Crawford, William H., senator from Georgia, opposes mission to

Russia, v. 12;

on the message of Jan. 3, 1810, 179;

represents the Treasury, 181;

votes with Samuel Smith, 191;

his character, 331;

introduces Bank Charter, 332;

his speech on Bank Charter, 332, 333;

reports bill for fifty thousand volunteers, 358;

party to revolutionizing East Florida, vi. 239;

his comments on the conduct of the war, 395;

sent as minister to Paris, vii. 49;

sails in the “Argus,” 304;

reason of not being a peace commissioner, 393;

appointed Secretary of War, ix. 89;

candidate for the Presidency in 1816, 122–124;

appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 142.

Creek Indians, Tecumthe visits, vi. 92, 108;

their confederacy and grievances, vii. 217–220;

Tecumthe’s visit to, 220–222;

secret excitement among, 222, 223;

murders on the Ohio by warriors of, 224;

execution of murderers, 225, 226;

outbreak of fanaticism among, 227;

attacked at Burnt Corn, 228, 229;

capture Fort Mims, 229–231;

number of hostile warriors among, 233, 244, 245, 249;

Andrew Jackson’s campaign of 1813 among, 235–240;

Cocke’s campaign against, 240, 241;

Floyd’s campaign against, 241–243;

Claiborne’s campaign against, 243, 244;

Jackson’s second campaign against, 245–248;

Floyd’s second campaign against, 249, 250;

Jackson’s last campaign against, 254–257;

number of Red Stick refugees among, 258, 259;

Andrew Jackson’s capitulation with, 259–261; viii. 317, 318;

effect of their war on the Florida difficulties, 318.

Creoles in Louisiana, Claiborne’s treatment of, iii. 298;

their attitudes toward Burr’s conspiracy, 300–309.

Crillon, Count Edward de, his family, vi. 176;

acts as John Henry’s agent, 177–179;

his social success, 178, 180;

his evidence, 183;

sails for France, 184;

an impostor, 185;

an agent of French police, 186.

Croghan, George, major of the Seventeenth U. S. Infantry, his

defence of Fort Stephenson, vii. 110–114;

his expedition against Mackinaw, viii. 32.

Croker, John Wilson, Secretary to the Admiralty, v. 58;

on British naturalization laws, vii. 21, 23;

on the “Chesapeake” and “Shannon,” 302;

on the captures in British waters, viii. 200, 201.

Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams, appointed Secretary of the Navy,

ix. 63.

Crowninshield, Jacob, member of Congress from Massachusetts,

declines Navy Department, appointed Secretary, refuses office,

remains on records as Secretary of Navy, iii. 10, 11;

speech of, in favor of non-importation, 157;

Jefferson’s letter to, on the Pierce affair, 200; iv. 109;

his death, 209;

succeeded by Joseph Story, 463.

Cuba, Jefferson’s policy toward, iv. 340, 341; v. 37, 38.

Cumberland Island in Georgia, occupied by Admiral Cockburn, vii.

277;

again occupied in 1815, ix. 62.

Cumberland Road, iii. 181, 355; v. 209;

in 1816, ix. 169.

Currency (see Banks, national and State).

Cushing, Caleb, ix. 206.

Cushing, T. H., Lieutenant-Colonel of Second Infantry, iii. 246,

311;

Wilkinson communicates Burr’s designs to, 313;

orders to, 315;

brigadier-general, viii. 221.

Cutts, Charles, senator from New Hampshire, vii. 48.

“Cyane,” British corvette, captured by “Constitution,” ix. 74–78.

Dacres, J. R., captain of the “Guerriere,” vi. 27, 37, 373;

his action with the “Constitution,” 373–375;

censured by the “Times,” vii. 5, 14;

on the cause of his defeat, 7, 13.

Daggett, David, senator from Connecticut, his speech against

Giles’s bill for drafting militia, viii. 270, 271.

Dalberg, Duc, negotiates with Joel Barlow, vi. 259;

his remonstrances to Bassano against Napoleon’s treatment of the

United States, 262.

Dallas, Alexander James, i. 127, 281; ii. 195–199;

letter of, to Gallatin, 198;

acts with federalists, iii. 9;

his opinion of Jefferson’s second administration, iv. 455;

his opinion of Armstrong, vii. 35;

Madison’s favorite candidate for the treasury, 396;

defeated by senators, 397;

author of specifications against William Hull, 415;

appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Oct. 5, 1814, viii. 243;

his character and temper, 243, 244;

his account of the condition of the Treasury in October, 1814,

244;

opposes treasury-note issues and recommends a bank, 249, 250–260;

ix. 57;

describes the condition of the Treasury in November, 1814, viii.

252;

describes the condition of the Treasury in December, 1814, 254;

describes the condition of the Treasury in January, 1815, 261,

262;

sketches financial scheme for first year of peace, ix. 83, 84;

acts as Secretary of War to reduce the army, 88;

his severity to New England, 98, 99;

fails to fund treasury-notes, 100–103;

his report of 1815, 105, 106;

recommends a national bank and a protective tariff, 111, 112,

114;

announces his retirement from the Treasury, 124, 125;

restores specie payments, 128–132;

his success as Secretary of the Treasury, 140, 141;

his death, 141.

Dallas, Alexander James, third lieutenant of the frigate

“President,” vi. 28, 32.

Dana, Samuel Whittlesey, member of Congress from Connecticut, i.

269;

his remark on the dumb legislature, 271;

in the Ninth Congress, iii. 143, 242;

on repeal of the embargo, iv. 436;

senator from Connecticut, vii. 63.

Dane, Nathan, delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii. 292.

Daquin, ----, major commanding battalion of men of color at New

Orleans, viii. 345.

Daschkoff, André, Russian chargé at Washington, vii. 41, 211.

Dautremont, M., iii. 379.

Daveiss, Joseph H., United States District Attorney, iii. 268;

writes to Jefferson denouncing the Spanish plot, 270;

accuses Burr in court of setting on foot a military expedition,

277;

renews his motion, 282;

removed from office by Jefferson, 294, 309;

and censured, 337;

offers to serve as a volunteer in Harrison’s campaign, vi. 94;

urges an attack on Tippecanoe, 99, 101;

his death, 103, 104, 107.

“David Porter,” privateer schooner, escape of, vii. 325.

Davis, Daniel, viii. 87, 88.

Davis, John, an English traveller, i. 122;

his account of Jefferson’s inauguration, 197.

Davis, Judge John, his opinion on the constitutionality of the

embargo, iv. 268 _et seq._

Davis, Matthew L., i. 231 _et seq._, 296.

Davout, Marshal, v. 409, 425; vi. 251, 252.

Davy. William R., appointed Major-General, vii. 37.

Dayton, Jonathan, senator from New Jersey, i. 280; ii. 105;

in Miranda’s confidence, iii. 189;

informs Yrujo of Miranda’s expedition, 192;

his connection with Burr, 219;

attempts to obtain funds from Yrujo, 234 _et seq._;

funds received by him from the Spanish treasury, 245;

his letter to Wilkinson, 252;

at Burr’s trial, 463.

Dearborn, Henry, appointed Secretary of War, i. 219;

his opinion in the cabinet on Spanish policy, ii. 2;

quoted by Eaton, 431;

remains in Jefferson’s second administration, iii. 10;

his remark on Wilkinson, 454;

ignorant of Jefferson’s instructions to Monroe, iv. 163;

appointed collector at Boston, v. 9;

his orders, as Secretary of War, to Wilkinson, Dec. 2, 1808, 169;

appointed senior major-general, vi. 289;

his plan of campaign, 297, 306, 340, 341;

reaches Albany, 304;

goes to Boston, 305;

his difficulties at Boston, 306, 307, 309;

returns to Albany, 310;

ignorant that he commands operations at Niagara, 310, 322, 339;

sends militia to Niagara, 321;

negotiates armistice, 322, 323, 340;

effect of armistice, 324, 343;

armistice rejected by the President, 340;

his opinion of Van Rensselaer, 353;

his campaign against Montreal, 360;

his reflections on the campaign of 1812, 360, 361;

Monroe’s criticisms of, 396, 397;

George Hay’s remark on, 421;

continued in command, vii. 37, 38, 39;

releases Perry’s vessels, 117, 159;

ordered to attack Kingston, 149;

his estimate of British force at Kingston, 151;

decides not to attack Kingston, 152, 153, 171;

captures York, 154;

arrives at Niagara, 155;

captures Fort George, 157, 158;

devolves command on Morgan Lewis, 161;

reports Boerstler’s disaster, 163;

removed from command, 171, 416;

put in command of New York, 407, 416;

president of court-martial on William Hull, 417;

nominated Secretary of War in 1815, ix. 89.

