_Mabuia_, _562_;

distribution, 501;

eyelids, 494;

_M. vittata_, _562_

_Macroclemmys_, 326;

_M. temmincki_, _340_ f., 340

_Macroprotodon cucullatus_, _624_

Macrorhynchidae, _451_

Madagascar, Lacertilia of, 502

_Malacoclemmys terrapin_, _359_ f.;

commercial breeding-farms, 360

Malpighian, body, 49;

stratum, 32

Mammalian affinities of Theromorpha, 303, 309

_Manculus_, 96, _103_, _106_;

_M. quadridigitatus_, _106_

Mandible, composition of, in Crocodiles, 437;

very Mammalian in _Gomphognathus_, 309

_Mantella_, 274

_Mantophryne_, 225, _227_

Maps showing geographical distribution, of Coeciliidae, 89;

Urodela, 95;

Aglossa, 143;

Cystignathidae, Discoglossidae, Pelobatidae, 161;

Bufonidae, 167;

Hylidae, 185;

Ranidae, 239;

Chelydidae, 332, 333;

Chelydridae, 332;

Cinosternidae, 332;

Dermatemydidae, 332;

Pelomedusidae, 332;

Platysternidae, 332;

Trionychidae, 333;

Crocodilia, 446;

Geckonidae, 503;

Agamidae, 515;

Anguidae, 529;

Iguanidae, 529;

Zonuridae, 529;

Varanidae, 543;

Lacertidae, 552;

Amphisbaenidae, 565;

Chamaeleontes, 568;

Snakes, dangerously poisonous, 585;

Elapinae, 626;

Crotalinae, 644;

Viperinae, 638

Marbled Newt, _126_

Marginal plates of Chelonia, 325, 322, 323

Marginal shields, 326

Marsh, on Axolotl, 115

Marsh Crocodile, _455_

Marshall, on distribution of Uropeltidae, 595

Mascarene Islands, tortoises of, 373 f.

Mason, on habits of _Calotes_, 519;

on Python legends, 599;

on _Varanus_, 544

_Mastodonsaurus_, _83_

Matamata = _Chelys fimbriata_, _400_, 401

Mauritius, gigantic tortoises, 373 f., 376

Mecodonta, distribution of, 95; {661}

defined, 102

_Megalixalus_, 238, _240_

_Megalophrys_, _161_;

tadpole, 60

_Megalosaurus_, 416;

_M. bucklandi_, _421_

_Megalotriton_, _83_

_Melanerpeton_, _81_, _289_

_Melanobatrachus_, 226, _228_

_Melosaurus_, 287

_Menobranchus lateralis_, _132_

_Menopoma_, _97_

Mento-Meckelian cartilages, 30

Meroblastic eggs; part of the egg only undergoes the process of cleavage,

53

Merrem, on classification, 8

Mesosauridae, _476_

_Mesosaurus_, _476_;

_M. tenuidens_, _476_

Metamorphosis of Tadpoles, 56 f.

Metasternum of Anura, 26, 25;

taxonomic value, 141;

definition, 26

Metatarsalia of Theropoda, 420

_Metopias_, _83_

_Metopoceros cornutus_, _532_

_Metriorhynchidae_, _451_

_Metriorhynchus_, atlas and axis, 283, 431, _451_

Metzdorff, on Axolotl, 113

_Micrixalus_, _241_

_Microgomphodon_, _308_, 309

_Microhyla_, _228_

Microsauri, _288_

Midwife-toad, 158

_Mimosa_ (plant), 629

_Miolania_, 390

_Mixophyes_, _213_;

spawning, 213

_Mixosaurus_, limbs, 480, 481, _483_

_Molge_–see _Triton_, _122_

_Moloch horridus_, _527_, 527

Mongoos and Cobra, 629

Monitor, _543_

_Morosaurus grandis_, _419_;

pelvis, 419

Mosasauri, _489_ f.

_Mosasaurus_, _489_;

_M. camperi_, _490_

Moult of Geckos, 510;

of Chameleons, 571;

of Snakes, 583

Mud-diver, _165_

Mud-turtle, 342

Mugger, _454_

Müller, J., on classification, 8

Müllerian duct, 49, 51

Musical appreciation of Tortoises, 368

_Myobatrachus_, 166, 167, _168_;

_M. gouldi_, _184_, 227, _236_

_Mystriosaurus_, 432, _451_

Nails or claws of Amphibia, 32

_Naja_, _626_;

_N. bungarus_ s. _elaps_, _632_;

_N. haje_, 628, _632_;

_N. tripudians_, _627_, 627

_Nannobatrachus_, 238, _240_

_Naosaurus claviger_, _308_

Natterjack, _181_

_Naultinus elegans_, 506

Neck, mode of withdrawing in Chelonia, 328 f.

_Nectes_, 166, _168_;

_N. subasper_, _169_

_Nectophryne_, 166, _168_;

_N. afra_, _169_;

_N. tuberculosa_, _169_;

_N. guentheri_, _169_;

_N. hosei_, _169_;

_N. misera_, _169_

_Necturus_, pelvis, 15, 96, _132_;

_N. maculatus_, _132_

Neoteny, 63 f.;

defined, 64

Nephrostomes, 48, 49

_Nephrurus asper_, tail, 506

Nerves, spinal, of Amphibia, 38;

cranial, 39

Nest, of _Crocodilus_, 463;

of _Gavialis_, 452

Neural plates, of Chelonia, 323 f., 322, 323;

suppression of plates, 324;

in Pleurodira, 389;

of _Dermatemys_, 342

_Neusticosaurus_, _477_

Newt, Common, _127_;

Crested, 125, 125;

Marbled, _126_;

Spotted, _127_

Newton, E. T., on fossil Reptiles, 303 n.

Nile Crocodile, 461

_Nodosaurus_, _430_

Nose-horned Viper, _640_

_Notaden_, 166, 169;

_N. bennetti_, _167_

_Notechis scutatus_, _634_

Nothosauri, _476_ f.

Nothosauridae, _477_

_Nothosaurus_, 474;

_N. mirabilis_, _477_

Notocentrous vertebrae, defined, 19

Notochord = Chorda dorsalis, _q.v._

_Nototrema_, _189_;

_N. cornutum_, _203_;

_N. marsupiatum_, _202_;

_N. oviferum_, _202_;

peculiar gills of embryos, 203;

_N. pygmaeum_, _202_;

_N. testudineum_, _202_

Nuchal plate of Chelonia, 323 f.;

of Pleurodira, 389

Nuchal shield of Chelonia, 326, 327;

of Pleurodira, 389, 399

Nuptial excrescences of Anura, 33

Nursing, habits, of _Arthroleptis seychellensis_, 243;

of _Chiromantis rufescens_, 244;

of _Rhacophorus_, 248;

of _Rhinoderma_, 228 f.;

of _Pipa_, 151;

of _Hyla faber_, 196 f.;

of _H. nebulosa_, 198;

of _H. goeldii_, 198;

of _Nototrema_, 203;

of _Phyllomedusa_, 204 f.;

of _Leptodactylus_, 219 f.;

of eggs by _Desmognathus_, 103, 103;

by _Autodax_, 108

_Nyctibatrachus_, _240_

_Nyctimantis rugiceps_, _189_, _206_

_Nyctixalus_, 238

Occipital condyle, of Reptilia, 278;

exaggerated importance of, 285;

of Theromorpha, 302;

of Pareiasauri, 305;

of _Cynognathus_, 307;

of _Crateronotus_, 307;

of _Dicynodon_, 310;

of Eusuchia, 437;

of Amphisbaenidae, 496

Odontaglossa, 140

_Oligodon_, dentition, 593 n.

_Omosaurus_ = _Stegosaurus_, _425_ {662}

Omosternum of Anura, 25;

taxonomic value, 141

_Onychodactylus_, 96;

_O. japonicus_, _109_

Operculum of gills, 44

_Ophiderpeton_, _81_

Ophidia, 491, _581_ f.

_Ophiophagus_, _632_

_Ophiops_, 551

_Ophioxylon_ (plant), 629

_Ophisaurus_, _538_;

_O. apus_, _538_;

_O. gracilis_, _538_

_Ophthalmosaurus_, limbs, 481, 481, 484

Opisthocoelous, definition, 12

Opisthoglossa, 140

Opisthoglypha, _592_, _606_ f., _623_ f.

Oppel, on classification, 7

_Oreobatrachus_, _241_

_Oreophrynella_, _227_

_Ornithocheirus_, _486_

_Ornithomimus_, 417;

_O. grandis_, _429_

Ornithopoda, 425, _426_

_Ornithopsis_, _419_

Ornithoscelida, 416

_Ornithosuchus_, _433_

_Orthocosta_, 288, _289_

Orthopoda, _424_

Ossifications, dermal, in Anura, 31, 34, 179, 190, 210, 211

Osteoderms = ossifications in the skin, of _Sphargis_, 337;

of _Caiman_, 337;

of Lizards, 504, 513, 514

_Osteolaemus_, _450_;

_O. tetraspis_, _466_

Ouaran, _543_

_Oudenodon_, 301;

_O. rugosus_, _310_

Ovary, 49

Oviduct, 49, 51

Owen, on fossil Reptiles, 303 n.

