TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.
—Bold text has been rendered as =bold text=.
—Spaced out text (gesperrt) has been rendered as ~spaced text~.
—Superscript letters have been rendered as a^b and a^{bc}.
A
~VIEW~
~OF~
Sir ~_ISAAC NEWTON_~’s
PHILOSOPHY.
[Illustration]
~_LONDON_~:
Printed by _S. PALMER_, 1728.
[Illustration]
To the Noble and Right Honourable
SIR _ROBERT WALPOLE._
_SIR,_
I Take the liberty to send you this view of Sir ~ISAAC NEWTON’S~
philosophy, which, if it were performed suitable to the dignity of the
subject, might not be a present unworthy the acceptance of the greatest
person. For his philosophy operations of nature, which for so many
ages had imployed the curiosity of mankind; though no one before him
was furnished with the strength of mind necessary to go any depth in
this difficult search. However, I am encouraged to hope, that this
attempt, imperfect as it is, to give our countrymen in general some
conception of the labours of a person, who shall always be the boast
of this nation, may be received with indulgence by one, under whose
influence these kingdoms enjoy so much happiness. Indeed my admiration
at the surprizing inventions of this great man, carries me to conceive
of him as a person, who not only must raise the glory of the country,
which gave him birth; but that he has even done honour to human nature,
by having extended the greatest and most noble of our faculties,
reason, to subjects, which, till he attempted them, appeared to be
wholly beyond the reach of our limited capacities. And what can give us
a more pleasing prospect of our own condition, than to see so exalted
a proof of the strength of that faculty, whereon the conduct of our
lives, and our happiness depends; our passions and all our motives to
action being in such manner guided by our opinions, that where these
are just, our whole behaviour will be praise-worthy? But why do I
presume to detain you, SIR, with such reflections as these, who must
have the fullest experience within your own mind, of the effects of
right reason? For to what other source can be ascribed that amiable
frankness and unreserved condescension among your friends, or that
masculine perspicuity and strength of argument, whereby you draw the
admiration of the publick, while you are engaged in the most important
of all causes, the liberties of mankind?
* * * * *
I humbly crave leave to make the only acknowledgement within my power,
for the benefits, which I receive in common with the rest of my
countrymen from these high talents, by subscribing my self
~_SIR_~,
_Your most faithful_,
_and_
_Most humble Servant_,
~HENRY PEMBERTON~.
~PREFACE~.
I _Drew up the following papers many years ago at the desire of some
friends, who, upon my taking care of the late edition of Sir_ ~ISAAC
NEWTON’S~ _Principia, perswaded me to make them publick. I laid hold
of that opportunity, when my thoughts were afresh employed on this
subject, to revise what I had formerly written. And I now send it
abroad not without some hopes of answering these two ends. My first
intention was to convey to such, as are not used to mathematical
reasoning, some idea of the philosophy of a person, who has acquired
an universal reputation, and rendered our nation famous for these
speculations in the learned world. To which purpose I have avoided
using terms of art as much as possible, and taken care to define such
as I was obliged to use. Though this caution was the less necessary at
present, since many of them are become familiar words to our language,
from the great number of books wrote in it upon philosophical subjects,
and the courses of experiments, that have of late years been given by
several ingenious men. The other view I had, was to encourage such
young gentlemen as have a turn for the mathematical sciences, to pursue
those studies the more chearfully, in order to understand in our
author himself the demonstrations of the things I here declare. And to
facilitate their progress herein, I intend to proceed still farther in
the explanation of Sir_ ~ISAAC NEWTON’S~ _philosophy. For as I have
received very much pleasure from perusing his writings, I hope it is
no illaudable ambition to endeavour the rendering them more easily
understood, that greater numbers may enjoy the same satisfaction._
_It will perhaps be expected, that I should say something particular
of a person, to whom I must always acknowledge my self to be much
obliged. What I have to declare on this head will be but short; for
it was in the very last years of Sir_ ~ISAAC~_’s life, that I had the
honour of his acquaintance. This happened on the following occasion.
