was passing in this poor old head, it was easy enough to
guess--wild as it was, and wide from the truth. But there was another,
which, though I studied it as long as I could possibly contrive to do
so, wholly baffled me; and yet I would have given much to know what
thoughts were flitting through that young brain.
She was a young girl, extremely pretty, with coal-black hair and eyes,
and seated, quite apart from all, upon a pleasant shady bench in one
of the gardens. Her face was like a fair landscape, over which passes
cloud and sunshine in rapid succession: for one moment she smiled, and
the next seemed preparing to weep; but before a tear could fall, her
fine teeth were again displayed in an unmeaning smile. O, what could
be the fleeting visions formed that worked her fancy thus? Could it be
memory? Or was the fitful emotion caused by the galloping vagaries of
an imagination which outstripped the power of reason to follow it? Or
was it none of this, but a mere meaningless movement of the muscles,
that worked in idle mockery of the intellect that used to govern them?
I have sometimes thought it very strange that people should feel such
deep delight in watching on the stage the representation of the utmost
extremity of human woe that the mind of man can contrive to place
before them; and I have wondered more, much more, at the gathering
together of thousands and tens of thousands, whenever the law has
doomed that some wretched soul should be separated by the hand of man
from the body in which it has sinned: but I doubt if my own intense
interest in watching poor human nature when deprived of reason is not
stranger still. I can in no way account for it; but so it is. I can
never withdraw myself from the contemplation of a maniac without
reluctance; and yet I am always conscious of painful feelings as long
as it lasts, and perfectly sure that I shall be followed by more
painful feelings still when it is over.
It is certain, however, that the comfort, the tenderness, the care, so
evident in every part of the establishment at Vanves, render the
contemplation of insanity there less painful than I ever found it
elsewhere; and when I saw the air of healthy physical enjoyment (at
least) with which a large number of the patients prepared to take
their pastime, during their hours of exercise, each according to his
taste or whim, amid the ample space and well-chosen accessories
prepared for them, I could not but wish that every retreat fitted up
for the reception of this unfortunate portion of the human race could
be arranged on the same plan and governed by the same principles.