Dearborn, Fort, at Chicago, murders at, vi. 110;

garrison at, 294;

evacuated, 334.

Debt, Public (see Finances).

Decatur, James, killed at Tripoli, ii. 427.

Decatur, Stephen, burns the “Philadelphia,” ii. 139;

at Tripoli, 427;

captain in U. S. navy, on Barron’s court-martial, iv. 21, 24;

commands squadron, vi. 363;

his orders, 363, 364, 368;

his advice, 364;

his first cruise in 1812, 366, 368, 375;

his second cruise, 381;

captures the “Macedonian,” 382, 383;

returns to port with prize, 383;

takes refuge with squadron in New London, vii. 278, 279;

reports on blue lights, 279, 280;

commands “President,” ix. 63;

runs blockade, 64;

his battle with the “Endymion,” 65, 69;

his surrender, 70.

Decrees, French, of 1798, vi. 139.

Decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806, declaring Great Britain in a state

of blockade, and excluding from French ports all vessels coming

from British ports, iii. 389–391;

its effect on Monroe and Pinckney’s negotiation, 412;

its effect in the United States, 427;

not enforced until August, 1807, iv. 82;

its enforcement notified to Armstrong, Sept. 18, 1807, 109;

Napoleon’s defence of, 110, 111, 221, 95;

his varying objects in using, v. 24.

---- of Milan, Dec. 17, 1807, declaring good prize every neutral

vessel that should have been searched by an English ship, or

paid any duty to the British government, or should come from

or go to a British port, iv. 126;

its effect in the United States, 195.

---- of Bayonne, April 17, 1808, directing the seizure of all

American vessels entering the ports of France, Italy, and the

Hanse Towns, iv. 303, 304;

rigorously enforced, 312.

Decrees of Berlin, Milan, and Bayonne, v. 24, 152, 297;

their rigid enforcement, 30;

Champagny’s argument in defence of, 31, 32;

their effect on England, 46;

their effect on France, 138;

Napoleon drafts, June 10, 1809, decree repealing that of Milan,

139–141;

lays aside draft of repealing decree, 141;

drafts Vienna decree of August, 1809, retaliating the

Non-intercourse Act, 143, 144, 150, 230;

Louis’s resistance to, 148, 240, 241;

Napoleon’s condition of repeal, 229, 245, 250, 251;

null and void for licensed vessels, 248;

declared by Champagny revoked on Nov. 1, 1810, 255;

declared revoked by Madison, 304, 317, 347, 348;

Russell’s reports on the revocation, 381–396;

declared revoked by Champagny for Feb. 2, 1811, 386, 389, 390;

not revoked, 394, 395;

declared fundamental laws by Napoleon, 397, 407;

declared successful by Napoleon, 398;

considered suspended by Madison, 400, 401;

recognized by United States, 402, 403;

their revocation doubted by Russell, 395, 400, 406;

their revocation affirmed by Russell, 405;

enforced on the Baltic, 426, 427;

Barlow instructed that they are considered revoked, 427;

revocation asserted by Pinkney, vi. 3, 5, 6, 11;

evidence of revocation asked by Wellesley, 4;

argued by Pinkney, 7, 8;

revocation denied by Wellesley, 23;

affirmed to be still in force by Foster, 41;

affirmed by Monroe to be revoked as far as America has a right to

expect, 42;

their international and municipal characters, 43;

argued by Monroe, 44, 45;

their revocation unknown to the President, 56;

argued by Serurier, 60;

disputed by Madison, 64;

their revocation a personal affair with Madison, 65;

their effect on the northwestern Indians, 83;

declared not repealed by British courts, 118;

their repeal doubted by Madison and Monroe, 120, 187–189;

repeal asserted in annual message, 125;

repeal assumed by House committee, 133, 134;

repeal denied by Monroe, 194, 195, 201;

repeal assumed by Monroe, 198;

Bassano’s report on validity of, 216, 253;

repeal assumed by Madison, 218, 224;

repeal maintained by Monroe till June, 1812, 232;

Bassano’s instructions on repeal of, 248–249;

repeal asserted by Barlow, 252;

evidence of repeal required by Barlow, 254;

repealing decree produced by Bassano, 255–257;

still enforced, 260, 261;

revocation unknown to the French authorities, 262, 263;

Webster’s resolutions on repeal of, vii. 55, 58.

Decree of Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, sequestering American

property in retaliation for the Non-importation Act, v. 236,

242, 274.

---- of July 25, 1810, regarding licenses, v. 247;

of July 22, 1810, confiscating American property in Dutch and

Spanish ports, 258;

of Aug. 5, 1810, confiscating American property in France, 258.

---- of St. Cloud, dated April 28, 1811, repealing the Decrees of

Berlin and Milan from Nov. 1, 1810, vi. 255–257, 259.

Decrès, Denis, Duc, Napoleon’s Minister of Marine, instructions of,

to Richepanse and Leclerc, re-establishing slavery, i. 397;

defining the boundaries of Louisiana and its administration, ii.

5;

his letter to Armstrong respecting the Berlin Decree, iii. 391;

asks instructions in the case of American schooner at San

Sebastian, v. 142, 143;

Marmont’s story of, 222.

Defiance, old Fort, vii. 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 86.

Delaware, growth of population of, ix. 155, 156.

Delaware Indians, murders of, v. 73.

Democrats, denounced by New England clergy, i. 79 _et seq._;

social inferiority, 92;

the Northern, 264.

Denmark, Napoleon’s demands upon, iv. 63 (see Copenhagen);

spoliations of American commerce in, v. 409, 411.

Dennie, Joseph, on democracy, i. 85;

editor of the “Portfolio,” 119, 121;

character and influence of his “Portfolio,” ix. 198–201.

De Pestre, or Dupiester, one of Burr’s officers, iii. 252;

starts with Burr as his chief of staff, 255;

sent by Burr to report to Yrujo, 261;

his message, 264.

Deposit at New Orleans, the right of, granted by treaty, i. 349;

taken away, 418;

restored, ii. 3;

discussed by Cevallos, iii. 26, 27.

Derbigny, Pierre, creole delegate to Washington, ii. 400, 401; iii.

301;

Turreau’s opinion of, ii. 406;

affidavit of, 408; iii. 219, 305.

De Rottenburg, Baron, forces under his command in Montreal

district, viii. 25;

one of Brock’s successors, 48.

De Salaberry, A., lieutenant-colonel of Canadian voltigeurs,

defeats Hampton, vii. 196, 197.

Desertion of British Seamen, ii. 333–335, 345, 346, 392.

Desha, Joseph, member of Congress from Kentucky, insists on

reducing the army in 1815, ix. 84–86;

on expenses of western members, 120.

Dessalines, i. 416.

Destréhan, Jean Noel, creole delegate to Washington, ii. 400, 401;

iii. 301;

Turreau’s opinion of, ii. 406.

Detroit, isolation of, i. 14, 35;

military situation of, vi. 293, 295, 301;

measures for protection of, 296;

Hull’s difficulties in defending, 315, 322, 324;

Hull besieged in, 325–331;

Brock’s attack on, 332–334;

Hull’s surrender of, 334, 393;

reinforcements for, 391;

expedition to recover, to be commanded by Harrison, 392, 393;

Harrison receives _carte blanche_ to recover, vii. 74, 75;

Harrison’s views on military value of, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83;

failure of Harrison’s campaign against, 100, 101;

evacuated by Proctor, 131;

occupied by Harrison, 132.

“Detroit,” 19-gun British ship on Lake Erie, vii. 120;

her armament, 121;

captured, 127.

De Watteville, major-general in British army, viii. 102.

(See Infantry, British regiments of.)