Mr._ Polenus, _a Professor in the University of_ Padua, _from a
new experiment of his, thought the common opinion about the force
of moving bodies was overturned, and the truth of Mr._ Libnitz_’s
notion in that matter fully proved. The contrary of what Polenus had
asserted I demonstrated in a paper, which Dr._ ~MEAD~, _who takes all
opportunities of obliging his friends, was pleased to shew Sir_ ~ISAAC
NEWTON~ _This was so well approved of by him, that he did me the honour
to become a fellow-writer with me, by annexing to what I had written,
a demonstration of his own drawn from another consideration. When I
printed my discourse in the philosophical transactions, I put what Sir_
~ISAAC~ _had written in a scholium by it self, that I might not seem to
usurp what did not belong to me. But I concealed his name, not being
then sufficiently acquainted with him to ask whether he was willing
I might make use of it or not. In a little time after he engaged me
to take care of the new edition he was about making if his Principia.
This obliged me to be very frequently with him, and as he lived at some
distance from me, a great number of letters passed between us on this
account. When I had the honour of his conversation, I endeavoured to
learn his thoughts upon mathematical subjects, and something historical
concerning his inventions, that I had not been before acquainted
with. I found, he had read fewer of the modern mathematicians, than
one could have expected; but his own prodigious invention readily
supplied him with what he might have an occasion for in the pursuit of
any subject he undertook. I have often heard him censure the handling
geometrical subjects by algebraic calculations; and his book of Algebra
he called by the name of Universal Arithmetic, in opposition to the
injudicious title of Geometry, which_ Des Cartes _had given to the
treatise, wherein he shews, how the geometer may assist his invention
by such kind of computations. He frequently praised_ Slusius, Barrow
_and_ Huygens _for not being influenced by the false taste, which then
began to prevail. He used to commend the laudable attempt of_ Hugo
de Omerique _to restore the ancient analysis, and very much esteemed
Apollonius’s book De sectione rationis for giving us a clearer notion
of that analysis than we had before. Dr._ Barrow _may be esteemed as
having shewn a compass of invention equal, if not superior to any of
the moderns, our author only excepted; but Sir_ ~ISAAC NEWTON~ _has
several times particularly recommended to me_ Huygens_’s stile and
manner. He thought him the most elegant of any mathematical writer of
modern times, and the most just imitator of the antients. Of their
taste, and form of demonstration Sir_ ~ISAAC~ _always professed
himself a great admirer: I have heard him even censure himself for
not following them yet more closely than he did; and speak with
regret of his mistake at the beginning of his mathematical studies,
in applying himself to the works of_ Des Cartes _and other algebraic
writers, before he had considered the elements of_ Euclide _with that
attention, which so excellent a writer deserves. As to the history
of his inventions, what relates to his discoveries of the methods of
series and fluxions, and of his theory of light and colours, the world
has been sufficiently informed of already. The first thoughts, which
gave rise to his Principia, he had, when he retired from_ Cambridge
_in 1666 on account of the plague. As he sat alone in a garden, he
fell into a speculation on the power of gravity: that as this power
is not found sensibly diminished at the remotest distance from the
center of the earth, to which we can rise, neither at the tops of the
loftiest buildings, nor even on the summits of the highest mountains;
it appeared to him reasonable to conclude, that this power must extend
much farther than was usually thought; why not as high as the moon,
said he to himself? and if so, her motion must be influenced by it;
perhaps she is retained in her orbit thereby. However, though the power
of gravity is not sensibly weakened in the little change of distance,
at which we can place our selves from the center of the earth; yet it
is very possible, that so high as the moon this power may differ much
in strength from what it is here. To make an estimate, what might be
the degree of this diminution, he considered with himself, that if the
moon be retained in her orbit by the force of gravity, no doubt the
primary planets are carried round the sun by the like power. And by
comparing the periods of the several planets with their distances from
the sun, he found, that if any power like gravity held them in their
courses, its strength must decrease in the duplicate proportion of the
increase of distance. This be concluded by supposing them to move in
perfect circles concentrical to the sun, from which the orbits of the
greatest part of them do not much differ. Supposing therefore the power
of gravity, when extended to the moon, to decrease in the same manner,
he computed whether that force would be sufficient to keep the moon
in her orbit. In this computation, being absent from books, he took
the common estimate in use among geographers and our seamen, before_
Norwood _had measured the earth, that 60 English miles were contained
in one degree of latitude on the surface of the earth. But as this is
a very faulty supposition, each degree containing about 69½ of our
miles, his computation did not answer expectation; whence he concluded,
that some other cause must at least join with the action of the power
of gravity on the moon. On this account he laid aside for that time
any farther thoughts upon this matter. But some years after, a letter
which he received from Dr._ Hook, _put him on inquiring what was the
real figure, in which a body let fall from any high place descends,
taking the motion of the earth round its axis into consideration.
