Leland speaketh, as Fishpoole becke that ariseth in Stonehirst wood, and
meeteth with it foure miles from Canturburie: another beginneth at
Chislet, and goeth into the Stoure gut, which sometime inclosed Thanet,
as Leland saith: the third issueth out of the ground at Northburne
(where Eadbert of Kent sometime past held his palace) and runneth to
Sandwich hauen, as the said authour reporteth: and the fourth called
Bridgewater that riseth by S. Marie Burne church, and going by Bishops
Burne, meeteth with Canturburie water at Stourmouth: also Wiham that
riseth aboue Wiham short of Adsam, and falleth into Bridgewater at
Dudmill, or Wenderton: and the third namelesse, which riseth short of
Wodensburgh (a towne wherein Hengist & the Saxons honored their grand
idoll Woden, or Othine) and goeth by Staple to Wingam: but sith they are
obscure I will not touch them here. From hence passing by the Goodwine,
a plot verie perilous for sea-faring men (sometime firme land, that is,
vntill the tenth of the conquerours sonne, whose name was William Rufus,
and wherein a great part of the inheritance of erle Goodwine in time
past was knowne to lie) but escaping it with ease, we came at length to
[Sidenote: Dour.]
Douer. In all which voiage we found no streame, by reason of the cliffes
that inuiron the said coast. Howbeit vpon the south side of Douer, there
is a pretie fresh riuer, whose head ariseth at Erwell, not passing foure
miles from the sea, and of some is called Dour, which in the British
toong is a common name for waters, as is also the old British word Auon
for the greatest riuers, into whose mouthes or falles shippes might find
safe entrance; and therefore such are in my time called hauens, a new
word growen by an aspiration added to the old: the Scots call it Auen.
But more of this else-where, sith I am now onelie to speake of Dour,
wherof it is likelie that the towne & castell of Douer did sometime take
the name. From hence we go toward the Camber (omitting peraduenture here
and there sundrie small creeks void of backwater by the waie)
[Sidenote: Rother.]
whereabouts the Rother a noble riuer falleth into the sea. This Rother
separateth Sussex from Kent, and hath his head in Sussex, not farre from
Argas hill néere to Waterden forrest, and from thence directeth his
course vnto Rotherfield. After this it goeth to Ethlingham or
Hitchingham, and so foorth by Newendon vnto Mattham ferrie, where it
diuideth it selfe in such wise, that one branch thereof goeth to
Appledoure (where is a castell sometime builded by the Danes, in the
time of Alfred, as they did erect another at Middleton, and the third at
[Sidenote: Bilie.]
Beamflete) and at this towne, where it méeteth the Bilie that riseth
about Bilsington, the other by Iden, so that it includeth a fine parcell
of ground called Oxneie, which in time past was reputed as a parcell of
Sussex; but now vpon some occasion or other (to me vnknowne) annexed
vnto Kent. From hence also growing into some greatnesse, it runneth to
[Sidenote: Becke.]
Rie, where it méeteth finallie with the Becke, which commeth from
Beckleie: so that the plot wherein Rie standeth, is in manner a by-land
or peninsula, as experience doth confirme. Leland and most men are of the
[Sidenote: Limenus.]
likeliest opinion, that this riuer should be called the Limen, which (as
Peter of Cornhull saith) doth issue out of Andredeswald, where the head
thereof is knowne to be. Certes, I am of the opinion, that it is called
the Rother vnto Appledoure, & from thence the Limen, bicause the Danes
are noted to enter into these parts by the Limen; and sailing on the
same to Appledoure, did there begin to fortifie, as I haue noted
alreadie. Howbeit, in our time it is knowne by none other name than the
Rother or Appledoure water, whereof let this suffice.
Being thus crossed ouer to the west side of Rie hauen, & in vewing the
issues that fall into the same, I meet first of all with a water that
groweth of two brookes, which come downe by one chanell into the east
side of the mouth of the said port. The first therfore that falleth into
it descendeth from Beckleie or thereabouts (as I take it) the next
runneth along by Pesemarsh, & soone after ioining with all, they hold on
as one, till they fall into the same at the westerlie side of Rie: the
third streame commeth from the north, and as it mounteth vp not farre
from Munfield, so it runneth betweene Sescambe and Wacklinton néere vnto
Bread, taking another rill withall that riseth (as I heare) not verie
far from Westfield. There is likewise a fourth that groweth of two heads
betweene Ielingham and Pet, and going by Winchelseie it méeteth with all
about Rie hauen, so that Winchelseie standeth inuironed on thrée parts
with water, and the streames of these two that I haue last rehearsed.
