I return to Life--A strange Doctor--Torrini and Antonio: a Conjurer
and a Fanatic for Music--A Murderer’s Confession--A perambulating
House--The Fair at Angers--A portable Theatre--I witness for the
first Time a Conjuring Performance--The blind Man’s Game at
Piquet--A Dangerous Rival--Signor Castelli eats a Man alive.
I am by no means a fatalist; and yet I cannot refrain from remarking
here that many events in human life seem to encourage the views of
fatalists.
Suppose, dear reader, that, on leaving Blois to proceed to Tours,
destiny had opened before me one of the fairest pages of my life, I
should certainly have been delighted at such a glorious future, but in
my heart I should have been inclined to doubt its realization. In fact,
I set out as a simple workman, with the intention of making a tour of
France. This journey would have occupied much time, as I intended to
remain a year or two in every city I visited, and France is large! Then,
when I considered myself skilful enough, I would return home and set up
as a watchmaker.
But fate decided otherwise, and I must be drawn back to my real “groove”
when I tried to escape from it. The means employed were a poisoning,
which turned me mad, and hurled me lifeless on the high road. But I was
going to recall my reminiscences after my _fortunate_ catastrophe, and I
will take up the story from the point where I left off.
What had happened since my fainting fit; where was I; why did this man
treat me so kindly? I longed for a solution of these problems, and I
should certainly have cross-questioned my host, had it not been for the
earnest advice he had just given me. As thought, however, was not
forbidden, I tried to form a satisfactory conclusion from surrounding
objects.
The room I was in might be three yards long by two broad. The walls were
made of polished oak; on either side was a small window with muslin
curtains; while four walnut chairs, shelves serving as tables, and my
excellent bed, composed the furniture of this moving room, which bore a
close resemblance to the cabin of a steamboat.
There must also be two other compartments, for, to my left, I saw my
doctor frequently disappear behind two red damask curtains, where I
heard him moving about, while to my right I heard, through a thin
partition, a voice encouraging the horses. This circumstance made me
conclude I was in a carriage, and that the latter voice belonged to the
driver.
I already knew that hero’s name, as I had often heard the person I
presumed to be his master use it. It was Antonio: and he was, at any
rate, a splendid musician, for he was continually singing pieces from
Italian operas, which he broke off to swear harmlessly at his steeds. As
for the master, he was a man of about fifty, above the average height,
and his face, though sad and serious, displayed a degree of kindness
which prepossessed me. His long black hair fell on his shoulders in
natural curls, and he was dressed in a blouse and trousers of unbleached
cloth, with a yellow silk pocket-handkerchief as cravat. But nothing in
all this served to tell me what he was, and my surprise was increased by
finding him constantly at my side, and nursing me like the fondest of
mothers.
A day had elapsed since his recommendation to keep silent; I had gained
a little strength, and fancied myself strong enough to talk; I was,
therefore, going to begin, when my host, guessing my intention,
prevented me.
“I can imagine,” he said, “your impatience to know where you are and
whom with; nor, will I conceal from you that I am equally curious to
learn the circumstances that led to our meeting. Still, in regard for
your health, the responsibility of which I have assumed, I must ask you
to be patient for one night more; to-morrow, I believe, we shall be able
to talk as long as you like, without any risk.”
As I had no serious objection to raise, and as I had been wont for some
time to obey all my strange doctor ordered, I yielded. The certainty of
soon holding the key to the enigma secured me a peaceful sleep, whose
good effects I noticed on waking. Thus, when the doctor came to feel my
pulse, he was surprised at the progress I had made in a few hours, and,
without awaiting my questions, he said, as if replying to the mute
inquiry my eyes made:
“Yes, I will satisfy your just curiosity; I owe you an explanation, and
you shall not wait any longer. My name is Torrini, and I am a conjurer
by profession. You are in my house--that is, in the carriage I usually
employ as my domicile. You will be surprised, I dare say, to learn that
the bedroom you now occupy can be lengthened into a theatre, and in that
room behind the red curtains is the stage on which my apparatus is
arranged.”
At the word “conjurer” I could not repress a start of satisfaction,
which my sorcerer probably did not notice, ignorant as he was that he
had before him one of the most fervent adepts of his profession.
