transference after the declaration of war of enemy’s ships to a
neutral flag, as agreed upon in the Declaration of London. We cannot
recognise such transferences, which are plainly, in the nature of
things, designed to enable the transferred ship to obtain under the
neutral flag an immunity from the conditions created by the war.
I would earnestly ask that both these points should be pressed now in
the most direct and formal manner on Powers concerned, and
particularly upon the United States, and that very great pressure
should be exerted.
In this connection it may be pointed out that the United States have
already allowed one or more ships, including the _Kronprinz Wilhelm_,
to leave their ports armed, denuded of cargo, and cleared for action,
and that to stop British ships of a self-defensive character is
showing a partiality to one of the belligerents incompatible with fair
and loyal neutrality. If to this is to be added the attempt which Mr.
Bryan has made, by his personal intervention, to take over the
Hamburg-American liners from Germany and run them under the American
flag, it seems to me clear that a situation has arisen which, in the
ultimate issues, ought, in some form or other, to be brought publicly
before the people of the United States. I am under no illusions as to
their attitude, but the forces at work there in the present
circumstances are such as to make it impossible for any Government to
load the dice against England, or go openly one inch beyond an even
neutrality.
I venture to suggest to you that this position ought to be fought up
to the point of full publicity, and by every means and influence at
our disposal, before we are forced to consider the various inferior
alternatives which no doubt exist.
W. S. C.
_August 19, 1914._
Secretary.
First Sea Lord.
Admiral Slade.
Chief of Staff.
Captain Webb.
The Cabinet decided this morning that we must abandon, under protest
and as an exception, the running of defensively-armed merchantmen to
American ports. We do this on the assumption that we in no way waive
the principle, but in consideration of the fact that the United States
are preventing a large number of German ships suitable for armament
from fitting out. We must also stipulate that the guns, having been
landed from these ships, shall be returned without their mountings in
some other non-military vessel on which and from which they clearly
cannot be used during the voyage.
Pray draft a note to the Foreign Office accordingly.
W. S. C.
_September 3, 1914._
THE BRITISH PATROL OFF NEW YORK
Secretary.
First Sea Lord.
Chief of Staff.
Admiral Slade.
I have felt uncomfortable about this for some time. Although it is
strictly legal, it must be very galling to the Americans to see their
capital port picketed in this way. Instructions should be given that
the patrolling cruisers should usually keep 8 or 10 miles away, or
even farther if possible, and should only close in occasionally when
there is some special need. They should, above all, be careful never
to infringe the 3–mile limit, and should discharge their duties with
tact, remembering how greatly British interests are concerned in the
maintenance of good relations with the United States. On the other
hand, the closest watch should be kept on shore upon the
Hamburg-American liners, and our cruisers should be given the earliest
warning if these are seen to be getting up steam. It ought to be quite
easy to give our cruisers full warning of any movement. The prevention
of these Hamburg-American liners leaving armed and fuelled is
practically the whole duty of our vessels off New York; and as long as
they are in a position to discharge this they need not be too
obtrusive in their other duties.
W. S. C.
_October 26, 1914._
ANTI-SUBMARINE MEASURES
_Dover._
First Sea Lord and others.
It is intolerable that we should be told that Dover is not safe
against submarine attack. It is the only military harbour we have
except Portland. We must be able to keep ships there safely. Measures
are being taken to close one of the entrances by sinking two ships.
This is urgent and vital, and should be pressed forward from hour to
hour without a moment’s pause. The other entrance should have an
anti-submarine net and gate arranged. If the boom defence has carried
away it must be repaired and replaced by night-and-day exertions.
Meanwhile the long barges fitted with nets which have been prepared at
Dunkirk should be brought over as soon as the weather allows, and used
either to block the entrance or to give net-protection to ships lying
inside.
W. S. C.
_November 1, 1914._
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTION
A.C.L.
You must act in this matter and refer to me only when special need
arises. The points to be held in view are clear and simple:—
1. We must have effective Government control of all the explosive
works, so as to attain the maximum output, and ensure our not being
hampered by German influences, which are powerful and subtle in the
Explosive Trust.
2. Naval interests must be properly safeguarded, and this can only be
either by the Navy taking Nobels and the other two companies, or by an
absolutely equal representation and control as between the two
Departments over the whole of the explosive factories combined. We
cannot be placed in the position of being overborne by the military
authorities, and having our necessary demands set aside.
3. It is, however, our duty to do everything in our power to aid in
the expansion of the Army and the production of war material for the
conduct of the campaign, and at a certain point only State policy can
decide whether naval or military interests are to claim priority.
4. We must make a good bargain for the country; and if these people
are financed by Government money to set up great new works and broaden
the scale of their business, good arrangements should be made to
transfer these works to the Government at the end of the war.
W. S. C.
_November 9, 1914._
THE DUMMY FLEET
(_Most Secret._)
Secretary.
First Sea Lord.
Third Sea Lord.
Director of Naval Construction.
Naval Secretary.
It is necessary to construct without delay a dummy fleet: 10 merchant
vessels, either German prizes or British ships, should be selected at
once. They should be distributed among various private yards not
specially burdened with warship building at the present time. They are
then to be mocked up to represent particular battleships of the 1st
and 2nd Battle Squadrons. The actual size need not correspond exactly,
as it is notoriously difficult to judge the size of vessels at sea,
and frequently even destroyers are mistaken for cruisers. We are
bearing in mind particularly aerial and periscope observations, where
deception is much more easy. It is not necessary that the structures
should be strong enough to stand rough weather. Very little metal
would be required, and practically the whole work should be executed
in wood or canvas. The ships would move under their own power under
favourable conditions of weather from one base to another, and even
when the enemy knows that we have such a fleet its presence will tend
to mystify and confuse his plans and baffle and distract the
enterprise of his submarines. He will always be in doubt as to which
is the real and which is the dummy fleet. An attack upon the dummy
fleet can be made not less dangerous than an attack upon the real
fleet by the proper use of our own submarines and destroyers with
towing charges, and possibly by traps of nets and mines.
The matter is urgent. Three years ago I formed this idea, and deeply
regret that I have been so long deterred from putting it into
execution. The Third Sea Lord, Fourth Sea Lord, and Naval Secretary
will meet to-day under the Third Sea Lord, and formulate detailed
proposals for immediate action. The utmost secrecy must be observed,
and special measures taken to banish all foreigners from the districts
where the mocking-up is being done. I should hope to receive the list
of ships which are selected for conversion to-morrow morning, and the
list of firms among whom the work will be parcelled out during the
course of that day. Estimates of cost and time should also be made,
but paint, canvas, and woodwork can be quickly done, and I should
expect in a fortnight, or at the outside in three weeks, that 10
vessels will be actually at our tactical disposal.
W. S. C.
_October 21, 1914._
THE COASTAL PATROL
Secret.
First Sea Lord.
If the system of working the patrol flotillas explained in the
enclosed memorandum, has actually been enforced, it is in complete
violation not only of the obvious principles of war, but of all the
orders and directions issued on this subject during the last three
years. The word ‘distribution’ applied to armed force implies the most
vicious ideas. To proceed by dividing the front to be watched by the
number of destroyers available for watching and working out the number
of miles to the destroyers is the negation of good sense and military
principle.
Ever since the Manœuvres of 1912 I have repeatedly explained the
principles which should govern the working of the patrol flotillas
(_see_ attached papers), and these have been expounded to the C.I.D.
and issued to the War Staff with the full concurrence of the First Sea
Lord and the C.O.S. If there has been a departure from these
principles and an adoption of the barbarous method of ‘distributing’
the destroyers along the whole coast in a single row like toy soldiers
on the kitchen table, this shows a total lack of comprehension.
It must again be repeated:—
1. That the coast, with its cyclists, signal stations, and watchers,
is the line of observation, and the only line of observation, which
can certainly report the arrival of an enemy;
2. That the patrol flotillas, both of submarines and destroyers,
instead of being frittered away on useless cordon and patrolling
duties, should be kept concentrated and ready for action at selected
sally-ports along the coast, ready to proceed in force to any point
where shore information shows that an enemy is attempting to land;
3. That there is to be nothing like routine or sentry-go patrolling,
except at the mouths of harbours, and that from time to time
occasional good bold reconnaissances 60, 70, and 80 miles out to
seaward should be pushed from each sallyport by the whole of the boats
available, varied occasionally by the prying scouting of a single
destroyer;
4. That the prevention of mine-laying can only be done by trawlers,
who must summon help from the nearest patrol centre if necessary.
It must be recognised that nothing in our dispositions prevents an
enemy from approaching the British coasts with transports, and
beginning a landing there, but that if the flotillas are properly
handled he should be attacked within a few hours by submarines and
destroyers, and that the numbers and strength of the forces against
him should continually increase until long before any considerable
force can be landed the enemy’s transports and escort would be
overwhelmed, and those who are landed hopelessly cut off. The only
alternative to this policy of letting the enemy begin to land and then
attacking him while his landing is in progress is the close blockade
of the Heligoland Bight. There is much to be said for and against both
courses, but the intermediate course of ‘distributing’ a weak and thin
cordon of patrols at a short distance from the coast in the hopes of
putting up some defensive shield or screen is utterly futile.