The water that falleth into the Ocean, a mile by southwest of Hastings,
[Sidenote: Aestus.]
or therabouts, is called Æstus or Asten: perhaps of Hasten or Hasting
the Dane, (who in time past was a plague to France and England) & rising
not far from Penhirst, it meeteth with the sea (as I heare) by east of
[Sidenote: Buluerhithe.]
Hollington. Buluerhith is but a creeke (as I remember) serued with no
backewater; and so I heare of Codding or Old hauen, wherefore I meane
not to touch them.
[Sidenote: Peuenseie.]
Into Peuenseie hauen diuerse waters doo resort, and of these, that which
entereth into the same on the east side riseth out from two heads,
[Sidenote: Ash.]
[Sidenote: Burne.]
whereof the most easterlie is called Ash, the next vnto the Burne, and
vniting themselues not farre from Ashburne, they continue their course
vnder the name and tide of Ashburne water, as I read. The second that
commeth thereinto issueth also of two heads, whereof the one is so manie
miles from Boreham, the other not far from the Parke east of
Hellingstowne, and both of them concurring southwest of Hirstmowsen,
they direct their course toward Peuenseie (beneath which they méet with
another rising at Foington) and thence go in one chanell for a mile or
[Sidenote: Cucomarus.]
more, till they fall togither into Peuenseie hauen. The Cuckmer issueth
out at seuerall places, and hereof the more easterlie branch commeth
from Warbleton ward, the other from Bishops wood, and méeting beneath
Halling, they run one bottome by Micham, Arlington, Wellington, old
Frithstan, and so into the sea.
[Sidenote: Isis.]
[Sidenote: Ni fallor.]
Vnto the water that commeth out at Newhauen, sundrie brookes and
riuerets doo resort, but the chiefe head riseth toward the west,
somewhat betwéene Etchinford and Shepleie, as I heare. The first water
therefore that falleth into the same on the east side, issueth out of
the ground about Vertwood, and running from thence by Langhton and Ripe,
on the west side; it falleth into the aforesaid riuer beneath Forle and
Glime, or thrée miles lower than Lewis, if the other buttall like you
not. The next herevnto hath his head in Argas hill, the third descendeth
from Ashedon forrest, and ioining with the last mentioned, they crosse
the maine riuer a little beneath Isefield. The fourth water commeth from
Ashedon forrest by Horstéed Caines (or Ousestate Caines) and falleth
into the same, likewise east of Linfield. Certes I am deceiued if this
riuer be not called Isis, after it is past Isefield. The fift riseth
[Sidenote: Sturewell.]
about Storuelgate, and meeteth also with the maine streame aboue
Linfield, and these are knowen to lie vpon the right hand as we rowed vp
the riuer. On the other side are onelie two, whereof the first hath his
originall neere vnto Wenefield, and holding on his course toward the
east, it meeteth with his maister betweene Newicke and Isefield (or
[Sidenote: Plimus.]
Ifield) as some read it. The last of all commeth from Plimodune or
Plumpton, and hauing met in like sort with the maine riuer about
Barcham, it runneth foorth with it, & they rest in one chanell by
Barcham, Hamseie, Malling, Lewis, Piddingburne, and so foorth into the
maine.
[Sidenote: Soru.]
The next riuer that we came vnto west of Brighthemston is the Sore,
which notwithstanding I find to be called Brember water, in the ancient
map of Marton colledge in Oxford: but in such sort (as I take it) as the
Rother or Limen is called Appledoure streame, bicause of the said towne
that standeth thervpon. But to procéed, it is a pleasant water, &
thereto if you consider the situation of his armes, and branches from
the higher grounds, verie much resembling a foure stringed whip.