Oxydactyla, 140

_Oxyglossus_, 239, _241_

_Pachytriton_, 96, _115_;

_P. brevipes_, _132_

Painted Terrapin, _347_, 348;

rate of growth, 349

_Palaeobatrachus_, vertebral column, 22, 145

_Palaeohatteria longicaudata_, _291_;

skull, 280, 304

_Paludicola_, resembles _Engystomops_, 166, _212_, _220_;

_P. fuscomaculata_, 220;

_P. biligonigera_, 221

_Paludina_, as food of _Trionyx_, 407

Parasternum = the sum total of the Abdominal ribs, _q.v._;

of _Sphenodon_, 298;

of Crocodilia, 440;

of Ichthyosauria, 480

Parasuchia, _433_

Pareiasauri, 301, 302, _304_

_Pareiasaurus baini_, _304_

Parrots, feathers dyed with poison of _Dendrobates_, 272

_Pelobates_, variation of vertebrae, 19;

sacral vertebra, 22, _161_ f.;

_P. fuscus_, _162_;

_P. cultripes_, _163_, 164;

_P. syriacus_, _164_

Pelobatidae, _139_, _160_ f.;

distribution, 161

_Pelodytes_, _161_, _165_;

_P. punctatus_, _165_;

_P. caucasicus_, _166_

_Pelomedusa galeata_, _391_

Pelomedusidae, _313_, _314_;

distribution, 332, _390_ f.

_Pelosaurus_, _81_

Pelvic, plexus of Anura, 39

Pelvis, of Urodela, 15;

of Anura, 22, 27;

of _Eryops_, 286;

of Microsauri, 289;

of _Sphenodon_, 298;

of Theromorpha, 302;

of Pareiasauri, 305;

of _Cynognathus_, 307;

of _Dicynodon_, 310;

of Chelonia, 319, 319, 320;

of Pleurodira, 388, 389;

of Dinosauria, 414;

of Eusuchia, 441;

of Plesiosauria, 476;

of Ichthyosauria, 480;

of Pterosauria, 485;

of Pythonomorpha, 489;

of Lacertilia, 496

Perennibranchiata, 8, 9;

not a natural group, 65

Petrels living with _Sphenodon_, 299

_Petrobates_, 288, _289_

Phalanges, number of, in Urodela, 15;

in Anura, 26, 27, 238;

in Stegocephali, 79;

in _Palaeohatteria_, 291;

in Chelonia, 320, 321;

in _Chelone_, 379;

in _Scelidosaurus_, 425;

in _Camptosaurus_, 427;

in _Laosaurus_, 427;

in _Iguanodon_, 428;

in Eusuchia, 441;

in Plesiosauria, 475;

in _Lariosaurus_, 477;

in Ichthyosauria, 481, 481;

in Pterosauria, 485, 485;

shape in Anura, 138;

peculiar in _Pipa_, 151

Phaneroglossa, _152_

Phanéroglosses, 139

_Phanerotis_, _213_

Phisalix, on poison of Amphibia, 37

_Pholidosaurus_, _451_

Phractamphibia, _78_ f.

Phrynaglosses, 139

_Phrynella_, _227_;

_Ph. pollicaris_, 233

_Phryniscus_, 226, _227_, _230_;

_Ph. nigricans_, _230_

_Phrynobatrachus_, _241_

_Phrynocara_, 235, _236_

_Phrynocephalus_, _521_;

deserticolous, 493;

coloration, 494;

_Ph. helioscopus_, _522_;

_Ph. interscapularis_, _522_;

_Ph. mystaceus_, _522_

_Phrynoderma_, _241_

_Phrynomantis_, 226, _228_

_Phrynopsis_, _241_

_Phrynosoma_, 305, _533_;

_Ph. coronatum_, _534_, 535;

_Ph. cornutum_, _533_, 534

_Phyllobates_, _242_;

_Ph. bicolor_, _242_;

_Ph. trinitatis_, _242_

_Phyllodactylus_, _507_;

_Ph. europaeus_, _507_

_Phyllodramus_, 238, _242_

_Phyllomedusa_, _189_, _203_ f.;

_Ph. bicolor_, _203_;

_Ph. dacnicolor_, _203_;

_Ph. hypochondrialis_, breeding habits and development, _204_; {663}

_Ph. iheringi_, _205_;

breeding habits, 206

Phylogeny, of Amphibia, 66;

of Anura, 142 f.;

of Reptilia, 282;

of Lacertilia, 515;

of Ophidia, 592

_Physignathus lesueuri_, _523_, 524

Pigment in the skin, 34

_Pipa_, 143, 144, _149_ f., 150

Pit-Vipers, _644_

Placodontia, _311_

_Placodus_, 301;

_P. gigas_, _311_

Plastron, of Chelonia, 315, 321, 321;

provided with hinges, 323;

sexual characters of, 331;

movable in _Emys_, 350;

of Chelonidae, 321, 321, 322, 380;

of Pelomedusidae, 390;

of Chelydidae, 399;

of Trionychoidea, 406

_Platecarpus_, _490_

_Platemys_, suppression of neural plates, 324;

skull, 399

Plathander = _Xenopus_, _146_ f.

_Platurus fasciatus_ s. _colubrinus_, _637_

Platydactyla, 140

_Platydactylus facetanus_, _509_, 508

_Platyhyla_, _236_

_Platypelis_, 235, _236_

Platysternidae, _314_, 326, _345_

_Platysternum megacephalum_, _345_

_Plectromantis_, _212_

_Plesiochelys_, 380, 389

Plesiosauri, _477_ f.

Plesiosauria, _473_ f.;

vertebrae, 474

Plesiosauridae, _478_

_Plesiosaurus_, 475, _478_;

_P. conybeari_, _478_;

_P. dolichodirus_, _478_

_Plethodon_, 94, 96, _104_, _106_;

_P. erythronotus_, _107_;

_P. glutinosus_, _106_

Plethodontinae, 102, _103_

_Plethodontohyla_, 235, _236_

Pleurodira, _313_, _388_ f.

_Pleurosaurus_, _294_

_Pleurosternum_, 390

_Plioplatecarpus_, _489_

Pliosauridae, _477_

_Pliosaurus grandis_, _477_

Plover, Egyptian, and Crocodile, 462

_Podocnemis_, 390, _391_;

_P. expansa_, _391_ f.;

Bates, on habits of, 392 f.

Poikilothermous, defined, 67

Poison, of Amphibia, 37, 38;

peculiar use of, 272

Poison-apparatus, of _Heloderma_, 540;

of Snakes, 586 f.

_Polacanthus_, _425_

_Polychrus marmoratus_, _529_

_Polyodontophis_, _605_ n.

Portschinsky, on parasitic flies, 177 n.

Postpubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426

Pouchet, quoted, 571

Predentary bone, of Dinosaur, 424

Prehallux, of Anura, 28

Prepubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426

_Proganochelys_, 389

Proganosauria, 476

Proreptilia, _285_

Prosauri, _290_

Prosauria, _288_

_Prostherapis_, _242_

Protection of Amphibia by poison, 38

Proteidae, 94, 96, _132_ f.

Proteroglossa, 140

Proteroglypha, _625_

_Proteus_, 96;

_P. anguinus_, _133_, 134

Protorosauri, _290_, 304

_Protorosaurus lincki_, _291_

_Protosphargis_, 336

_Protostega_, 336

_Protriton_, _80_, 81

_Psammodromus hispanicus_, _558_;

_P. algirus_, _558_

_Psammosaurus_, _543_

_Psephoderma_, 337

_Psephophorus_, 336, 337

_Pseudechis porphyriaceus_, _634_

_Pseudis_, _212_, _213_;

_P. paradoxa_, _213_ f.

_Pseudobranchus_, 96;

_P. striatus_, 137

Pseudocentrous, defined, 79

_Pseudophryne_, 166, _167_, _168_;

spawning, 223;

_P. australis_, _168_;

_P. bibroni_, _168_

_Pseudopus_, aberrant scaling, 495;

_P. pallasi_, _538_

_Pseudosphargis_, 336

_Pseudosuchia_, _432_

_Ptenopus_, _507_;

deserticolous, 494

_Pteranodon longiceps_, _487_

Pteranodontes, _487_

_Pternohyla_, 179, _189_;

_P. fodiens_, _207_

Pterodactyli, _486_

_Pterodactylus longirostris_, _487_;

_P. spectabilis_, _487_

Pterosauri, _486_

Pterosauria, _484_ f.

_Ptyas_ = _Zamenis_, _611_

_Ptychozoon_, tail, 506;

_P. homalocephalum_, _512_, 512;

adhesive apparatus, 505

Pubis, of Dinosaurs, 414, 424, 426

Puff Adder, _639_, 639

Pygopodidae, _514_, _567_

_Pygopus lepidopus_, _567_

_Python_, _598_;

_P. molurus_, _600_, 600;

_P. regius_ = _P. sebae_, _601_;

_P. reticulatus_, _598_;

_P. spilotes_, _598_, 599

Pythoninae, _598_ f.

Pythonomorpha, _487_ f.