The policy at present approved is to concentrate the flotillas at
fixed points and keep them strong and fresh and fit for action, while
relying upon the coast watch to give early and accurate information of
any attack by the enemy. If this policy be adhered to strictly and
simply it will not be found impossible to spare the 12 destroyers
which the Commander-in-Chief needs. It is, however, to be considered
whether they could not better be taken from the two 1st Fleet
Flotillas at Harwich.
W. S. C.
_November 7, 1914._
THE RIFLE SHORTAGE
The following course is to be adopted:—
1. As soon as the War Office are ready to hand over the 50,000
Japanese rifles, the whole of the rifles, long and short, whether used
by sailors or marines, on board H.M. ships at home and abroad, will be
collected and brought on shore to the Royal Naval Ordnance Depots. The
Japanese rifles will be issued to all ships in their place; there will
be no rifles of any sort on board H.M. ships other than Japanese.
2. From the British rifles surrendered by the Fleet, 15,000 short .303
charger loading rifles will be set aside for the Royal Naval Division,
i.e. one rifle for each of 12,000 men, plus 25 per cent for reserve
and training. All the rifles now possessed by the Royal Naval Division
will then be surrendered to the Ordnance Depots in exchange for the
15,000 short .303 British rifles aforesaid. Therefore the Royal Naval
Division will have 15,000 short British .303, and no more.
3. There will then be handed over to the Army 57,800 rifles, of which
9,000 will be short charger loading.
4. The 50,000 Japanese rifles will be issued to the Fleet in the
following proportion:—
One rifle for each marine, and one rifle for every 5 sailors, ships on
foreign service receiving one rifle for every 3 sailors. The rest of
the rifles will be issued as required to trawlers and auxiliaries, and
kept in the Royal Marine and Royal Naval Ordnance Depots.
The Fleet will thus be completely re-armed with the 50,000 Japanese
rifles, and the Royal Naval Division with .303 short rifles ready for
field service.
Let me now have calculations worked out on this basis; and draft a
letter accordingly to the War Office.
W. S. C.
_November 25, 1914._
INDEX
_Aboukir_, 351, 354
Cruiser. Launched 1900. Displacement 12,000 tons. Speed 21½ knots.
Two 9·2″, twelve 6″ guns.
Abrolhos, coaling base, 444
_Acasta_ class, 142
_Acheron_ class, 142
_Active_, 144
Light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 3,440 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Ten 4″ guns.
Admiralty, Board of, 256–61
Admiralty Transport Department, 397–98
Aerenthal, Count, 30
Aerial attack and defence, 220–21, 340–44
Aeroplanes, 336–44
Agadir Crisis, 38–67
_Agamemnon_, 225
Battleship. Launched 1906. Displacement 16,500 tons. Speed 18½ knots.
Four 12″, ten 9·2″ guns.
Airships, 338
Albert, King, 380, 403
_Albion_, 310, 447, 467, 484
Battleship. Launched 1898. Displacement 12,950 tons. Speed 18 knots.
Four 12″, twelve 6″ guns.
Algeciras Conference, 25–28
_Algerine_, 315
Canadian sloop. Launched 1895. Displacement 1,050 tons. Speed 13
knots. Six 4″ guns.
Allen, Captain, 476
Alsace-Lorraine, 7, 50–1
Americans and the War, 293
_Amphion_, 264
Light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 3,440 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Ten 4″ guns.
Anglo-French Agreement of 1904, 15, 25, 41
Anglo-French military conversations authorized by Sir Henry
Campbell-Bannerman, 27, 29
Anglo-Persian Oil Convention, 137, 139, 181
Antwerp, 348, 355–90, 398–9, 408, 411–12
_Arethusa_, 148, 332
Light cruiser. Launched 1913. Displacement 3,500 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, six 4″ guns.
_Ariadne_, 332
German light cruiser. Launched 1900. Displacement 2,618 tons. Speed
22 knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
Armoured cars, 344–5
Army mobilized, 234, 247–80
_Asama_, 465, 468–69
Japanese cruiser. Launched 1898. Displacement 9,885 tons. Speed 22
knots. Four 8″, fourteen 6″ guns.
_Askold_, 315–16, 323, 468, 544
Russian light cruiser. Launched 1900. Displacement 5,905 tons. Speed
23 knots. Twelve 6″ guns.
Asquith, H. H., 24, 28–9, 66, 99
—— invites Mr. Churchill to Admiralty, 66
Aston, General, 335, 347, 377
_Astræa_, 467
Light cruiser. Launched 1893. Displacement 4,360 tons. Speed 19¾
knots. Two 6″, eight 4·7″ guns.
_Attentive_, 388, 403
Scout. Launched 1904. Displacement 2,670 tons. Speed 25 knots. Nine
4″ guns.
_Audacious_, 408, 429–31, 437, 498
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1912. Displacement 23,000 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 13·5″, sixteen 4″ guns.
_Australia_, 262, 314–6, 321–24, 465, 467–8
Australian battle cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 18,800 tons.
Speed 25 knots. Eight 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
Australian Navy: First fight, 471–2
Austria, 29–31, 275
—— ultimatum to Serbia, 204
Bacon, Admiral, 74–5, 345
Balfour, Earl, 15, 21–4, 158, 197, 232
Balkan States, 18, 522–51
Ballin, 96, 99, 189, 207–8
—— letter to Sir E. Cassel, 112
_Barham_, 140–1
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1914. Displacement 27,500 tons.
Speed 25 knots. Eight 15″, twelve 6″ guns.
Bartolomé, _see_ De Bartolomé, Commodore
Bayly, Admiral Lewis, 160
Beaconsfield, 4
Beatty, Earl, 87–8, 160, 331–2, 422, 438, 483, 509–10, 514–9
—— and submarine alarm, 422–4
Belgium: Neutrality, 234
_Bellerophon_, 223
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1907. Displacement 18,600 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
_Benbow_, 465
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1913. Displacement 25,000 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 13·5″, twelve 6″ guns.
Beresford, Lord Charles, 71–2, 73–5
Bertie, Sir Francis, 369
_Berwick_, 467
Cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
Bethlehem Steel Company, 498
Bethmann-Hollweg, 37, 96–7, 103
Birkenhead, Lord, 229
_Birmingham_, 518
Light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 5,440 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Nine 6″ guns.
Bismarck, Prince, 7, 207
Black, Sir Frederick, 138
_Black Prince_, 269, 312, 467, 484, 542
Cruiser. Launched 1904. Displacement 13,550 tons. Speed 23½ knots.
Six 9·2″, ten 6″ guns.
Blake, Wm., 440
_Blanche_, 428
Light cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 3,350 tons. Speed 25
knots. Ten 4″ guns.
‘Blimps,’ 338
_Blonde_, 143–5, 147
Light cruiser. Launched 1910. Displacement 3,350 tons. Speed 25
knots. Ten 4″ guns.
Board of Admiralty, 256–61
Boer War, 12
Borden, Sir Robert, 183, 187
Bosnia, 30–1
Botha, General, 306, 464, 544
Boué de Lapeyrère, Admiral, 237
Bowles, Thomas Gibson, 353
_Breslau_, 526–7, 529, 536, 539, 544
German light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 4,500 tons. Speed
27 knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
Bridgeman, Sir Francis, 82–3, 89, 120, 133
Bridges, Colonel, 386, 400, 404–5, 411
Briggs, Admiral, 83, 144
_Brilliant_, 407
Light cruiser. Launched 1891. Displacement 3,600 tons. Speed 19½
knots. Two 6″, six 4·7″ guns.
_Bristol_, 448, 451, 467, 475, 478
Light cruiser. Launched 1910. Displacement 4,800 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Two 6″, ten 4″ guns.
British Expeditionary Force, 250, 276–80
British Navy: Assembly at Portland, 1912, 121–4;
German submarine alarm, 413–41;
in 1914–15, 501;
leaves for Scapa Flow, 224–27;
mobilised, July, 1914, 201;
mobilised, July 31–August 4, 228–46;
visits Kronstadt and Kiel, 198–202;
_see_ under names of ships, and _passim_.
British ultimatum to Germany, 235–46
Broqueville, M. de, 372–3, 377–8
Budget of 1909, 20
Bulkeley-Johnson, Colonel, 303
Buller, Captain, 308
Bülow, General von, 358
Bülow, Prince, 25
Burmah Oil Companies, 139, 323
Burney, Admiral, 480
Burns, John, 24
_Bustard_, 404
Gunboat. Launched 1871. Displacement 254 tons. One 6″, one 4·7″ gun.
Buxton, Noel, 530
Byng, General, 377
_Cadmus_, 316, 543
Sloop. Launched 1903. Displacement 1,070 tons. Speed 13 knots. Six 4″
guns.
Caillaux, M., 65
Calais, 346
Callaghan, Sir George, 83, 225, 231–2
_Calliope_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, eight 4″ guns.
