ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The construction of electrically-equipped cars is one which requires
pages of explanations and illustrations to do it justice. The scope of
the present work was originally intended to cover only gasoline-driven
cars, so that this chapter, which in a measure only sets forth the
manner in which such automobiles are built, will more particularly
point out the mechanism which pertains to the operation, and the care
needed to maintain them.
It is a long and difficult study to understand the electrical details
necessary to build, repair, or maintain electric cars, but it is part
of the general mechanic’s duty to understand where the troubles lie,
when the mechanism fails to respond, and most of the electrical devices
are now so made that the ordinary mechanic is able to make repairs,
even though he may not have a technical knowledge of electricity.
Within the past five years this type of automobile has been improved
to such an extent that it is steadily gaining ground, and their use
growing to such a degree that it may soon become a great rival of the
gasoline car, especially for pleasure purposes.
There never has been any question as to the value of electric motors
for traction service. Wherever a current of electricity can be
distributed and transmitted to a motor, it is the most satisfactory
method of moving vehicles, as has been shown in street railways.
REQUIREMENTS.--But on individual cars, incapable of getting current
from a system of wiring, the matter presents an entirely different
aspect, and brings forth new problems, hence storage batteries must be
resorted to, and this involves the consideration of many elements that
may be ignored with the usual traction system.
Inventors have vied with each other to produce a type of battery that
would possess at least three particular features of excellence, which
may be stated as follows:
First. Exceeding lightness, proportioned to the energy exerted, and
compactness of structure.
Second. A form of grid which will hold the matter, or active material,
within it, and prevent it from disintegrating or falling out of the
recesses into which it is pressed.
Third. To add to the life of the battery, or to the individual grids,
or plates, which means the discovery of new material, available to
receive and accumulate the electric charge.
GASOLINE-ELECTRIC TRUCKS.--Of late some progress has been made in
constructing a type of electrics in which a gasoline engine is used,
that is connected up with an electric generator. The latter is used to
charge a storage battery also mounted on the truck, and the storage
battery supplies the motor.
The gasoline engine being connected with the electric generator is
constantly in condition to charge the storage battery and may be set
in motion, whenever the charge in the storage battery falls below a
certain electro motive force. At other times the motor is at rest.
In this type the electric motor is connected with the axle of the
vehicle, so that it is always ready for service whether the gasoline
motor is running or not.
In the ordinary gasoline automobile it is essential that the motor must
be maintained in service at all times, so that any derangement in that
part of the system, which includes the mechanism intermediate the motor
and axle, or the electrical devices, or the carbureter, means a dead
car.
It is urged that by combining the two systems a much wider range of
usefulness will be obtained, and practice shows such to be the case. It
has, however, some defects, one of which is the great weight necessary
to maintain the entire train of mechanism thus described.
The other disadvantage is the great first cost, although it is
maintained that the decreased cost of maintaining the cars, while in
use, is sufficient to warrant an increased cost in the selling price of
the machines.
It is undeniably true that such mechanism means additional care, and
is liable to add to the complications necessary to operate the system,
and it is obvious that these considerations will prevent the use of
this type in all small vehicles, whereas it may be most serviceable and
available in heavy trucks for transporting merchandise.
THE CURRENT USED.--Storage batteries are charged with and use a _direct
current_. The difference between a direct and an alternating current
is, that in the first the current flows continuously over a wire in one
direction, whereas in the latter it changes its direction, going, for
an instant, from the north pole to the south pole, and the next instant
from the south pole to the north pole, and for this reason it is said
to _alternate_.
MECHANICALLY-PRODUCED ELECTRICITY.--The alternating method is the
natural form of flow in a current derived from mechanism, as, for
instance, by means of a rotating armature.
The electricity, in this case, is produced by a metallic body moving
through a magnetic field, and as it passes through it takes up a
certain electric impulse in one direction when the body approaches the
field, and instantly reverses and flows in the opposite direction as
the body recedes from the magnet, or field.
To convert this alternating phase into what is called a direct current,
certain dynamos are provided with a commutator, and the function of
this commutator, which has two oppositely-disposed fingers contacting
therewith, is to so divert the alternating impulses that they will go
over the wire in one direction only.
CURRENT FROM BATTERIES.--Currents derived from batteries do not have
the alternating flow. Instead, the movement is in one direction only,
and it is in connection with this method of producing electricity that
the terms _positive_ and _negative_ are found convenient in describing
the current, and the action of the mechanism operated by it.
PRIMARY BATTERY.--The primary battery is one which _generates_ an
electric current. It comprises one or more pairs of plates, of which
zinc and copper are examples, although other couples are found to be
equally serviceable.
Two metals, or materials, such as carbon and zinc, are selected, which
are termed electrical opposites, or which are positive-negative to each
other, and when such couples are immersed in an electrolyte a current
will be set up between the two plates, if a wire is attached to each
plate, and the outer ends of these wires brought together, a continuous
current will flow through the wire.
The electrolyte is a solution of water, with a small amount of
sulphuric acid. Numerous acid solutions are made, and salt, or saline
solutions are also frequently employed.
SECONDARY, OR STORAGE BATTERIES.--These are also called _Accumulators_,
because they are so constructed that they will accumulate a certain
charge. The term _Secondary_ is used to indicate the idea that they
receive their charge from an outside source, in distinction from a
Primary, which generates its own current.
After the secondary is once charged it then begins to work on its own
account, the same as a primary battery.
REVERSAL OF CURRENTS.--When a storage battery is being charged from an
outside source of electricity, the current flows within the battery in
one direction; but the moment the outside source is discontinued, and
the battery itself is connected up with mechanism, it becomes a source
of energy, but the current output is in the opposite direction.
The foregoing suggestions and features of explanation are thought to
be desirable, in view of the following statements which pertain to the
operation of machines of this type.
CHARGING.--One of the most important things in the care and handling
of machines of this character, is the charging of the batteries.
The utmost caution must be exercised to prevent derangement of the
batteries.
Thus, to connect the positive pole of the charging generator with the
negative pole of the storage battery would reverse the current and
quickly destroy the plates.
TIME REQUIRED, AND CURRENT.--It requires time to charge a battery,
usually from twenty to thirty hours. The usual charging rate is about
fifty amperes for a cell with a capacity of forty ampere hours, and
the voltage should be somewhat higher than the normal voltage output
designed for the battery when it is in action.
TROUBLES IN USE.--The most frequent trouble in the use of batteries
comes from short circuiting. This arises from two causes. The grids
of the batteries are made of lead, cast in the form of flat plates,
having small interstices, or openings, which are filled with various
preparations, principally peroxide of lead.