Such a body, having the same motion, which by the revolution of the
earth the place has whence it falls, is to be considered as projected
forward and at the same time drawn down to the center of the earth.
This gave occasion to his resuming his former thoughts concerning the
moon; and_ Picart _in_ France _having lately measured the earth, by
using his measures the moon appeared to be kept in her orbit purely by
the power of gravity; and consequently, that this power decreases as
you recede from the center of the earth in the manner our author had
formerly conjectured. Upon this principle he found the line described
by a falling body to be an ellipsis, the center of the earth being one
focus. And the primary planets moving in such orbits round the sun, he
had the satisfaction to see, that this inquiry, which he had undertaken
merely out of curiosity, could be applied to the greatest purposes.
Hereupon he composed near a dozen propositions relating to the motion
of the primary planets about the sun. Several years after this, some
discourse he had with Dr._ Halley, _who at Cambridge made him a
visit, engaged Sir_ ~ISAAC NEWTON~ _to resume again the consideration
of this subject; and gave occasion to his writing the treatise
which he published under the title of mathematical principles of
natural philosophy. This treatise, full of such a variety of profound
inventions, was composed by him from scarce any other materials than
the few propositions before mentioned, in the space of one year and an
half._
_Though his memory was much decayed, I found he perfectly understood
his own writings, contrary to what I had frequently heard in discourse
from many persons. This opinion of theirs might arise perhaps from his
not being always ready at speaking on these subjects, when it might
be expected he should. But as to this, it may be observed, that great
genius’s are frequently liable to be absent, not only in relation to
common life, but with regard to some of the parts of science they are
the best informed of. Inventors seem to treasure up in their minds,
what they have found out, after another manner than those do the same
things, who have not this inventive faculty. The former, when they
have occasion to produce their knowledge, are in some measure obliged
immediately to investigate part of what they want. For this they are
not equally fit at all times: so it has often happened, that such as
retain things chiefly by means of a very strong memory, have appeared
off hand more expert than the discoverers themselves._
_As to the moral endowments of his mind, they were as much to be
admired as his other talents. But this is a field I leave others to
exspatiate in. I only touch upon what I experienced myself during
the few years I was happy in his friendship. But this I immediately
discovered in him, which at once both surprized and charmed me: Neither
his extreme great age, nor his universal reputation had rendred him
stiff in opinion, or in any degree elated. Of this I had occasion
to have almost daily experience. The Remarks I continually sent him
by letters on his Principia were received with the utmost goodness.
These were so far from being any ways displeasing to him, that on
the contrary it occasioned him to speak many kind things of me to my
friends, and to honour me with a publick testimony of his good opinion.
He also approved of the following treatise, a great part of which we
read together. As many alterations were made in the late edition of
his Principia, so there would have been many more if there had been
a sufficient time. But whatever of this kind may be thought wanting,
I shall endeavour to supply in my comment on that book. I had reason
to believe he expected such a thing from me, and I intended to have
published it in his life time, after I had printed the following
discourse, and a mathematical treatise Sir_ ~ISAAC NEWTON~ _had written
a long while ago, containing the first principles of fluxions, for I
had prevailed on him to let that piece go abroad. I had examined all
the calculations, and prepared part of the figures; but as the latter
part of the treatise had never been finished, he was about letting me
have other papers, in order to supply what was wanting. But his death
put a stop to that design. As to my comment on the Principia, I intend
there to demonstrate whatever Sir_ ~ISAAC NEWTON~ _has set down without
express proof, and to explain all such expressions in his book, as
I shall judge necessary. This comment I shall forthwith put to the
press, joined to an english translation of his Principia, which I have
had some time by me. A more particular account of my whole design has
already been published in the new memoirs of literature for the month
of march 1727._
_I have presented my readers with a copy of verses on Sir_ ~ISAAC
NEWTON~, _which I have just received from a young Gentleman, whom I am
proud to reckon among the number of my dearest friends. If I had any
apprehension that this piece of poetry stood in need of an apology,
I should be desirous the reader might know, that the author is but
sixteen years old, and was obliged to finish his composition in a very
short space of time. But I shall only take the liberty to observe, that
the boldness of the digressions will be best judged of by those who are
acquainted with_ ~PINDAR~.
A
~POEM~
ON
Sir ~_ISAAC NEWTON_~.
TO ~NEWTON~’s genius, and immortal fame
Th’ advent’rous muse with trembling pinion soars.