Dexter, Samuel, i. 93;

Secretary of the Treasury, 192, 219;

his argument against the constitutionality of the embargo, iv.

268, 270;

takes the lead in Boston town-meeting, 411, 412;

defeats project of State convention in Massachusetts, vi. 402;

republican candidate for governor of Massachusetts in April,

1814, viii. 9–11;

again in 1815, ix. 92;

again in 1816, 133.

Dickens, Charles, i. 56.

Dickinson, James, captain of the British sloop-of-war “Penguin,”

ix. 71;

killed in action with “Hornet,” 72.

“Diomed,” stallion, i. 51.

“Dolphin,” Baltimore privateer, captured, vii. 329.

Dos de Maio, the, iv. 300 _et seq._;

its effect in America, 339 _et seq._

Douglas, Sir Howard, on American gunnery, ix. 229, 230, 233, 234.

Douglas, Captain John Erskine, of the “Bellona,” iv. 4;

reports the affair of the “Chesapeake” to Admiral Berkeley, 25;

his letter to the Mayor of Norfolk, 28.

Douglass, David B., lieutenant of engineers, at Fort Erie, viii.

71, 76.

Douglass, George, captain of British sloop-of-war “Levant,” his

action with the “Constitution,” ix. 75–78.

Downie, George, captain in the British navy, commanding flotilla on

Lake Champlain, viii. 103;

his confidence in the superiority of his fleet, 104, 106;

brings his fleet into action, 108;

killed, 109.

Drayton, John, of South Carolina, i. 151.

Dresden, battle of, vii. 350.

Dreyer, M., Danish minister at Paris, iv. 106, 107.

Drummond, Gordon, lieutenant-general in British army, and governor

of Upper Canada, vii. 202;

burns Black Rock and Buffalo, 204;

his military career, viii. 48, 49;

arrives at Fort George, July 25, 1814, 48, 49;

reaches Lundy’s Lane, 51;

his battle at Lundy’s Lane, 51–60;

his losses, 62;

his delays after Lundy’s Lane, 67, 68;

moves on Fort Erie, 68, 69;

censures his troops at Black Rock, 70;

assaults Fort Erie, 71–78;

censures De Watteville’s regiment, 79;

his agony of mind, 80;

expects a sortie, 84–86;

claims victory, 89;

retires to Chippawa, 90;

his force, 115, 116;

returns to Kingston, 118;

compared with Pakenham, 381.

Drummond, ------, lieutenant-colonel of the Hundred-and-Fourth

British Infantry, leads assault on Fort Erie, viii. 72, 75;

killed in the bastion, 78.

Dry-dock, Jefferson’s plan of, i. 428; ii. 77.

Duane, William, editor of the “Aurora,” i. 118;

his influence in Pennsylvania, ii. 194, 219;

opposes Governor McKean, iii. 9;

hostile to Gallatin, 210;

visits Blennerhassett in prison, iv. 464;

his attacks on Gallatin, v. 361, 364;

appointed adjutant-general, vii. 41.

Dudley, William, colonel of Kentucky militia, killed at the Maumee

Rapids, vii. 105, 106.

Dunbaugh, ------, sergeant permitted to join Burr, iii. 291.

Dundas (see Melville).

Dupiester (see De Pestre).

Duponceau, Peter S., i. 127; ii. 259.

Dupont, de l’Étang, Pierre, French general, ordered to enter Spain,

iv. 121, 122;

capitulates, 315.

Dupont de Nemours, commissioned by Jefferson to treat unofficially

with Bonaparte, i. 411;

letter to, ii. 254.

Duroc, Marshal, iii. 386; iv. 123.

Duval, Gabriel, appointed Justice of the Supreme Court, vi. 429.

Duvall, William P., member of Congress from Kentucky, viii. 276.

Dwight, Theodore, i. 101;

his attack on democracy, 225;

secretary of the Hartford Convention, viii. 293.

Dwight, President Timothy, quoted, i. 21, 23;

his travels, 41;

describes popular amusements, 49, 56;

on the lack of roads in Rhode Island, 64;

his poem, “The Conquest of Canaan” cited, 96 _et seq._;

his “Greenfield Hill,” 98;

value of his Travels, 100, 310.

“Eagle,” 20-gun brig, in Macdonough’s squadron on Lake Champlain,

viii. 105;

in the battle of Plattsburg, 110.

Early, Peter, member of Congress from Georgia, a manager of Chase’s

impeachment, ii. 228, 230;

chairman of the committee on the slave trade, iii. 356;

his bill for the sale of slaves captured on a slave-ship, 357,

362.

Eastern Branch of the Potomac, navy yard in, i. 223, 243, 428;

“Chesapeake” lies in, iv. 4;

navy-yard bridge over, viii. 131;

Winder’s position beyond, 132, 134;

Winder retreats across, 135;

protects Washington on the eastern side, 138;

extends to Bladensburg, 139;

ships burned in, 145.

Easton, Judge, writes concerning Wilkinson’s connection with

Miranda, iii. 241.

Eastport in Maine, claimed and occupied by Great Britain, viii. 94,

95.

Eaton, William, his character and career, ii. 429;

consul at Tunis, 430;

his interviews with Jefferson and the Cabinet, 431;

attacks Derne, 433;

Burr reveals his plot to, iii. 239;

attempts to put Jefferson on his guard, 242, 244, 279, 462.

Eckford, Henry, naval contractor at Sackett’s Harbor, viii. 28, 29.

Education in New England, i. 76, 77;

in New York, 110;

in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 129;

in Virginia, 136;

public, favored by Jefferson, iii. 346.

Eel River Miami Indians, vi. 71, 75.

Effectives, rank-and-file present for duty, vii. 151.

Eldon, Lord, his anecdote of King George’s reception of Jackson,

envoy to Denmark, iv. 65, 96;

defends the Orders in Council, 320;

on the differences with America, vii. 18.

Election, presidential, of 1800, i. 152, 163;

of 1801, 294; ii. 202;

in New England, of 1802, i. 308, 329, 330;

State, of 1803, ii. 76;

in Massachusetts, May, 1804, 163;

in New York, April, 1804, 176, 185;

in Pennsylvania, in 1804, 196–200;

presidential, of 1804, 201, 202, 204; iii. 8;

of April, 1805, in Massachusetts, 9;

autumn of 1805, in Pennsylvania, 9;

of April, 1806, in Massachusetts, 207;

of April, 1807, in Massachusetts, iv. 146;

of April, 1808, in Massachusetts, 237–242;

of May, 1808, in New York, 283;

presidential, of 1808, 285–287;

of October, 1808, in Pennsylvania, 286;

congressional, of 1808, 287;

State, in 1809, v. 12, 13, 158;

in 1810, 215, 316;

in Massachusetts in April, 1811, vi. 115;

in April, 1812, 204;

in May, 1812, 209;

in New York, May, 1812, 209;

presidential, of 1812, 409, 410, 412–414;

in the spring of 1813, vii. 49, 51;

in the autumn of 1813, 366;

in the spring of 1814, viii. 9–13;

congressional in November, 1814, 228, 238, 288, 289;

of April, 1815, ix. 92, 93;

of April, 1816, 132, 133;

presidential of 1816, 139.

Electoral College in 1808 and 1812, vi. 413.

Elk River, Cockburn’s operations in, vii. 266.

Elliott, Jesse D., lieutenant U. S. navy, vi. 344;

cuts out British vessels at Fort Erie, 347;

commander in U. S. Navy, commands “Niagara,” in Perry’s squadron,

vii. 120;

fails to close with the enemy, 122;

Perry’s, Barclay’s, and Yarnall’s remarks on, 123–126;

dispute about, 126.

Ellsworth, Oliver, chief-justice, sent to France as envoy

extraordinary, vii. 43.

Embargo of March 26, 1794, ii. 323.

Embargo, suggested by Armstrong, in 1805, against Spain, iii. 40;

approved by Madison, 75;

favored by Senator Jackson in 1805, 149;

by John Randolph, 149.

Embargo of Dec. 22, 1807, Jefferson’s first draft of message, iv.