Whereabout the head of this riuer is, or which of these branches may
safelie be called Sora from the rising, in good sooth I cannot say. For
after we had passed nine or ten mils thereon vp into the land, suddenlie
the crosse waters stopped vs, so that we were inforced to turne either
east or west, for directlie foorth right we had no waie to go. The first
arme on the right hand as we went, riseth out of a parke by south of
Alborne, and going on for a certeine space toward the northwest, it
turneth southward betwéene Shermonburie and Twinham, and soone after
[Sidenote: Bimarus.]
méeteth with the Bimar, not much south from Shermonburie, whence they
run togither almost two miles, till they fall into the Sore. That on the
west side descendeth from about Billingeshirst, & going toward the east,
it crosseth with the fourth (which riseth a litle by west of Thacam)
east from Pulborow, and so they run as one into the Sore, that after
this confluence hasteth it selfe southward by Brember, Burleis, the
Combes, and yer long into the Ocean.
[Sidenote: Arunus.]
The Arun (of which beside Arundell towne the castell and the vallie
wherin it runneth is called Vallis Aruntina, or Arundale in English) is
a goodlie water, and thereto increased with no small number of excellent
& pleasant brookes. It springeth vp of two heads, whereof one descendeth
from the north not far from Gretham, and going by Lis, méeteth with the
next streame (as I gesse) about Doursford house. The second riseth by
west from the hils that lie toward the rising of the sunne from East
maine, and runneth by Peterfield. The third commeth from Beriton ward,
and ioineth with the second betwéene Peterfield and Doursford, after
which confluence they go togither in one chanell still toward the east
(taking a rill with them that c[=o]mmeth betwéene Fernehirst and S.
Lukes chappell, southwest of Linchmere, and meeting with it east of
Loddesworth (as I doo read, and likewise sundrie other in one chanell
beneath Stopham) to Waltham, Burie, Houghton, Stoke, Arundell,
Tortington ford, Climping (all on the west side) and so into the sea.
Hauing thus described the west side of Arun, let vs doo the like with
the other in such sort as we best may. The first riuer that we come vnto
therfore on the east side, and also the second, rise of sundrie places
in S. Leonards forrest, & ioining a little aboue Horsham, they méet with
the third, which commeth from Ifield parke, not verie farre from
Slinfeld. The fourth hath two heads, whereof one riseth in Witleie
parke, the other by west, neere vnto Heselméere chappell, and meeting by
west of Doursfeld, they vnite themselues with the chanell, growing by
the confluence that I spake of beneath Slinfeld, a little aboue
Billingshirst. The last water commeth from the hils aboue Linchemere,
and runneth west and south, and passing betwéene Billingshirst and
Stopham it commeth vnto the chanell last mentioned, and so into the Arun
beneath Stopham, without anie further increase, at the least that I doo
heare of.
[Sidenote: Burne.]
Burne hath his issue in a parke néere Aldingburrie (or rather a little
aboue the same toward the north, as I haue since beene informed) and
running by the bottomes toward the south, it falleth betwéene north
[Sidenote: Elin.]
Berflete and Flesham. Erin riseth of sundrie heads, by east of Erinleie,
and directing his course toward the sunne rising, it peninsulateth
[Sidenote: Del[=u]s.]
Seleseie towne on the southwest and Pagham at northwest. Deel springeth
about Benderton, and thence running betwéene middle Lauant and east
Lauant, it goeth by west of west Hampnet, by east of Chichester, or west
of Rumbaldesdowne, and afterward by Fishburne, where it meeteth with a
rill comming north west from Funtingdon (a little beneath the towne) &
then running thus in one streame toward the sea, it méeteth with another
rillet comming by north of Bosham, and so into Auant gulfe by east of
Thorneie Iland.
[Sidenote: Racunus.]
The Racon riseth by east of Racton or Racodunum (as Leland calleth it)
and comming by Chidham, it falleth into the sea, northeast of Thorneie
[Sidenote: Emill.]
aforesaid. The Emill commeth first betwéene Racton and Stansted, then
downe to Emilsworth or Emmesworth, & so vnto the Ocean, separating
Sussex from Hampshire almost from the very head. Hauing in this maner
passed along the coasts of Sussex, the next water that I remember,
riseth by east of the forrest of Estbirie, from whence it goeth by
Southwike, west Burhunt, Farham, and so into the gulfe almost full
[Sidenote: Badunus forte.]
south. Then come we to Bedenham creeke (so called of a village standing
thereby) the mouth whereof lieth almost directlie against Porchester
castell, which is situat about three miles by water from Portesmouth
towne, as Leland dooth report. Then go we within halfe a mile further
[Sidenote: Forten or Fordon.]
to Forten creeke, which either giueth or taketh name of a village hard
[Sidenote: Osterpoole.]
by. After this we come to Osterpoole lake, a great créeke, that goeth vp
by west into the land, and lieth not far from a round turret of stone,
from whence also there goeth a chaine to another tower on the east side
directlie ouer against it, the like whereof is to be séene in diuerse
other hauens of the west countrie, wherby the entrance of great vessels
into that part may be at pleasure restreined.