_Pyxis arachnoides_, _365_

Radde's "law of the steppe," 493

_Rana_, _241_, _249_ f.;

sacral vertebrae, 22;

shoulder-girdle, 25;

urino-genital organs, 49;

Tadpoles' horny teeth, 58;

vocal sacs, 250;

nuptial excrescences, 250;

large glandular complexes, 250;

distribution, 251;

species with finger-discs, 250;

_R. afghana_, 250; {664}

_R. agilis_, _257_;

_R. albolabris_, 250;

_R. alticola_, 250;

_R. arvalis_, _257_;

_R. catesbiana_, _261_;

_R. chalconota_, 250;

_R. chloronota_, 250;

_R. clamata_, _262_, 263;

_R. corrugata_, 250;

_R. curtipes_, 250;

_R. cyanophlyctis_, 250;

_R. elegans_, 250;

_R. erythraea_, _250_;

_R. esculenta_, _263_;

mechanism of tongue, 268;

vocal sacs, 269;

var. _chinensis_, _267_;

var. _lessonae_, _265_;

var. _ridibunda_, _264_;

var. _typica_, _265_;

_R. fontinalis_, _262_;

_R. glandulosa_, 250;

_R. gracilis_, _261_;

_R. graeca_, _259_;

_R. guppyi_, _261_;

_R. halecina_, _263_;

_R. hexadactyla_, 250;

_R. iberica_, _258_;

_R. latastei_, _259_;

_R. liebigi_, 250;

_R. mascareniensis_, 250;

_R. montezumae_, 250;

_R. mugiens_, _261_;

_R. opisthodon_, _260_;

_R. oxyrhynchus_, 250;

_R. rugosa_, 250;

_R. silvatica_, _259_;

_R. temporalis_, 250;

_R. temporaria_, _251_ f., 255;

_R. tigrina_, _261_

Ranidae, _139_, _237_ f.

_Ranidens_, 96;

_R. sibiricus_, _109_

Raniformes, 139, 140

Raninae, _139_, _237_, _238_ f.;

distribution, 239

_Rappia_, _241_

Rat Snake, _611_, 612

Rattle of Rattle-Snake, 644

Rattle-Snake, _648_ f., 648, 650

Reduction of limbs, in Urodela, 16;

in Lacertilia, 497

Regeneration, in Amphibia, 66 f.;

of tail in _Sphenodon_, 298;

of shell in Chelonia, 329;

of horny shields in Chelonia, 329, 386;

of tail in Lacertilia, 495;

of tail in Geckos, 506

Regions, geographical, 74 f.

Reproduction of Tortoise-shell, 386

Reptilia, defined, 277;

principal characters of, 278;

classification of, 279;

diagram of affinities of principal groups, 282;

affinities to Mammalia, 303, 309

Respiration, mode of, in Chelonia, 331;

assisted by anal sacs, 330

Respiratory organs, of Amphibia, 40

Rhachiodontinae, _622_

_Rhacophorus_, 151, 186, 238, _241_, 244, 246;

_Rh. leucomystax_, _247_;

tadpoles, 249;

_Rh. maculatus_, nesting, 248;

_Rh. madagascariensis_, _245_;

_Rh. maximus_, _245_;

_Rh. pardalis_, _246_, 246;

_Rh. reinwardti_, _247_;

_Rh. reticulatus_, _248_;

_Rh. schlegeli_, nesting, 248

_Rhampholeon spectrum_, _580_

_Rhamphorhynchus longicaudatus_, 486;

_Rh. phyllurus_, _486_;

_Rh. muensteri_, 487

_Rhamphosuchus crassidens_, _453_

_Rhinatrema_, _89_

_Rhinemys_, 389, 399

_Rhinochelys_, 390

_Rhinoderma_, 226, _227_, _228_;

_Rh. darwini_, _228_ f.

_Rhinophis_, 91;

_Rh. sanguineus_, _596_

_Rhinophrynus_, 166, _168_;

_Rh. dorsalis_, _185_, 227

_Rhinophrys_, 167

_Rhombophryne_, 225, _227_

Rhynchocephali, _292_

_Rhynchosaurus_, _292_

_Rhytidosteus_, _83_

Ribs, of Urodela, 14;

of Anura, 21;

of Microsauri, 288;

of _Sphenodon_, 297;

of Theromorpha, 302;

of _Cynognathus_, 307;

of _Microgomphodon_, 309;

of Chelonia, 315, 320, 324;

of Dinosauria, 413;

of Crocodilia, 438;

of Parasuchia, 434;

of Eusuchia, 439;

of Lacertilia, 495;

of Geckones, 504;

much elongated in certain Iguanidae, 529;

meeting ventrally in Chameleons, 568

Ridewood, on hyoid apparatus of Anura, 31

Ringhals, _632_, 633

Ritter and Miller, on _Autodax_, 107

Robinson, on peculiar use of _Varanus_, 546

Rodriguez, gigantic tortoises, 374

Rostral bone of Ceratopsia, 430

Round Island snake, 603

Sacral vertebrae of Anura, 21, 22

_Salamandra_, _115_ f.;

trunk-vertebra, 14;

skull, 17;

lower jaw, 17;

distribution, 96, _115_ f.;

_S. atra_, _119_ f.;

_S. caucasica_, _121_;

_S. maculosa_, _115_ f.

_Salamandrella_, 96, _109_;

_S. keyserlingi_, _109_;

_S. schrenki_, egg-sac, 110

Salamandridae, _94_, _102_

_Salamandrina_, 96, _115_;

_S. perspicillata_, _122_;

skull, 17

Salamandrinae, _102_, _115_

Sarasin, P. and F., 10;

on Coeciliae, 88;

on _Ichthyophis_, 90

Sauria, _491_ f.

_Saurichnites salamandroides_, _83_

Sauropoda, _418_

Sauropsida, 5, _277_

Sauropterygia, 476

_Saurosternum_, _291_

Scales of Apoda, 87

Scaling, aberrant, 495

_Scaphiophryne_, 225, 226, _227_

_Scaphiopus_, _161_, _164_;

_S. solitarius_, _165_

_Scapteira_, deserticolous, 494

Scapula, attached to thoracic vertebrae, 487

_Scelidosaurus_, 416;

_S. harrisoni_, _425_

Scheuchzer, on _Homo diluvii testis_, 84

Schlegel, on _Cryptobranchus_, 100

Schuberg, on mechanism of finger-discs of Hylidae, 187

Schwalbe, on _Salamandra atra_, 120

Scincidae, _514_, _559_ f.

_Scincus officinalis_, _561_ {665}

_Sciurus bicolor_, squirrel, 248

_Scolecomorphus_, _90_

Sea Snakes, _635_

Seeley, on fossil Reptiles, 303 n.

_Seeleya_, _81_, _289_

Segmental duct, 49

Sense-organs, of Chelonia, 329 f.;

of Crocodiles, 445 f.

_Sepedon haemachates_, _632_, 633

_Seps_, _562_

Seychelles, gigantic tortoises of, 373

Shell of Chelonia, 321 f., 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 327;

partial regeneration of, 329;

correlated changes, 328

Shields, horny, of Chelonia, 322, 323, 325 f., 327;

evolution of, 326 f.;

individual variation in, 326, 327;

periodical peeling of, 328

Shoulder-girdle, of Urodela, 14;

of Anura, 24, 25, 138 f.;

arciferous, 24, 25, 138;

firmisternal, 24, 25, 138;

of Aglossa, 144;

of Microsauri, 289;

of Protorosauri, 290;

of Theromorpha, 302;

of Pareiasauri, 305;

of _Dicynodon_, 310;

of Chelonia, 318, 319, 320;

of Dinosauria, 414;

of Eusuchia, 440;

of Plesiosauria, 474;

of _Cryptoclidus_, 475;

of Ichthyosauria, 480, 481;

of Pterosauria, 485;

of _Pteranodon_, 487;

of Pythonomorpha, 488;

of Lacertilia, 496

Shufeldt, on Axolotl, 114;

on _Heloderma_, 540 n.

_Simosaurus_, _477_

_Siphonops_, 86, 87, _90_

_Siredon_ (Axolotl), 112

_Siren_, 96;

_S. lacertina_, 136, 136

Sirenidae, _94_, 96, _136_

_Sistrurus miliarius_, _647_

Skeleton, figured, of _Testudo_, 319;

of _Chelone_, 320;

of _Brontosaurus_, 418;

of _Ceratosaurus_, 422;

of _Stegosaurus_, 426;

of _Iguanodon_, 428;

of _Triceratops_, 430;

of _Pterodactylus_, 485

Skin, of larval Amphibia, 31;

shedding of, 32;

glands, 32;

pigment, 34;

change of colour, 35;

poison, 36;

of Apoda, 87;

of _Pipa_, 149;

forms receptacles for eggs, 151, 248;

of Eusuchia, 441 f.