168;

Madison’s draft, 169, 170;

bill reported and passed in Senate, 172, 173;

moved by Randolph in House, 173;

becomes law, Dec. 22, 1807, 175, 176;

object of, 175, 176, 186, 332;

Senator Adams’s resolution on, 187;

Jefferson’s determination to enforce, 249–271, 273;

difficulties of Governor Sullivan regarding, 253–256;

difficulties of Governor Tompkins in New York, 259;

dissatisfaction of Robert Smith with, 261;

demand of “powers equally dangerous and odious” by Gallatin, 262;

interference of Justice Johnson in South Carolina, 263, 264;

arguments on constitutionality of, 266, 267;

decision of Judge John Davis, 268–270;

opinion of Joseph Story on, 270;

its economical cost, 274, 275;

its moral cost, 276;

its political cost, 277–284, 288;

its failure to coerce, 288, 344;

Jefferson’s opinion of its relative prejudice to England and

France, 309;

Jefferson’s opinion of its cost, 309, 462;

approved by Napoleon, 313;

Armstrong’s opinion of, 314;

its pressure on England, 324, 327–329;

Canning’s note on, 334–336;

W. C. Nicholas’s letter on, 345;

the alternative to war, 354, 355;

repeal of, 438; v. 33;

Turreau’s complaints of repeal, 34, 35, 37;

Canning’s note on, 42;

revocation of orders attributed to, 75, 77;

John Taylor’s explanation of repeal, 195, 196;

approved by Napoleon, 254;

causes France to lose her colonies, 254;

its effect on the northwestern Indians, vi. 83.

Embargo for sixty days, recommended by the President, March 31,

1812, vi. 193, 194, 195, 197, 198;

Foster’s report on, 199;

act passed by Congress, April 4, 1812, 201, 202.

Embargo, of Dec. 17, 1813, rejected by the Senate, vii. 70, 71;

recommended by the President, December 9, 367, 368;

adopted by Congress, 369;

repeal recommended by Madison, March 31, 1814, 373;

debate on, 374–377;

repealed, 378, 379; viii. 11;

effect of, on the currency, vii. 387, 388;

effect of, on the elections, viii. 10, 11;

on Massachusetts, 14.

“Embargo, The,” a satire, by William Cullen Bryant, iv. 279.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, i. 171; ix. 202, 206.

Emerson, Rev. William, ix. 202.

“Emmanuel,” case of, ii. 327.

Emuckfaw, Andrew Jackson’s campaign against, vii. 246, 248.

“Endymion,” 50-gun British frigate, boats beaten off by the “Prince

of Neufchatel,” viii. 207–210;

her action with the “President,” ix. 64–70.

Enforcement Act (see Embargo and Acts of Congress).

Engineers, Corps of, established at West Point, i. 301;

services of, in the war, ix. 235, 236.

(See Walker Keith Armistead, David Bates Douglass, William McRee,

Joseph Gilbert Totten, Eleazer Derby Wood.)

England, colonial policy of, ii. 317–332;

difficulty with, arising from desertion of seamen, 332–335;

her practice of impressment, 335–339;

friendly attitude of, in 1801, 339–341;

Jefferson’s professions of liberality toward, 342–344;

outstanding discussions with, 345, 346;

cordiality with, 347, 358;

change of tone toward, 356, 380, 382, 387;

cordial friendship with, iii. 8;

change of policy by Pitt in 1804–1805, 43–53 (see Pitt, Perceval,

Canning);

alliance with, urged by Jefferson, 62–65, 70;

Pitt’s policy reversed by Fox, 393, 397;

unfriendly policy carried to an extreme by Perceval and Canning,

iv. 55 _et seq._;

unfriendly feeling in 1808, 331;

financial dangers of, in 1809, v. 46, 47;

political decline of, 57, 58;

distress of, in 1811, vi. 2;

apathy of, upon American questions, 24;

change of tone between 1807 and 1812, 225, 270, 286;

war declared against, 228, 229;

distress of, in 1812, 268;

attitude toward the war, 405;

slow to accept war with United States, vii. 2;

sensitive on right of impressment, 3;

in consternation at the loss of the “Guerriere,” 5–7, 24;

angry with United States, 7, 8, 10, 15;

her naturalization acts, 21–23;

_quasi_ blockade of, in 1813, 332, 333;

her exultation at Napoleon’s overthrow, 356;

her indifference in 1813 to the American war, 357–359;

her demands at Ghent, viii. 267, 268;

her intentions at New Orleans, 313, 314;

intoxication of, in the spring of 1814, ix. 1–5, 9;

conditions of peace required by, 7–10, 17–20;

her reception of the Treaty of Ghent, 54–56.

Enotachopco Creek, Jackson’s rout at, vii. 246–248.

“Enterprise,” Mississippi steamboat, viii. 341.

“Enterprise,” Salem privateer, captured, vii. 329.

“Enterprise,” sloop-of-war, captures Tripolitan corsair, i. 245;

captures the “Boxer,” vii. 281, 282, 312, 313;

escapes capture, viii. 193.

“Epervier,” British 18-gun sloop-of-war, viii. 182;

captured by “Peacock,” 182, 184;

brought into Savannah, 184.

Eppes, John W., member of Congress from Virginia, ii. 95;

opposes suspension of habeas corpus, iii. 339;

opposes fortifications, 351;

opposes increase of army, iv. 211;

supports increase of army, 217;

opposes submission to England, 451;

chairman of Committee of Ways and Means in Eleventh Congress, v.

76;

his appropriation bills for 1810, 200;

his bill for reviving non-intercourse against Great Britain, 338;

maintains doctrine of contract with France, 341;

waits arrival of Serurier, 345;

amends his non-intercourse bill, 351;

quarrels with John Randolph, 352;

defeats John Randolph for Congress, vii. 51;

chairman of Ways and Means committee, 53;

defeated for the Fourteenth Congress by Randolph, viii. 239;

his treasury-note scheme, 247–249;

silent about legal tender, 248, 254;

reports treasury-note bill, 254;

favors doubling taxes, 255;

Ticknor’s report of his remark to Gaston, 262;

moves to reduce term of military service, 279;

defeated for the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 93.

Erie Canal, i. 112; ix. 168, 169.

Erie, Fort (see Fort Erie).

Erie, Lake, armaments on, vi. 296, 304, 317, 344;

Perry’s victory on, vii. 115–129.

Erskine, Lord Chancellor, iii. 393;

his speech against the Orders in Council, iv. 320;

on the American war, vii. 18.

Erskine, David Montague, succeeds Merry as British minister at

Washington, iii. 250, 423;

takes Monroe’s treaty to Madison, 429;

at the White House, iv. 35, 36;

his reports on the “Chesapeake” excitement, 37, 78, 142, 143;

reports intended commercial restrictions, 144;

reports Jefferson’s conversation on the “Chesapeake” negotiation,

December, 1807, 162;

reports an embargo to be imposed in expectation of a retaliatory

Order in Council declaring a blockade of France, 175, 176,

332;

accompanies Rose to Madison, 193;

reported by Rose, 199;

interview with Jefferson, Nov. 9, 1808, 351–353;

reports the opinion of members of Jefferson’s cabinet on the

situation in November, 1808, 384;

informs Canning of the warlike attitude of the government, 386;

reports Gallatin’s remarks as to foreign relations, 389;

advises Canning that war is imminent, 392, 393;

reports Madison for war, 394;

his account of the struggle for the repeal of the embargo, 443

_et seq._;

his report, March 17, 1809, of Turreau’s anger at the repeal of

embargo, v. 34, 35;

his threatening despatches of November and December, 1808, 49,

50;

his instructions of Jan. 23, 1809, 52–57, 66, 70–72, 90, 94, 111;

his reasons for exceeding instructions, 67, 70, 94;

his settlement of the “Chesapeake affair,” 67, 68;

his “Chesapeake” settlement disavowed by Canning, 88, 89;

his settlement of commercial disputes, 70–73;

his commercial arrangement received in England, 87;

disavowed, 90, 95;

his explanation of the Order of April 26, 1809, 82, 83;

his reply to Canning’s criticisms, 94;

his recall, 95;

effect of his disavowal in the United States, 109;

Jackson’s opinion of, 119, 120;

his farewell audience, 120;

effect of his arrangement on Napoleon, 139, 140, 141;

comparison between his pledges and those of Champagny, 301.