From hence we go further to Tichefeld water, that riseth about Eastmaine
[Sidenote: Tichefield.]
parke, ten or twelue miles by northeast or there abouts from Tichefeld.
From Eastmaine it goeth (parting the forrests of Waltham, and Eastberie
by the way) to Wicham or Wicombe, a pretie market towne & large
throughfare, where also the water separateth it selfe into two armelets,
and going vnder two bridges of wood commeth yer long againe vnto one
chanell. From hence it goeth three or foure miles further, to a bridge
of timber by maister Writhoseleies house (leauing Tichfeld towne on the
right side) and a little beneath runneth vnder Ware bridge, whither the
sea floweth as hir naturall course inforceth. Finallie, within a mile of
this bridge it goeth into the water of Hampton hauen, whervnto diuerse
streames resort, as you shall heare hereafter.
[Sidenote: Hamelrish.]
After this we come to Hamble hauen, or Hamelrish créeke, whose fall is
betwéene saint Andrewes castell, and Hoke. It riseth about Shidford in
Waltham forrest, & when it is past Croke bridge, it méeteth with another
brooke, which issueth not farre from Bishops Waltham, out of sundrie
springs in the high waie on Winchester, from whence it passeth (as I
said) by Bishops Waltham, then to Budeleie or Botleie, and then ioining
with the Hamble, they run togither by Prowlingsworth, Vpton, Brusill,
Hamble towne, and so into the sea.
[Sidenote: Southhampton.]
Now come we to the hauen of Southhampton, by Ptolomie called Magnus
portus, which I will briefelie describe so néere as I can possiblie. The
bredth or entrie of the mouth hereof (as I take it) is by estimation two
miles from shore to shore. At the west point therof also is a strong
castell latelie builded, which is rightlie named Caldshore, but now
Cawshot, I wote not by what occasion. On the east side thereof also is a
place called Hoke (afore mentioned) or Hamell hoke; wherein are not
aboue thrée or foure fisher houses, not worthie to be remembred. This
hauen shooteth vp on the west side by the space of seuen miles, vntill
it come to Hampton towne, standing on the other side, where it is by
estimation a mile from land to land. Thence it goeth vp further about
thrée miles to Redbridge, still ebbing and flowing thither, and one mile
further, so farre as my memorie dooth serue mée. Now it resteth that I
describe the Alresford streame, which some doo call the Arre or Arle,
and I will procéed withall in this order following.
[Sidenote: Alresford.]
The Alresford beginneth of diuerse faire springs, about a mile or more
fr[=o] Alresford, or Alford as it is now called, and soone after
resorting to one bottome, they become a broad lake, which for the most
part is called Alford pond. Afterward returning againe to a narrow
chanell, it goeth through a stone bridge at the end of Alford towne
(leauing the towne it selfe on the left hand) toward Hicthingstocke
thrée miles off, but yer it commeth there, it receiueth two rils in one
bottome, whereof one commeth from the Forrest in maner at hand, and by
northwest of old Alresford, the other fr[=o] Browne Candiuer, that goeth
by Northenton, Swarewotton, Aberstone, &c: vntill we méet with the said
water beneath Alford towne. Being past Hichinstocke, it commeth by
Auington to Eston village, and to Woorthie, where it beginneth to
branch, and ech arme to part it selfe into other that resort to Hide and
the lower soiles by east of Winchester, there seruing the stréets, the
close of S. Maries, Wolueseie, and the new college verie plentifullie
with their water. But in this meane while, the great streame commeth
from Worthie to the east bridge, and so to saint Elizabeth college,
where it dooth also part in twaine, enuironing the said house in most
delectable maner. After this it goeth toward S. Crosses, leauing it a
quarter of a mile on the right hand: then to Twiford (a mile lower)
where it gathereth againe into one bottome, and goeth six miles further
[Sidenote: Otter.]
to Woodmill, taking the Otter brooke withall on the east side, and so
into the salt créeke that leadeth downe to the hauen.