“As for yourself,” he went on, “I need not ask you any questions: your
name, trade, as well as the cause of your illness, are known to me, for
I consulted your _livret_, and some letters I found on you, in my desire
to benefit you. I must now tell you, though, all that has happened since
you lost consciousness. After giving some representations at Orleans, I
was proceeding to Angers, where the fair will shortly begin, when, at
some distance from Amboise, I found you lying insensible, with your face
to the ground. Fortunately for you, I was then taking my morning walk by
the horses’ side, and this circumstance saved you from being run over.
By Antonio’s help I carried you to my bed, and my knowledge of medicine
restored you to life. But, my poor fellow! the fever caused you to make
the most terrible outbreaks; you threatened me continually, and I had
the greatest difficulty in mastering you. At Tours I would have gladly
stopped to call in a doctor, for your situation was critical, and I had
not practiced for many years:--but my hours were counted: I must arrive
in time at Angers, where I wish to choose a good spot for my exhibition,
and I had a strange fancy I should save your life, which has proved
true.”
Not knowing how to thank this excellent Torrini, I offered him my hand,
which he pressed firmly: but--must I confess it--I was checked in the
effusion of my gratitude by a thought which I deeply regretted later.
“To what motive,” I asked myself, “can I attribute this sudden
affection?” This feeling, however sincere it might be, must have some
cause, and in my ingratitude I sought whether my benefactor did not
conceal some interested design behind his apparent generosity. Torrini,
as if he had guessed my thoughts, continued, in a kindly tone:
“You expect a fuller explanation? Well, however painful it may be to me,
I will give it. It is this--
“You are surprised that a mountebank, a man belonging to a class not
generally erring on the side of sensibility, should have evinced such
compassion for your sufferings, but your surprise will cease, my boy, on
learning that this compassion is produced by the sweet illusion of
paternal love.”
Here Torrini stopped an instant, tried to recover himself, and then
proceeded:
“I had a son, a beloved son; he was my hope, my life, my happiness; but
a dread fatality robbed me of him: he died, and, terrible to say, he was
assassinated, and his murderer stands before you!”
At this unexpected confession I could not repress a start of horror; the
cold drops beaded on my face.
“Yes, yes, his murderer!” Torrini went on, his voice growing gradually
firmer, “and, yet, the law could not punish me; it left me life. In vain
I accused myself before my judges; they treated me as a maniac, and my
crime was regarded as accidental homicide. But what do I care, after
all, for their judgment? Whether through carelessness, or imprudence as
they say, my poor Giovanni is not the less lost to me, and I shall
reproach myself with his death my life long.”
Torrini’s voice was drowned by his sobs. He remained for some time with
his hands before his eyes; then, making an effort, he continued, in a
calmer tone:
“To spare you emotions that might prove dangerous in your present state,
I will abridge the narrative of the misfortunes to which this event was
only a terrible prelude. What I have said will suffice to explain the
natural cause of my sympathy towards you. When I first saw you, I was
struck by the likeness you bore in age and height to my unhappy boy. I
even fancied I could trace a certain resemblance in your face, and
yielding to this illusion, I decided on keeping you near me, and nursing
you as if you were my own child. You can now form an idea of the agony I
endured during the week when I was compelled to despair of your
restoration to life. But Providence, taking pity on us both, has saved
you. You are now quite convalescent, and in a few days, I trust, will be
perfectly recovered. Such, my boy, is the secret of the affection I
displayed towards you.”
Deeply moved by the father’s misfortunes, and touched by the tender care
he had bestowed on me, I could only express my gratitude in half-broken
phrases, for I was almost stifled by emotion. Torrini, also feeling the
necessity of shortening this painful interview, went out, promising to
return soon.
No sooner was I alone than a thousand thoughts crossed my mind. This
mysterious and tragical event, the thought of which seemed to overthrow
Torrini’s reason; this crime of which he accused himself so
persistently; this verdict whose justice he disputed, perplexed me in
the highest degree, and gave me a great desire to obtain more complete
details about this domestic drama. Then, I asked myself how a man
possessing so agreeable a countenance, who did not lack either judgment
or talent, and who joined to a solid education a readiness of
conversation and distinguished manners, could have thus sunk to the
lowest stage of his profession.