Erving, George W., as _chargé d’affaires_ replaces Pinckney at

Madrid, iii. 37, 377, 388.

Erwin, Dr., iii. 263, 265.

“Espiègle,” British sloop-of-war, vii. 289, 290.

Essex county in Massachusetts, declaration of meeting, July 21,

1812, vi. 402.

Essex Junto, the, i. 89, 314; iv. 29, 401, 403, 405, 412, 442, 462.

“Essex,” Sir William Scott’s judgment in the case of, iii. 44, 45;

received in the United States, 96, 97;

Madison’s remarks on, reported by Merry, 98;

remarks of “a confidential person,” 99;

effect of, in America, 143;

Boston memorial against, 144;

Philadelphia and Baltimore memorials, 144.

“Essex,” 32-gun frigate, her action with the “Alert,” vi. 35, 377;

arrives with despatches, 52, 56;

sails in July, 1812, 377;

returns to port, 378;

in the Pacific, vii. 287, 311; viii. 175–177;

her force, 178;

blockaded at Valparaiso, 179;

tries to run the blockade, 179;

driven back and captured, 179, 180.

Etiquette at Washington, ii. 362 _et seq._, 380.

Eustis, Dr. William, member of Congress from Boston, i. 93, 281;

his opinion on the political rights of the people of Louisiana,

ii. 123, 124;

appointed Secretary of War, v. 9;

orders Wilkinson not to camp at Terre aux Bœufs, 172, 174;

authorizes Harrison to buy Indian land in the Wabash valley, vi.

82;

approves Harrison’s purchase, 85;

orders Harrison to preserve peace with Indians, 88, 93;

orders the Fourth Regiment to Indiana, 92, 93;

his lost letter of Sept. 18, 1811, to Harrison, 95;

appears before the Committee of Foreign Relations, 129;

his supposed incompetence, 168, 206, 392, 395, 396, 397, 398;

his duties in 1812, 168;

on recruiting, 294;

his letters to William Hull, announcing war, 299;

and ordering conquests in Canada, 302;

his orders to Dearborn to repair to Albany, 306, 308, 309;

and to take direction of militia at Niagara, 310, 321, 340;

resigns, 422; vii. 81;

orders out fifteen hundred Tennessee militia for service in

Florida, 206.

Evans, Oliver, his inventions, i. 68, 71, 182;

his experiments with a stern-wheel steamboat, iii. 217.

Evans, Samuel, captain in U. S. navy, commands “Chesapeake,” vii.

291.

“Evening Post,” the New York, i. 119, 120; ii. 366;

Gardenier’s supposed letter in, iv. 203.

“Evening Star,” London newspaper, on American frigates, vii. 2.

Everett, Edward, ix. 206.

Exchange, turn of, against England, in 1808, v. 47;

rates of internal in the United States, 1814–1815, viii. 214; ix.

127, 128;

favorable turn of foreign, in 1816, 126, 127.

“Experiment,” Albany packet, i. 6.

Exports and Imports in 1800, i. 27;

in 1815, ix. 92, 94–96;

in 1816, 126;

in Massachusetts, 159;

in Virginia, 161, 162;

in New York and Pennsylvania, 166, 167.

Eylau, the battle of, iv. 62, 105.

Fagan, ----, agent of Fouché, v. 239.

Fanning, Alexander C. W., captain of artillery at Fort Erie, viii.

71.

“Fantome,” British sloop-of-war, vii. 266.

Farragut, David Glasgow, midshipman in U. S. navy, his criticism on

Captain Porter, viii. 179.

Faussett, Robert, lieutenant of the British seventy-four

“Plantagenet,” his affidavit about the “General Armstrong,”

viii. 203, 204.

“Favorite,” British sloop-of-war, arrives at New York with treaty

from Ghent, ix. 56, 57.

Fayal, destruction of the “General Armstrong” at, viii. 201–207.

“Federal Republican,” Baltimore newspaper, mobbed, vi. 406, 407;

of Jan. 28, 1815, on the impossibility that government should

stand, viii. 310.

Federalists (see Party).

Fenwick, John R., lieutenant-colonel of Light Artillery, vi. 352.

Ferdinand, Prince of the Asturias (Ferdinand VII.), iv. 290;

intrigues against his father, 291;

described by Napoleon, 299;

proposed kingdom for, in America, v. 239;

cedes Florida by treaty of 1819, vi. 236.

Fernandina in East Florida, seized by United States, vi. 240;

occupation disavowed and maintained, 242, 243; vii. 206;

evacuated, 210, 211.

Ferrand, French general, protests against the contraband trade with

St. Domingo, iii. 88.

Fight, the “rough-and-tumble,” in the South, i. 52 _et seq._

Finances, national, in 1801, i. 239 _et seq._;

average annual expenditure, 253;

repeal of internal taxes, 270, 272;

in 1802, ii. 75, 77;

in 1803, 135, 136, 141 (see Mediterranean Fund);

in 1804, 206;

in 1805, iii. 12, 18;

in 1806, 210, 345;

in 1807, iv. 148, 156;

in 1808, 366;

in 1809, v. 163, 178;

customs-revenue in 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 290, 319;

military and naval appropriations of the Eleventh Congress, 357;

in 1811, vi. 126;

Gallatin’s estimates for war, 156–159;

war-taxes proposed by Gallatin, 166;

approved by the House, 166, 167;

laid aside, 167, 168;

in 1812, 432, 433;

in 1813, 438–448;

in 1813, mentioned in annual message, vii. 365;

condition of, 385–390, 394;

in 1814, viii. 17–19, 213–215;

mentioned in annual message, 240;

Campbell’s annual report on, 240–242;

Dallas’s account of, in November, 1814, 244, 252;

Dallas’s account of, in December, 1814, 254;

Dallas’s account of, in January, 1815, 261, 262;

Monroe’s account of, in January, 1815, 283;

the “Federal Republican’s” account of, Jan. 28, 1815, 310;

Dallas’s sketch of, for the first year of peace, ix. 84;

condition of, after the peace, 90, 91, 98–103;

Lowndes’s report on, January, 1816, 112;

Dallas’s sketch of, in October, 1816, 140.

(See Gallatin, Jones, Campbell, Dallas, Taxes, Loans, Treasury

Notes.)

Findlay, James, colonel of Ohio volunteers, vi. 298, 315, 326.

Findley, William, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, favors war,

vi. 145;

in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 144.

Finnis, Captain R., of the Royal Navy, commands British squadron on

Lake Erie, vii. 116, 118;

commands the “Queen Charlotte” in action, 120.

Fischer, British lieutenant-colonel in De Watteville’s regiment,

leads assault on Snake Hill at Fort Erie, viii. 72–75.

Fisheries, England’s wish to exclude the United States from, viii.

4, 268, 287;

Governor Strong’s views on, 287, 288;

to be interdicted to the United States, ix. 6;

Newfoundland memorial on, 8;

Castlereagh’s instructions of July 28 on, 10, 12, 37;

discussed by the British commissioners, at Ghent, 18;

question of, under the treaty of 1783, 44–50;

Adams’s struggle for, 45–50;

Gallatin’s championship of, 46–50;

Clay’s indifference to, 46–50;

British silence regarding, 47;

British offer to reserve right, 49;

Gallatin’s offer regarding, 50;

omission of, in the Treaty of Ghent, ix. 52.

Fitch, John, his inventions, i. 66 _et seq._, 181.

Fletcher against Peck, Marshall’s decision in case of, ix. 189,

190.

Florida restored by England to Spain in 1783, i. 353;

cession of, asked by Bonaparte in 1800, 367, 413;

Bonaparte’s demand for, refused by Charles IV., 369;

Bonaparte’s attempts to secure, 401;

Godoy’s reasons for refusing Bonaparte’s request, 402;

cession of, asked by Jefferson, 410, 411, 424, 432, 433, 438;

Monroe authorized to buy from France, 442;

Livingston’s attempt to secure, ii. 44 (see Florida, West);

Napoleon’s retention of, v. 32, 33;

Napoleon insinuates an idea regarding, 408;

Foster instructed to protest against the seizure of, vi. 23;

his protest, 37;

Monroe’s reception of the protest, 38, 39;

Madison’s designs on, vii. 32, 206–209;

Russian influence on, 211;

supposed sale to England, 212, 213;

a southern object, 213; viii. 318;

in the negotiation at Ghent, ix. 29, 30.