Other types use iron and nickel, and many are composed of lead and
zinc, but in any case the object of the grid is to receive and hold
the active material, and present as large a surface of the minum as
possible to the action of the electrolyte.
When in use the lead particles begin to disintegrate, more or less, and
fall out of the cavities of the grid, dropping to the bottom of the
cell. In time the material thus deposited will form a path between the
two adjoining plates, producing what is called a short-circuit, and if
the accumulation is not removed, the plates will be seriously injured.
OVERCHARGING.--Sometimes the plates are overcharged, and the result is
they will buckle, so that they touch each other, and a short circuit
results. These hints are usually sufficient to indicate where the
trouble will be found if the current measuring instruments indicate an
excessive flow of current. In such cases the first direction to which
the examiner turns is the battery.
THE CIRCUITING.--It has been found necessary, in providing for the
operations of an electric vehicle, that the motor should have a means
whereby the speed and power of its output can be regulated.
This may seem a very simple matter, at first glance, because, without
stopping to examine the problem, and all the elements involved, it
would be easy to settle it by simply giving the motor more or less
current. To do so would turn the motor faster or slower.
In the gasoline car provision is made whereby, through the change
speed gears, the engine gets the benefit of the leverage, by reducing
the speed of the axle, relative to the engine shaft, at first speed,
and this enables the motor to pull the car up steep grades, or over
difficult roads, which it would not be able to do if the relative
rotations were the same as at high speed.
ECONOMY IN USE OF CURRENT.--The same thing is necessary in the
operation of the electric motor. The current must be so arranged that
at certain periods it will be more effective than at others, and this
effectiveness is generally wanted at times when the axles turn very
slow, just the same as with the gasoline car.
This economizes, and prevents the waste of current. It is accomplished
by connecting up the cells in such a manner that they may give a large
voltage and small amperage, or a low voltage and great amperage, and in
doing so will not detract from the efficiency of the battery.
SERIES AND PARALLEL.--The device resorted to, whereby this may be
accomplished, is in the manner that the cells are connected up with
each other. In a general way, it may be said that the _voltage_ has
reference to the force, or pressure of the current, whereas _amperage_
is the quantity which flows over the wire.
Each cell has a voltage of, approximately, one and a half volts, and
it matters not how large the cell may be, the voltage is no more. The
amperage, however, depends on the surface area of the plates comprising
the active agents in the cell, so that each cell has, say one and a
half volts, and ten, or twenty, or more amperes.
If a number of such cells are connected up in one way the output may be
represented in high amperage, or in high voltage. If we have a certain
number of cells, which, when combined, give ten volts and hundred
amperes, the result would be 10 × 100, equal to 1000 Watts.
But they may also be so connected together that they will have an
output of 100 amperes and 10 volts, the total of which is also 1000
Watts. Such a current would be put through the motor under ordinary
running conditions, as a high driving power is not necessary.
But suppose it is desired to have a high or strong driving power; then
the force of all the volts is required, so that one hundred volts are
used, and only ten amperes.
THE CONNECTIONS.--This is brought about by connecting up the cells in
_series_, or, in _multiple_ or in _parallel_. The series connection is
where the cells are placed in a row, for instance, and are connected
together so that the carbon plate of one cell is joined by a wire with
the zinc plate of the other cell; or the positive plate of one is
connected with the negative plate of the other, and so on.
In that case all the current generated in all the cells join and flow
along in one stream, from one end of the battery to the other. But now,
all the positive plates may be connected together with one wire, and
all the negative plates may be connected together with another wire,
so that these two wires will thus be parallel with each other, and the
lead wires which go to the motor are attached to these two parallel
wires, and would represent the parallel type of connection.
But it is the most common practice to divide the cell into two sets,
each of which is called a _unit_. Each unit, having a certain number
of cells, can also have them connected up in series, or in parallel,
and the different parallel units may be connected up together, so as to
form a connection which is in _multiple_ or in _series multiple_.
Suppose there are eight units, each of ten volts, the motor would
receive eighty volts. But now, if the cells are in parallel, or in
multiple, as the case may be, then the pressure at the motor is equal
to that of a single unit, but the current flow is eight times that of
the foregoing example.
The object, therefore, is to change the battery pressure on the one
hand, and to produce the most effective action on the other hand, at
the motor, and to do so make both battery and motor more efficient.
THE CONTROLLER.--The device which performs this operation, at the will
of the operator, is called the _Controller_, which changes the wiring
connection from series to multiple, or the reverse.
The Controller is, in all probability, the most complicated piece of
mechanism in the entire electric car. It must make an entire series of
changes for each of the different speeds, of which there are frequently
six.
The fields of the motor are also connected in series, or both series
and multiple, so as to give a still greater efficiency. By this means
the terminal points of the Controller may be turned, (1), so they will
connect the batteries in multiple and the field windings in series; or,
(2), the batteries in multiple and the fields in series multiple; or,
(3), the batteries in series and the fields in series; or, (4), the
batteries in series and the fields in multiple.
The figures in parentheses indicate the first, second, third and
fourth speeds, respectively, and in such an arrangement two battery
units are used, and also two motors.
The same rule as to efficiency applies with one motor, and two or more
battery units. The battery unit may be of any desired number of cells,
as stated.
THE GENERAL EQUIPMENT.--Cars for pleasure purposes are of different
types, such as runabouts, roadsters, victorias, coupés, broughams, and
the like, provided with batteries which will permit runs of at least
100 miles on each charge.
SPEEDS.--The Controller will permit of speeds ranging from five to
thirty miles an hour. The number of cells vary with different makes,
from twenty to forty, and the number of plates in each cell average
about fifteen.
It will thus be seen that the operating limit is wide enough to
permit considerable latitude; but recharging stations are now found
everywhere, particularly in the cities, and in the large towns.
ACCESSORIES.--A fully-equipped electric, designed for the greatest
luxury and comfort, has two head lamps, two side, and a tail lamp, and
one in the interior, a lighting switch to control all the lights, a
ventilator, voltammeter, shaft odometer, for showing speed and distance
traveled, complete outfit of tools, novelty toilet set and case, cut
glass flower vase, eight day clock and mirrors suitably arranged within
the body.
SEATING ARRANGEMENT.--The broughams and coupés are especially arranged
for comfortably seating the occupants.
In some the drive is at the rear seats, and the steering mechanism may
be by means of a wheel, as in gasoline cars, or through a lever.