Callwell, General, 532
Cambon, M., 231–2
_Cambria_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1915. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Five 6″ guns.
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 24–9
—— authorises Anglo-French military conversations, 27–9
—— supports France at Algeciras, 27
Canadian Army, 327–9
_Canopus_, 310, 444–56, 458, 462–3, 466, 470–1, 473, 475
Battleship. Launched 1897. Displacement 12,950 tons. Speed 18¼ knots.
Four 12″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Canterbury_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1915. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Five 6″ guns.
_Cap Trafalgar_, 308
German armed merchant cruiser.
Capper, General, 377
Caprivi, Count, 9
Carden, Admiral, 535, 540–1
_Carmania_, 308
Armed merchant cruiser.
_Carnarvon_, 447–8, 451, 465, 467–9, 473, 475, 478, 493.
Cruiser. Launched 1903. Displacement 10,850 tons. Speed 22¼ knots.
Four 7·5″, six 6″ guns.
Carson, Lord, 197–8, 229
_Carysfort_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, eight 4″ guns.
Cassel, Sir Ernest, 96, 99–100, 112–3, 189
Castelnau, General de, 356, 358
_Castor_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1915. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Five 6″ guns.
Cawdor, Lord, 74
Chamberlain, Joseph, 12, 22
_Champion_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, eight 4″ guns.
Channel Ports, 395–412
Charles, Archduke, 198
_Chatham_, 312
Light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 5,400 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Eight 6″ guns.
_Chikuma_, 316–7, 321, 323, 466
Japanese light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 4,950 tons. Speed
26 knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Chinese Labour cry, 20, 25
Churchill, Lord Randolph, 187
Churchill, Winston Spencer, Agadir crisis, 1911;
letter to Sir E. Grey, 63–4;
air defence of Great Britain, 348;
at Antwerp, 372–90;
attacks on, 431–2;
attends Committee of Imperial Defence, 53–8;
authorises examination of letters of spies, 49;
_Aboukir_, _Hogue_ and _Cressy_, 352–4;
goes to Admiralty, 64;
Herr Ballin and Mr. Churchill, 207–8;
letters to Sir E. Grey, _passim_;
letter to Sir E. Cassel on German Navy Law, 113;
letter to Lord Fisher on liquid fuel problem, 137–8;
letter to Sir E. Carson on Irish affairs, 196–7;
letter to Prince Louis on his resigning office, 435–6;
letters to Sir John French, 408, and _passim_;
‘Military Aspects of the Continental Problem,’ 1911, 58–62;
naval cordite, 48;
President of Board of Trade, 29;
proposes Naval War Staff, 81–4;
sends ‘warning telegrams’ to Commanders-in-Chief, 218–20;
signs order ... Battle of Falklands, 473;
sends for Lord Fisher, 75;
speech at Belfast, 101;
speech at Glasgow, 101–3;
studies military position in Europe, 49–50;
talk with Count Metternich, 50–1;
Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, 29;
and _passim_.
_Cleopatra_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, eight 4″ guns.
_Clio_, 316, 543
Sloop. Launched 1903. Displacement 1,070 tons. Speed 13 knots. Six 4″
guns.
Colville, Admiral, 426
‘Commence hostilities against Germany,’ 245
_Condé_, 467
French cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 9,856 tons. Speed 21
knots. Two 7·6″, eight 6·4″, six 3·9″ guns.
_Conquest_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,750 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, eight 4″ guns.
Constantine, King, 529, 538
Convoy system, 310–13, 317, 322–9
Corbett, Sir Julian, 93 (note)
Cordite, 48
_Cormoran_, German armed merchant cruiser, 316
_Cornwall_, 448, 451, 465, 467–9, 473, 475, 477–8
Cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
Coronel and the Falklands, 442–77
_Courageous_, 500
Cruiser. Launched 1916. Displacement 18,600 tons. Speed 32 knots.
Four 15″, eighteen 4″ guns.
Cradock, Admiral, 444–66, 492
_Cressy_, 351–3
Cruiser. Launched 1899. Displacement 12,000 tons. Speed 21½ knots.
Two 9·2″, twelve 6″ guns.
Crewe, Lord, 185, 231
Cromarty, 162
_Cumberland_, 467
Cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
Cunliffe, Lord, 139
Custance, Sir Reginald, 160
Cuxhaven: attack by seaplanes, 489
_Daily Chronicle_, 187
Dallas, Colonel, 363–4, 368, 371–2, 374
‘Danger Year,’ 32
_Dartmouth_, 312–3, 465, 467–8
Light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 5,250 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Dawnay, Hugh, 303
De Bartolomé, Captain, 82, 439, 466, 484
De Robeck, Admiral, 467
_Defence_, 269, 313, 444, 446–7, 451–6, 462–70, 473, 439, 492
Cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 14,600 tons. Speed 22½ knots.
Four 9·2″, ten 7·5″ guns.
Deguise, General, 372, 384–5
Delcassé, 16, 26, 44
_Derfflinger_, 141
German battle cruiser. Launched 1913. Displacement 28,000 tons. Speed
27 knots. Eight 12″, twelve 5·9″ guns.
Devlin, Mr., 191
Devonshire, Duke of, 22
Dillon, John, 191
Disraeli, 12
Djavid Bey, 523–4
_Donegal_, 467
Cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
Donnesmarck, Count, 26
_Doris_, 543
Light cruiser. Launched 1896. Displacement 5,600 tons. Speed 19½
knots. Eleven 6″ guns.
Douglas, Sir Charles, 531
Dreadnought Battle Fleet, 482, 486
_Dresden_, 307, 444–6, 448, 456, 463, 477–8, 493, 548
German light cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 3,544 tons. Speed
24 knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
Dryden, John, 236 (_note_)
Dual Alliance, 9, 12
Dubail, General, 356, 358
_Dublin_, 268–72, 275
Light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 5,400 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Eight 6″ guns.
_Duke of Edinburgh_, 269, 542
Cruiser. Launched 1904. Displacement 13,550 tons. Speed 23 knots. Six
9·2″, ten 6″ guns.
Dumble, Colonel, 398
Dunkirk, 345–8
_Dupleix_, 314
French cruiser. Launched 1900. Displacement 7,578 tons. Speed 21
knots. Eight 6·4″, four 3·9″ guns.
Dupont, General, 336
Dutch neutrality, 361–2
_Eber_, 307
German gunboat. Launched 1903. Displacement 977 tons. Speed 13 knots.
Eight 3·4″ guns.
_Edgar Quinets_, 484
French cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 13,780 tons. Speed 23
knots. Fourteen 7·6″ guns.
Elgin, Lord, 24
_Emden_, 307–9, 312, 316–7, 319, 322–4, 468, 471–2, 542–3
German light cruiser. Launched 1908. Displacement 3,544 tons. Speed
24 knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
_Empress of Asia_, 316
Armed merchant cruiser.
_Empress of India_, 465
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1913. Displacement 25,000 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 13·5″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Empress of Japan_, 316
Armed merchant cruiser.
_Empress of Russia_, 316
Armed merchant cruiser.
_Enchantress_, 122
Admiralty yacht.
_Encounter_, 316–7, 320, 466
Australian light cruiser. Launched 1903. Displacement 5,880 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Eleven 6″ guns.
Enver Pasha, 523, 528, 539
Esher, Lord, 388
_Essex_, 448
Cruiser. Launched 1901. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 22½ knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
_Euryalus_, 351
Cruiser. Launched 1901. Displacement 12,000 tons. Speed 21½ knots.
Two 9·2″, twelve 6″ guns.
Ewing, Sir Alfred, 503
_Falcon_, 407
Destroyer. Launched 1899. Displacement 375 tons. Speed 30 knots. One
12–pr., five 6–pr. guns.
Falklands and Coronel, 442–78
Falklands Victory, Fisher’s opinion, 491–3
_Fearless_, 332, 351
Light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 3,440 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Ten 4″ guns.
Ferdinand, 538
_Firedrake_, 219, 508, 512–3
Destroyer. Launched 1912. Displacement 860 tons. Speed 33 knots. Two
4″ guns.
Fisher, Lord, 85, 113, 125–7, 137, 144–5, 179–80, 259, 354, 436–41,
452, 454, 462, 465, 473, 510
—— appointed First Sea Lord, 437;
at the Admiralty, 479–501;
and Falklands Victory, 493–4;
character sketch, 71–8;
letter on a naval programme, 106–9
Foch, Marshal, 358–9, 410, 491
_Foresight_, 404
Scout. Launched 1904. Displacement 2,850 tons. Speed 25 knots. Nine
4″ guns.
Fowler, Sir Henry, 24
_Fox_, 311, 313, 317
Light cruiser. Launched 1893. Displacement 4,360 tons. Speed 19½
knots. Two 6″, eight 4·7″ guns.