While absorbed in these thoughts, the vehicle stopped: we had arrived at
Angers. Torrini left us, in order to obtain the mayor’s leave to
perform, and so soon as he had succeeded, he prepared to occupy the spot
allotted to him. As I have already stated, the room I occupied was to be
transformed into a theatre; hence I was carried to an adjacent inn, and
placed in a capital arm chair close to an open window. The weather was
glorious; the sun’s beneficent rays seemed to impart fresh life to me,
and I began to lose that egotistic indifference which a lengthened
illness usually produces.
I could see Antonio and his master, with their sleeves tucked up,
working at the theatre. In a few hours our residence was completely
transformed; the moving house had become a charming room. The
arrangement of this singular vehicle is so stamped on my memory, that I
can still supply an exact description of it, and I will fill up the
details I have already given of it.
The bed on which I had lain was drawn up through a trap in the ceiling
where it occupied a very small space. If clothes or linen were required,
an adjoining trap was opened, and by means of a ring, a chest of drawers
was produced, as if by magic. A similar process revealed a small
chimney, which, by a peculiar arrangement, expelled the smoke below the
hearth. Lastly, the larder, cooking-range, and other accessories of the
household, were ready to hand, and could be easily restored to their
respective places. This strange furniture occupied all the space between
the wheels, so that the room, though amply furnished, was not crowded.
But I was most surprised to see the vehicle, which was scarcely six
yards long, suddenly grow twice that length. This was most ingeniously
contrived: the body was double and could be pulled out like a telescope.
This prolongation, supported by trestels, was quite as secure as the
rest of the edifice. The partition, dividing the rooms off, had been
removed, so that they now formed but a single apartment. The public
entered on this side, and a staircase led to the door, before which an
elegant marquee formed a vestibule, where the tickets were issued.
Lastly, a scaffolding was erected over the front, which represented a
stuccoed house.
The sight of this machine excited my imagination, and I built castles in
the air which I was never to inhabit. I, too, would have a similar
vehicle, though rather smaller, as my exhibition would be different.
Here I must make room for a parenthesis, to supply an explanation I
think necessary. I have spoken so much of sleight-of-hand, that it might
be supposed I had quite given up all thoughts about mechanism. On the
contrary I still passionately loved that science; but I had modified its
application, since the love of the marvellous had inflamed my
imagination. I proposed to call to my aid automata, which I would
eventually build; then, I would traverse the whole of Europe, perhaps
the world, gaining an ample amount of honor, pleasure and profit.
While engaged with these pleasant dreams I regained my health and
strength, and hoped that Torrini would soon allow me to be present at
one of his performances. In fact, he soon offered me an agreeable
surprise, for, one evening, he led me to his theatre, and installed me
on the first row of seats, grandly denominated “the stalls.” Judging by
my own enthusiasm, I expected the theatre would be thronged so soon as
the doors opened, but to my great surprise and regret, the room was not
more than half full.
The hour fixed for commencing at length arrived; the bell rang thrice,
the curtains were drawn back, and an exquisite little stage was visible.
The most striking thing was the entire absence of all that apparatus by
which many performers compensate for their lack of skill, while by a
graceful innovation, a few candles artistically arranged, were
substituted for that dazzling glare which, at the period of which I
write, was the indispensable ornament of all performances of “amusing
science.”
Torrini appeared, walked towards the public with great ease of manner,
made a deep bow, then demanded the indulgence of the spectators, and
ended by paying a compliment to the ladies. This slight address, though
uttered in a cold and melancholy tone, received a few encouraging bravos
from the audience.
The performance commenced in the most perfect silence; everybody seemed
inclined to devote all attention to it. I could hardly breathe, in my
desire not to lose a single word or gesture.
I will not describe the several tricks I saw; they all possessed
extraordinary interest for me; but Torrini appeared to excel in card
tricks. He possessed two most precious qualities in the exercise of this
art: these were extreme skill and an incredible boldness of execution.
To these he added a most aristocratic way of touching the cards; his
white and carefully-tended hands seemed hardly to rest on them, and his
tricks were so artistically performed, that the audience involuntarily
bestowed a sympathising confidence upon him. Sure of the effect he would
produce, he performed the most difficult “passes,” with a coolness no
one could expect him to possess; and this produced the most successful
results. To close the performances, Torrini requested the audience to
choose some one to play a game of piquet with him, and a gentleman
immediately stepped on the stage.
“Pardon me, sir,” said Torrini, “but it is indispensable, for the
success of the experiment, that I should know your name and profession.”