Most _Bodies_ are now made with aluminum panels, and sashless quarter
windows, with drop doors, front and rear windows, and rain vision front
windows.
THE TRANSMISSION.--This varies in the different types, and in the
makes. Chains, bevel, or worms gears, are employed, and in some cars
two of these types are used, some of these devices being the products
of the highest engineering skill.
The rear axles of the smaller vehicles are generally of the
semi-floating type, usually made of vanadium steel, while the housing
is drawn from sheet steel.
For heavier vehicles of the brougham style, the rear axles are
full-floating and furnished with extra large annular ball-bearings in
the hubs.
GLOSSARY OF WORDS
USED IN TEXT OF THIS VOLUME
*Abrasive.* A material which wears away another
material.
*Absorbent.* A material which will take up a liquid.
*Accumulate.* To bring together; to amass; to collect.
*Accentuate.* To bring out clearly; to lay great stress
upon.
*Accelerator.* Mechanism for adding to the speed or
power.
*Accessories.* The adjuncts to a car, not essential to
its running but contributing to its
make up.
*Acetylene.* A hydro-carbon gas, generated from a
carbide by the application of water.
*Alinement.* Being in line; arranging in proper place.
*Ampere.* The unit of current; the term in which
strength of the current is measured. An
ampere is an electromotive force of one
volt through a resistance of one ohm.
*Annular.* Pertaining to or formed like a ring.
*Annularly-disposed.* Running around; circularly-formed on the
outside.
*Anticipate.* Thinking or acting ahead.
*Antennae.* A forwardly-projecting feeler, or
hair-like appendage. Applies to the
wires of a wireless telegraphy outfit,
which are elevated, and receive the
high tension impulses.
*Anti-friction.* A device or means to prevent the action
of rubbing or wearing.
*Armature.* A body of iron or other suitable metal,
which is in the magnetic field of a
magnet.
*Arbitrary.* Stubborn determination. Doing a thing
without regard to consequences.
*Asphaltum.* A combustible mixture of hydrocarbons;
mineral pitch; also found in certain
crude oil.
*Atmosphere.* The mass or body of gases surrounding the
earth.
*Attributable.* To ascribe something to a state or
condition.
*Automatic.* So made that it will operate without any
external aid or mechanism.
*Available.* That which can be made use of.
*Auxiliary.* An aid; added to; giving or furnishing
aid.
*Battery.* A combination of two or more cells.
*Bearing.* A term applied to a metal housing in
which a journal or shaft turns.
*Bell-crank.* A lever, which is bent at right angles,
and is pivoted to swing at the point
near the right angled bend.
*Binding post.* A stud or projection, usually provided
with a hole to receive a screw, and
adapted to hold a wire.
*Buckled.* Specifically bent or distorted out of
shape, but particularly applied to
storage battery plates which are bent.
*Carbureter.* A mechanical device which is so arranged
that it will receive and discharge a
certain proportion of air, and mix
therewith a quantity of hydro-carbon
vapor.
*Carbureted air.* Air which is charged with a vapor of
hydro-carbon gas, like gasoline.
*Carbon.* A material like coke, ground or crushed,
and formed into sticks or plates by
molding or compression. It requires a
high heat to melt or burn, and is used
as electrodes for arc lamps and for
battery elements.
*Carbonization.* Coated with carbon. Turned into the form
of carbon.
*Cell.* A vessel containing an electrolyte and
two elements.
*Centrifugal.* The outwardly-moving force from a
rotating body.
*Change-speed gears.* The part of an automobile which is in
the line of the driving shafts, and
designed to change the speed of the
axle relative to the speed of the
engine shaft.
*Channel bars.* A bar made U-shaped in cross section.
*Chemical action.* A term to describe the change brought
about by uniting chemicals of different
kinds.
*Circuiting.* The manner of wiring up an electric
device so the current will perform its
work.
*Circumferential.* Around the outside,
*Clearance.* That space in the head of an engine
cylinder, above the piston, in which
the gas is compressed previous to
igniting it.
*Clutch.* A mechanism which is placed on the
abutting ends of a pair of shafts, and
designed to couple or uncouple the two
shafts together.
*Cooperation.* Acting in unison. In harmony.
*Combustion chamber.* That part of a cylinder in which the
gases are ignited and expanded.
*Comminuted.* Finely divided. A powder.
*Commutator.* A cylinder on the end of the armature
of a dynamo or motor, and provided
with a pair of contact plates for each
particular coil in the armature, in
order to change the direction of the
current.
*Compression.* A term used to designate the forcing
together of the carbureted air drawn
into the chamber of an internal
combustion engine.
*Compensate.* Paying for a thing; to give ample in
return.
*Compounded.* The uniting of elements, in such manner
that they are changed. Water is a
compound. The atmosphere is merely a
mixture.
*Comprehension.* Understanding. A full knowledge.
*Complex.* Difficult to understand. Involved.
*Condenser.* A term applied to the changing of gas
to a liquid state. Used in electrical
devices to collect a current in high
tension apparatus.
*Conduit.* A channel, or an avenue through which
liquids may be transported.
*Conically-formed.* Made in the shape of a cone.
*Conductivity.* Pertaining to the quality of a material
to transmit an electrical wave or
impulse.
*Contracted.* Drawn in; made smaller.
*Control.* Within power to handle.
*Control Lever.* A bar by the side of the driver’s seat,
which enables him to check the speed of
the car.
*Contact Maker.* A device which is designed to keep the
circuit broken during the revolution
of the shaft, and to throw it in only
momentarily at each revolution.
*Contact Breaker.* A device which is designed to keep the
current established except during a
small portion of each revolution.
*Contact Plates.* A series of plates arranged in an
electric circuit which are to be
successively thrown into the circuit.
*Constituent.* An element; one part of a combination of
elementary substances.
*Conspicuously.* Prominent. In the foreground.
*Constituting.* That which comprises the elements in a
material. That of which it is made.
*Convolute.* A spiral form of winding, like a watch
spring.
*Corrosion.* To disintegrate. To be eaten away by
acid, or the action of any material, or
by the weather.
*Counterpart.* The same as; something like another;
similar to.
*Counteract.* To act in a contrary direction; adversely
to.
*Crucial.* The testing point; a difficult or trying
position.
*Cylindrical.* Having the form of a cylinder. A
barrel-like shape or form.
*Cycle.* A period; a time during which certain
elements operate or act.
*Cycle (Two).* An internal combustion engine, in which
the gas is drawn in and exploded at
each revolution of the crank shaft.