Skin-glands, of Crocodiles, 443;

of Lacertilia, 497;

of Geckones, 504;

of Snakes, 583

Skull, of Urodela, 16 f., 17;

of _Amblystoma_, 17;

of _Salamandrina_, 17;

of _Salamandra_, 17;

of Anura, 28 f.;

of Apoda, 84, 85

Skull, of Reptilia, 280, 281:

–of Proreptilia: _Cricotus_, 287;

_Eryops_, 286:

–of Microsauri, 289:

–of Protorosauri, 280;

_Palaeohatteria_, 280, 291:

–of Rhynchocephali (_Sphenodon_), 280, 295, 295:

–of Theromorpha, 280, 301, 303;

_Elginia_, 280, 305 f.;

_Cynognathus_, 280, 306;

_Gordonia_, 280, 310;

_Dicynodon_, 280, 310;

Theriodontia, 306;

Mammalian resemblances, 308 f.;

_Lycosaurus_ 307;

_Endothiodon_, 307;

_Gomphognathus_, 308;

Anomodontia, 309, 280;

_Oudenodon_, 310;

_Placodus_, 311:

–of Mammalia, generalised, 281:

–of Chelonia, 316 f., 280;

_Sphargis_, 335;

Chelydridae, 280, 338;

_Chelydra_, 280, 338;

Chelonidae, 317, 378, 379;

_Chelone_, 317, 378;

_Thalassochelys_, 379;

_Clemmys_, 356;

_Testudo_, 364;

_Chelys_, 400, 344;

_Trionyx_, 405, 404;

_Chrysemys_, 280, 346;

_Cistudo_, 280, 361;

Pleurodira, 388, 400;

Pelomedusidae, 390;

Chelydidae, 399, 400;

Trionychoidea, 404, 405:

–of Dinosauria, 412 f., 422;

_Anchisaurus_, 421;

_Ceratosaurus_, 422;

_Diplodocus_, 419:

–of Crocodilia, 280;

Pseudosuchia, 432;

Parasuchia, 433;

Eusuchia, 434 f.;

_Gavialis_, 452;

_Crocodilus americanus_, 466;

_C. niloticus_, 460;

_C. palustris_, 455;

_C. porosus_, 458;

_Alligator_, 468:

–of Plesiosauria, 473;

_Nothosaurus_, 477:

–of Ichthyosauria, 479;

_Ichthyosaurus_, 281:

–of Pterosauria, 484;

_Dimorphodon_, 281:

–of Pythonomorpha, 488;

_Clidastes_, 281:

–of Lacertilia, 281;

Geckones, 504;

Agamidae, 281, 515;

_Uromastix_, 281;

Iguanidae, 528;

Anguidae, 537;

Helodermatidae, 540;

Varanidae, 281, 542, 543;

_Varanus_, 281;

Tejidae, 547;

Lacertidae, 281, 550, 550;

_Lacerta_, 281;

Scincidae, 559;

Amphisbaenidae, 565;

Chamaeleontes, 568, 569:

–of Ophidia, 281, 596, 597, 588;

_Eunectes_, 596, 597;

_Crotalus_, 588

Slow-worm, _539_, 539

Slugs eaten by tortoises, 363

Smell, sense of, of Chelonia, 330

Smith, the, = _Hyla faber_, peculiar nursing habits, 196 f.

Smooth Snake, _619_, 620

Snakes, _581_ f.;

skull, 581 f., 281, 588, 596, 597 f.;

vertebrae, 582;

general anatomical structure, 583 f.;

geographical distribution, 585 f., 585;

classification, 592 f.

Snake-charming, 631

Snake-poison, 586 f.

Snake-stones, 629 f.

Snapping Turtle, _338_ f.

Soft-shelled Turtle, 408

Sound produced by rubbing of scales of _Teratoscincus_, 507

Spade-foot, _162_

_Spelerpes_, 94, 96, 97, _103_, _104_, 106;

_S. altamazonicus_, _104_;

_S. bilineatus_, _104_;

_S. fuscus_, _104_, _105_;

tongue, 106;

_S. infuscatus_, _104_;

_S. lineolus_, _104_;

_S. parvipes_, _104_; {666}

_S. porphyriticus_, _105_;

_S. salmoneus_, _105_;

_S. subpalmatus_, _104_;

_S. uniformis_, _104_

Spencer, on habits of _Chiroleptes_, 221 f.

Spermatophores, 53, 128

Spermatozoa of Amphibia, 52 f.

Sphargidae, _313_, _314_, _333_ f.;

affinities, 336;

morphology of shell, 337

_Sphargis coriacea_, _333_ f., 334;

absence of horny shields, 325

_Sphenodon_, 288, 290, 305, 306, 432;

_S. punctatum_, 293, _294_;

skull, 295;

cervical vertebrae, 297;

habits, 298 f.

_Sphenophryne_, 225, _227_

_Sphenosaurus_, _82_, 287

Spiny-tailed Lizard, _524_ f.

Spiracle, development, 45

Spotted Newt, _127_

Spy-Slange, _632_

St. Helena, gigantic tortoises introduced, 375

_Stagonolepis_, _434_

Stannius, 8, 139;

on vertebrae of _Pelobates_, 20

_Staurotypus salvini_, _342_

Stegocephali, 78 f.;

St. Lepospondyli, _80_ f.;

St. Temnospondyli, _81_ f.;

St. Stereospondyli, _83_ f.;

vertebrae, 78 f.;

shoulder-girdle, 79;

dermal armour, 79

Stegosauri, _425_

_Stegosaurus armatus_, _425_;

_S. ungulatus_, _426_, 426

_Stenodactylus_, deserticolous, 494;

sleeping attitude, 509

_Stereocyclops_, _227_, _231_;

_S. incrassatus_, _231_

_Stereorhachis_, _308_

Stereospondylous vertebrae, defined, 284

_Sternothaerus_, 324, 389, _390_;

_S. derbianus_, _391_;

shields of, 327

Sternum, of Urodela, 15;

of Anura, 25;

taxonomic value, 141, 142;

of _Sphenodon_, 297 f.;

Protorosauri, 290;

Dinosauria, 414;

Eusuchia, 440

Stewart, quoted, on _Heloderma_, 540 n.

Stinkpot Terrapin, 342

Suboccipital (first spinal nerve) of Anura, 144

Subregions, geographical, 74 f.

Surinam Toad, 149, 150

_Syrrhopus_, 212

Systomata, 139

Tadpoles, horny teeth of, 58 f.;

of _Megalophrys_, 59, 60;

absorption of tail, 61 f.;

of _Xenopus_, 147, 148;

of _Bombinator_, 157;

of _Alytes_, 159;

of _Hyla arborea_, 193;

of _H. versicolor_, 195;

of _Bufo viridis_, 181;

of _B. calamita_, 183;

of _B. vulgaris_, 176;

of _Thoropa miliaris_, 209;

of _Pseudis paradoxa_, 213;

of _Hylodes martinicensis_, 214;

of _Rhinoderma darwini_, 229;

of _Arthroleptis seychellensis_, 243;

of _Rana temporaria_, 255;

of _R. opisthodon_, 260;

of _R. esculenta_, 270

Tail, of Anura, 21, 24;

its absorption, 61;

of Chelonia, 328;

of Geckos, various shapes, 506;

reproduction of, 506

_Tarentola mauritanica_, 508, _509_ f.

Tarsus (_see_ also Limbs), of Chelonia, 319, 320, 321;

of Dinosauria, 416, 418, 420, 421, 423, 426;

of Theropoda, 420;

of _Compsognathus_, 423;

of _Iguanodon_, 428

Teeth, of Anura, 30, 138, 139;

substitutes for, 30, 58, 218, 237;

of Apoda, 86;

of _Rhynchosaurus_, 292;

of _Homoeosaurus_, 292;

of Rhynchocephali, 292;

of _Sphenodon_, 296;

of Theromorpha, 301;

of _Elginia_, 306, 280;

of _Cynognathus_, 306, 280;

of _Lycosaurus_, 307;

of _Galesaurus_, 307;

of _Endothiodon_, 307;

of _Empedias_, 308;

of _Stereorhachis_, 308;

of _Gomphognathus_, 308;

of _Tritylodon_, 309;

Mammalian resemblances, 309;

of Anomodontia, 309;

of _Dicynodon_, 280, 310;

of _Gordonia_, 280;

of _Placodus_, 311;

of Sauropoda, 418 f., 419;

of Theropoda, 420 f., 422;

of Orthopoda, 424 f.;

of Eusuchia, 437;

of Ichthyosauri, 479;

of Snakes, 582

Tejidae, _514_, _547_ f.

Teju, _548_, 548

Teleosauridae, _450_

_Teleosaurus_, _451_

_Telerpeton elginense_, _291_

Temnospondylous vertebrae, defined, 284

Temperature of blood, 67 f.;

of water for Crocodiles, 460

Tennent, on immunity of Cobras, 629 f.;

on turtles at Ceylon, 384, 386;

on habits of _Crocodilus palustris_, _456_ f.;

on habits of _C. porosus_, 459;

on peculiar use of _Varanus_, 545;

on habits of Gecko, 511

Tentacular apparatus of Apoda, 45, 86, 88

_Tephrometopon_, 493

_Teratoscincus_, deserticolous, 493;

eye, 494;

_T. scincus_, _507_

Terrapin, _359_ f.