“Nothing easier, sir. My name is Joseph Lenoir, at your service; and my
profession is that of a dancing-master.”
Any other than Torrini would have made some jest on the name and
profession of this rival of Vestris; but he did nothing of the sort. He
had only asked this question to gain time, for he never indulged in any
mystification; so he merely added:
“I thank you, sir, for your kindness; and now we know who we are, we can
place confidence in each other. You have come to play a game of piquet
with me; but do you understand the game thoroughly?”
“I flatter myself I do, sir.”
“Ah! ah!” Torrini said with a laugh. “Pray do not flatter yourself till
we have played our game. Still, not to lower your self-esteem, I will
allow you to be an excellent player; but that will not prevent you
losing the game, although the chances are all in your favor. Listen to
me carefully; the trick I am going to perform, and which is called the
‘blind man’s game of piquet,’ requires that I should be blinded, so have
the goodness to bandage my eyes carefully.”
M. Lenoir, who, I may mention, wore spectacles, was very distrustful,
hence he took extraordinary precautions to accomplish his task. First,
he covered the patient’s eyes with tow, over which he fastened three
thick bandages; and, as if this fourfold covering were not enough to
blind his opponent, he fastened an enormous shawl round his head. I know
not how Torrini kept from suffocation beneath these heavy bandages; for
my part, the perspiration ran down my face at seeing him so muffled up.
Not knowing all the resources this skilful performer had at command, I
was rather fearful as to the result of the experiment, and my alarm
reached its climax when I heard him address his opponent as follows:
“Monsieur Lenoir, have the kindness to sit down opposite me at this
table. I have still a small service to ask you before we begin our game.
You have quite deprived me of my sight, but that is not enough. You have
now to bind my hands, so that I may be quite incapable.”
M. Lenoir raised his spectacles and looked at Torrini, as if stupefied;
but the latter, quietly placing his arms on the table, and crossing his
thumbs, said, “Now, sir, fasten them securely.”
The dancing-master took the piece of whipcord and performed his task as
conscientiously as he had done the first part.
“Am I now blinded, and deprived of the use of my hands?” Torrini asked
his vis-à-vis.
“I am certain of it,” Joseph Lenoir replied.
“Well, then, to begin our game. But tell me first in what suit you would
like to be repiqued?”
“In clubs.”
“Very good; now deal the cards by twos or threes, as you please. When
they are dealt out, I will leave you to select the hand you think will
enable you best to prevent a repique.”
All the time these explanations and preparations lasted, the audience
remained motionless and silent, not knowing whether a mystification or a
real trick were intended. Now, on seeing the dancing-master shuffle the
cards, there could be no further doubt; hence all rose to command a view
of the stage, and a great number of spectators even surrounded the
table. I had also drawn near, and, to my great delight, secured a front
place.
Profound silence in the room.
“The cards are shuffled, please to cut!” the dancing-master said, in an
ironical tone, as if secure of victory.
“Willingly,” Torrini replied. And though hampered in his movements, he
soon satisfied his opponent.
The cards having been dealt, M. Lenoir decided on keeping those before
him.
“Very good!” said Torrini. “You wished, I think, to be repiqued in
clubs?”
“Yes, sir.”
“Now follow my play. I throw out the sevens of spades, hearts, and
diamonds, and my two eights; the cards I take in give me a quint in
clubs, fourteen in queens, and fourteen in kings, with which I repique
you. Pray count and verify, sir.”
Torrini spoke the truth. Hearty shouts of applause greeted his success,
while jokes were cut at the expense of the poor dancing-master, who
hurried from the stage in a state of pitiable confusion.
* * * * *
The performance over, I expressed to Torrini the pleasure his tricks
caused me, and paid him some sincere compliments on the skill he had
evinced during the whole evening, and especially in his last trick.
“These compliments are the more flattering,” he replied, with a smile,
“as I know now they are paid me, if not by a fellow-artist, at least by
an amateur, who, I am certain, already possesses some degree of skill in
the profession.”
I know not which of us, Torrini or myself, was the more charmed by the
compliments we exchanged; at any rate, I felt most sensibly the
favorable opinion he had formed of my talents. One thing, however,
perplexed me: I had never said a word to Torrini about my
sleight-of-hand fancies: how could he have found them out?