On the other side of Southhampton, there resorteth into this hauen also
[Sidenote: Stocke.]
both the Test & the Stockbridge water in one bottome, whereof I find
this large description insuing. The verie head of the Stockewater, is
supposed to be somewhere about Basing stoke, or church Hockleie, and
going from thence betwéene Ouerton and Steuenton, it commeth at last by
Lauerstocke & Whitchurch, and soone after receiuing a brooke by
[Sidenote: Bourne.]
northwest, called the Bourne (descending from S. Marie Bourne, southeast
from Horsseburne) it procéedeth by Long paroch and the wood, till it
meet with the Cranburne, on the east side (a pretie riuelet rising about
Michelneie, and going by Fullington, Barton, and to Cramburne) thence to
Horwell in one bottome, beneath which it meeteth with the Andeuer water,
that is increased yer it come there by an other brooke, whose name I doo
not know. This Andeuer streame riseth in Culhamshire forrest, not far by
north from Andeuer towne, and going to vpper Clatford, yer it touch
there it receiueth the rill of which I spake before, which rising also
néere vnto Anport, goeth to Monketon, to Abbatesham, the Andeuer, and
both (as I said) vnto the Test beneath Horwell, whereof I spake euen
now.
These streames being thus brought into one bottome, it runneth toward
the south vnder Stockbridge, and soone after diuiding it selfe in
twaine, one branch thereof goeth by Houghton, & a little beneath meeteth
with a rill, that commeth from bywest of S. Ans hil, and goeth by east
of vpper Wallop, west of nether Wallop, by Bucholt forrest, Broughton,
[Sidenote: Valopius.]
and called (as I haue béene informed) the Gallop, but now it is named
Wallop. The other arme runneth through the parke, by north west of kings
Somburne, and vniting themselues againe, they go forth by Motteshunt, and
[Sidenote: Test.]
then receiue the Test, a pretie water rising in Clarendun parke, that
goeth by west Deane, and east Deane, so to Motteshunt, and finallie to
the aforesaid water, which from thencefoorth is called the Test, euen
vnto the sea. But to procéed. After this confluence, it taketh the gate
to Kimbebridge, then to Rumseie, Longbridge, and beneath the same
receiueth a concourse of two rilles whereof the one commeth from
Sherefield, the other from the new Forrest, and ioining in Wadeleie
parke, they beat vpon the Test, not verie farre from Murseling. From
thence the Test goeth vnder a pretie bridge, before it come at
Redbridge, from whence it is not long yer it fall into the hauen.
The next riuer that runneth into this port, springeth in the new
[Sidenote: Eling.]
Forrest, and commeth thereinto about Eling, not passing one mile by west
of the fall of Test. From hence casting about againe into the maine sea,
and leauing Calde shore castell on the right hand, we directed our
course toward the southwest, vnto Beaulieu hauen, whereinto the Mineie
[Sidenote: Mineie.]
descendeth. The Mineie riseth not far from Mineiestéed, a village in the
north part of the new Forrest; and going by Beaulieu, it falleth into
the sea southwest (as I take it) of Exburie, a village standing vpon the
shore.
[Sidenote: Limen.]
Being past the Mineie, we crossed the Limen as it is now called, whose
head is in the verie hart of the new Forrest (sometime conuerted into a
place of nourishment for déere by William Rufus, buieng his pleasure
with the ruine of manie towns and villages, as diuerse haue inclosed or
inlarged their parks by the spoile of better occupiengs) & running
southwest of Lindhirst & the parke, it goeth by east of Brokenhirst,
west of Bulder, & finallie into the sea south and by east of Lemington.
I take this not to be the proper name of the water, but of the hauen,
for Limen in Gréeke is an hauen: so that Limendune is nothing else, but
a downe or higher plot of ground lieng on the hauen: neuerthelesse, sith
this denomination of the riuer hath now hir frée passage, I think it not
conuenient to séeke out any other name that should be giuen vnto it. The
next fall that we passed by is namelesse, except it be called Bure, & as
[Sidenote: Bure.]