*Cycle (Four).* An internal combustion engine, in which
the gas is drawn in and exploded at
every other revolution of the crank
shaft.
*Dead Center.* A term to designate the inoperative point
of the crank.
*Deflected.* Driven away; thrown off.
*Depression.* A recess; a sunken part.
*Designated.* Named; set forth; pointed out.
*Deteriorate.* Depleted; grown worse.
*Deviation.* Changed from a certain course.
*Diameter.* The direction across a body.
*Diagonally.* Any direction which is not across a body
at right angles, nor longitudinal.
*Diagrammatically.* A drawing which shows the relation and
operation of parts, without showing
them in the correct mechanical
structural forms.
*Diagram.* A drawing or sketch which shows the
characteristics of a structure in
simple lines.
*Diagnosis.* An examination which takes into
consideration all the elements which
make up the condition.
*Differential.* Any mechanism which seeks to take care
of and utilize the difference of speed
or power in the various elements in a
machine.
*Dioxide of Manganese.* The native state of manganese.
*Disengaged.* Separated from; not attached.
*Distillation.* The act of abstracting a substance by
vaporization, and afterwards returning
the vapor to a liquid form by means
of a cool temperature. The act of
separating the more volatile from the
less volatile parts of a substance.
*Dissecting.* Taking apart; viewing the separated or
different elements.
*Distribution.* Spread about; in electricity, the method
of directing the current to various
parts of the system.
*Distilled.* A liquid which has been vaporized and
condensed back into a liquid.
*Dynamo.* An apparatus, consisting of field and
core magnets, which, when the core
is turned, will develop a current of
electricity.
*Effective.* Producing the best results.
*Electrolyte.* Any material which is capable of being
decomposed by an electric current.
*Eliminate.* To take away from; to remove; to take out.
*Elliptical.* A form which is in the shape of an
ellipse.
*Emergency.* At the last or critical moment.
*Equipped.* Built with; arranged with all the
elements.
*Excessive.* Too much; more than normal.
*Exhaust.* The discharge of the burnt gas from an
internal combustion engine.
*Expansion.* The term applied to the increases in
volume by heat of a gas, or other
substance.
*Expansion line.* The line formed by the different
pressures at various parts of the
piston during the active stroke.
*Explosion.* The burning and expansive force of a fuel.
*Equalizer.* A mechanical element which is interposed
between a moving and two or more moved
parts to even up the force upon the
moved parts.
*Facility.* Ease; easiness in performing.
*Fascination.* Attraction; an irresistible or powerful
influence.
*Field.* A term used to designate the magnetic
influence of pole pieces which surround
an armature in a dynamo or motor.
*Fire test.* The determination of the point at which
any substance will actually burst into
flame.
*Flash system.* A method of igniting substances. A
leaping spark.
*Flash point.* The temperature at which a fuel will
flash but not burn.
*Flexible.* Yielding; capable of being distorted.
*Floating.* A condition in which a substance will not
sink in a liquid.
*Foot pounds.* A unit, usually determined by the number
of pounds raised one foot in one second
of time. 550 pounds raised one foot
in one second of time, means 550 foot
pounds.
*Formation.* The act, or process of making, by the
combination of materials.
*Frictional.* The rubbing together of parts.
*Fulcrum.* The point round which a lever turns.
*Function.* Any specific power of acting or operating
that belongs to an agent.
*Fundamental.* The first. The primitive order of
anything, or of any act.
*Gasket.* A small interposing substance, usually
softer than the united particles, for
the purpose of effecting a tight joint.
*Gear Box.* A case or shell designed to hold the
transmission, or other wheels, in a
piece of mechanism.
*Gear-Shifting.* The mechanism for changing the speed
gears in an automobile.
*Globules.* Small particles of liquid.
*Gravity.* The attraction of mass for mass; weight;
the accelerating tendency of material
to move toward the earth.
*Graphite.* A form of carbon. A natural product
especially used as a dry lubricant.
*Ground carbon.* Usually gas coke.
*High tension.* An electric current which has an
exceedingly high voltage.
*Herring bone.* A term applied to various mechanical
structures. It is primarily made
up of a rib from which a number of
small spines branch out in opposite
directions.
*Hood.* The covering or enclosure at the forward
part of an automobile, within which the
engine is placed.
*Housing.* Any enclosure, or covering.
*Hummock.* A rising, more or less pronounced, in the
roadway.
*Hydro-carbon.* Usually applied to a gas evolved from
gasoline. This substance has from 80 to
83 per cent. of carbon, and from 12 to
15 per cent. of hydrogen.
*Hydrogen.* One of the lightest elementary
substances. Two-thirds of water is
hydrogen.
*Idler pinion.* A small gear, usually placed so it may be
moved to be in contact with one or more
gears, but is not directly connected up
in the line of the gearing.
*Ignitable.* The term applied to substances which can
be brought to the point of burning or
exploding.
*Immaterial.* Not important.
*Imparted.* Given to something else; transferred over.
*Impregnated.* To infuse or saturate with another
substance.
*Impalpable.* Exceedingly fine.
*Impulses.* An action which is irregular or at
certain periods.
*Impediment.* Something which is in the way.
*Impact.* A striking against; a force which
contacts with another.
*Incline.* A declivity; a slope.
*Induction coil.* A core with two windings thereon, one of
coarse and one of fine wire, so as to
change a current from a low voltage
to a high voltage, and from a high
amperage to a correspondingly low
amperage.
*Ingredient.* The element in a compound.
*Inductor.* Any part of an electrical apparatus which
acts on another by induction.
*Inflation.* The stimulation or the arousing to
unnatural action. The enlarging of a
substance.
*Inflammable.* Any substance which will burn is called
inflammable.
*Intervening.* Between; intermediate certain things, or
parts.
*Integral.* A part of; different parts of a machine
which are of the same substance.
*Intersection.* To divide at a certain point. The
crossing point of one line over another.
*Interrupter.* A piece of mechanism which cuts out an
electric current at regular intervals.
*Interposed.* Placed before; coming between.
*Intimate.* Very close. Nearly related.
*Insidious.* An influence, not of the best.
*Internal, expanding.* Referring to the condition of a gas
within an internal combustion engine.
*Internal cone.* A clutch which has a cone within the
wheel, to receive a part which contacts
with it.
*Intermeshing.* The meeting of the teeth of gears.
*Intermittent.* Having periods of intermission.
*Intermingle.* Mixing. Closely united.
*Internal combustion.* A burning within a cylinder or chamber.
*Insulated.* A conductor, or other material so coated
as to prevent a current of electricity
from passing, to or from the same
through the substance so placed on it.