Thou, heav’nly truth, from thy seraphick throne
Look favourable down, do thou assist
My lab’ring thought, do thou inspire my song.
NEWTON, who first th’ almighty’s works display’d,
And smooth’d that mirror, in whose polish’d face
The great creator now conspicuous shines;
Who open’d nature’s adamantine gates,
And to our minds her secret powers expos’d;
NEWTON demands the muse; his sacred hand
Shall guide her infant steps; his sacred hand
Shall raise her to the Heliconian height,
Where, on its lofty top inthron’d, her head
Shall mingle with the Stars. Hail nature, hail,
O Goddess, handmaid of th’ ethereal power,
Now lift thy head, and to th’ admiring world
Shew thy long hidden beauty. Thee the wise
Of ancient fame, immortal ~PLATO~’s self,
The Stagyrite, and Syracusian sage,
From black obscurity’s abyss to raise,
(Drooping and mourning o’er thy wondrous works)
With vain inquiry sought. Like meteors these
In their dark age bright sons of wisdom shone:
But at thy ~NEWTON~ all their laurels fade,
They shrink from all the honours of their names.
So glimm’ring stars contract their feeble rays,
When the swift lustre of ~AURORA~’s face
Flows o’er the skies, and wraps the heav’ns in light.
THE Deity’s omnipotence, the cause,
Th’ original of things long lay unknown.
Alone the beauties prominent to sight
(Of the celestial power the outward form)
Drew praise and wonder from the gazing world.
As when the deluge overspread the earth,
Whilst yet the mountains only rear’d their heads
Above the surface of the wild expanse,
Whelm’d deep below the great foundations lay,
Till some kind angel at heav’n’s high command
Roul’d back the rising tides, and haughty floods,
And to the ocean thunder’d out his voice:
Quick all the swelling and imperious waves,
The foaming billows and obscuring surge,
Back to their channels and their ancient seats
Recoil affrighted: from the darksome main
Earth raises smiling, as new-born, her head,
And with fresh charms her lovely face arrays.
So his extensive thought accomplish’d first
The mighty task to drive th’ obstructing mists
Of ignorance away, beneath whose gloom
Th’ inshrouded majesty of Nature lay.
He drew the veil and swell’d the spreading scene.
How had the moon around th’ ethereal void
Rang’d, and eluded lab’ring mortals care,
Till his invention trac’d her secret steps,
While she inconstant with unsteady rein
Through endless mazes and meanders guides
In its unequal course her changing carr:
Whether behind the sun’s superior light
She hides the beauties of her radiant face,
Or, when conspicuous, smiles upon mankind,
Unveiling all her night-rejoicing charms.
When thus the silver-tressed moon dispels
The frowning horrors from the brow of night,
And with her splendors chears the sullen gloom,
While sable-mantled darkness with his veil
The visage of the fair horizon shades,
And over nature spreads his raven wings;
Let me upon some unfrequented green
While sleep sits heavy on the drowsy world,
Seek out some solitary peaceful cell,
Where darksome woods around their gloomy brows
Bow low, and ev’ry hill’s protended shade
Obscures the dusky vale, there silent dwell,
Where contemplation holds its still abode,
There trace the wide and pathless void of heav’n,
And count the stars that sparkle on its robe.
Or else in fancy’s wild’ring mazes lost
Upon the verdure see the fairy elves
Dance o’er their magick circles, or behold,
In thought enraptur’d with the ancient bards,
Medea’s baleful incantations draw
Down from her orb the paly queen of night.
But chiefly ~NEWTON~ let me soar with thee,
And while surveying all yon starry vault
With admiration I attentive gaze,
Thou shalt descend from thy celestial seat,
And waft aloft my high-aspiring mind,
Shalt shew me there how nature has ordain’d
Her fundamental laws, shalt lead my thought
Through all the wand’rings of th’ uncertain moon,
And teach me all her operating powers.
She and the sun with influence conjoint
Wield the huge axle of the whirling earth,
And from their just direction turn the poles,
Slow urging on the progress of the years.
The constellations seem to leave their seats,
And o’er the skies with solemn pace to move.
You, splendid rulers of the day and night,
The seas obey, at your resistless sway
Now they contract their waters, and expose
The dreary desart of old ocean’s reign.
The craggy rocks their horrid sides disclose;
Trembling the sailor views the dreadful scene,
And cautiously the threat’ning ruin shuns.