[Sidenote: Milis.]
it descendeth from new Forrest, so the next vnto it hight Mile, as I
haue heard in English. Certes the head thereof is also in the southwest
part of the said Forrest, & the fall not far from Milford bridge, beyond
the which I find a narrow going or strictland leading fr[=o] the point
to Hirst castell which standeth into the sea, as if it hoong by a thred,
from the maine of the Iland, readie to be washed awaie by the continuall
working and dailie beating of the waues.
[Sidenote: Auon.]
The next riuer that we came vnto of anie name is the Auon, which (as
Leland saith) riseth by northeast, and not far from Woolfehall in
Wiltshire, supposed to be the same which Ptolomie called Halenus. The
first notable bridge that it runneth vnto, is at Vphauen, thence foure
miles further it goeth to little Ambresburie, and there is another
bridge, from thence to Woodford village, standing at the right hand
banke, and Newton village on the left. The bishops of Sarum had a proper
manor place at Woodford, which bishop Sharton pulled downe altogither,
bicause it was somewhat in ruine. Thence it goeth to Fisherton bridge,
to Cranebridge, old Salisburie, new Salisburie, and finallie to Harnham,
which is a statelie bridge of stone, of six arches at the least. There
is at the west end of the said bridge, a little Iland, that lieth
betwixt this and another bridge, of foure pretie arches, and vnder this
later runneth a good round streame, which (as I take it) is a branch of
Auon, that breaketh out a little aboue, & soone after it reuniteth it
selfe againe: or else that Wilton water hath there his entrie into the
Auon, which I cannot yet determine. From Harneham bridge it goeth to
Dounton, that is about foure miles, and so much in like sort from thence
to Fordingbridge, to Ringwood bridge fiue miles, to Christes church
Twinham fiue miles, and streight into the sea; and hitherto Leland of
this streame, which for the worthinesse thereof (in mine opinion) is not
sufficientlie described. Wherefore I thinke good to deliuer a second
receiued of another, which in more particular maner dooth exhibit his
course vnto vs.
Certes this Auon is a goodlie riuer, rising (as I said before néere)
vnto Wolfe hall; although he that will séeke more scrupulouslie for the
head in déed, must looke for the same about the borders of the forrest
of Sauernake (that is Soure oke) which lieth as if it were imbraced
betwéene the first armes thereof, as I haue beene informed. These heads
also doo make a confluence by east of Martinshall hill, and west of
Wootton. From whence it goeth to Milton, Powseie, Manningfield abbeie,
Manningfield crosse, and beneath Newington taketh in one rill west from
Rudborow, and another a little lower that riseth also west of
Alcanninges, and runneth into the same by Patneie, Merden, Wilford,
Charleton, and Rustisall. Being therefore past Newington, it goeth to
Vphauen (whereof Leland speaketh) to Chesilburie, Compton, Ablington,
little Almsburie, Darntford, Woodford, old Salisburie, and so to new
Salisburie, where it receiueth one notable riuer from by northwest, &
another from north east, which two I will first describe, leauing the
[Sidenote: Wilugh.]
Auon at Salisburie for a while. The first of these is called the Wilugh,
whereof the whole shire dooth take hir name, and not of the great
plentie of willowes growing therein, as some fantasticall heads doo
imagine: whereof also there is more plentie in that countrie than is to
be found in other places. It riseth among the Deuerels, and running
thence by hill Deuerell, & Deuerell long bridge, it goeth toward Bishops
straw, taking in one rill by west & another from Vpton by Werminster at
northwest. From Bishops straw it goeth to Norton, Vpton, Badhampton,
Steplinford, and Stapleford, where it meeteth with the Winterburie water
from by north, descending from Maddenton by Winterburne. From Stapleford
it hasteth to Wishford, Newton, Chilhampton, Wilton: and thither commeth
a water vnto it from southwest, which riseth of two heads aboue
Ouerdonet. After this it goeth by Wordcastell, to Tisburie, and there
receiueth a water on ech side, whereof one commeth from Funthill, the
other from two issues (of which one riseth at Austie, the other at
Swalodise) and so keeping on still with his course, our Wilugh runneth
next of all by Sutton. Thence it goeth to Fouant, Boberstocke,
[Sidenote: Nader becke.]
Southburcombe, Wilton (where it taketh in the Fomington or Nader water)
Westharnam, Salisburie, and Eastharnam: and this is the race of Wilugh.