*Invariably.* Constant; a uniform condition.
*Journaled.* Held within a bearing so it may revolve.
*Jump spark.* A system of igniting the carbureted air
in an explosion engine, which consists
in having a small separation between
the points in a conductor, and in using
a current with a sufficiently high
voltage to jump across the gap thus
made.
*Lapped.* A term used to designate the smoothing
out of engine cylinders or of any metal
too hard to be handled by the lathe.
*Lateral.* Across; longitudinal, means lengthwise,
and lateral is the term to express
the direction at right angles to the
longitudinal line.
*Lock nut.* Any device which will prevent the
nut from turning loose after being
tightened.
*Longitudinal.* The long way across an article.
*Low tension.* A current which has a low voltage.
*Lubricant.* Any substance which, when applied to
moving parts, will decrease friction.
*Lubrication.* The act of applying a lubricant.
*Magnet.* A metallic substance which has power to
attract iron or steel.
*Magneto.* A permanent magnet and a revolving
armature for generating a current.
*Magnetic pull.* The action exercised by a magnet of
attracting or repelling.
*Magnetic field.* The space or region near a magnet or
charged wire.
*Make and break.* In igniting systems a piece of mechanism
which makes and breaks a circuit, so as
to produce a spark each time when the
wires are separated.
*Manifold.* A series of piping on the engine, so as
to bring all the inlet or exhaust pipes
together.
*Manually.* Operating by hand.
*Maximum.* The utmost; the greatest amount or sum.
*Mesh.* Fitting together, like the teeth of gear
wheels.
*Mean Effective Pressure.* That pressure in the movement of a
cylinder which represents the average,
as the piston moves from end to end of
its stroke.
*Metallic couples.* Usually two metals of different
structure, and of different polarities.
*Minimize.* To belittle; the smallest amount.
*Misconception.* A wrong idea; a mistaken view.
*Misnomer.* A false name; a wrong appellation.
*Minutely.* Very accurate; correct to the smallest
feature.
*Momentarily.* For an instant only.
*Momentum.* That quality of matter which is the
combined energy of mass and speed.
Inertia.
*Multi-cylinder.* More than one; several put together.
*Multiple.* Containing or consisting of more than one.
*Multiple disk.* A form of clutch where there are a number
of disks which contact with one another.
*Muffler.* A device for silencing the noise of the
explosion of the engine.
*Neutral.* Neither.
*Normal.* The usual form, manner, or condition.
*Obliquely.* Branching off from a straight line, at an
angle.
*Obstruction.* Something in the way.
*Operation.* A process; an act, or a manner of doing a
thing.
*Oxygen.* The life giving element in the
atmosphere. One-third of water is
oxygen; one-fifth of the atmosphere is
oxygen.
*Parallel.* The same distance apart all along.
*Pedestrian.* A footman; a walker.
*Perceptible.* That which can be observed with our
senses.
*Perimeter.* The outer margin of a wheel; the bounding
line of any figure of two dimensions.
*Pedal.* A foot operated lever.
*Permanent magnet.* A bar of steel, charged with magnetism
which it retains indefinitely.
*Perspective.* A view of an object which shows all three
dimensions from one side.
*Pinion.* A small toothed wheel.
*Planetary.* A system of gears where two or more mesh
with and revolve around a central gear.
*Plurality.* Numerous; more than one.
*Plumbago.* Graphite; a form of carbon; a lubricant.
*Potentiality.* The term applied to the volts and amperes
in an electric current.
*Positive.* One which deflects a needle to the left.
*Pre-ignition.* Where the spark ignites the charge before
the piston begins to descend, or ahead
of its proper time.
*Precision.* A system of oiling the machinery which
depends on a pump that sends in a
definite amount of lubricant at each
turn of the engine.
*Predeterminate.* Arranging beforehand.
*Preferential.* A more satisfactory manner, or time;
estimating one thing above another.
*Primary.* The first. As applied to electrical devices it has
reference to a battery which generates
a current in contradistinction to the
secondary or storage battery.
*Proportionate.* The ratio to something else. This
compared with that.
*Properties.* The attributes of matter.
*Protective.* That which shields; a covering, or an
enclosure.
*Progressive.* Proceeding in a direct line.
*Propelling.* Moving; drawing; giving motive power.
*Pneumatic.* Pertaining to air.
*Push leg.* An old system of propelling mechanism
for vehicles. Not used in that manner
now. The pawl engaging a lever, is the
only form in which the push leg is now
employed.
*Puncture.* A rupture; a hole; a tear.
*Quadrant.* One-fourth of a circle.
*Radiating.* Moving out in all directions from a
common center.
*Radiation.* Applied to the movement of heat from a
body.
*Radiator.* A device which cools water, by the
application of air.
*Raceway.* A track for the movement and guidance of
anti-friction balls.
*Radius.* That line from a center to the
circumferential or outer line or point.
*Rectilinear.* Right; straight.
*Recessed.* A depression; a cavity.
*Reinforce.* The term applied to any means which may
be employed to strengthen any part.
*Requisite.* Necessary.
*Registering.* To indicate; also applied to mechanism
where one part exactly coincides with
another part.
*Resorted.* Where one device is utilized instead of
another.
*Refinement.* Made better; a more satisfactory form.
*Retreating.* Falling back; one part to the rear of
another.
*Reversed.* Turned about; in the opposite direction.
Inversed means; upside down.
*Resiliency.* That property of matter which will yield,
or change its form and return to its
original form.
*Resistance.* That property of all matter to object
to a change of form; the force which
opposes the movement of a current
through a conductor.
*Ribbed.* Having raised surfaces, of greater or
less length.
*Rock shaft.* A shaft which turns back and forth;
oscillating.
*Rotatable.* Turning, as a wheel on its axle; often
confounded with the word revoluble,
which describes the movement of a body
through an orbit. The earth rotates on
its axis once every twenty-four hours;
it revolves through space around the
sun once every year.
*Rotor arm.* An arm adapted to swing through an arc.
*Saturate.* To absorb a liquid or gas to full
capacity.
*Secondary.* The second place; applied to a battery,
it is one which receives and holds a
charge.
*Sectional.* A part; a view across the parts.
*Selector.* A plate with notches in it for a lever,
which is moved through the openings at
the will of the operator.
*Selector plate.* The notched, or slotted plate, in which
the transmission lever travels.
*Series.* One following directly after the other;
in electrical connections, the wires
attached in line from positive to
negative, through the different cells.