But where the shallow waters hide the sands,
There ravenous destruction lurks conceal’d,
There the ill-guided vessel falls a prey,
And all her numbers gorge his greedy jaws.
But quick returning see th’ impetuous tides
Back to th’ abandon’d shores impell the main.
Again the foaming seas extend their waves,
Again the rouling floods embrace the shoars,
And veil the horrours of the empty deep.
Thus the obsequious seas your power confess,
While from the surface healthful vapours rise
Plenteous throughout the atmosphere diffus’d,
Or to supply the mountain’s heads with springs,
Or fill the hanging clouds with needful rains,
That friendly streams, and kind refreshing show’rs
May gently lave the sun-burnt thirsty plains,
Or to replenish all the empty air
With wholsome moisture to increase the fruits
Of earth, and bless the labours of mankind.
O ~NEWTON~, whether flies thy mighty soul,
How shall the feeble muse pursue through all
The vast extent of thy unbounded thought,
That even seeks th’ unseen recesses dark
To penetrate of providence immense.
And thou the great dispenser of the world
Propitious, who with inspiration taught’st
Our greatest bard to send thy praises forth;
Thou, who gav’st ~NEWTON~ thought; who smil’dst serene,
When to its bounds he stretch’d his swelling soul;
Who still benignant ever blest his toil,
And deign’d to his enlight’ned mind t’ appear
Confess’d around th’ interminated world:
To me O thy divine infusion grant
(O thou in all so infinitely good)
That I may sing thy everlasting works,
Thy inexhausted store of providence,
In thought effulgent and resounding verse.
O could I spread the wond’rous theme around,
Where the wind cools the oriental world,
To the calm breezes of the Zephir’s breath,
To where the frozen hyperborean blasts.
To where the boist’rous tempest-leading south
From their deep hollow caves send forth their storms.
Thou still indulgent parent of mankind,
Left humid emanations should no more
Flow from the ocean, but dissolve away
Through the long series of revolving time;
And left the vital principle decay,
By which the air supplies the springs of life;
Thou hast the fiery visag’d comets form’d
With vivifying spirits all replete,
Which they abundant breathe about the void,
Renewing the prolifick soul of things.
No longer now on thee amaz’d we call,
No longer tremble at imagin’d ills,
When comets blaze tremendous from on high,
Or when extending wide their flaming trains
With hideous grasp the skies engirdle round,
And spread the terrors of their burning locks.
For these through orbits in the length’ning space
Of many tedious rouling years compleat
Around the sun move regularly on;
And with the planets in harmonious orbs,
And mystick periods their obeysance pay
To him majestick ruler of the skies
Upon his throne of circled glory fixt.
He or some god conspicuous to the view,
Or else the substitute of nature seems,
Guiding the courses of revolving worlds.
He taught great ~NEWTON~ the all-potent laws
Of gravitation, by whose simple power
The universe exists. Nor here the sage
Big with invention still renewing staid.
But O bright angel of the lamp of day,
How shall the muse display his greatest toil?
Let her plunge deep in Aganippe’s waves,
Or in Castalia’s ever-flowing stream,
That re-inspired she may sing to thee,
How ~NEWTON~ dar’d advent’rous to unbraid
The yellow tresses of thy shining hair.
Or didst thou gracious leave thy radiant sphere,
And to his hand thy lucid splendours give,
T’ unweave the light-diffusing wreath, and part
The blended glories of thy golden plumes?
He with laborious, and unerring care,
How different and imbodied colours form
Thy piercing light, with just distinction found.
He with quick sight pursu’d thy darting rays,
When penetrating to th’ obscure recess
Of solid matter, there perspicuous saw,
How in the texture of each body lay
The power that separates the different beams.
Hence over nature’s unadorned face
Thy bright diversifying rays dilate
Their various hues: and hence when vernal rains
Descending swift have burst the low’ring clouds,
Thy splendors through the dissipating mists
In its fair vesture of unnumber’d hues
Array the show’ry bow. At thy approach
The morning risen from her pearly couch
With rosy blushes decks her virgin cheek;
The ev’ning on the frontispiece of heav’n
His mantle spreads with many colours gay;
The mid-day skies in radiant azure clad,
The shining clouds, and silver vapours rob’d
In white transparent intermixt with gold,
With bright variety of splendor cloath
All the illuminated face above.