Franco-German War, 6–8
Franco-Russian Alliance of 1892, 7–10
_Frauenlob_, 333
German light cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 2,657 tons. Speed
21 knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
French, Earl, 249–50, 279, 286, 289, 299–300, 302, 342, 371, 382, 395,
400, 408–11
—— differences between French and Kitchener, 398–9, 408
—— letter to Mr. Churchill on Lord Kitchener’s visit to Paris, 300–1
French General Staff, 57
French Navy, 242.
_See also_ under names of Ships
_Furious_, 500
Cruiser. Launched 1916. Displacement 19,100 tons. Speed 31½ knots.
Two 18″, eight 5·5″ guns.
_Geier_, 307, 316, 468–9
German light cruiser. Launched 1894. Displacement 1,597 tons. Speed
16 knots. Eight 4·1″ guns.
General Election of 1906, 24
_General_, German mail steamer, 266
George, David Lloyd, 20, 24, 28–9, 43–7, 282, 292
—— speech at Bankers’ Association on Agadir crisis, 43–5
—— effect on Germany, 45–6
German alliance with Turkey, 539
German colonial expansion, 6–7, 95
German finance, 1909, 35–6
German merchant ships captured, 326
German Navy, 12–15, 32–4, 36, 51, 333–4, 503.
_See also_ names of ships.
German Navy Law, 53–124
German oversea trade, 326
German plan for attacking France, Sir H. Wilson’s view, 53–67
German spies, 49
German torpedo boats, 487–8
Germany and balance of power, 6–11
—— and Boer War, 11–2
—— declares war on Russia, 231
—— invited to join Japanese Alliance, 14
—— Moroccan problem, 14
Gerrard, Major, 340
_Glasgow_, 445–8, 450–1, 453–4, 460, 463, 466, 469–71, 473, 475, 477–8,
492
Light cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 4,800 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Two 6″, ten 4″ guns.
_Glorious_, 500
Cruiser. Launched 1916. Displacement 18,600 tons. Speed 32 knots.
Four 15″, eighteen 4″ guns.
_Glory_, 310, 328
Battleship. Launched 1899. Displacement 12,950 tons. Speed 18¼ knots.
Four 12″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Gloucester_, 267, 269, 271–2, 468, 542
Light cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 4,800 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Two 6″, ten 4″ guns.
_Gneisenau_, 307–8, 313–6, 320–3, 424, 443–64, 466, 468–70, 474–8, 484
German cruiser. Launched 1906. Displacement 11,420 tons. Speed 22½
knots. Eight 8·2″, six 5·9″ guns.
_Goeben_, 219, 222, 236–43, 266–75, 525–7, 529, 535, 539–40, 544
German battle cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 22,640 tons. Speed
26 knots. Ten 11″, twelve 5·9″ guns.
_Good Hope_, 308, 444, 446–54, 456–59, 463, 469–70, 316, 492
Cruiser. Launched 1901. Displacement 14,100 tons. Speed 23 knots. Two
9·2″, sixteen 6″ guns.
Goodenough, Admiral, 510
Goulding, Sir Edward, 229
Grant, Captain Noel, 308
Grant-Duff, Col., 49 (_note_)
Greene, Sir Graham, 439
Grey, Earl, 24–31, 40–5, 96–9, 105, 115, 155, 186, 189, 191, 197, 204,
207–8, 210–6, 231, 360, 365–6, 370, 384, 524–7, 530, 534, 536
Gun: weight of shell fired, 125–6
Gunnery, 125–31
Haig, Earl, 90, 395
_Halcyon_, 479
Torpedo gunboat. Launched 1894. Displacement 1,070 tons. Speed 19
knots. Two 4·7″ guns.
Haldane, Lord, 24, 48, 66, 103–4, 111, 231
—— asks for a Naval War Staff, 56
—— goes to Berlin, 98–9
—— Haldane Plan, 248
Halil Bey, 523
Hall, Captain Reginald, 502
_Hamidieh_, 540
Turkish fight cruiser. Launched 1903. Displacement 3,800 tons. Speed
22 knots. Two 6″, eight 4·7″ guns.
_Hampshire_, 314, 316–7, 323–4, 468, 542, 544
Cruiser. Launched 1903. Displacement 10,850 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Four 7·5″, six 6″ guns.
Hankey, Captain, 49, 172, 220
Harcourt, Sir William, 20
Harland and Wolff, 499
Hartlepool bombardment, 507–9, 520
‘Harwich Striking Force,’ 330, 402, 480–1, 506–7
Hase, Commander von, 141 (_note_)
Hedin, Dr. Sven, 402
Heligoland Bight Action, 331–4
Heligoland exchanged for Zanzibar, 11
Henry, Sir Edward, 47–8
Herzegovina, 30–1
Hicks-Beach, Sir M., 22
_Highflyer_, 308, 467
Light cruiser. Launched 1898. Displacement 5,600 tons. Speed 20
knots. Eleven 6″ guns.
_Himalaya_, 316
Armed merchant cruiser.
Hindenburg, 538
Hipper, Admiral von, 514, 518–21
_Hizen_, 453, 465, 467–9
Japanese battleship. Launched 1900. Displacement 12,700 tons. Speed
18 knots. Four 12″, sixteen 6″ guns.
_Hogue_, 351–3
Cruiser. Launched 1900. Displacement 12,000 tons. Speed 21½ knots.
Two 9·2″, twelve 6″ guns.
Holbrook, Commander, 415, 545
Holland and neutrality, 361–2
Hood, Admiral, 255–6, 401, 403–7, 422, 480, 492
Hopwood, Sir Francis. _See_ Southborough, Lord
Hornby, Admiral, 328
_Humber_, 401
Monitor. Launched 1913. Displacement 1,250 tons. Speed 11½ knots. Two
6″, two 4·7″ guns.
_Hyacinth_, 468
Light cruiser. Launched 1898. Displacement 5,600 tons. Speed 20
knots. Eleven 6″ guns.
_Ibuki_, 316, 321–2, 327, 472, 544
Japanese cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 14,620 tons. Speed 22
knots. Four 12″, eight 8″, fourteen 4·7″ guns.
_Idzumo_, 415, 453, 465, 467–9
Japanese cruiser. Launched 1899. Displacement 9,750 tons. Speed 22
knots. Four 8″, fourteen 6″ guns.
_Ikoma_, 466
Japanese cruiser. Launched 1906. Displacement 13,750 tons. Speed 21
knots. Four 12″, twelve 6″, twelve 4·7″ guns.
Imperial Defence, Committee of, 173, 221
_Inconstant_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,500 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, six 4″ guns.
_Indefatigable_, 140, 239–40, 313, 540
Battle cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 18,750 tons. Speed 25
knots. Eight 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
_Indomitable_, 239–40, 266, 274, 312, 467–8, 533, 536
Battle cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 17,250 tons. Speed 25
knots. Eight 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
_Inflexible_, 266, 428, 466–8, 472,475–8, 481, 493
Battle cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 17,250 tons. Speed 25
knots. Eight 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
Ingenohl, Admiral von, 515–6
Intelligence Department, 495–6, 502–5
Invasion, 177–8, 288–9, 409, 419, 490
_Invincible_, 261, 331, 427, 428, 465–8, 475–8, 481, 493
Battle cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 17,250 tons. Speed 25
knots. Eight 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
Ireland and the European balance, 179–202
_Iron Duke_, 517
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1912. Displacement 25,000 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 13·5″, twelve 6″ guns.
Isvolsky, M., 30
Italian neutrality, 237, 242
Jackson, Sir Henry, 310–1, 320, 439
Jackson, Admiral Thomas, 439, 502
Jameson Raid, 11, 20
Japanese Alliance, 14
Japanese Navy, 468;
convoy, 321.
_See also_ names of ships
Japanese ultimatum to Germany, 315
Jellicoe, Lord, 83–4, 146, 179, 232, 276, 278, 331, 408, 417–8, 425–6,
428, 437, 466, 480–9, 517
—— opinion of Mr. Churchill, 109
—— raids the British coast in 1913, 153–4
—— takes command of the Fleets, 233
—— and submarine alarm, 417–9, 421
Jerram, Admiral, 314
Joffre, General, 285–6, 298, 301–2, 347, 365–7, 400, 491
Jutland, Battle of, 338
_Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse_, 308
German armed merchant cruiser.
_Karlsruhe_, 307–8, 444, 448, 461, 477
German light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 4,820 tons. Speed
27 knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
Keble’s _Christian Year_, 146
Kelly, Captain John, 270–1
Kelly, Captain W. A. Howard, 271
_Kent_, 465, 467, 473, 475–6, 478
Cruiser. Launched 1901. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
Kerr, Admiral Mark, 532–3
_Kersaint_, 316
French gunvessel. Launched 1897. Displacement 1,223 tons. Speed 15
knots. One 5·5″, five 3·9″ guns.
Keyes, Commodore, 278, 330, 332, 349, 438, 506, 508, 512–3, 519
Khaki Election, 20, 24
Kiderlen-Wächter, 39, 46
Kiel Canal, 98
_King Alfred_, 350
Cruiser. Launched 1901. Displacement 14,100 tons. Speed 23 knots. Two
9·2″, sixteen 6″ guns.
