CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF GOZURAT.
Gozurat is a great kingdom. The people are Idolaters and have a
peculiar language, and a king of their own, and are tributary to no
one. It lies towards the west, and the North Star is here still more
conspicuous, showing itself at an altitude of about 6 cubits.{1}
The people are the most desperate pirates in existence, and one
of their atrocious practices is this. When they have taken a
merchant-vessel they force the merchants to swallow a stuff called
_Tamarindi_ mixed in sea-water, which produces a violent purging.{2}
This is done in case the merchants, on seeing their danger, should have
swallowed their most valuable stones and pearls. And in this way the
pirates secure the whole.
In this province of Gozurat there grows much pepper, and ginger, and
indigo. They have also a great deal of cotton. Their cotton trees are
of very great size, growing full six paces high, and attaining to an
age of 20 years. It is to be observed however that, when the trees
are so old as that, the cotton is not good to spin, but only to quilt
or stuff beds withal. Up to the age of 12 years indeed the trees give
good spinning cotton, but from that age to 20 years the produce is
inferior.{3}
[Illustration: Mediæval Architecture in Guzerat. (From Fergusson.)]
They dress in this country great numbers of skins of various kinds,
goat-skins, ox-skins, buffalo and wild ox-skins, as well as those of
unicorns and other animals. In fact so many are dressed every year as
to load a number of ships for Arabia and other quarters. They also work
here beautiful mats in red and blue leather, exquisitely inlaid with
figures of birds and beasts, and skilfully embroidered with gold and
silver wire. These are marvellously beautiful things; they are used by
the Saracens to sleep upon, and capital they are for that purpose. They
also work cushions embroidered with gold, so fine that they are worth
six marks of silver a piece, whilst some of those sleeping-mats are
worth ten marks.{4}
NOTE 1.—Again we note the topographical confusion. Guzerat is
mentioned as if it were a province adjoining Malabar, and before
arriving at Tana, Cambay, and Somnath; though in fact it includes
those three cities, and Cambay was then its great mart. Wassáf,
Polo’s contemporary, perhaps acquaintance, speaks of Gujarat which
is commonly called Kambáyat. (_Elliot_, III. 31.)
NOTE 2.—[“The origin of the name [_Tamarina_] is curious. It is Ar.
_tamar-u’l-Hind_, ‘date of India,’ or perhaps rather, in Persian
form, _tamar-i-Hindī_. It is possible that the original name may
have been _thamar_, (‘fruit’) of India, rather than _tamar_,
(‘date’).” (_Hobson-Jobson_.)]
NOTE 3.—The notice of pepper here is hard to explain. But Hiuen
Tsang also speaks of Indian pepper and incense (see next chapter)
as grown at _’Ochali_ which seems to be some place on the northern
border of Guzerat (II. 161).
Marsden, in regard to the cotton, supposes here some confused
introduction of the silk-cotton tree (_Bombax_ or _Salmalia_,
the Semal of Hindustan), but the description would be entirely
inapplicable to that great forest tree. It is remarkable that
nearly the same statement with regard to Guzerat occurs in
Rashiduddin’s sketch of India, as translated in Sir H. Elliot’s
_History of India_ (_ed. by Professor Dowson_, I. 67): “Grapes
are produced twice during the year, and the strength of the soil
is such that cotton-plants grow like willows and plane-trees, and
yield produce ten years running.” An author of later date, from
whom extracts are given in the same work, viz., Mahommed Masúm in
his _History of Sind_, describing the wonders of Síwí, says: “In
Korzamin and Chhatur, which are districts of Siwi, cotton-plants
grow as large as trees, insomuch that men pick the cotton mounted”
(p. 237).
These would appear to have been plants of the species of true
cotton called by Royle _Gossipium arboreum_, and sometimes termed
_G. religiosum_, from its being often grown in South India near
temples or abodes of devotees; though the latter name has been
applied also to the nankeen cotton. That of which we speak is,
however, according to Dr. Cleghorn, termed in Mysore _Deo kapás_,
of which _G. religiosum_ would be a proper translation. It is
grown in various parts of India, but generally rather for ornament
than use. It is stated, however, to be specially used for the
manufacture of turbans, and for the Brahmanical thread, and
probably afforded the groundwork of the story told by Philostratus
of the _wild_ cotton which was used only for the sacred vestments
of the Brahmans, and refused to lend itself to other uses. One of
Royle’s authorities (Mr. Vaupell) mentions that it was grown near
large towns of Eastern Guzerat, and its wool regarded as the finest
of any, and only used in delicate muslins. Tod speaks of it in
Bikanír, and this kind of cotton appears to be grown also in China,
as we gather from a passage in _Amyot’s Mémoires_ (II. 606), which
speaks of the “Cotonniers arbres, qui ne devoient être fertiles
qu’après un bon nombre d’années.”
The height appears to have been a difficulty with Marsden, who
refers to the _G. arboreum_, but does not admit that it could be
intended. Yet I see in the _English Cyclopædia_ that to this
species is assigned a height of 15 to 20 feet. Polo’s six paces
therefore, even if it means 30 feet as I think, is not a great
exaggeration. (_Royle, Cult. of Cotton_, 144, 145, 152; _Eng.
Cycl._ art. _Gossypium_.)
NOTE 4.—Embroidered and Inlaid leather-work for bed-covers,
palankin mats and the like, is still a great manufacture in Rajkot
and other places of Kattiawár in Peninsular Guzerat, as well as in
the adjoining region of Sind. (Note from _Sir Bartle Frere_.) The
_embroidery_ of Guzerat is highly commended by Barbosa, Linschoten,
and A. Hamilton.
The G. T. adds at the end of this passage: “E qe voz en diroi?
Sachíés tout voiremant qe en ceste reingne se labore _roiaus
dereusse_ de cuir et plus sotilment que ne fait en tout lo monde, e
celz qe sunt de greingnors vailance.”
The two words in Roman type I cannot explain; qu. _royaux devises_?