When hoary-headed winter back retires
To the chill’d pole, there solitary sits
Encompass’d round with winds and tempests bleak
In caverns of impenetrable ice,
And from behind the dissipated gloom
Like a new Venus from the parting surge
The gay-apparell’d spring advances on;
When thou in thy meridian brightness sitt’st,
And from thy throne pure emanations flow
Of glory bursting o’er the radiant skies:
Then let the muse Olympus’ top ascend,
And o’er Thessalia’s plain extend her view,
And count, O Tempe, all thy beauties o’er.
Mountains, whose summits grasp the pendant clouds,
Between their wood-invelop’d slopes embrace
The green-attired vallies. Every flow’r
Here in the pride of bounteous nature clad
Smiles on the bosom of th’ enamell’d meads.
Over the smiling lawn the silver floods
Of fair Peneus gently roul along,
While the reflected colours from the flow’rs,
And verdant borders pierce the lympid waves,
And paint with all their variegated hue
The yellow sands beneath. Smooth gliding on
The waters hasten to the neighbouring sea.
Still the pleas’d eye the floating plain pursues;
At length, in Neptune’s wide dominion lost,
Surveys the shining billows, that arise
Apparell’d each in Phœbus’ bright attire:
Or from a far some tall majestick ship,
Or the long hostile lines of threat’ning fleets,
Which o’er the bright uneven mirror sweep,
In dazling gold and waving purple deckt;
Such as of old, when haughty Athens power
Their hideous front, and terrible array
Against Pallene’s coast extended wide,
And with tremendous war and battel stern
The trembling walls of Potidæa shook.
Crested with pendants curling with the breeze
The upright masts high bristle in the air,
Aloft exalting proud their gilded heads.
The silver waves against the painted prows
Raise their resplendent bosoms, and impearl
The fair vermillion with their glist’ring drops:
And from on board the iron-cloathed host
Around the main a gleaming horrour casts;
Each flaming buckler like the mid-day sun,
Each plumed helmet like the silver moon,
Each moving gauntlet like the light’ning’s blaze,
And like a star each brazen pointed spear.
But lo the sacred high-erected fanes,
Fair citadels, and marble-crowned towers,
And sumptuous palaces of stately towns
Magnificent arise, upon their heads
Bearing on high a wreath of silver light.
But see my muse the high Pierian hill,
Behold its shaggy locks and airy top,
Up to the skies th’ imperious mountain heaves
The shining verdure of the nodding woods.
See where the silver Hippocrene flows,
Behold each glitt’ring rivulet, and rill
Through mazes wander down the green descent,
And sparkle through the interwoven trees.
Here rest a while and humble homage pay,
Here, where the sacred genius, that inspir’d
Sublime ~MÆONIDES~ and ~PINDAR’S~ breast,
His habitation once was fam’d to hold.
Here thou, O ~HOMER~, offer’dst up thy vows,
Thee, the kind muse ~CALLIOPÆA~ heard,
And led thee to the empyrean feats,
There manifested to thy hallow’d eyes
The deeds of gods; thee wise ~MINERVA~ taught
The wondrous art of knowing human kind;
Harmonious ~PHŒBUS~ tun’d thy heav’nly mind,
And swell’d to rapture each exalted sense;
Even ~MARS~ the dreadful battle-ruling god,
~MARS~ taught thee war, and with his bloody hand
Instructed thine, when in thy sounding lines
We hear the rattling of Bellona’s carr,
The yell of discord, and the din of arms.
~PINDAR~, when mounted on his fiery steed,
Soars to the sun, opposing eagle like
His eyes undazled to the fiercest rays.
He firmly seated, not like ~GLAUCUS’~ son,
Strides his swift-winged and fire-breathing horse,
And born aloft strikes with his ringing hoofs
The brazen vault of heav’n, superior there
Looks down upon the stars, whose radiant light
Illuminates innumerable worlds,
That through eternal orbits roul beneath.
But thou all hail immortalized son
Of harmony, all hail thou Thracian bard,
To whom ~APOLLO~ gave his tuneful lyre.
O might’st thou, ~ORPHEUS~, now again revive,
And ~NEWTON~ should inform thy list’ning ear
How the soft notes, and soul-inchanting strains
Of thy own lyre were on the wind convey’d.
He taught the muse, how sound progressive floats
Upon the waving particles of air,
When harmony in ever-pleasing strains,
Melodious melting at each lulling fall,
With soft alluring penetration steals
Through the enraptur’d ear to inmost thought,
And folds the senses in its silken bands.