*Series multiple.* A wiring system wherein the cells are
placed in two or more groups, and the
groups connected up in series.
*Segment.* A portion of a disk cut off by a straight
line. Distinguished from a sector which
is made by two radial lines running
from the center to the circumference.
*Self starting.* A mechanism on automobiles for starting
the engine without muscular effort.
*Self-inductance.* In electricity, the property of one metal
to receive an electrical charge without
being in contact with the charged wire.
*Selective.* The term applied to a system of
transmission, whereby the driver is
able to select any speed without going
through any intermediate speed.
*Service brake.* The brake ordinarily used in running a
car.
*Semi-floating.* An axle in which the wheels are secured
directly to the axle shafts, but where
the reaction of the differential and
bevel gear drive is supported by the
axle housing.
*Shackle.* A device for restraining or holding.
*Simultaneous.* At the same time; occurring at the same
moment.
*Solution.* To solve a question. To dissolve solid
matter in a liquid.
*Soapstone.* A rock which has a structure similar to
that of soap.
*Speculate.* To consider a subject from the standpoint
of probabilities.
*Sprocket.* A wheel with teeth in it adapted to
engage with a chain, for driving
purposes.
*Spur gear.* A gear with teeth which are at right
angles with the body of the gear.
*Spline.* A rib usually along the side of a shaft,
to engage in a groove in the hub or
wheel.
*Sparking.* The jumping of a spark from one conductor
to another due to the high heat
developed when the current leaps the
gap.
*Spark plug.* A plug which has in it two conductors
which lead to its inner end, and have
their ends in close proximity, across
which the current leaps.
*Structurally.* The manner in which a device is made of
its various parts.
*Straight line drive.* The system of transmitting power in an
automobile, which consists in employing
a train of shafting in a direct
line from the engine shaft to the
differential.
*Stranded (cable).* A conductor, or wire rope, made up of a
number of small wire strands.
*Storage battery.* A container, or accumulator, of
electricity, which is designed to
receive a charge of electricity, and to
give it forth as required.
*Susceptible.* A condition in which the truth is
considered probable from a knowledge of
all the surroundings.
*Superheated.* A substance, such as steam, heated above
the normal temperature which is given
to it when it is generated.
*Surging.* The term applied to a high tension
current, which, during the impulses,
appears to move back and forth, as
though it possessed elasticity.
*Symptoms.* Appearances; the outward manifestations
of a condition.
*Systematic.* Done in regular order.
*Technicalities.* The scientific and orderly terms and
requirements.
*Tension.* Voltage. The force of the current. Also
the power applied on a spring, or the
amount of force it will exert.
*Terminal.* The end, or the starting point, as well
as the last or final end of a wire or
connection.
*Threaded.* The spirally-formed ribs on a bolt or in
a nut.
*Throttle.* The device on an automobile which opens
or closes the discharge port of a
carbureter.
*Timing.* A device which times the sparking
mechanism.
*Timing device.* The entire mechanism which provides for
sparking at certain periods.
*Torque.* A twist.
*Torsional.* A movement around a shaft.
*Transmission.* The mechanism which sends the power from
the engine to the axles.
*Tubular housing.* A covering, or shield for a shaft such
as a tube, within which the shaft is
mounted.
*Turnbuckle.* A device which provides for tightening a
rod, wire, or strut.
*Undulating.* Wave-like; a regular motion of a sinuous
character.
*Unison.* Together; acting as one.
*Universal.* Pertaining to all things.
*Universal joint.* A joint connecting two shafts so arranged
that the shafts may be placed at an
angle with each other.
*Utilized.* To take advantage of. To use.
*Vacuum.* A space from which the air has been
exhausted.
*Vaporize.* Changing from a solid or liquid into a
gas.
*Venturi.* A form of tube which is contracted
between the ends.
*Vertical.* A direction at right angles to the
surface of water.
*Vibratory coil.* A coil in a high tension circuit that has
a spring finger which, in vibrating to
and fro, cuts the current in and out.
*Viscosity.* A glutinous, sticky body; slowly flowing;
opposed to mobility; usually applied to
thick oils. The degree of cohesion of a
liquid, usually in connection with oils.
*Volatile.* That which is easily changed into a gas
at ordinary temperatures.
*Volts.* The measure of the tension of a current.
*Vulcanizing.* The process of treating raw rubber with
sulphur in the presence of heat.
THE MOTOR BOYS SERIES
_(Trade Mark, Reg. U. S. Pat. Of.)_
By CLARENCE YOUNG
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 60 cents, postpaid.
[Illustration: Book: THE MOTOR BOYS]
The Motor Boys
_or Chums Through Thick and Thin_
The Motor Boys Overland
_or A Lone Trip for Fun and Fortune_
The Motor Boys in Mexico.
_or The Secret of The Buried City_
The Motor Boys Across the Plains
_or The Hermit of Lost Lake_
[Illustration: Book: THE MOTOR BOYS AFLOAT]
The Motor Boys Afloat
_or The Stirring Cruise of the Dartaway_
The Motor Boys on the Atlantic
_or The Mystery of the Lighthouse_
The Motor Boys in Strange Waters
_or Lost in a Floating Forest_
The Motor Boys on the Pacific
_or The Young Derelict Hunters_
[Illustration: Book: THE MOTOR BOYS IN THE CLOUDS]
The Motor Boys in the Clouds
_or A Trip for Fame and Fortune_
The Motor Boys Over the Rockies
_or A Mystery of the Air_
The Motor Boys Over the Ocean
_or A Marvellous Rescue in Mid-Air_
The Motor Boys on the Wing
_or Seeking the Airship Treasure_
[Illustration: Book: THE MOTOR BOYS AFTER A FORTUNE]
The Motor Boys After a Fortune
_or The Hut on Snake Island_
The Motor Boys on the Border
_or Sixty Nuggets of Gold_
The Motor Boys Under the Sea
_or From Airship to Submarine_
The Motor Boys on Road and River
_(new)_ _or Racing to Save a Life_
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
UP-TO-DATE BASEBALL STORIES
BASEBALL JOE SERIES
By LESTER CHADWICK
Author of “The College Sports Series”
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 60 cents, postpaid.
[Illustration: Book: BASEBALL JOE OF THE SILVER STARS]
Ever since the success of Mr. Chadwick’s “College Sports Series” we
have been urged to get him to write a series dealing exclusively with
baseball, a subject in which he is unexcelled by any living American
author or coach.