Testis, 49

Testudinidae, _313_, _314_, _345_;

distribution, 332

_Testudo_, 365;

skeleton, 322, 323;

shields of, 327;

_T. abingdoni_, 376, _378_;

_T. atlas_, 372, 377;

_T. daudini_, _375_, 376;

_T. elegans_, _370_ f.;

_T. elephantina_, _374_;

_T. elephantopus_, _378_;

_T. ephippium_, _378_;

_T. gigantea_, _374_;

_T. graeca_, _365_ f.;

habits, 367;

eggs, 369;

great age, 369;

_T. grandidieri_, 373;

_T. horsfieldi_, _370_;

_T. ibera_, _366_;

age attained, 369;

rate of growth, 370;

_T. marginata_, _367_;

_T. perpigniana_, 372;

_T. polyphemus_, _371_ f.; {667}

_T. sumeirei_, _376_;

_T. vosmaeri_, 373, 377

_Tetradactylus_, _559_;

_T. africanus_, _559_;

_T. seps_, 559

Tetrapoda, Credner's name for "four-footed" creatures in opposition to

the fishes, which have fins, 4, 11

Thalassemydidae, 380

_Thalassochelys caretta_, individual variation of shields, 326, 327,

_387_;

skull, 379

Thecophora, definition of term, 337, _338_

Theobald, on _Varanus_, 544

Theriodontia, _306_

Theromorpha, _300_, 301;

skull, 280, 301;

their affinity to Mammals, 303 f., 309

Theropoda, _420_

Thilenius, quoted, 571 n.

_Thoracosaurus_, _451_

_Thorius_, 96, _103_;

_Th. pennatulus_, _103_

_Thoropa_, 186, _189_;

_Th. miliaris_, _209_

Tiger Snake, _634_

_Tiliqua_ s. _Cyclodus_, _561_

Toad, _see_ Bufo, 169;

common Toad, 170, 172

Toes, number of, in Urodela, 16;

in Anura, 28;

of Geckos, structure, 505, 505

_Tomistoma_, 435, _450_;

_T. schlegeli_, _453_

Tongue, of Amphibia, nerve-supply, 39;

shape of, in Anura, 47;

of _Spelerpes_, 106;

absent in Aglossa, 145;

of _Rana esculenta_, 268;

of Crocodiles, 443;

of Lacertilia, 498;

of Chameleons, 569 f.

Tortoise, Greek, _365_ f.;

habits, 367 f.;

Moroccan, _366_;

habits, 367 f.;

Starred, _370_ f.;

Gopher, 371 f.;

Gigantic Land-Tortoises, 372 f.

Tortoises = Chelonia, _312_ f.

Tortoise-shell of commerce, 386

Trachea, of Crocodiles, 443

_Trachysaurus_, 560, _560_;

_T. rugosus_, _560_, 561

Tree-frogs, 185 f.;

change of colour, 35

_Trematosaurus_, 80, _83_

_Triceratops_, 413;

_T. prorsus_, _430_, 430;

_T. flabellatus_, _430_

_Trichobatrachus_, _240_;

_T. robustus_, _271_

_Trigonocephalus cenchris_, _645_, 645, _646_, 646

_Trimerorhachis_, _82_

Trionychidae, _313_;

distribution, 333

Trionychoidea, _313_, _314_, _404_ f.;

habits, 407

_Trionyx_, nuchal plate, 324;

skull, 405;

plastron, 406;

number of costal plates, 325;

_T. ferox_, _408_, 409;

_T. formosa_, _411_, 411;

_T. gangeticus_, _410_, 410;

_T. hurum_, 410;

_T. triunguis_, _410_

_Triprion_, 179, 185, _189_;

_T. petasatus_, _207_

_Trirhachiodon_, _309_

_Triton_, _122_ f., 96, _115_, 125, 128, 131;

fossil, 83;

spermatophores, 53;

_T. alpestris_, 123, _126_;

_T. asper_, 123, _130_;

_T. blasii_, _126_;

_T. boscai_, 123, _127_;

_T. cristatus_, 122, _125_, 125;

_T. hagenmuelleri_, 123;

_T. helveticus_, _127_;

_T. italicus_, _127_;

_T. marmoratus_, 122, _126_;

_T. montadoni_, _127_;

_T. montanus_, 123, _130_;

_T. palmatus_, _127_;

_T. poireti_, 123;

_T. punctatus_ = _vulgaris_, _127_;

_T. pyrenaeus_, _130_;

_T. pyrrhogaster_, 123, _128_;

_T. rusconii_, 123, _130_;

_T. sinensis_, 123, _128_;

_T. taeniatus_ = _vulgaris_, _127_;

_T. torosus_, 123, _128_;

_T. viridescens_, 123, _128_;

egg, 128;

_T. vittatus_, 122, _128_;

_T. vulgaris_, 123, _127_;

_T. waltli_, 123, _130_, 131

_Tritylodon_, 301, _309_

_Tropidonotus_, _607_;

_T. natrix_, _608_ f.;

_T. ordinatus_, _611_;

_T. sirtalis_, 610, _611_;

_T. tesselatus_, _611_

_Tropidosaura_, _558_

Tuatera, 293

_Tupinambis_, _548_;

_T. teguixin_, _548_;

_T. nigropunctatus_, _548_, 548

Turtles, _378_ f.;

skull, 317, 379;

skeleton, 320;

plastron, 321;

on Laysan Islands, 383;

Green or Edible, _381_ f.;

Hawksbill, _384_, 385

_Tylototriton_, 96, _115_;

_T. andersoni_, 130;

_T. verrucosus_, _132_

Tympanic cavity, reduction of, in Anura, 30;

in Ophidia, 583

Tympanum of Aglossa, 143

_Typhlomolge_, 96;

_T. rathbuni_, _135_

_Typhlonectes_, 87, _90_;

_T. compressicauda_, _93_

Typhlopidae, _592_, _593_ f.

_Typhlops_, 91;

_T. braminus_, _594_;

_T. vermicularis_, _594_

_Typhlosaurus_, _564_

_Typhlotriton_, 94, 96, 102;

_T. spelaeus_, _103_

_Uraeotyphlus_, 86, _89_

Ureter, 48 f., 49

Urino-genital organs, 48 f., 49

_Urocordylus_, _81_, 288

Urodaeum of Chelonia, 330

Urodela, _94_ f.;

geographical distribution, 96

_Uromastix_, _524_;

_U. acanthinurus_, _526_, 526;

_U. hardwicki_, _525_

Uropeltidae, _592_, _595_

_Uropeltis_, _595_;

_U. grandis_, _595_

_Uroplates_, 512

Uroplatinae, _512_

Urostyle, of Anura, 23;

of Chelonia, 328

Varanidae, _514_, _542_ f.;

skull, 542;

distribution, 543

_Varanus_, _543_;

_V. gouldi_, _546_;

_V. griseus_, skull, 542;

_V. niloticus_, _543_;

_V. salvator_, _543_ f., 546

Vas deferens, 48 f., 49

Vertebrae, procoelous, definition, 19, 138;

acentrous, _i.e._ without a centre or body, 4; {668}

amphicoelous, defined, 12;

of Urodela, 11;

gastrocentrous, defined, 282;

lepospondylous, 5;

defined, 78;

notocentrous, 4;

defined, 19;

opisthocoelous, defined, 12, 138;

pseudocentrous, 4, 78;

stereospondylous, defined, 79, 284;

temnospondylous, 13;

defined, 79, 284;

development of–in Urodela, 12, 13;

in Anura, 19;

of trunk of _Salamandra_, 14;

epichordal, 20;

sacral, of Anura, 22;

shifting forwards of sacral attachment of ilium, 23;

of Reptilia, composition of, 283, 288;

trunk-vertebrae of _Eryops_, 283, 286, 286;

of _Cricotus_, 287;

of Microsauri, 289;

of _Sphenodon_, 294, 296, 297;

atlas and axis of _Sphenodon_, 283;

of Theromorpha, 302;

of Pareiasauri, 305;

atlas fused with axis in _Cynognathus_, 307;

of _Dimetrodon_, with peculiar processes, 308;

of Chelonia, 314 f.;

atlas of _Trionyx_, 283;

of _Chelys_, 283;

of Dinosauria, 413;

hollow in Dinosaurs, 415, 420;

of Eusuchia, 438 f.;

atlas and axis of _Crocodilus_, 283;

of _Metriorhynchus_, 283;

of Pterosauria, 485;

of Ichthyosauria, 480;

of Pythonomorpha, 488;

of Lacertilia, 494;

of Geckones, 503;

of Snakes, 582

Vertebral column, instance of greatest shortening, 144;

of Urodela, 11, 13;

of Stegocephali, 78;

of Anura, 18 f., 21, 22;

_Palaeobatrachus_, 22;

_Pipa_, 22, 143;

_Hymenochirus_, 22, 143;

_Bombinator_, 22;

_Xenopus_, 21, 143;

of Apoda, 86;

number of vertebrae of _Protorosaurus_, 291;

of _Palaeohatteria_, 291;

of _Homoeosaurus_, 292;

of _Sphenodon_, 297;

of _Cynognathus_, 306;

of _Iguanodon_, 428;

of Eusuchia, 440;

of Plesiosauria, 474;

of Elasmosauridae, 478

Vesiculae seminales, 49, 51

Viper, Common, _641_ f., 620, 642

_Vipera_, _641_;

_V. ammodytes_, 641, _643_;

_V. aspis_, _643_;

_V. berus_, _641_, 642, 620;

_V. latastei_, _643_;

_V. russelli_, _643_

Viperidae, 592, 593, _637_

Viperinae, _638_

Viperine Snake, _610_

Vis, de, on _Chlamydosaurus_, 523

Viviparous, Chameleon, 572;

Lacertilia, 499;

Geckos, 506

Vocal sacs, 47 f.;

of _Paludicola_, 220;

of _Rhinoderma_, used as brood-pouches, 228

Voeltzkow, on nesting of Crocodiles, 462 f.;

on _Testudo daudini_, 375

Voice, 47

Wagler, 8

Wallace, on _Rhacophorus_, 246 f.