So the sweet musick, which from ~ORPHEUS~’ touch
And fam’d ~AMPHION’S~, on the sounding string
Arose harmonious, gliding on the air,
Pierc’d the tough-bark’d and knotty-ribbed woods,
Into their saps soft inspiration breath’d
And taught attention to the stubborn oak.
Thus when great ~HENRY~, and brave ~MARLB’ROUGH~ led
Th’ imbattled numbers of ~BRITANNIA’S~ sons,
The trump, that swells th’ expanded cheek of fame,
That adds new vigour to the gen’rous youth,
And rouzes sluggish cowardize it self,
The trumpet with its Mars-inciting voice,
The winds broad breast impetuous sweeping o’er
Fill’d the big note of war. Th’ inspired host
With new-born ardor press the trembling ~GAUL~;
Nor greater throngs had reach’d eternal night,
Not if the fields of Agencourt had yawn’d
Exposing horrible the gulf of fate;
Or roaring Danube spread his arms abroad,
And overwhelm’d their legions with his floods.
But let the wand’ring muse at length return;
Nor yet, angelick genius of the sun,
In worthy lays her high-attempting song
Has blazon’d forth thy venerated name.
Then let her sweep the loud-resounding lyre
Again, again o’er each melodious string
Teach harmony to tremble with thy praise.
And still thine ear O favourable grant,
And she shall tell thee, that whatever charms,
Whatever beauties bloom on nature’s face,
Proceed from thy all-influencing light.
That when arising with tempestuous rage,
The North impetuous rides upon the clouds
Dispersing round the heav’ns obstructive gloom,
And with his dreaded prohibition stays
The kind effusion of thy genial beams;
Pale are the rubies on ~AURORA’S~ lips,
No more the roses blush upon her cheeks,
Black are Peneus’ streams and golden sands
In Tempe’s vale dull melancholy sits,
And every flower reclines its languid head.
By what high name shall I invoke thee, say,
Thou life-infusing deity, on thee
I call, and look propitious from on high,
While now to thee I offer up my prayer.
O had great ~NEWTON~, as he found the cause,
By which sound rouls thro’ th’ undulating air,
O had he, baffling times resistless power,
Discover’d what that subtle spirit is,
Or whatsoe’er diffusive else is spread
Over the wide-extended universe,
Which causes bodies to reflect the light,
And from their straight direction to divert
The rapid beams, that through their surface pierce.
But since embrac’d by th’ icy arms of age,
And his quick thought by times cold hand congeal’d,
Ev’n ~NEWTON~ left unknown this hidden power;
Thou from the race of human kind select
Some other worthy of an angel’s care,
With inspiration animate his breast,
And him instruct in these thy secret laws.
O let not ~NEWTON~, to whose spacious view,
Now unobstructed, all th’ extensive scenes
Of the ethereal ruler’s works arise;
When he beholds this earth he late adorn’d,
Let him not see philosophy in tears,
Like a fond mother solitary sit,
Lamenting him her dear, and only child.
But as the wise ~PYTHAGORAS~, and he,
Whose birth with pride the fam’d Abdera boasts,
With expectation having long survey’d
This spot their ancient seat, with joy beheld
Divine philosophy at length appear
In all her charms majestically fair,
Conducted by immortal ~NEWTON’S~ hand.
So may he see another sage arise,
That shall maintain her empire: then no more
Imperious ignorance with haughty sway
Shall stalk rapacious o’er the ravag’d globe:
Then thou, O ~NEWTON~, shalt protect these lines.
The humble tribute of the grateful muse;
Ne’er shall the sacrilegious hand despoil
Her laurel’d temples, whom his name preserves:
And were she equal to the mighty theme,
Futurity should wonder at her song;
Time should receive her with extended arms,
Seat her conspicuous in his rouling carr,
And bear her down to his extreamest bound.
~FABLES~ with wonder tell how Terra’s sons
With iron force unloos’d the stubborn nerves
Of hills, and on the cloud-inshrouded top
Of Pelion Ossa pil’d. But if the vast
Gigantick deeds of savage strength demand
Astonishment from men, what then shalt thou,
O what expressive rapture of the soul,
When thou before us, ~NEWTON~, dost display
The labours of thy great excelling mind;
When thou unveilest all the wondrous scene,
The vast idea of th’ eternal king,
Not dreadful bearing in his angry arm
The thunder hanging o’er our trembling heads;
But with th’ effulgency of love replete,
And clad with power, which form’d th’ extensive heavens.