BASEBALL JOE OF THE SILVER STARS
_or The Rivals of Riverside_
In this volume, the first of the series, Joe is introduced as an
everyday country boy who loves to play baseball and is particularly
anxious to make his mark as a pitcher. He finds it almost impossible to
get on the local nine, but, after a struggle, he succeeds. A splendid
picture of the great national game in the smaller towns of our country.
BASEBALL JOE ON THE SCHOOL NINE
_or Pitching for the Blue Banner_
Joe’s great ambition was to go to boarding school and play on the
school team. He got to boarding school but found it harder making the
team there than it was getting on the nine at home. He fought his way
along, and at last saw his chance and took it, and made good.
BASEBALL JOE AT YALE
_or Pitching for the College Championship_
From a preparatory school Baseball Joe goes to Yale University. He
makes the freshman nine and in his second year becomes a varsity
pitcher and pitches in several big games.
BASEBALL JOE IN THE CENTRAL LEAGUE
_or Making Good as a Professional Pitcher_
In this volume the scene of action is shifted from Yale College to a
baseball league of our central states. Baseball Joe’s work in the box
for Old Eli had been noted by one of the managers and Joe gets an offer
he cannot resist. Joe accepts the offer and makes good.
BASEBALL JOE IN THE BIG LEAGUE
_or A Young Pitcher’s Hardest Struggle_
From the Central League Joe is drafted into the St. Louis Nationals. At
first he has little to do in the pitcher’s box, but gradually he wins
favor. A corking baseball story that fans, both young and old, will
enjoy.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
The Racer Boys Series
by CLARENCE YOUNG
Author of “The Motor Boys Series”, “Jack Ranger Series”, etc. etc.
Fine cloth binding. Illustrated. Price per volume, 60c postpaid.
[Illustration: Book: THE RACER BOYS]
The announcement of a new series of stories by Mr. Clarence Young is
always hailed with delight by boys and girls throughout the country,
and we predict an even greater success for these new books, than that
now enjoyed by the “Motor Boys Series.”
The Racer Boys
or The Mystery of the Wreck
This, the first volume of the series, tells who the Racer Boys were and
how they chanced to be out on the ocean in a great storm. Adventures
follow in rapid succession in a manner that only Mr. Young can describe.
The Racer Boys At Boarding School
or Striving for the Championship
When the Racer Boys arrived at the school everything was at a
standstill, and the students lacked ambition and leadership. The Racers
took hold with a will, got their father to aid the head of the school
financially, and then reorganized the football team.
The Racer Boys To The Rescue
or Stirring Days in a Winter Camp
Here is a story filled with the spirit of good times in
winter--skating, ice-boating and hunting.
The Racer Boys on The Prairies
or The Treasure of Golden Peak
From their boarding school the Racer Boys accept an invitation to visit
a ranch in the West.
The Racer Boys on Guard
or The Rebellion of Riverview Hall
Once more the boys are back at boarding school, where they have many
frolics, and enter more than one athletic contest.
The Racer Boys Forging Ahead
or The Rivals of the School League
Once more the Racer Boys go back to Riverview Hall, to meet their many
chums as well as several enemies. Athletics play an important part in
this volume, and the rivalry is keen from start to finish. The Racer
Boys show what they can do under the most trying circumstances.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
THE DOROTHY DALE SERIES
By MARGARET PENROSE
Author of “The Motor Girls Series”
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 60 cents, postpaid.
[Illustration: Book: DOROTHY DALE’S PROMISE]
DOROTHY DALE: A GIRL OF TO-DAY
Dorothy is the daughter of an old Civil War veteran who is running a
weekly newspaper in a small Eastern town. When her father falls sick,
the girl shows what she can do to support the family.
DOROTHY DALE AT GLENWOOD SCHOOL
More prosperous times have come to the Dale family, and Major Dale
resolves to send Dorothy to a boarding school.
DOROTHY DALE’S GREAT SECRET
A splendid story of one girl’s devotion to another. How Dorothy kept
the secret makes an absorbing story.
DOROTHY DALE AND HER CHUMS
A story of school life, and of strange adventures among the gypsies.
DOROTHY DALE’S QUEER HOLIDAYS
Relates the details of a mystery that surrounded Tanglewood Park.
DOROTHY DALE’S CAMPING DAYS
Many things happen, from the time Dorothy and her chums are met coming
down the hillside on a treacherous load of hay.
DOROTHY DALE’S SCHOOL RIVALS
Dorothy and her chum, Tavia, return to Glenwood School. A new student
becomes Dorothy’s rival and troubles at home add to her difficulties.
DOROTHY DALE IN THE CITY
Dorothy is invited to New York City by her aunt. This tale presents a
clever picture of life in New York as it appears to one who has never
before visited the Metropolis.
DOROTHY DALE’S PROMISE
Strange indeed was the promise and given under strange circumstances.
Only a girl as strong of purpose as was Dorothy Dale would have
undertaken the task she set for herself.
DOROTHY DALE IN THE WEST
Dorothy’s father and her aunt inherited a valuable tract of land in the
West. The aunt, Dorothy and Tavia, made a long journey to visit the
place, where they had many adventures.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
THE MOTOR GIRLS SERIES
By MARGARET PENROSE
Author of the highly successful “Dorothy Dale Series”
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 60 cents, postpaid.
[Illustration: Book: THE MOTOR GIRLS]
THE MOTOR GIRLS
_or A Mystery of the Road_
When Cora Kimball got her touring car she did not imagine so many
adventures were in store for her. A tale all wide awake girls will
appreciate.
THE MOTOR GIRLS ON A TOUR
_or Keeping a Strange Promise_
A great many things happen in this volume. A precious heirloom is
missing, and how it was traced up is told with absorbing interest.
THE MOTOR GIRLS AT LOOKOUT BEACH
_or In Quest of the Runaways_
There was a great excitement when the Motor Girls decided to go to
Lookout Beach for the summer.
THE MOTOR GIRLS THROUGH NEW ENGLAND
_or Held by the Gypsies_
A strong story and one which will make this series more popular than
ever. The girls go on a motoring trip through New England.
THE MOTOR GIRLS ON CEDAR LAKE
_or The Hermit of Fern Island_
How Cora and her chums went camping on the lake shore and how they took
trips in their motor boat, are told in a way all girls will enjoy.
THE MOTOR GIRLS ON THE COAST
_or The Waif from the Sea_
The scene is shifted to the sea coast where the girls pay a visit. They
have their motor boat with them and go out for many good times.
THE MOTOR GIRLS ON CRYSTAL BAY
_or The Secret of the Red Oar_
More jolly times, on the water and at a cute little bungalow on the
shore of the bay. A tale that will interest all girls.