Florida, East, Madison asks authority to occupy, v. 326, 327;

Congress authorizes occupation of, 327;

commissioners sent to take possession of, 327;

revolutionized, vi. 237–243;

bill for occupation of, 243;

occupation continued, vii. 206;

bill for the seizure of, 208;

bill amended, 209;

troops withdrawn from, 210, 211.

Florida, West, possession of, necessary for the West, i. 438, 442;

not a part of the territory retroceded by Spain to France, ii. 7,

13;

claimed by Livingston as part of the Louisiana purchase, 68;

Jefferson’s anxiety to secure, 245;

scheme for seizing, 255;

not claimed at the delivery of Louisiana, 256;

Randolph’s Mobile Act, asserting jurisdiction over, 257, 258,

260–263;

claim to, 273, 311, 312;

claim adopted by the President, 302;

desire of the southern people to acquire, iii. 22;

negotiation for, in 1805, 23–37 (see Monroe);

Madison’s opinion of claim to, 55, 56;

not to be turned into a French job, 70, 77;

Cabinet decides to offer five millions for, 78;

Talleyrand’s plan for obtaining, 103;

Talleyrand’s plan adopted by Jefferson, 106;

opposed in Congress, 133 _et seq._;

passage of Two-Million Act for purchasing, 138;

Burr’s designs upon, 232, 234;

source of Talleyrand’s plan, 373;

Napoleon’s attitude, 374, 375;

Madison’s instructions, 375;

Napoleon’s defeat of Talleyrand’s plan, 376–385, 424, 428; iv.

114;

Turreau’s views on, iii. 426;

American occupation invited by Napoleon iv. 293, 294, 296, 297,

307;

invitation acknowledged by Madison, 306;

invitation denied by Napoleon, 311;

seizure of, intended by Jefferson, 340;

revolution in, v. 307–315;

Madison orders occupation of, 310–312, 318;

Claiborne takes possession of, 313;

organized as part of Orleans Territory, 314;

protest of British _chargé_, 314, 315;

Giles’s bill for annexing to Orleans Territory, 320;

debate on annexation, 320–323;

Macon’s bill, admitting, as a part of Louisiana, 323, 324;

remains a separate territory, 326;

divided by act of Congress, vi. 236;

ceded by Spain in 1819, 237.

(See Mobile.)

Flour, price of, its effect in repealing the embargo, v. 196;

affected by the blockade, vii. 263;

affected by peace, ix. 61.

Flournoy, Thomas, brigadier-general, in U. S. army, succeeds

Wilkinson at New Orleans, vii. 243.

Floyd, John, brigadier-general of Georgia militia, his campaign to

Autossee, vii. 242, 243;

his battle at Calibee Creek, 249, 250.

Folch, Governor, of West Florida, iii. 262, 300.

Fontaine, John, lieutenant of artillery in Fort Erie, viii. 76.

Fontainebleau, treaty of, iv. 120.

Forfeitures under the Non-importation Act, vi. 436–443.

Forrest, C. R., major of the British Thirty-Fourth Infantry,

Assistant Quarter-Master General before New Orleans, his

account of the British batteries, viii. 360, 365;

his account of the canal, 374, 375.

Forsyth, Benjamin, major in U. S. Rifle Regiment, vii. 147.

Forsyth, John, member of Congress from Georgia, vii. 53;

on bank committee, viii. 252;

objects to economy, ix. 85;

in the Fourteenth Congress, 107;

supports the bank, 117;

his remarks on the Compensation Bill, 121.

Fort Barrancas at Pensacola, occupied by British expedition, viii.

320;

evacuated and blown up, 329.

Fort Bowyer, on Mobile Point, constructed by Wilkinson, vii. 215;

occupied by Jackson, viii. 319, 322;

attacked by British sloops-of-war, 322–325;

captured, 383–385.

Fort Dearborn, Chicago, vi. 110, 294;

garrison massacred, 334.

Fort Erie, vi. 343, 347, 348, 358;

evacuated by British, vii. 117, 159;

re-occupied by Drummond, 202;

Brown ordered to attack, viii. 33;

British garrison at, 38;

captured by Brown, 39;

Ripley’s retreat to, 66;

entrenched American camp at, 67, 70, 71; ix. 235;

Drummond’s repulse at, viii. 71–80;

strength of army at, 68, 69, 83;

Brown’s sortie from, 84–89;

Drummond retires from, 89, 90;

abandoned and blown up by Izard, 116, 118;

in the negotiation at Ghent, ix. 34, 35.

Fort George, vi. 300, 343, 347; vii. 153;

Brock’s headquarters, vi. 341, 348, 349, 351;

captured by Dearborn, vii. 157, 158;

held by McClure, 200, 201;

evacuated, 202;

Riall’s headquarters, viii. 38;

Brown unable to attack, 45–47.

Fort Harrison, vi. 95, 106, 294;

attacked by Indians, vii. 72, 73.

Fort Massac, iii. 222, 284, 290–292.

Fort McHenry, at Baltimore, strength of, viii. 166;

bombardment of, 171, 172.

Fort Meigs, constructed in February, 1813, vii. 93, 99, 101;

besieged by Proctor, 104–107;

siege abandoned, 108;

threatened by Proctor, 109.

Fort Mims, surprise and massacre of, vii. 229–231.

Fort Niagara, bombarded, vi. 355;

captured by Drummond, vii. 202, 203, 205;

British garrison at, viii. 38;

cession required, ix. 10, 34.

Fort St. Philip, below New Orleans, viii. 335;

bombarded, 383.

Fort Schlosser, on the Niagara River, Brown’s base of supplies,

viii. 49.

Fort Stephenson, Croghan’s defence of, vii. 110–114.

Fort Stoddert, iii. 327; vii. 243.

Fort Strother, on the Coosa, Jackson’s base, vii. 238, 239, 240,

245.

Fort Sullivan, at Eastport, Maine, capitulates, viii. 94.

Fort Washington (or Warburton), on the Potomac, vii. 56; viii. 120,

137, 138;

abandoned, 157.

Fort Wayne, vii. 72.

Fortifications, iii. 179;

opposed by southern republicans, 350;

appropriation for, in 1809, v. 85;

appropriation asked in 1810, 319.

Foster, Augustus John, his description of Jefferson, i. 186;

of Madison, 190;

appointed British minister to the United States, vi. 16, 21;

F. J. Jackson’s opinion of, 22;

his instructions, 22, 23;

arrives at Washington, 37, 52;

protests against the seizure of Florida, 37;

reports Monroe’s language about Spanish America, 38;

protests against the non-importation, 39;

narrows the issue to Fox’s blockade and the Orders in Council,

40, 41;

reports Monroe’s language on the revocation of the French

decrees, 42;

threatens retaliation for the non-importation, 44;

reports that the Orders in Council are the single object of

irritation, 45;

settles the “Chesapeake affair,” 121, 122;

his report of executive temper in November, 1811, 131;

his report of Gallatin’s language about taxes, 156;

his report of the conduct of Federalists in Congress, 172–175;

receives instructions, March 21, 1812, 191;

communicates them, 192;

his report of Monroe’s remarks on recent French spoliations,

195, 198;

his report of Madison’s and Monroe’s remarks on the embargo of

April, 1812, 199;

suggests Madison’s re-election, 213;

on the American people, vii. 15;

his Florida protest, 32.

Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante, Napoleon’s minister of police, v.

222;

opposes Napoleon’s commercial system, 224;

sends an agent to the British government, 238, 239;

disgraced and exiled, 241.

“Fox,” privateer, in British waters, vii. 332.

Fox, Charles James, ii. 418;

accession of, to Foreign Office, iii. 163, 211;

recalls Merry, and refuses to listen to Burr’s schemes, 250;

opens negotiations with Monroe, 394;

his blockade, 398;

illness of, 406;

death of, 407.