O happy he, whose enterprizing hand
Unbars the golden and relucid gates
Of th’ empyrean dome, where thou enthron’d
Philosophy art seated. Thou sustain’d
By the firm hand of everlasting truth
Despisest all the injuries of time;
Thou never know’st decay when all around,
Antiquity obscures her head. Behold
Th’ Egyptian towers, the Babylonian walls,
And Thebes with all her hundred gates of brass,
Behold them scatter’d like the dust abroad.
Whatever now is flourishing and proud,
Whatever shall, must know devouring age.
Euphrates’ stream, and seven-mouthed Nile,
And Danube, thou that from Germania’s soil
To the black Euxine’s far remoted shore,
O’er the wide bounds of mighty nations sweep’st
In thunder loud thy rapid floods along.
Ev’n you shall feel inexorable time;
To you the fatal day shall come; no more
Your torrents then shall shake the trembling ground,
No longer then to inundations swol’n
Th’ imperious waves the fertile pastures drench,
But shrunk within a narrow channel glide;
Or through the year’s reiterated course
When time himself grows old, your wond’rous streams
Lost ev’n to memory shall lie unknown
Beneath obscurity, and Chaos whelm’d,
But still thou sun illuminatest all
The azure regions round, thou guidest still
The orbits of the planetary spheres;
The moon still wanders o’er her changing course,
And still, O ~NEWTON~, shall thy name survive:
As long as nature’s hand directs the world,
When ev’ry dark obstruction shall retire,
And ev’ry secret yield its hidden store,
Which thee dim-sighted age forbad to see
Age that alone could stay thy rising soul.
And could mankind among the fixed stars,
E’en to th’ extremest bounds of knowledge reach,
To those unknown innumerable suns,
Whose light but glimmers from those distant worlds,
Ev’n to those utmost boundaries, those bars
That shut the entrance of th’ illumin’d space
Where angels only tread the vast unknown,
Thou ever should’st be seen immortal there:
In each new sphere, each new-appearing sun,
In farthest regions at the very verge
Of the wide universe should’st thou be seen.
And lo, th’ all-potent goddess ~NATURE~ takes
With her own hand thy great, thy just reward
Of immortality; aloft in air
See she displays, and with eternal grasp
Uprears the trophies of great ~NEWTON~’s fame.
R. GLOVER.
THE
~CONTENTS.~
_INTRODUCTION concerning Sir_ ~ISAAC NEWTON~’_s
method of reasoning in philosophy_ pag. 1
BOOK I.
~CHAP. 1.~ _Of the laws of motion_
_The first law of motion proved_ p. 29
_The second law of motion proved_ p. 29
_The third law of motion proved_ p. 31
~CHAP. 2.~ _Further proofs of the laws of motion_
_The effects of percussion_ p. 49
_The perpendicular descent of bodies_ p. 55
_The oblique descent of bodies in a straight line_ p. 57
_The curvilinear descent of bodies_ p. 58
_The perpendicular ascent of bodies_ ibid.
_The oblique ascent of bodies_ p. 59
_The power of gravity proportional to the quantity of
matter in each body_ p. 60
_The centre of gravity of bodies_ p. 62
_The mechanical powers_ p. 69
_The lever_ p. 71
_The wheel and axis_ p. 77
_The pulley_ p. 80
_The wedge_ p. 83
_The screw_ ibid.
_The inclined plain_ p. 84
_The pendulum_ p. 86
_Vibrating in a circle_ ibid.
_Vibrating in a cycloid_ p. 91
_The line of swiftest descent_ p. 93
_The centre of oscillation_ p. 94
_Experiments upon the percussion of bodies made
by pendulums_ p. 98
_The centre of percussion_ p. 100
_The motion of projectiles_ p. 102
_The description of the conic sections_ p. 106
_The difference between absolute and relative motion,
as also between absolute and relative time_ p. 112
~CHAP. 3.~ _Of centripetal forces_ p. 117
~CHAP. 4.~ _Of the resistance of fluids_ p. 143
_Bodies are resisted in the duplicate proportion of
their velocities_ p. 147
_Of elastic fluids and their resistance_ p. 149
_How fluids may be rendered elastic_ p. 150
_The degree of resistance in regard to the proportion
between the density of the body and of the fluid_
_In rare and uncompressed fluids_ p. 153
_In compressed fluids_ p. 155
_The degree of resistance as it depends upon the figure
of bodies_
_In rare and uncompressed fluids_ p. 155
_In compressed fluids_ p. 158