He read my thoughts, and added:
“You are surprised at my detecting your secret? and you would like to
know how I did so. I am happy to tell you. My room is small; hence it is
easy for me, when on the stage, to look at every face, and judge the
various impressions I produce on the spectators. I observed you
particularly, and while watching the direction of your eyes, I could
judge what was passing in your mind. Thus when I indulged in some
amusing paradox, to draw public attention away from the side where the
trick was to be performed, you alone escaped the snare, and kept your
eyes fixed on the right spot. As for my piquet trick, though I could not
observe you while I was performing it, I have reasons to be assured that
you did not know it.”
“You have guessed perfectly right, my dear magician, and I cannot deny
that in my leisure hours I have amused myself with some of these tricks,
for which I always felt great inclination.”
“Inclination! Allow me to say that is not the proper word in your case,
my dear lad; yours is a true passion. I base my opinion on the following
observations. This evening, from the moment of the curtain rising, your
searching eye, your agitated face and half-parted lips, denoted the
state of excitement you were in. You looked like a gourmet just sitting
down to a well-covered board, or a miser gloating over his treasure. Do
you think that with these signs I need be a sorcerer to discover the
sway conjuring exercises over your mind?”
I was about to reply, when Torrini drew out his watch, and said to me,
“Come, young gentleman, it is growing late; it is high time for a
convalescent to seek his rest. We will continue our conversation at a
better time.”
With these words my doctor led me to my room, and, after counting my
pulse, which appeared to satisfy him, retired. In spite of the pleasure
I felt in talking, I was not ill-pleased to find myself alone, for I had
a thousand souvenirs to evoke. I wished to summon up again the
experiments that had struck me most, but it was all in vain. One thought
mastered all the rest, and produced a strange sinking in my heart. I
tried, without success, to explain the motives why the public neglected
Torrini’s interesting performances.
This motive Antonio explained to me afterwards, and it is too curious to
be passed by in silence. Besides, I have here an opportunity to
introduce my readers to a very remarkable specimen of the great family
of mountebanks.
I have said that we reached Angers at fair time; and among the numerous
providers of amusement who solicited the presence and money of the
Angevins, was another conjurer, known as Castelli.
He was no more an Italian than was Torrini. I shall presently give
Torrini’s real name, and the reasons that caused him to change it for
the one we know him by; as for the other conjurer, he was a Norman by
birth, and only assumed the name of Castelli in conformity with the
custom of most conjurers of the day, who thought an Italian name more
attractive.
Castelli was far from possessing Torrini’s marvellous address, and his
performances offered no special interest as far as sleight-of-hand was
concerned; but he thought with Figaro that “skill was better than
learning,” and he proved it by his repeated successes. In truth, this
man was the incarnation of charlatanism, and he spared nothing to pique
public curiosity. Each day some new prodigy was announced on his
enormous posters. It was in reality only a deception, very often a
mystification for the audience; but his treasury was always filled to
repletion--hence, the trick was good. If the public felt wroth at being
duped, Castelli knew the art of escaping from the dilemma and drawing
the laughers on his side; he boldly made some jest in bad Italian, at
which the pit could not help laughing, and was thus disarmed.
Besides, it must be remembered that, at this period, conjuring was not
so respectable as it is now; people went to an exhibition of that sort
to laugh at the conjurer’s victims, even if themselves exposed to his
attacks. My readers ought to have seen the mystifier _par excellence_,
the celebrated physico-ventriloquist of the age, Comte, to form an idea
of the cool way in which the public was then treated. This performer,
though so graceful and gallant towards ladies, was merciless to men.
According to his notions, the cavaliers (as they were then called) were
predestined to supply amusement for the fair sex---- But I must not
poach on the biography of the “natural philosopher to the king,” which
will hereafter find a place in my volume.
The same day on which I had witnessed Torrini’s performance, Castelli’s
bills contained an astounding statement, well adapted, I grant, to tempt
public curiosity. The professor pledged himself to eat a man alive, and
if he did not succeed to the satisfaction of his audience, he would hand
over all the receipts to the mayor for distribution among the poor. This
seductive appeal had drawn the whole town; crowds collected round the
show, and persons who arrived too late were glad to pay double entrance
money. But the new trick played by the conjurer was quite worthy of all
that had preceded it.
Castelli, after performing several tricks of second-rate interest, at
length arrived at the one which caused even the calmest spectator to
throb with impatience.