_King Edwards_, class of ship, 481, 484–5
Kitchener, Lord, 160, 214, 248, 250–5, 287–9, 294, 299–304, 306–7, 326,
329, 334, 337, 343, 347, 360, 362, 365–73, 377, 381–4, 388–9,
399–400, 408–9, 412, 430, 490, 531, 538
—— and British Territorial system, 254;
effects of Mons, 288–9;
goes to Paris and Lord French’s comment, 299–304;
differences between Kitchener and French, 399–400, 408;
orders batteries from India, 307;
Secretary of State for War, 250–1
Kluck, General von, 279, 357–8
_Köln_, 332
German light cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 4,280 tons. Speed
27 knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
_Komet_, 307
German torpedo gunboat. Launched 1892. Displacement 971 tons. Speed
21 knots. Four 3·4″ guns.
_Königsberg_, 307–9, 311, 324, 471–2, 542
German light cruiser. Launched 1906. Displacement 3,350 tons. Speed
23 knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
Kruger, President, 11
_Kurama_, 466
Japanese cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 14,620 tons. Speed 22
knots. Four 12″, eight 8″, fourteen 4·7″ guns.
Lambert, Mr., 183
_Lancaster_, 328, 467
Cruiser. Launched 1902. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 23 knots.
Fourteen 6″ guns.
_Lance_, 402
Destroyer. Launched 1914. Displacement 965 tons. Speed 29 knots.
Three 4″ guns.
Lanrezac, General, 279, 286, 299
Lansdowne, Marquis of, 14
Law, Mr. Bonar, 229
_Legion_, 402
Destroyer. Launched 1914. Displacement 965 tons. Speed 29 knots.
Three 4″ guns.
_Leipzig_, 307–9, 311, 315, 447–8, 455–7, 463, 476–8
German light cruiser, Launched 1905. Displacement 3,200 tons. Speed
22½ knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
_Lennox_, 402
Destroyer. Launched 1914. Displacement 965 tons. Speed 29 knots.
Three 4″ guns.
_Leopard_, 480
Destroyer. Launched 1897. Displacement 350 tons. Speed 30 knots. One
12–pr., five 6–pr. guns.
Licensing Bill, 1908, 28
Lichnowsky, Prince, 255
Lighters, 500
Limpus, Admiral, 525, 535
Lindequist, von, 65
_Lion_, 89, 109, 134, 145–6, 333, 428, 517
Battle cruiser. Launched 1910. Displacement 26,350 tons. Speed 27
knots. Eight 13·5″, sixteen 4″ guns.
Liquid fuel, 133–41
_Lively_, 480
Destroyer. Launched 1900. Displacement 385 tons. Speed 30 knots. One
12–pr., five 6–pr. guns.
London Conference, 1871, 30
_Lord Nelson_, 261
Battleship. Launched 1906. Displacement 16,500 tons. Speed 18½ knots.
Four 12″, ten 9·2″ guns.
Loreburn, Earl (Sir Robert Reid), 24, 42
Louis of Battenberg, Prince, 82–3, 89–90, 120, 162 (_note_), 183, 201,
242, 259, 287, 313, 350, 377, 380–2, 396, 429, 462, 503
—— orders the Fleet not to disperse, 209;
letter of resignation, 435–6
_Loyal_, 402
Destroyer. Launched 1913. Displacement 965 tons. Speed 29 knots.
Three 4″ guns.
Lucas, Lord, 250
Ludendorff, General, 282
_Lurcher_, 219, 333, 508, 512
Destroyer. Launched 1912. Displacement 860 tons. Speed 35 knots. Two
4″ guns.
‘_Luxus Flotte_,’ 103, 112
_Macedonia_, 448, 451, 478
Armed merchant cruiser.
McKenna, Mr., 32–3, 44, 68, 74–5, 102, 125
Macnamara, Dr., 181, 183
Madden, Admiral, 83
‘Maestricht Appendix,’ 55, 64
_Magdeburg_, 503–4
German light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 4,500 tons. Speed
27 knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
Mahan, Admiral, 93 (_note_)
_Maidstone_, 404
Depot ship for submarines.
_Mainz_, 333
German light cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 4,232 tons. Speed
25½ knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
_Majestic_, 312, 328
Battleship. Launched 1895. Displacement 14,900 tons. Speed 17½ knots.
Four 12″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Malaya_, 111, 140–1
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1914. Displacement 27,500 tons.
Speed 25 knots. Eight 15″, twelve 6″ guns.
Mallet, Sir Louis, 530, 537
Mannesmann Brothers, 38
Marine Brigade, 255, 334–5, 343, 347
Marix, Commander, 389 (_note_)
Marne, Battle of, 299, 357–8
Marsh, Mr., 205 (_note_)
Marwitz, 359
Maunoury, General, 356–7
Maurice of Battenberg, Prince, 436
_Melbourne_, Lord, 52
Melbourne, 314, 316–7, 320–3, 327, 468, 471, 542
Australian light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 5,400 tons.
Speed 25½ knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Mensdorf, Count, 256
Mercantile marine, 264
_Mersey_, 401
Monitor. Launched 1913. Displacement 1,250 tons. Speed 11½ knots. Two
6″, two 4·7″ guns.
Metternich, Count, 40, 44–6, 50–2
‘Military Aspects of the Continental Problem, 1911,’ by Mr. Churchill,
58–62
Milne, Sir Berkeley, 238–9, 266–75
_Minerva_, 312, 543
Light cruiser. Launched 1895. Displacement 5,600 tons. Speed 19½
knots. Eleven 6″ guns.
_Minotaur_, 142, 313–4, 316–7, 321–2, 327, 467, 472, 484
Cruiser. Launched 1906. Displacement 14,600 tons. Speed 22½ knots.
Four 9·2″, ten 7·5″ guns.
Moltke, H., Count, 7, 12, 51
_Monarch_, 109
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1911. Displacement 22,500 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 13·5″, sixteen 4″ guns.
Monitors, 498–500
_Monmouth_, 308, 445–64, 416, 469, 478, 492
Cruiser. Launched 1901. Displacement 9,800 tons. Speed 22·4 knots.
Fourteen 6″guns.
Mons, 289
_Montcalm_, 315–6, 320–2, 324, 465–6
French cruiser. Launched 1900. Displacement 9,367 tons. Speed 21
knots. Two 7·6″, eight 6·4″, four 3·9″ guns.
Moore, Admiral, 127, 138
Morley, Lord, 24, 42, 250
Morocco crisis, 25–7, 38–67
Motor omnibuses from London streets, 347
_Mousquet_, 308
French destroyer. Launched 1902. Displacement 300 tons. Speed 30
knots. One 9–pr., six 3–pr. guns.
Munro, Commander, 423–4
_Myrmidon_, 406
Destroyer. Launched 1900. Displacement 370 tons. Speed 30 knots. One
12–pr., five 6–pr. guns.
Napoleon, 153, 245
Nasmith, Commander, 519
Naval Brigades, 377–90, 392
Naval Intelligence Division, 495–6, 502–5
Naval Reserves called out, 231
Naval Volunteers, 255
Naval War Staff, 56, 69, 90–3
_Neptune_, 122
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1909. Displacement 19,900 tons.
Speed 21 knots. Ten 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
New Guinea Expedition, 322
New Zealand, 319–20
New Zealand Contingent sails, 321–2
_New Zealand_, 219, 237, 274, 331, 428, 466
Battle cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 18,800 tons. Speed 25
knots. Eight 12″, sixteen 4″ guns.
_Newcastle_, 315, 450, 453, 465, 467–8
Light cruiser. Launched 1909. Displacement 4,800 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Two 6″, ten 4″ guns.
Newspaper Press Committee, 431
Nicholson, Sir William, 50, 249
Nieuport, 406
_Nürnberg_, 307, 316–7, 319, 446, 448, 455–6, 463, 477–8
German light cruiser. Launched 1906. Displacement 3,396 tons. Speed
23½ knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
_Nusa_, 307
German Government yacht.
_Ocean_, 312
Battleship. Launched 1898. Displacement 12,950 tons. Speed 18¼ knots.
Four 12″, twelve 6″ guns.
Oguri, Admiral, 469
Oil Problem, 133–41, 179–81
Oliver, Admiral, 374–5, 401, 438, 452, 466, 474, 493, 502, 504, 508
Ollivant, Colonel, 306, 345, 347
_Olympic_, liner, 431
Omnibuses from London streets, 321
Oram, Sir Henry, 129, 133, 144, 147
_Orama_, 448, 451, 473
Armed merchant cruiser.
Osmaston, Colonel, 397
Ostend, 404;
British destroyers fire on, 402–3
_Otranto_, 445–447, 450, 454, 456–9, 463, 466, 469–70, 478
Armed merchant cruiser.
Ottley, Sir Charles, 81, 220
Pakenham, Captain, 83, 86–7, 89
_Panther_, 39, 46
German gunboat. Launched 1901. Displacement 962 tons. Speed 13 knots.
Eight 3·4″ guns.