France, cause of her influence over the Union, i. 337;

her course in 1795, 350;

her colonial aspirations, 353;

obtains cession of Spanish St. Domingo in 1795, 354;

seeks to recover Louisiana in 1797, 354;

asks for Louisiana and the Floridas in 1798, 357;

makes peace with foreign powers in 1800, 360–362, 373, 374;

asks again for Louisiana, 364;

and for the Floridas, 368;

obtains Louisiana, 369, 370 (see Treaties);

her old colonial system, 377–380;

loses St. Domingo, 380–387;

her attempt to recover St. Domingo, 390–398, 414, 415;

her pledge not to alienate Louisiana, 400;

presses to obtain the Floridas, 401, 402;

Jefferson’s first cordiality toward, 404;

Jefferson’s threats toward, 406–411;

Jefferson’s forbearance toward, 423–425, 427–446;

her intentions regarding Louisiana, ii, 4–12 (see Napoleon,

Louisiana, Florida);

perfect understanding with, iii. 8;

Jefferson’s alarm at the conduct of, 58–75;

her dictatorial tone in 1805, 82–90 (see Decrees);

alienation between United States and, v. 28–41, 141–151;

difficulties of commerce with, 152, 245;

value of spoliations in 1809, 1810, 242, 243;

contract with, 339, 340;

unfriendly language of the annual message toward, vi. 125;

Madison’s language regarding, 187, 218, 224;

theory of contract with, apparently abandoned, 223;

Monroe’s language regarding, 232;

Napoleon driven back into, vii. 370;

invaded, 373, 393, 395.

(See Livingston, Armstrong, Barlow, Madison, Monroe, Talleyrand,

Champagny, Maret.)

Franklin, Benjamin, i. 60 _et seq._, 181;

citation from Poor Richard, 44.

Franklin, Jesse, senator from North Carolina, vii. 49.

Freeman, Constant, lieutenant-colonel of Artillery, in command at

New Orleans, warned by Wilkinson, iii. 314, 315.

Fremantle, Colonel, letter on the situation of Parliament, v. 58.

French Mills, Wilkinson’s winter quarters, vii. 199; viii. 24.

French spoliations (see Spoliations, French).

Frenchtown, in Maryland, Cockburn’s attack on, vii. 266.

Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, vii. 88.

(See Raisin.)

Freneau, Philip, i. 125.

Frere, John Hookham, i. 402.

Friedland, the battle of, iv. 62, 105.

Frigates, American, effect of their captures on England, vii. 5–7,

9, 13–16, 24;

cost of, 310;

efficiency of, compared with sloops-of-war, 310–312;

six new, ordered to be built, 313;

their record in 1814, viii. 174–181.

(See Navy, “President,” “Constitution,” “United States,”

“Chesapeake,” “Congress,” “Constellation,” “Essex,” and

“Adams.”)

“Frolic,” American sloop-of-war, built in 1813, vii. 313;

sails in February, 1814, and is captured April 20, viii. 181.

“Frolic,” British sloop-of-war, vi. 379;

her action with the “Wasp,” 380.

Fugitive-Slave Bill, i. 300.

Fulton, Robert, i. 69, 182;

Justice Story’s account of, 71;

his steamboat, iii. 20, 216; iv. 135;

his torpedo, v. 209;

his inventions, ix. 236.

(See Steamboat.)

Gaillard, John, senator from South Carolina, ii. 238.

Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, first lieutenant of Second Infantry,

commanding at Fort Stoddert, arrests Burr, iii. 327;

promoted to brigadier, vii. 409;

corrects Brown, viii. 28;

takes command at Fort Erie, 67;

his force, 73;

repulses Drummond’s assault, 74–80;

wounded, relinquishes command, 82;

ordered to Mobile, 331;

remains brigadier on peace establishment, ix. 88.

Gallatin, Albert, his opinion of the Connecticut River district, i.

19;

on Indian corn, 58;

his political doctrines, 72, 115 _et seq._, 163, 177;

personal characteristics of, 190;

appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 218;

supports M. L. Davis, 232;

opposes removals from office, 235; ii. 194;

his financial measures of 1801, i. 239;

his financial schemes adopted, 272;

inserts school and road contract into the law admitting Ohio,

302;

Yazoo commissioner, 304–306;

underestimates the product of the taxes, ii. 75;

his opinion on the acquisition of territory, 79, 131;

success of the Treasury Department under, 135;

asks Congress for a special tax for the Barbary war, 141, 261;

attacked by Duane, 194, 196;

by Eaton, 431;

remonstrates with Jefferson against allusions to New England in

second Inaugural, iii. 6;

his policy of internal improvements, 18; iv. 364;

his view of Monroe’s negotiation with Spain, iii. 65;

opposes the idea of war, 67;

opposes the offer of five millions for Florida, 78;

criticises the draft of Annual Message, November, 1805, 114;

success of his financial management, 210;

his policy of discharging public debt, 345;

his hostility to slavery, 362;

prepares for war with England, iv. 32 _et seq._;

his success with the treasury, 148;

modifies Jefferson’s Annual Message of 1807, 150;

his report Nov. 5, 1807, 156;

abandons his dogma against national debt, 157;

opposed to Jefferson’s gunboat policy, 158;

his letter advising that the embargo should be limited as to

time, 170;

talks freely with Rose, 197;

asserts that war is inevitable unless the Orders in Council

are repealed, 198;

enforces the embargo, 253;

requires arbitrary powers to enforce the embargo, 261;

thinks the result of the election doubtful, 284;

urges Jefferson to decide between embargo and war, 355;

his annual report of 1808, 365–367;

favors war, 368;

his plan, 369, 432;

writes “Campbell’s Report,” 370, 371;

his attitude as represented by Erskine, 385;

suggests settlement to Erskine, 387, 388;

Erskine’s report of his conversation, 390;

disavows Erskine’s report, 391;

his legislation to enforce the embargo, 398;

presses his measures, 420;

defeats bill for employing navy, 425, 426;

his analysis of the navy coalition, 428;

intended by Madison for Secretary of State, 429;

opposed by Giles, 429, 430;

his efforts to maintain discipline, 440;

explains the Non-intercourse Act to Erskine, 445;

his appointment as Secretary of State defeated, v. 4–8;

his quarrel with Samuel Smith, 10;

his conversation with Turreau about the Floridas, 38, 39;

his remarks to Turreau on renewing intercourse with Great

Britain, 74;

his letters on Erskine’s disavowal, 110, 111;

his expectations from Jackson’s mission, 110, 116, 117;

his feud with Giles, Smith, and Leib, 159;

his letter of remonstrance to Jefferson, 160, 161, 164;

his enemies, 167;

his annual report of 1809, 178;

his bill for excluding British and French ships, 183 (see Macon);

his remarks on Napoleon’s secret confiscations, 259;

his remarks to Turreau on revival of non-intercourse against

England, 303;

gives notice of revival of non-intercourse against England, 304;

his annual report of 1810, 319;

his dependence on the bank, 329, 335;

asks an increase of duties, 357;

his letter of resignation, 360–366;

Serurier’s estimate of, vi. 46;

his annual report of November, 1811, 126;

attacked by Giles, 148, 149;

delays his estimates, 156;

his war-taxes, 156–159, 165, 166, 204;

his war-taxes reported June 26, 235;

his loan of 1812, 206, 207;

believed to think war unnecessary, 225;

complains of Congress, 234, 235;

reports tax-bills to Congress, 235;

his instructions at the outbreak of war, 301;

his opinion of Eustis, 397, 398;

claims department of State, 424;

his annual report of Dec. 5, 1812, 433, 438;

his views on the forfeiture of merchandise imported in 1812, 439,

440;

his attitude toward war-taxation, 446;

offended by Duane’s appointment, vii. 41;

asks to go as peace commissioner to Russia, 42;

regards his separation from the Treasury as final, 43;

negotiates loan of 1813, 44;

settles financial arrangements for the year, 45;

sails for Russia, 46;

on the incapacity of government, 52;

his name sent to the Senate as envoy, 59;

his nomination rejected, 60, 355;

remonstrates against the seizure of Mobile, 212, 213;

objects to special legislation for privateers, 336;

arrives at St. Petersburg, 339, 347;

writes to Baring, 343;

obliged to remain idle at St. Petersburg, 348, 349;

leaves St. Petersburg and arrives in London, 355, 363;

nominated and confirmed as joint envoy to Ghent, 371;

his estimate of bank capital, currency, and specie in 1814,

387–389;

effect of his letters on the President, viii. 121;

Dallas’s opinion of, 244;

remains in London until June 21, 1814, ix. 1;

has interview with the Czar June 17, 8;

writes despatch of June 13, 8, 9;

his position and authority among the negotiators, 14, 15;

abandons hope of peace, 22;

takes control of the commission, 28, 29;

on the Florida policy, 30;

accepts the Indian article, 32;

learns Prevost’s defeat, 37;

becomes champion of the fisheries, 46, 48, 50;

Adams’s opinion of, 51;

his opinion of Adams, 51;

appointed minister to France, 89;

declines the Treasury, 124, 125, 141.