“Gentlemen,” he then said, addressing the audience, “we will now proceed
to the last trick. I promised to eat a man alive for my supper, and I
will keep my word. Will the courageous spectator who wishes to serve as
a repast to me (Castelli pronounced this word with the expression of a
perfect cannibal) take the trouble to mount on the stage?”
Two victims immediately presented themselves. By accident they offered a
perfect contrast, and Castelli, who understood the art of producing an
effect, skilfully profited by it. He placed them side by side, with
their faces turned to the audience, then after surveying one of them, a
tall, bilious-looking fellow, from head to foot, he said to him, with
affected politeness,
“I do not wish to insult you, sir, but I am sorry to tell you that, as
regards my food, I am quite of M. le Curé’s opinion--you understand me?”
The tall, thin man appeared for a moment as if trying to guess a riddle,
and ended by scratching his ear--a gesture which, among all nations,
civilized or barbarous, signifies, “I do not understand.”
“I will explain, then,” Castelli continued. “You know that M. le Curé
does not like bones; at least, so they say at forfeits, and I assure you
I share the Curé’s antipathy in this respect. You can retire, then; I
will not detain you.” And Castelli began bowing to his visitor, who
hastened back to his seat.
“Now, then, for us two,” the conjurer said, turning to the one who
remained. He was a tall, chubby fellow, with rosy cheeks, who seemed
purposely made for the repast of an epicurean cannibal.
“Well, my stout friend, so you consent to be eaten alive?”
“Yes, sir, I am quite willing, and came here for that purpose.”
“Ah! ah! that is capital!” (Here Castelli licked his lips like a
gourmet, whose mouth waters at the sight of a dainty dish.) “As I have a
powerful appetite, we will begin directly.”
At this moment a gigantic cruet-stand was brought in. The stout youth
regarded it with surprise, as if trying to discover the use of this
strange utensil.
“Don’t mind it, pray!” said Castelli. “I am very fond of hot dishes, so
allow me to pepper and salt you in my usual fashion.”
And he began covering the unhappy man with a white powder, which,
adhering to his hair, face, and clothes, soon gave him an extraordinary
appearance. The stout youth, who at the beginning had tried to rival the
conjurer’s gaiety, did not laugh now, and seemed earnestly to desire the
end of the jest.
“Now, then!” Castelli added, rolling his eyes about ferociously, “kneel
down, and hold your hands over your head. Very good, my friend: it
really looks as if you had never followed any other trade than being
eaten alive. Now, then, say your prayers, and I will begin. Are you
ready?”
“Yes, sir,” the stout lad muttered, turning quite yellow with emotion,
“I am ready.”
Castelli then took the end of the patient’s thumb in his mouth, and bit
it so hard that the latter, as if working by a spring, jumped up,
shouting energetically,
“Confound it, sir, take care; you hurt me!”
“What! I hurt you?” Castelli said, with perfect calmness. “What will you
say, then, when I reach your head? It was really absurd of you to cry
out like a baby at the first mouthful. Come, be reasonable: let me go
on. I am frightfully hungry, and long for my supper.”
And Castelli, thrusting him by the shoulders, tried to make him take his
first position. But the young man resisted with all his strength, as he
cried, in a voice palsied with fear, “I won’t have it: I tell you I
won’t have it. You hurt me too much!” At length, by a supreme effort, he
escaped from his tormentor’s hands. During this time the audience,
foreseeing the result of this amusing scene, had been shouting with
laughter, and Castelli found some difficulty in gaining a hearing.
“Gentlemen!” he said, assuming a tone of the deepest disappointment,
“you see me both surprised and vexed at the flight of that gentleman,
who had not the courage to allow himself to be eaten. Now, I expect some
one to take his place; for, far from shunning the performance of my
promise, I feel so comfortable, that I pledge myself, after eating the
first spectator who offers, to eat the second, and so on. Indeed, to
prove myself worthy your applause, I promise to eat the whole roomful.”
This jest was greeted by another hearty laugh, but the farce was played
out. No one came forward to be eaten, and the crowd went home to digest
the trick played on them all.
If such manœuvres could succeed, few spectators were left for
Torrini. As he desired to maintain a certain dignity, he never announced
tricks he did not perform, and, even if trying to render the titles
attractive, he always adhered to the strictest truth.