Paris, General, 347, 381–3, 385, 387
_Pegasus_, 308
Light cruiser. Launched 1897. Displacement 2,135 tons. Speed 20
knots. Eight 4″ guns.
_Philomel_, 323–24
Light cruiser. Launched 1890. Displacement 2,575 tons. Speed 19
knots. Eight 4·7″ guns.
_Pioneer_, 316, 324
Australian light cruiser. Launched 1899. Displacement 2,200 tons.
Speed 20 knots. Eight 4″ guns.
‘Plan XVII,’ 285–7
_Planet_, 307
German surveying vessel.
Pohl, Admiral von, 260, 334
_Princess Royal_, 328, 333, 428, 466–7, 481–5
Battle cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 26,350 tons. Speed 27
knots. Eight 13·5″, sixteen 4″ guns.
_Prince Eitel Friedrich_, 316
German armed merchant cruiser.
_Proserpine_, 543
Light cruiser. Launched 1896. Displacement 2,135 tons. Speed 20
knots. Eight 4″ guns.
Protectionist Movement, 20, 22
_Psyche_, 323–4
Light cruiser. Launched 1898. Displacement 2,200 tons. Speed 20
knots. Eight 4″ guns.
_Pyramus_, 323–4
Light cruiser. Launched 1897. Displacement 2,135 tons. Speed 20
knots. Eight 4″ guns.
_Queen Elizabeth_, 137, 140–1, 465, 545
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1913. Displacement 27,500 tons.
Speed 25 knots. Eight 15″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Queen Mary_, 141
Battle cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 27,000 tons. Speed 27
knots. Eight 13·5″, sixteen 4″ guns.
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 303, 381–3, 386–8, 394
Reading, Lord, 291
Redmond, Mr., 191, 197
Reid, Sir Robert. See Loreburn, Earl
_Renown_, 495, 500
Battle cruiser. Launched 1916. Displacement 26,500 tons. Speed 32
knots. Six 15″, seventeen 4″ guns.
_Repulse_, 495, 500
Battle cruiser. Launched 1916. Displacement 26,500 tons. Speed 32
knots. Six 15″, seventeen 4″ guns.
_Requin_, 544
French battleship. Launched 1885. Displacement 7,200 tons. Speed 14
knots. Two 10·8″, six 3·9″ guns.
_Reshadieh_, 222
Turkish battleship building in Great Britain. Requisitioned for Royal
Navy. Renamed Erin. Launched 1913. Displacement 22,940 tons. Speed
21½ knots. Ten 13·5″, sixteen 6″ guns.
_Revenge_, 409, 492
(old.) (Renamed _Redoubtable_ later.) Battleship. Launched 1892.
Displacement 14,000 tons. Speed 17½ knots. Four 13·5″, ten 6″
guns.
(new.) Dreadnought Battleship. Launched 1915. Displacement 25,750
tons. Speed 23 knots. Eight 15″, fourteen 6″ guns.
_Rinaldo_, 407
Sloop. Launched 1901. Displacement 980 tons. Speed 13 knots. Six 4″
guns.
Ripon, Lord, 24
Roberts, Earl, 248–9, 360
Ronarc’h, Admiral, 371, 377, 379
_Roon_, 514
German cruiser. Launched 1903. Displacement 9,350 tons. Speed 21
knots. Four 8·2″, ten 5·9″ guns.
Rosebery, Lord, and Anglo-French Agreement, 15
Rouvier, M., 26
Roy, General, 371, 377
Royal Fleet Reserve, 255
Royal Flying Corps, 336–7
Royal Naval Air Service, 336–7
Royal Naval Division, 306–7
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, 255
_Royalist_, 497
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,500 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6 six 4″ guns.
Russian Army, 55, 298
Russo-Japanese War, 14, 23
— Influence of Russian defeat on German policy, 14
Saint-Seine, Comte de, 233
_Salamis_, 498
Greek battle cruiser building in Germany, 1914.
Salisbury, Marquess of, 10, 11, 21
Samoa, 321, 444–5
Samson, Commander, 340, 343–4, 398
Samuel, Sir Marcus, 108
_Sapphire_, 428
Light cruiser. Launched 1904. Displacement 3,000 tons. Speed 22
knots. Twelve 4″ guns.
Scapa Flow, 414, 425–6, 485–6, 505
Scarborough bombardment, 507–9, 520
_Scharnhorst_, 307–8, 313–4, 316–7, 320–4, 443, 445–69, 476–7, 483–4
German cruiser. Launched 1906. Displacement 11,420 tons. Speed 22½
knots. Eight 8·2″, six 5·9″ guns.
Scheer, Admiral, 261 (_note_), 332–4, 431, 504, 515
Scheldt, 361, 373
Schwab, Mr., 497–8
Seaplanes, 336–44
Serbia, 31, 204
_Severn_, 401
Monitor. Launched 1914. Displacement 1,250 tons. Speed 11½ knots. Two
6″, two 4·7″ guns.
_Shearwater_, 315
Canadian sloop. Launched 1901. Displacement 980 tons. Speed 13 knots.
Six 4″ guns.
Shells, weight of, 121–2
Slade, Admiral, 139
Smith, F. E. _See_ Birkenhead, Lord
Smith, Sir James M., 205 (_note_)
Smuts, General, 464, 544
Souchon, Admiral, 265, 269, 275, 536
South African War, 12, 20
_Southampton_, 517
Light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 5,400 tons. Speed 25½
knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Southborough, Lord, 108, 138
Spee, Admiral von, 317–9, 442, 455–8, 460–6, 473–7, 542
Spenser-Grey, Commander, 389 (_note_)
Spies, 49, 224
_Stettin_, 333
German light cruiser. Launched 1907. Displacement 3,396 tons. Speed
23½ knots. Ten 4·1″ guns.
Stoddart, Admiral, 448, 452–5, 460–4, 462, 473
_Strassburg_, 333
German light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 4,500 tons. Speed
27 knots. Twelve 4·1″ guns.
Sturdee, Admiral, 438, 455, 462, 466, 472–5, 493–4
Submarine menace, 409, 413–41, 495–7
Sueter, Commodore, 340, 344
_Swift_, 143–5, 422
Destroyer leader. Launched 1907. Displacement 1,800 tons. Speed 35
knots. Four 4″ guns.
_Swiftsure_, 312–3, 542–3
Battleship. Launched 1903. Displacement 11,800 tons. Speed 19½ knots.
Four 10″, fourteen 7·5″ guns.
Swinton, Major, 300
_Sydney_, 314, 316–7, 320–4, 327, 468, 471–2, 542
Australian light cruiser. Launched 1912. Displacement 5,400 tons.
Speed 25½ knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Talaat Bey, 523
Tanks, 344–5
Tariff Reform, 22
Tennyson-D’Eyncourt, Sir Eustace, 129
Tholens, Lieutenant, 333
Thomson, Graeme, 396
_Tiger_, 428, 465–6
Battle cruiser. Launched 1913. Displacement 28,000 tons. Speed 28
knots. Eight 13·5″, twelve 6″ guns.
Tirpitz, Admiral von, 33, 46, 66, 103, 111, 114, 117–8, 140, 188–91,
260, 263, 333, 515
Togo, Admiral, 86, 131
Toul demanded by Germany, 156, 218
Transport Department, 397–8
_Tribal_ class, 142
Triple Alliance, 7, 12, 16
_Triumph_, 219, 313–7
Battleship. Launched 1903. Displacement 11,800 tons. Speed 19½ knots.
Four 10″, fourteen 7·5″ guns.
Troubridge, Admiral, 120, 267, 269, 272–3
_Tsukuba_, 466
Japanese cruiser. Launched 1905. Displacement 13,750 tons. Speed 21
knots. Four 12″, twelve 6″, twelve 4·7″ guns.
Turkey enters the War, 522–51
Turkish alliance with Germany, 266, 539–40
Tweedmouth, Lord, 74
Tyrrell, Sir William, 210, 367
Tyrwhitt, Admiral, 148, 330–2, 349, 352, 404, 506
_Undaunted_, 402
Light cruiser. Launched 1914. Displacement 3,500 tons. Speed 29
knots. Two 6″, six 4″ guns.
Unionist Party supports Government, August, 1914, 215–6, 232
_Valiant_, 140–1
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1914. Displacement 27,500 tons.
Speed 25 knots. Eight 15″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Venerable_, 406–7
Battleship. Launched 1899. Displacement 15,000 tons. Speed 18 knots.
Four 12″, twelve 6″ guns.
_Vengeance_, 467, 493
Battleship. Launched 1899. Displacement 12,950 tons. Speed 18 knots.
Four 12″ twelve 6″ guns.
Venizelos, M., 529–30, 534, 538, 544
Verdun demanded by Germany, 156, 218
Villiers, Sir F., 364, 367, 370
Von der Marwitz, 359
Warrender, Sir George, 508–10, 512, 514–8
_Warrior_, 269, 467, 484, 542
Cruiser. Launched 1905. Displacement 13,550 tons. Speed 23 knots. Six
9·2″, four 7·5″ guns.