THE MOTOR GIRLS ON WATERS BLUE
_or The Strange Cruise of the Tartar_
Before the girls started on a long cruise down to the West Indies, they
fell in with a foreign girl and she informed them that her father was
being held a political prisoner on one of the islands. A story that is
full of fun as well as mystery.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
RUTH FIELDING SERIES
By ALICE B. EMERSON
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 40 cents, postpaid.
[Illustration: Book: RUTH FIELDING OF THE RED MILL]
RUTH FIELDING OF THE RED MILL
_or Jaspar Parloe’s Secret_
Telling how Ruth, an orphan girl, came to live with her miserly uncle,
and how the girl’s sunny disposition melted the old miller’s heart.
RUTH FIELDING AT BRIARWOOD HALL
_or Solving the Campus Mystery_
Ruth was sent by her uncle to boarding school. She made many friends,
also one enemy, who made much trouble for her.
RUTH FIELDING AT SNOW CAMP
_or Lost in the Backwoods_
A thrilling tale of adventures in the backwoods in winter, is told in a
manner to interest every girl.
RUTH FIELDING AT LIGHTHOUSE POINT
_or Nita, the Girl Castaway_
From boarding school the scene is shifted to the Atlantic Coast, where
Ruth goes for a summer vacation with some chums.
RUTH FIELDING AT SILVER RANCH
_or Schoolgirls Among the Cowboys_
A story with a western flavor. How the girls came to the rescue of
Bashful Ike, the cowboy, is told in a way that is most absorbing.
RUTH FIELDING ON CLIFF ISLAND
_or The Old Hunter’s Treasure Box_
Ruth and her friends go to Cliff Island, and there have many good times
during the winter season.
RUTH FIELDING AT SUNRISE FARM
_or What Became of the Raby Orphans_
Jolly good times at a farmhouse in the country, where Ruth rescues two
orphan children who ran away.
RUTH FIELDING AND THE GYPSIES
_or The Missing Pearl Necklace_
This volume tells of stirring adventures at a Gypsy encampment, of a
missing heirloom, and how Ruth has it restored to its owner.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
THE DAVE DASHAWAY SERIES
By ROY ROCKWOOD
Author of the “Speedwell Boys Series” and the “Great Marvel Series.”
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 40 cents, postpaid.
Never was there a more clever young aviator than Dave Dashaway. All
up-to-date lads will surely wish to read about him.
[Illustration: Book: DAVE DASHAWAY THE YOUNG AVIATOR]
DAVE DASHAWAY THE YOUNG AVIATOR
_or In the Clouds for Fame and Fortune_
This initial volume tells how the hero ran away from his miserly
guardian, fell in with a successful airman, and became a young aviator
of note.
DAVE DASHAWAY AND HIS HYDROPLANE
_or Daring Adventures Over the Great Lakes_
Showing how Dave continued his career as a birdman and had many
adventures over the Great Lakes, and how he foiled the plans of some
Canadian smugglers.
DAVE DASHAWAY AND HIS GIANT AIRSHIP
_or A Marvellous Trip Across the Atlantic_
How the giant airship was constructed and how the daring young aviator
and his friends made the hazardous journey through the clouds from the
new world to the old, is told in a way to hold the reader spellbound.
DAVE DASHAWAY AROUND THE WORLD
_or A Young Yankee Aviator Among Many Nations_
An absorbing tale of a great air flight around the world, of adventures
in Alaska, Siberia and elsewhere. A true to life picture of what may be
accomplished in the near future.
DAVE DASHAWAY: AIR CHAMPION
_or Wizard Work in the Clouds_
Dave makes several daring trips, and then enters a contest for a big
prize. An aviation tale thrilling in the extreme.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
THE SPEEDWELL BOYS SERIES
By ROY ROCKWOOD
Author of “The Dave Dashaway Series,” “Great Marvel Series,” etc.
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 40 cents, postpaid.
All boys who love to be on the go will welcome the Speedwell boys. They
are clean cut and loyal lads.
[Illustration: Book: THE SPEEDWELL BOYS ON MOTOR CYCLES]
THE SPEEDWELL BOYS ON MOTOR CYCLES
_or The Mystery of a Great Conflagration_
The lads were poor, but they did a rich man a great service and he
presented them with their motor cycles. What a great fire led to is
exceedingly well told.
THE SPEEDWELL BOYS AND THEIR RACING AUTO
_or A Run for the Golden Cup_
A tale of automobiling and of intense rivalry on the road. There was an
endurance run and the boys entered the contest. On the run they rounded
up some men who were wanted by the law.
THE SPEEDWELL BOYS AND THEIR POWER LAUNCH
_or To the Rescue of the Castaways_
Here is an unusual story. There was a wreck, and the lads, in their
power launch, set out to the rescue. A vivid picture of a great storm
adds to the interest of the tale.
THE SPEEDWELL BOYS IN A SUBMARINE
_or The Lost Treasure of Rocky Cove_
An old sailor knows of a treasure lost under water because of a cliff
falling into the sea. The boys get a chance to go out in a submarine
and they make a hunt for the treasure.
THE SPEEDWELL BOYS AND THEIR ICE RACER
_or The Perils of a Great Blizzard_
The boys had an idea for a new sort of iceboat, to be run by combined
wind and motor power. How they built the craft, and what fine times
they had on board of it, is well related.
CUPPLES & LEON CO., Publishers, NEW YORK
Transcriber’s Notes
Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.
Bold text is surrounded by asterisks: *bold*.
Small capitals are changed to all capitals.
Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up the paragraphs.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected
after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and
consultation of external sources. Punctuation and capitalisation for
figures and glossary has been made consistent silently. Otherwise,
except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and
inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
The following corrections have been applied to the text (before/after):
(CONTENTS)
... Race-ways. ...
... Race ways. ...
(p. 6)
... he used Heros steam ...
... he used Hero’s steam ...
(p. 43)
... is shown in Fig. 25, in ...
... is shown in Fig. 26, in ...
(p. 53)
... disagreeable characteristics of a differential ...
... disagreeable characteristic of a differential ...
(p. 201)
... when the mechainsm fails ...
... when the mechanism fails ...
(p. 201)
... knowledge of electricty.
... knowledge of electricity.
(p. 203)
... some proggress has been ...
... some progress has been ...
(p. 204)
... flows continously over a wire ...
... flows continuously over a wire ...
(p. 206)
... a continous current ...
... a continuous current ...
(p. 214)
... made of vadium steel, ...
... made of vanadium steel, ...