Wall-Lizard, _557_

Warning, attitudes, of _Bombinator_, 157;

colours, 38, 116, 156;

of _Heloderma_, 541

Water-Viper, _645_, 645

Weismann, on Axolotl, 64, 114

Werner, on _Eryx_, _604_

White's aged Tortoise, 369

Wilder, on _Desmognathus_, 103

_Xantusia_, _547_

Xantusiidae, _514_, _547_

_Xenobatrachus_, 225;

_X. ophiodon_, _228_

Xenopeltidae, _593_, _605_

_Xenopeltis unicolor_, _605_

_Xenopus_, 143;

distribution, 143, 144, _146_ f.;

_X. calcaratus_, 146;

_X. laevis_, _146_ f., 147;

_X. muelleri_, 146

_Xenorhina_, _228_

Xenosauridae, _513_, _536_

_Xenosaurus grandis_, _536_

_Zachaenus_, _212_

_Zamenis constrictor_, _613_;

_Z. gemonensis_ s. _viridiflavus_, _612_;

_Z. hippocrepis_, _613_;

_Z. mucosus_, _611_, 612

_Zanclodon_, 417, 421

Zander, on habits of _Agama_, 520;

of _Phrynocephalus_, 522;

of _Eryx_, _604_

_Zaocys carinatus_, _614_, 615

_Zatachys_, _82_

Zeller, on spermatophores, 53;

on _Proteus_, _134_

Zonuridae, _513_, _536_

_Zonurus derbianus_ s. _giganteus_, _536_, 537

END OF VOL. VIII

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S. and A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.

_In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo. 17s. net each._

PROTOZOA, COELENTERATES, ECHINODERMS, etc.

VOLUME I.

PROTOZOA, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; PORIFERA (SPONGES), by IGERNA B.

J. SOLLAS, B.Sc.; COELENTERATA AND CTENOPHORA, by S. J. HICKSON, M.A.,

F.R.S.; ECHINODERMATA, by E. W. MACBRIDE, M.A, F.R.S.

_NATURE._–"Taken in conjunction with the earlier published volumes, the

work seems to fulfil the purpose of providing an intelligible and

adequate survey of the entire animal kingdom without giving undue

prominence to particular groups.... The illustrations are excellent."

_FIELD._–"The book can be in the strongest manner recommended to those

for whose benefit it has been written. We know of no work from which a

more truly scientific account of the Protozoa, Echinodermata, and other

lower forms of animal life could be gained."

_OUTLOOK._–"There is much valuable matter in these well-planned sections

which will render the volume, like the others which have preceded it, a

necessary book of reference in every well-equipped library."

WORMS, ROTIFERS, AND POLYZOA

VOLUME II.

FLATWORMS AND MESOZOA, by F. W. GAMBLE, D.Sc.; NEMERTINES, by Miss L.

SHELDON; THREADWORMS AND SAGITTA, by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.;

ROTIFERS, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; POLYCHAET WORMS, by W. BLAXLAND

BENHAM, D.Sc., M.A.; EARTHWORMS AND LEECHES, by F. E. BEDDARD, M.A.,

F.R.S.; GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS, by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.; POLYZOA,

by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.

_CAMBRIDGE REVIEW._–"Several of the groups treated of in this volume are

unknown, by sight even, to the general reader, and possess no popular

name whatsoever; and as only a few insignificant details are known of the

habits of the animals composing them, their treatment in the volume

before us has necessarily been to a large extent anatomical. This

circumstance renders the book of especial value to students, more

particularly as in some cases the articles on the groups in question are

the first comprehensive ones dealing with their respective subjects....

Most of the articles are of a very high order of merit–taken as a whole,

it may be said that they are by far the best which have as yet been

published.... We may say with confidence that the same amount of

information, within the same compass, is to be had in no other zoological

work."

_NATURAL SCIENCE._–"This second volume of the Cambridge Natural History

is certain to prove a most welcome addition to English Zoological

literature. It deals with a series of animal groups, all deeply

interesting to the specialist in morphology; some important from their

economic relations to other living things, others in their life-histories

rivalling the marvels of fairy-tales. And the style in which they are

here treated is also interesting; history and the early observations of

the older writers lend their charm; accounts of habits and mode of

occurrence, of life, in a word, from the cradle to the grave, are given

in ample detail, accompanied by full references to modern and current

literature. The whole is admirably illustrated."

MOLLUSCS AND BRACHIOPODS

VOLUME III.

MOLLUSCS, by the Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A.; BRACHIOPODS (RECENT), by A. E.

SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.; BRACHIOPODS (FOSSIL), by F. R. C. REED, M.A.

_TIMES._–"There are very many, not only among educated people who take an

interest in science, but even among specialists, who will welcome a work

of reasonable compass and handy form containing a trustworthy treatment

of the various departments of Natural History by men who are familiar

with, and competent to deal with, the latest results of scientific

research. Altogether, to judge from this first volume, the Cambridge

Natural History promises to fulfil all the expectations that its

prospectus holds out."

_FIELD._–"We know of no book available to the general reader which

affords such a vast fund of information on the structure and habits of

molluscs."

_KNOWLEDGE._–"If succeeding volumes are like this one, the Cambridge

Natural History will rank as one of the finest works on natural history

ever published."

_ATHENÆUM._–"The series certainly ought not to be restricted in its

circulation to lecturers and students only; and, if the forthcoming

volumes reach the standard of the one here under notice, the success of

the enterprise should be assured."

VOLUME IV.

CRUSTACEA, by GEOFFREY SMITH, M.A.; TRILOBITES, ETC., by H. WOODS, M.A.;

LIMULUS, LINGUATULIDA, AND TARDIGRADA, by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.;

SPIDERS, MITES, SCORPIONS, ETC., by C. WARBURTON, M.A.; PYCNOGONIDS, by

D'ARCY W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A.

[_In the Press._

PERIPATUS, MYRIAPODS, AND INSECTS–PART I.

VOLUME V.

PERIPATUS, by ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.; Myriapods, by F. G. SINCLAIR,

M.A.; INSECTS, Part I., INTRODUCTION, APTERA, ORTHOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, AND

A PORTION OF HYMENOPTERA (SESSILIVENTRES AND PARASITICA), by DAVID SHARP,

M.A., M.B., F.R.S.

_FIELD._–"Although written for the student and the specialist, the book

is not the less adapted to all intelligent readers who wish to make

themselves thoroughly acquainted with the habits, structure, and the

modern classification of the animals of which it treats. To such it

cannot be recommended too strongly."

_SCIENCE GOSSIP._–"Every library, school, and college in the country

should possess this work, which is of the highest educational value."

_Prof. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S., in his Presidential Address to

the Entomological Society of London, said_:–"The authors of this volume

are certainly to be congratulated upon having furnished such a valuable

contribution to our literature. When its successor appears, and I will

venture to express the hope that this will be at no very distant period,

we shall be in possession of a treatise on the natural history of insects

which, from the point of view of the general reader, will compare most

favourably with any similar work that has been published in the English

language."

_ENTOMOLOGISTS MONTHLY MAGAZINE._–"We venture to think the work will be

found indispensable to all who seek to extend their general knowledge

beyond the narrowing influence of exclusive attention to certain orders

or groups, and that it will take a high position in 'The Cambridge

Natural History' series."

INSECTS–PART II.

VOLUME VI.

HYMENOPTERA _continued_ (TUBULIFERA AND ACULEATA), COLEOPTERA,

STREPSIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, APHANIPTERA, THYSANOPTERA, HEMIPTERA,

ANOPLURA, by DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.

_SATURDAY REVIEW._–"Dr. Sharp's treatment is altogether worthy of the

series and of his own high scientific reputation. But in a work of this

sort it is not only necessary that information should be accurate, but

also that it shall be presented to the eye, so far as illustrations and

printing are concerned, in such a way as to render its matter as easily

intelligible as possible, and readily usable for purposes of reference.

Under both these heads we have nothing but commendation for Mr. Sharp's

treatise. The illustrations are indeed beautiful, and the use of the

heavy type for the headings of the various sections and leading

paragraphs materially helps the reader in the progress of his study.

Certainly this is a book that should be in every entomologist's library."

_DAILY NEWS._–"It would be hard to say too much in praise of this most

admirable volume. It is too often the case that scientific books are

written in a dull and uninteresting style. The reader will find nothing

of that kind to complain of here. The descriptions are clear, the

illustrations are excellent; while, as in the previous volumes of the

series, printing and paper are all that could be desired."

FISHES, ASCIDIANS, etc.

VOLUME VII.

HEMICHORDATA, by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.; ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS, by

W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.; FISHES (EXCLUSIVE OF THE SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

OF TELEOSTEI), by T. W. BBIDGE[**BRIDGE??], Sc.D., F.R.S.; FISHES

(SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF TELEOSTEI), by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

_ATHENÆUM._–"All who take a serious interest in the advance of

ichthyology will find this a fascinating book."

_NATURE NOTES._–"It is a thoroughly scholarly work for students, amply

sustaining the reputation of an ancient university as being in the van of

scientific progress."

AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES

VOLUME VIII.

By HANS GADOW, M.A., F.R.S.

_FIELD._–"The work is worthy of the series in which it appears, and we

cannot give it higher praise."

_SCIENCE GOSSIP._–"More than maintains the high scientific reputation of

this series. The herpetologists, or students of the Amphibia and

Reptiles, have now a standard work of the highest class."

_LANCET._–"An account of both Amphibia and Reptiles which should satisfy

the expert, and at the same time entertain the reader who is merely

interested in the tit-bits of natural history.... A book full of accurate

information and pleasant reading."

_MORNING POST._–"A delightful as well as a serviceable book.... Herein

perhaps lies the great charm and merit of Dr. Gadow's book, that, while

satisfying all the inquiries of the student, it is also in great part

written for the ordinary intelligence, and the naturalist in the crowd

may, while necessarily gliding over distressing technicalities, find in

its pages many hours of profitable and entertaining study of the habits

of the classes under notice."

_NATURE._–"In concluding the review we would express the opinion that by

this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been made;

that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and charming

accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do much to

popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology; and that

lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one generally thinks,

will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them emanates from one who

is thoroughly in sympathy with their enthusiasm."

BIRDS

VOLUME IX.

By A. H. EVANS, M.A.

_IBIS._–"Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of

information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and

habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference to

all students of ornithology."

_NATURE NOTES._–"We venture to predict that, of the ten volumes of which

this excellent series is planned to consist, none will secure a wider

popularity than Mr. Evans's treatise on birds. Strange as it may appear,

among the many books on birds that have appeared of late years, we do not

recall any that covers the same ground.... We are grateful to the author

for the mine of valuable information which he has crowded between his two

covers."

_SCIENCE GOSSIP._–"General readers will find this work most useful in

obtaining a proper understanding of birds, and will be assisted by the

effective diagram of a hawk in the introduction, showing the recognised

names of every part of the exterior appearance. The expressions used in

naming the various portions are fully explained on the adjoining page. As

we have already said, the illustrations are admirable. The book is a

useful addition to any library, as it treats of nearly every known kind

of bird throughout the world."

_SATURDAY REVIEW._–"The expert and the novice alike must be at once

delighted by the accuracy and the beauty of the illustrations.... It is

astonishing to note the mass of information the author has been able to

bring together.... With a little practice any observant person would soon

learn by the help of this volume to track down any bird very nearly to

its ultimate place in classification."

MAMMALIA

VOLUME X.

By FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

_NATURE._–"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the

Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and

palæontology."

_ATHENÆUM._–"Mr. Beddard has produced a volume equal in interest and

value to the others in the Cambridge series."

_LAND AND WATER._–"A notable book, the result of long study, patient

labour, sound reasoning, and careful selection, for which we are deeply

indebted to the author."

_DAILY NEWS._–"A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for

its style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its

predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful of a

brilliant series."

_KNOWLEDGE._–"In this volume Mr. Beddard has undoubtedly made an

important contribution to the history of mammals, his text-book being the

only one which can be said to be up to date and to contain notices of the

many important types–both recent and fossil–discovered during the last

few years."

_FIELD._–"Its utility to the working zoological student can hardly be

overrated. It is exceedingly well illustrated."

LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

----

NOTES

[1] References to explanations of the terms used below will be found in

the index.

[2] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ ii. p. 81.

[3] _Tableaux méthodiques_, p. 61.

[4] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ p. 113.

[5] _Isis_, 1821.

[6] Treviranus' _Zeitschr. f. Physiol._ 1831, p. 190.

[7] δέρη, neck; μύω, close.

[8] _Proc. Ac. Philad._ p. 209.

[9] _Americ. Natural._ xxiii. p. 849.

[10] Sarasins' _Ergebnisse ... Ceylon_, 1887-1890.

[11] Credner's term for all Vertebrates higher than fishes.

[12] Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1888, p 204.

[13] _P.Z.S._ 1897, p. 577.

[14] _Q.J.M.S._ xxxviii. 1896, p. 465.

[15] _Arch. ges. Physiol._ li. 1892, p. 455.

[16] _Nat. Sci._ i. 1892, p. 185.

[17] _C. R. Ac. Sci._ cix. 1889, pp. 405, 482.

[18] Orr, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxix. 1889, p. 316.

[19] "Lungenlose Salamandriden," _Anat. Anz._ 1894, p. 676; 1896, p. 182.

[20] "Nuove ricerche anatomo-fisiologiche intorno ai Salamandridi

normalmente apneumoni." Torino, 1894.

[21] _Zool. Anz._ 1896, p. 33; 1899, p. 545.

[22] _Amer. Natural_, xxx. 1886, p. 829.

[23] For the mechanism of the frog's respiration, see Gaupp, _Arch. Anat._

1896, p. 239.

[24] Boulenger, _The Tailless Batrachians of Europe, Ray Soc._ 1896.

[25] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1889, p. 583.

[26] _Amer. Natural_, xxv. 1891, p. 753.

[27] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ vi. 1892, p. 447.

[28] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5), xvii. 1886, p. 463.

[29] J. Thiele, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, p. 67.

[30] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1889, p. 43.

[31] M. Weber, _Ann. Jard. Botan. Buitenzorg_, Suppl. ii. 1898, p. 5.

[32] For "A Synopsis of the Tadpoles of European Batrachians," see

Boulenger, _P. Z. S._ 1891, pp. 593-627, pls. xlv.-xlvii.; also

Bedriaga, "Tableaux synoptiques pour servir à la détermination des

larves des Batraciens Urodèles," _C. R. Ass. Franç. Sci._ ii. 1891,

pp. 540-546.

[33] _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xxix. 1887, p. 1.

[34] _Arch. per zool. e per l'anat. comp._, Genova, 1861, p. 206.

[35] _Ann. sci. nat._ (5), vii. 1876.

[36] _Mem. Acc. Torino_, xxxv. 1883, and _Atti Acc. Torino_, xvii. 1883,

p. 84. See also Woltersdorff, _Zool. Garten_, 1896, p. 327.

[37] _Verh. Ges. Basel_, vii. 1882, p. 387.

[38] Barfurth, _Arch. Entwickmech._ I. 1895, p. 117.

[39] _The Horn Scientific Expedition_, 1897, p. 155.

[40] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 998.

[41] _J. Morphol._ xi. 1895, p. 375.

[42] _P. Z. S._ 1895, p. 401.

[43] P. and F. Sarasin, "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der ceylonesischen

Blindwühle, _Ichthyophis glutinosa_." _Ergebnisse naturwiss._

_Forschungen auf Ceylon_, 1887-1890, vol. ii.

[44] "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsgeschichte und der Anatomie

der Gymnophionen," _Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ x. 1897, p. 389, and xii.

1899, p. 477.

[45] The existence of such a form as _Typhlotriton_, in the adult of which

the eyes become closed up, makes such short diagnoses of the families

defective, although there is no doubt about the Desmognathine

affinities of this genus. See p. 103.

[46] _J. Coll. Japan._ i. 1887, p. 269.

[47] _J. Morphol._ xi. 1895, p. 375.

[48] _Amer. Natural._ xxxiii. March 1899, p. 231.

[49] _Amer. Natural._ March, 1899, p. 235.

[50] _Zool. Garten_, 1896, p. 88.

[51] _P. Calif. Ac._ (2) v. 1895, p. 776.

[52] _Amer. Natural._ xxxiii. 1899, p. 691.

[53] _Amer. Natural._ xxxi. 1897, p. 635.

[54] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvii. 1877, p. 522; xli. 1891, p. 365;

_Zool. Anz._ 1882, p. 513.

[55] _Zoolog. Garten._ 1896, p. 114.

[56] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1875, p. 297. See also Hahn, _Rev.

Quest. Sci._ (2), i. 1892, p. 178.

[57] _Amer. Journ. Sci._ (2), xlvi. Nov. 1868, p. 364.

[58] _Zeitschr. Biol._ xxxiv. 1896, pp. 340-396.

[59] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxix. 1877, pp. 324 f., pl. xxii.

[60] _Ann. Mus. Genova_, xvi. 1880, p. 83.

[61] _Journ. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 269.

[62] _Amer. Natural._ 1891, p. 1084.

[63] _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 150.

[64] See also M. von Chauvin, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxviii. 1883, p.

671.

[65] E. T. Emerson, _Proc. Boston Soc._ xxxii. 1905, p. 43.

[66] _Nature_, lx. 1899, p. 389.

[67] _Amer. Natural._ xix. 1885, p. 1226.

[68] _Proc. Ac. Philad._ 1864, p. 181.

[69] _The Natural History Review_, No. xvii. 1865, p. 97.

[70] _Journ. Ac. Nat. Hist. Philad._ vi. p. 189.

[71] Beddard, _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 841.

[72] _Phil. Trans._ B. 136, 1896, p. 1.

[73] _P.Z.S._ 1890, p. 69.

[74] _P.Z.S._ 1894, p. 101.

[75] Groenberg und Klinckowstroem, "Zur Anatomie der _Pipa americana_,"

_Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ vii. 1894, p. 609.

[76] _P.Z.S._ 1896, p. 595.

[77] _Zool. Garten_, 1885, p. 299.

[78] _P.Z.S._ 1899, p. 790.