_Warspite_, 140–1
Dreadnought battleship. Launched 1913. Displacement 27,500 tons.
Speed 25 knots. Eight 15″, twelve 6″ guns.
Watts, Sir Philip, 106, 129, 133, 144, 147
Webb, Captain, 427
Weddigen, Lieutenant, 352
Wemyss, Admiral, 527
Westminster, Duke of, 302
_Weymouth_, 313, 465, 407–8
Light cruiser. Launched 1910. Displacement 5,250 tons. Speed 24¾
knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Whitby bombardment, 520
White, Sir W., 108
_Wildfire_, 406–7
Sloop. Launched 1888. Displacement 1,140 tons. Speed 14 knots.
William, Crown Prince, 65
William, German Emperor, 11, 26, 33, 96, 98, 101, 104, 110–2, 216, 334
Wilmot, Sir E., 107
Wilson, Sir Arthur K., 78, 84–6, 146, 159, 437–9, 462, 481, 486, 488,
505, 510–2
—— character sketch, 78–81;
letter to Mr. Asquith refusing to undertake office of First Sea Lord
unless under Mr. Churchill, 85;
opposes creation of Naval War Staff, 81;
view of the British plan in event of war, 55
Wilson, Sir Henry, 50, 53, 55, 286
—— states his view of the German plan for attacking France, 53–5
Wyndham, George, 508
_Yahagi_, 466
Japanese light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 4,950 tons. Speed
26 knots. Eight 6″ guns.
Yarmouth, bombardment of, 479–81
_Yarmouth_, 314, 316–7, 323–4, 468, 542
Light cruiser. Launched 1911. Displacement 5,250 tons. Speed 24¾
knots. Eight 6″ guns.
_Yashima_, Japanese battleship, loss of, 430
Yeomanry Cavalry, 347
Ypres, 411
Zanzibar, 11
_Zélée_, 316, 445
French gunboat. Launched 1899. Displacement 554 tons. Speed 13 knots.
Two 3·9″, four 2·5″ guns.
_Zemchug_, 308, 314, 323
Russian light cruiser. Launched 1903. Displacement 3,130 tons. Speed
23 knots. Eight 4·7″ guns.
Zeppelins, 337–40, 400
-----
Footnote 1:
Prince Henckel von Donnesmarck.
Footnote 2:
Von Tirpitz’s account is quite direct. “At his [von
Kiderlen-Wächter’s] suggestion the Chancellor dispatched the gunboat
_Panther_ to the Moroccan port Agadir on July 1, 1911, and left the
British Government, when it asked the reason, completely in the dark
and without a reply for many weeks. The result was that on July 21
Lloyd George delivered a speech which had been drawn up in the British
Cabinet, in which he warned Germany that she would find British power
on the side of France in the event of a challenge.”
Footnote 3:
The work had been begun by Lieutenant-Colonel Adrian Grant-Duff,
afterwards killed on the Aisne.
Footnote 4:
The italics are mine.
Footnote 5:
The close blockade of the German ports was prescribed in the war
orders of 1909, during Lord Fisher’s term of office. Sir Arthur Wilson
did not reveal any modification, which he had made in consequence of
new conditions to anyone.
Footnote 6:
Sir Charles Ottley: at that time Secretary to the Committee of
Imperial Defence.
Footnote 7:
The memorandum abridged can be read in Appendix A.
Footnote 8:
Admiral Mahan.
Footnote 9:
Sir Julian Corbett.
Footnote 10:
_Reflections on the World War_, v. Bethmann-Hollweg, p. 48.
Footnote 11:
It was not in fact completed till August, 1914.
Footnote 12:
By later decision a Squadron of British Battle-cruisers was stationed
in the Mediterranean.
Footnote 13:
i.e. The Entente.
Footnote 14:
The final published text of the law provided for 72.
Footnote 15:
Sir Francis Hopwood, now Lord Southborough, the Additional Civil Lord.
Footnote 16:
A doubtful gem! They could have coaled only in a few ports with
special appliances.
Footnote 17:
This is the biggest gun which can be completely worked by hand, the
shot being lifted by a single man.
Footnote 18:
_Lion, Tiger, Queen Mary, Princess Royal._
Footnote 19:
Contrary to common opinion and, as many will think, to the proved
lessons of the war, I do not believe in the wisdom of the
Battle-Cruiser type. If it is worth while to spend far more than the
price of your best battleship upon a fast heavily-gunned vessel, it is
better at the same time to give it the heaviest armour as well. You
then have a ship which may indeed cost half as much again as a
battleship but which at any rate can do everything. To put the value
of a first-class battleship into a vessel which cannot stand the
pounding of a heavy action is false policy. It is far better to spend
the extra money and have what you really want. The battle-cruiser in
other words should be superseded by the fast battleship, i.e. fast
strongest ship, in spite of her cost.—W.S.C.
Footnote 20:
The Third Sea Lord.
Footnote 21:
Director of Admiralty Contracts.
Footnote 22:
An approximate estimate of the return obtained by His Majesty’s
Government on their original investment of £2,200,000, in the
Anglo-Persian Oil Co., Ltd.:
(1) The original Government investment of £2,200,000 in £1
Ordinary Shares has become one of 5 million shares, and
the appreciation in value of these at current prices
represent approximately some £16,000,000
(2) The Government has received in dividends, interest,
Income Tax, Excess Profits, Duty and Corporation Tax,
over 6,500,000
(3) The supply contract has enabled the Government
Departments to save on the purchase price of oil as
compared with current prices, about 7,500,000
(4) It may also be claimed that the prices of oil supplied
by other companies have been brought down by the
competition of the Anglo-Persian Company, though to what
extent must be a matter of opinion: and further, that the
saving on oil prices under the supply contract may be
expected to continue throughout the currency of the
contract. It would not be unfair to estimate the effect
of the last two factors at an additional 10,000,000
———————————
Total £40,000,000
Footnote 23:
Actually four.
Footnote 24:
_Kiel and Jutland_, by Commander George von Hase.
Footnote 25:
Rear-Admiral Briggs was at this time Controller or Third Sea Lord.
Footnote 26:
No one can form any idea of the difficulties the Admiralty encountered
in securing adequate defences for Eastern harbours. Coast Defence was
in the province of the War Office and paid for on their estimates.
They needed every penny for their Field Army and Expeditionary Force,
and naturally marshalled all their experts against expenditure on
fortifications in Great Britain. In consequence expert opinion was
always divided. The discussions evaporated in technicalities, and the
lay members of the Committee were rarely convinced of the unwelcome
need of spending money. To such a point was the dispute carried, that
Prince Louis and I undertook in desperation to fortify Cromarty
ourselves, arm it with naval guns and man it with marines. And this
was the only new work completed when the war broke out.
Footnote 27:
Mr. Marsh and Mr. (now Sir James) Masterton Smith.
Footnote 28:
I have inconsistently adopted the familiar spelling of this ship’s
name instead of _Göben_.
Footnote 29:
Later in the morning I learnt that Lord Fisher was in the office and I
invited him into my room. I told him what we had done and his delight
was wonderful to see.
Foolish statements have been made from time to time that this sending
of the Fleet to the North was done at Lord Fisher’s suggestion. The
interview with me which Lord Fisher records in his book is correctly
given by him as having taken place on the 30th. The Fleet had actually
passed the Straits of Dover the night before. I think it necessary to
place on record the fact that my sole naval adviser on every measure
taken prior to the declaration of war was the First Sea Lord.
Footnote 30:
Now Lord Birkenhead.
Footnote 31:
Dryden, _Threnodia Augustalis_.
Footnote 32:
The minute constituting the Division is printed in Appendix A.
Footnote 33:
Appendix B.
Footnote 34:
Admiral Scheer, p. 13.
Footnote 35:
Appendix C. I hope it may be read.—W. S. C.
Footnote 36:
See map to face p. 274.
Footnote 37:
_The Flight of the Goeben_, Admiral Sir Berkeley Milne.
Footnote 38:
See Official Naval History, pp. 60, 61.
Footnote 39:
At the Falklands the two British battle cruisers used up nearly
three-quarters of their ammunition to sink only two weaker
antagonists, using 12–inch guns against 8·8–inch. The _Goeben_
single-handed would have had to have sunk four, using 11–inch guns
against 9·2–inch.
Footnote 40:
The italics are mine.—W. S. C.
Footnote 41:
General Lanrezac—‘_Le plan de Campagne Français_,’ p. 110.
Footnote 42:
General von Kluck—‘_The March on Paris_,’ p. 38.
Footnote 43:
Committee of Imperial Defence.
Footnote 44:
The Fourth Division (the Fifth to go).
Footnote 45:
The Fourth Division (fifth in order of embarkation) arrived on the
field at the beginning of the battle of Le Cateau.
Footnote 46:
Actually called the 6th Army.
Footnote 47:
In fact, however, it was the 1st Middlesex (19th Infantry Brigade
attached to 4th Division), who captured the guns at Néry, the Guards
being miles away at Villers Cotterets.