[79] _Faune Vertebr. Suisse_, iii. 1872, p. 587.

[80] _Zool. Garten_, 1885, p. 299.

[81] For further information, cf. Portschinsky, "Biologie des mouches

coprophages et nécrophages, 2me partie. Étude sur la _Lucilia

bufonivora_, parasite des batraciens anoures."–_Horae Soc. ent.

Ross._ xxxii. pp. 225-279 (in Russian). German summary in _Zool.

Centralbl._ v. 1898, pp. 855-859.

[82] _Arch. Naturg._ xliv. 1868, p. 141.

[83] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlii. 1899, p. 3.

[84] _Arbeiten Instit. Würzburg_, x. 1895, p. 57.

[85] _Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist._ xxi. 1883, p. 104.

[86] _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 89 (with a sketch of a pond, with nests, in Dr.

Goeldi's garden).

[87] _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 209.

[88] _Arch. Anat. und Phys._ 1854, p. 449. Also Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1898,

p. 107.

[89] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlii. 1899, p. 313.

[90] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (5) xvii. 1886, p. 461.

[91] =_Phyllobates_ (part) Bibron; cf. Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1888, p. 207.

[92] See Günther, _Nature_, lii. 1895, p. 643.

[93] _Quart. Micr. Sci._ xlii. 1899, p. 329.

[94] _Arch. Naturg._ xxxiii. 1867, p. 124.

[95] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlii. 1899, p. 309.

[96] _Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central

Australia_, pt. ii. "Zoology," 1896, p. 164.

[97] _Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ (2), iv. 1898, p. 357.

[98] _Zool. Anz._ xvii. 1894, p. 156.

[99] _An. Soc. Espan._ i. 1822. See also Howes, _P.Z.S._ 1888, p. 231.

[100] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlii. 1899, p. 307.

[101] S. S. Flower, _P.Z.S._ 1896, p. 910.

[102] _Ibid._ p. 909.

[103] Boulenger, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), iv. 1889, p. 247.

[104] See Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1888, p. 204.

[105] Boulenger has shown (_P.Z.S._ 1888) that Bibron's species of

_Phyllobates_, hitherto grouped amongst the Cystignathidae, are

Ranoids, closely allied to _Hylixalus_ and _Prostherapis_. The other

species now form the Cystignathoid genus _Syrrhopus_, Cope (cf.

p. 212).

[106] _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 209.

[107] Cf. p. 273.

[108] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ xii. 1898, p. 89.

[109] _Monatsber. Berl. Ac._ 1875, p. 204; 1876, p. 714.

[110] _Malay Archipelago_, 2nd ed. i. 1869, p. 38.

[111] _Annotat. Zool. Jap._ i. 1897, p. 113.

[112] _P.Z.S._ 1896, p. 906.

[113] Boulenger, _Cat. Batrach. Salientia_, p. 22.

[114] _Zool. Gart._ 1885, p. 299.

[115] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xii. 1884, p. 51.

[116] _P.Z.S._ 1884, p. 573.

[117] _British Reptiles_, 2nd ed. 1849, p. 110.

[118] Boulenger, "Tailless Batrach. of Europe," pt. ii. p. 287, _Ray

Society_, 1897.

[119] Boulenger, _op. cit._ p. 278.

[120] _Phil. Trans._ clxxxvii. 1896, B. p. 23.

[121] _Anat. Anz._ xix. 1897, p. 201.

[122] _Phil. Trans._ clxxxvii. 1896, B. p. 23.

[123] _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xv.

[124] _Trans. N. Zealand Inst._ x. 1878, p. 222.

[125] _Trans. N. Zealand Inst._ xiv. 1881, p. 276; cf. also Reischek, _op.

cit._ xiv. p. 274.

[126] Cope, the inventor of this most appropriate name, soon changed it,

unnecessarily, into Theromora (μωρός = sluggish), perhaps in order

not to emphasise too much their possible Mammalian affinities; while

others rashly called them Sauro-Mammalia. For detailed illustrations

of Theromorpha reference should be made to Owen, _British Fossil

Reptiles_, 4to, London, 1849-55, and to numerous papers by Seeley,

_Phil. Trans._ 178 (1887), 186 (1895), and by E. T. Newton in _Phil.

Trans._ 184 (1893), 185 (1894).

[127] _Cat. Chelonians_, _Brit. Mus._ 1889.

[128] It should be noted that the horny pieces of the carapace are termed

"shields" and the bony pieces "plates."

[129] πλευρόν, side; δειρή, neck.

[130] _Journ. Morph._ xv. 1897, p. 21.

[131] _Amer. Natural._ xxxii. 1898, p. 929.

[132] _Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the U.S.A._, Boston, 1857.

[133] _Zool. Garten._ 189, p. 260.

[134] _Natural History of Selborne._

[135] _J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, vi. 1837, p. 689.

[136] Presidential Address. _Proc. Linn. Soc._ 1898. See also Günther,

_Gigantic Land-Tortoises_, Brit. Mus. London, 1877; Gadow, _Trans.

Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1894, p. 313; Rothschild, _Novit. Zool._, several

notes.

[137] _Notes Leyden Mus._ xvi. 1895, p. 211.

[138] _Contributions to the Natural History of the U.S.A._, vol. i. 1857,

p. 333.

[139] _P.Z.S._ 1875, p. 2.

[140] _Wanderings of a Naturalist in India_, Edinburgh, 1867.

[141] _Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon_, London, 1861.

[142] _Sitzber. Ak. Berlin._ 1891, p. 115; 1893, p. 347.

[143] _J. Morphol._ v. 1891, p. 181.

[144] _J. China Asiat. Soc._ xiii. 1879, pp. 1-36, with Figs.

[145] Boulenger, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiv. 1898 (read Nov. 1893).

[146] νόθος = spurious.

[147] _Zool. Gart._ 1889, p. 1.

[148] _P.Z.S._ 1888, p. 351, and 1891, p. 466.

[149] _P.Z.S._ 1889, p. 602.

[150] _P.Z.S._ 1889, p. 452.

[151] F. Mason's _Burma_, London, 1882.

[152] _Sketches of the Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, London, 1861.

[153] _P. Ac. Philad._ 1864, p. 224, and _P. Amer. Ass._ xix. 1871, p. 236.

[154] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xiv. 1884, p. 117.

[155] _Burma, its People and Productions_, London, 1882.

[156] _Zool. Garten._ 1895, p. 232.

[157] _Zool. Garten._ 1895, p. 257.

[158] _P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W._ viii. 1883, p. 300.

[159] _Tangweera_, London, 1899.

[160] _Voyage of the Beagle_, London, 1845, chap. xvii.

[161] For further anatomical details see Shufeldt, _P.Z.S._ 1890, p. 148;

Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1891, p. 109; and Stewart, _P.Z.S._ 1891, p. 119.

[162] _P.Z.S._ 1899, p. 596.

[163] _Burma, its People and Productions_, London, 1882.

[164] _Sketches of the Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, London, 1861.

[165] _Organic Evolution._ Translation, London, 1890.

[166] Fischer, _Zool. Garten._ 1884, p. 38.

[167] _Zool. Gart._ 1882, p. 206.

[168] _Denk. Ak. Wien._ iv. 1852.

[169] _C. R. Ass. Franc._ lxxx. 1876, No. 21.

[170] _J. de l'anat. physiol._ viii. 1872, p. 401.

[171] _Morphol. Arbeit._ vii. 1897, p. 515.

[172] _Arch. Physiol._ lxi. 1895, p. 123.

[173] Fischer, _Zool. Gart._ 1882, p. 4.

[174] For a detailed anatomical account, see West, _J. Linn. Soc._ xxv.

1895, p. 419; xxvi. 1898, p. 517; and xxviii. 1900.

[175] Clifford Allbutt's _System of Medicine_, vol. ii. London, 1896, p.

809.

[176] _Erpétologic générale, Suites à Buffon_, vol. vii. Paris, 1852.

[177] _Catalogue of Snakes, British Museum_, London, 1849.

[178] _Reptiles of British India_, Ray Society, 1864.

[179] _P. Ac. Philad._ 1864, p. 230.

[180] _Catalogue of Snakes, British Museum_, London, 1893-1896.

[181] Except _Oligodon_, _Dasypeltis_ and _Atractaspis_ (see. p. 582), in

which palatal teeth are restricted to the palatines.

[182] _Atlas der Thierverbreitung_, pt. v. Gotha, 1887.

[183] W. A. Forbes, _P.Z.S._ 1881, p. 960.

[184] _Burma, its People and Productions_, London, 1882.

[185] _Rep. Brit. Ass._ 1870. _Trans._ p. 115.

[186] _P.Z.S._ 1894, p. 669.

[187] _Zool. Gart._ 1895, p. 330.

[188] _Ibid._ 1896, p. 85.

[189] The same arrangement occurs in the Colubrine genus _Polyodontophis_,

with about ten species in South-Eastern Asia, Madagascar, the Comoro

Islands, and in Central America.

[190] _P.Z.S._ 1896, p. 715.

[191] _P.Z.S._ 1887, p. 340.

[192] _P.Z.S._ 1887, p. 489.

[193] _Natural Science_, i. 1892, p. 44.

[194] _Verbreitung der Kreuzotter in Deutschland._ Frankfurt a. M. 1888.

[195] _J. Linn. Soc._ xxviii.