Footnote 48:
The italics are new.
Footnote 49:
The Third German Army took Rheims and were bombarded in the town by
the Second Army.
Footnote 50:
Official History Appendix 22, p. 473.
Footnote 51:
The correspondence on this subject is printed in the Official History
of the War, Appendix 22, p. 471.
Footnote 52:
See map to face p. 328.
Footnote 53:
See Appendix.
Footnote 54:
The old battleships in question were actually “Canopuses”—the class
above “Majestics.”
Footnote 55:
The underlining denotes approximately the comparative values of the
units.
Footnote 56:
Only those ships of the Japanese Navy who took part in the operations
are included.
Footnote 57:
_Encounter_ went instead of _Melbourne_.
Footnote 58:
They went without escort and without mishap.
Footnote 59:
Admiral Scheer, p. 52.
Footnote 60:
_See also_ Appendix.
Footnote 61:
Dupont, ‘Haut Commandment Allemand en 1914,’ p. 92.
Footnote 62:
The Naval torpedo school centre.
Footnote 63:
The first design of the Tank made at my request by Admiral Bacon in
September, 1914, carried a bridge in front which it dropped on
arriving at a trench, passed over, and automatically raised behind it.
Footnote 64:
An officer of the General Staff who had been attached, at my request
in 1913, to the Admiralty War Staff in order to promote an effective
_liaison_ between the two staffs. This very gifted officer rendered us
invaluable service. He died prematurely after the hardships of the
war, throughout the whole of which he served with distinction in
situations of responsibility and danger.
Footnote 65:
Mr. Thomas Gibson Bowles.
Footnote 66:
‘The loss on September 22,’ wrote Mr. Gibson Bowles, ‘of the
_Aboukir_, the _Cressy_ and the _Hogue_, with 1,459 officers and men
killed, occurred because, despite the warnings of admirals, commodores
and captains, Mr. Churchill refused, until it was too late, to recall
them from a patrol so carried on as to make them certain to fall
victims to the torpedoes of an active enemy.’
Footnote 67:
But see Lord Esher: ‘One night he (Kitchener) was in bed asleep, when
Mr. Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, bursting into the
room, pleaded for the War Minister’s permission to leave at once for
Antwerp. In spite of the late hour, Sir Edward Grey arrived in the
middle of the discussion, and while he was engaging Lord Kitchener’s
attention, Mr. Churchill slipped away. He was next heard of when a
telegram from Antwerp was put into Lord K.’s hands, in which his
impetuous colleague asked bravely to be allowed to resign his great
office, to be given command of a Naval Brigade, and pleading that
reinforcements should be hurried out to those “forlorn and lonely
men,” as he called them, who were vainly trying to hold on to the
Antwerp lines. Lord K. was not upset, but he was not unmoved,
etc....’—_The Tragedy of Lord Kitchener_, p. 67.
It is remarkable that Lord Esher should be so much astray; for during
the war I showed him the text of the telegrams printed in this chapter
and now made public for the first time. We must conclude that an
uncontrollable fondness forbade him to forsake fiction for fact. Such
constancy is a defect in an historian.
W. S. C.
Footnote 68:
Commanders Marix and Spenser-Grey.
Footnote 69:
It was perhaps an unconscious recognition of the naval significance of
Antwerp that all three great Powers—Germany, France and Britain—used
in its attack and defence Naval Brigades formed since the outbreak of
war.
Footnote 70:
Rawlinson’s Force was so styled.
Footnote 71:
The heavy losses of the 7th Division have often been attributed to
their attempt to relieve Antwerp. In fact, however, these losses did
not begin until after they had joined the main army.
Footnote 72:
i.e. The absence of a greater French effort.
Footnote 73:
A battleship.
Footnote 74:
A curious coincidence or foreboding. Almost at that moment the
_Audacious_ was moving to her doom.
Footnote 75:
War Office.
Footnote 76:
This will be discussed in the second volume. The alternatives are here
only mentioned to explain the context.
Footnote 77:
This energetic and practical officer, whom I had employed during the
previous eighteen months to supervise the fortification of Cromarty,
had already designed a type of anti-submarine boom which he was
actually installing at Cromarty.
Footnote 78:
I have slightly abridged this minute.
Footnote 79:
_October 28, 1914._
DEAR MR. CHURCHILL,—
I have lately been driven to the painful conclusion that at this
juncture my birth and parentage have the effect of impairing in some
respects my usefulness on the Board of Admiralty. In these
circumstances I feel it to be my duty, as a loyal subject of His
Majesty, to resign the office of First Sea Lord, hoping thereby to
facilitate the task of the administration of the great Service, to
which I have devoted my life, and to ease the burden laid on H.M.
Ministers.
I am,
Yours very truly,
LOUIS BATTENBERG,
_Admiral_.
_October 29, 1914._
MY DEAR PRINCE LOUIS,—
This is no ordinary war, but a struggle between nations for life or
death. It raises passions between races of the most terrible kind.
It effaces the old landmarks and frontiers of our civilisation. I
cannot further oppose the wish, you have during the last few weeks
expressed to me, to be released from the burden of responsibility
which you have borne thus far with so much honour and success.
The anxieties and toils which rest upon the naval administration of
our country are in themselves enough to try a man’s spirit; and when
to them are added the ineradicable difficulties of which you speak,
I could not at this juncture in fairness ask you to support them.
The Navy of to-day, and still more the Navy of to-morrow, bears the
imprint of your work. The enormous impending influx of capital
ships, the score of thirty-knot cruisers, the destroyers and
submarines unequalled in modern construction which are coming now to
hand, are the results of labours which we have had in common, and in
which the Board of Admiralty owes so much to your aid.
The first step which secured the timely concentration of the Fleet
was taken by you.
I must express publicly my deep indebtedness to you, and the pain I
feel at the severance of our three years’ official association. In
all the circumstances you are right in your decision. The spirit in
which you have acted is the same in which Prince Maurice of
Battenberg has given his life to our cause and in which your gallant
son is now serving in the Fleet.
I beg you to accept my profound respect and that of our colleagues
on the Board.
I remain,
Yours very sincerely,
WINSTON S. CHURCHILL.
Footnote 80:
Throughout this chapter the map facing page 476 and the table of ships
on page 478 will be found useful.
Footnote 81:
The rocks of Abrolhos off the Brazilian Coast were our secret coaling
base in these waters.
Footnote 82:
Details relating to colliers, supply ships and mails have been
omitted, unless of significance to the account.
Footnote 83:
The table of ships on page 478 will be found useful.
Footnote 84:
_Official History of the War: Naval Operations_, Vol. I, p. 344.
Footnote 85:
All the ships in small capitals fought eventually in the battle of the
Falkland Islands.
Footnote 86:
Here the reader should certainly look at the map facing page 476,
which deals directly with this situation.
Footnote 87:
All the above telegrams had to be sent by various routes and most were
repeated by several routes, as of course we could not communicate
direct across these great distances. But I omit the procedure to
simplify the account.
Footnote 88:
See opposite page 474.
Footnote 89:
Only _Dreadnoughts_ had tripods.
Footnote 90:
_The Grand Fleet_, by Sir John Jellicoe, p. 31.
Footnote 91:
_See_ Appendix D., p. 566.
Footnote 92:
I was in France for thirty-six hours.—W. S. C.
Footnote 93:
Battle cruiser.
Footnote 94:
Appendix E.
Footnote 95:
Two had had to be removed from each of the five ‘Queen Elizabeths,’
owing to spray interference.
Footnote 96:
See map to face page 518.
Footnote 97:
i.e. about 80 miles West of Heligoland.
Footnote 98:
It must be explained that in these days the wireless communication
with destroyers and still more submarines was not as perfect as it
became later on. The _Firedrake_ had therefore been stationed in the
morning midway between the submarines and Harwich to pass on messages.
She had late in the afternoon, after the orders to take the submarines
into the Bight had reached her, rejoined Commodore Keyes and the link
was, for the time being, broken.
Footnote 99:
The whole of this operation is described in minute detail in the
official British Naval History, and should be studied with the
excellent charts by those who are interested in its technical aspect.
So complicated is the full story that the lay reader cannot see the
wood for the trees. I have endeavoured to render intelligible the
broad effects.—W.S.C.
Footnote 100:
See map to face page 518, ‘The Dawn Situation.’
Footnote 101:
See map facing this page, ‘The Noon Situation.’
Footnote 102:
The _Dresden_ and two armed merchant cruisers were alive for a few
weeks more, but in complete inactivity.
Footnote 103:
In peace.
Footnote 104:
In war.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. P. 50, changed “Tirah Expedition in 1988” to “Tirah Expedition in
1898”.
2. P. 517, changed “out Light Cruiser Squadron” to “our Light Cruiser
Squadron”.
3. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
4. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as
printed.
5. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together
at the end of the last chapter.
6. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
7. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.
8. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript
character, e.g. M^r.
10. P. 24, changed “The result of the polls in January, 1906, was a
Conservative landslide” to “The result of the polls in January,
1906, was a Liberal landslide”.