Gambier, Lord, commands the Copenhagen expedition, iv. 63;

bombards Copenhagen, 65;

appointed chief British commissioner at Ghent, ix. 13, 14.

Gardenier, Barent, member of Congress from New York, iv. 147;

attacks the Supplementary Embargo Bill, 201;

his duel with G. W. Campbell, 203;

his views on Campbell’s Report, 375, 447;

his remarks on Jefferson and Madison, v. 79, 80;

supports Macon’s bill, 185;

cause of changing rule of previous question, 353.

Gardiner, John Sylvester John, president of the Anthology Club, ix.

202.

Gaston, William, member of Congress from North Carolina, his reply

to Eppes, viii. 262.

Gaudin, Duc de Gaete, orders of, v. 348.

Gelston, Daniel, i. 231.

“General Armstrong,” New York privateer brig, vii. 316;

escapes the “Coquette,” 326;

destroyed at Fayal, viii. 201–207.

George III., King of England, character of, i. 342;

Eldon’s anecdote of, iv. 65;

becomes insane, v. 288; vi. 2.

George, Prince of Wales, his Whig associations, vi. 3, 4;

becomes Prince Regent, Feb. 6, 1811, 14;

retains Spencer Perceval’s ministry, 14;

his audience of leave for William Pinkney, 16, 18–20;

his conditional declaration of April 21, 1812, that the Orders in

Council should be withdrawn, 254, 282;

his opinion of Major-General Proctor, vii. 93, 94;

approves conduct of Major-General Ross, viii. 314.

Georgia, State of, in 1800, i. 4, 39;

surrenders territory to the United States, 303;

land speculation in, 303;

Rescinding Act, 304;

relations with Creek Indians, vii. 218, 219;

share in the Creek war, 234, 235;

militia campaigns of Floyd, 241–243, 249, 250;

militia fail to deal with the Creeks, viii. 219;

regular troops in, 316, 317;

agitated by British invasion, ix. 63.

German, Obadiah, senator from New York, vii. 48.

Gerry, Elbridge, i. 358;

presides over a “Chesapeake” meeting in Boston, iv. 29;

elected governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811, v. 215; vi.

115;

defeated in 1812, 204;

nominated for the Vice-Presidency, 214;

elected, 413.

“Gershom,” American brig, burned by French squadron, vi. 193, 198.

Ghent, despatches dated Aug. 20, 1814, arrive at Washington from,

viii. 267; ix. 23;

American commissioners arrive at, ix. 9, 17;

first conference at, August 8, 17;

second conference at, August 19, 19;

despatches of August 20 from, 23;

Castlereagh visits, 24;

Treaty of, signed December 24, 52;

Treaty of, received in England, 54–56;

Treaty of, received in America, 57–61;

treaty confirmed and ratified, 58, 82;

character of treaty, 59;

effect of treaty on party politics, 80, 81.

Gholson, Thomas, member of Congress from Virginia, moves new rule

of previous question, v. 353.

Gibbs, Sir Samuel, British major-general, appointed second in

command of British expedition to New Orleans, viii. 315;

commands British right column at the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372;

attacks and is killed, 375, 381.

Gibson, James, colonel of Fourth Rifles, leads sortie from Fort

Erie, viii. 87;

killed, 88, 89.

Giles, William Branch, member of Congress from Virginia, i. 209,

261, 267;

his political career, 234 _et seq._;

debates the Judiciary Bill, 286 _et seq._, 299; ii. 142;

supports the impeachment of Judge Chase, 221;

his view of impeachment, 223, 235, 237, 238, 241;

senator from Virginia, iii. 126;

introduces a bill to suspend habeas corpus, 338, 340;

ready for war, iv. 198;

described by Joseph Story, 205;

his bill defining treason, 206;

his bill conferring power to enforce the embargo, 398;

a member of the senatorial cabal hostile to Madison and Gallatin,

428–430;

defeats Gallatin’s appointment as Secretary of State, v. 4–7;

votes for mission to Russia, 11;

his report on F. J. Jackson, 178, 179, 182, 183;

wishes energy of government, 180, 189;

his bill for the annexation of West Florida, 319, 320;

his speech on the Bank Charter, 333;

his political capacity, 363;

reports bill for raising twenty-five thousand troops, vi. 147;

his speech attacking Gallatin, 148, 149;

his factiousness, 150;

his admission of errors, 154;

his speech on the volunteer bill, 161;

votes for war, 229;

votes against occupying East Florida, 243;

on seamen’s bill, 454;

in opposition, vii. 48;

votes against Gallatin’s appointment to Russia, 59;

charged by Monroe with schemes of usurpation, 62;

votes against mission to Sweden, 63;

no chance of re-election, 399;

his bill for drafting eighty thousand militia, viii. 268–280;

thinks government cannot stand, 310;

resigns seat in Senate, ix. 107.

Gilman, Nicholas, senator from New Hampshire, votes against the

Two-Million Bill, iii. 139.

Girard, Stephen, shares loan of 1813, vii. 44, 45;

subscribes for bank-stock, ix. 131.

Gitschin in Bohemia, the Czar’s headquarters, vii. 340.

Glasgow, meeting of merchants at, in September, 1814, viii. 198,

199.

Gleig, George R., lieutenant in the British Eighty-fifth Regiment,

his account of the capture of Washington, viii. 129, 144;

is account of the artillery at New Orleans, 359, 360, 363–366.

Gloucester town-meeting appoints a committee of public safety, iv.

414.

Goddard, Calvin, member of Congress from Connecticut, ii. 160.

Godoy, Don Manuel, Prince of Peace, i. 346 _et seq._;

treaty of 1795 negotiated by, 348, 369, 371;

baffles Bonaparte, 374;

attempts to conciliate the United States, ii. 21;

protests against the sale of Louisiana, 57;

conciliates Napoleon, 277;

his defiant speech to Erving, iii. 38;

offers to accept American advances, 381, 382;

opposed to alliance with France, iv. 116, 117, 118, 124;

stifles Prince Ferdinand’s intrigue, 291;

mobbed, 298;

described by Napoleon, 299.

Gold, premium in England in 1812, vii. 5.

(See Specie.)

Goldsborough, Robert Henry, senator from Maryland, vii. 62, 63;

denounces conscription, viii. 273.

Goodrich, Chauncey, senator from Connecticut, iii. 461; iv. 146;

delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii. 292, 294.

Goodrich, Elizur, i. 226.

Gordon, Charles, captain in U. S. navy, appointed to command the

“Chesapeake,” iv. 5;

drops down the Potomac, 7;

ready for sea, 8;

testimony of, 11;

prepares for action, 16.

Gordon, James A., captain of British frigate “Seahorse,” captures

Alexandria, viii. 157;

rejoins fleet, 163, 164.

Gore, Christopher, ii. 347;

his letter to Pickering on resistance to the embargo, iv. 405;

Pickering’s reply, 406;

elected governor of Massachusetts in 1809, v. 12;

invites F. J. Jackson to Boston, 213;

defeated in the election of 1810, 215;

and in 1811, vi. 115;

senator from Massachusetts, his speech on conscription, viii. 272;

his letter on State armies, 284, 285;

approves report of Hartford Convention, 301;

his opinion of the Treaty of Ghent, ix. 59.

Goulburn, Henry, under secretary of state for the colonies,

appointed British commissioner at Ghent, ix. 13, 14;

presents subjects of discussion, 17;

states British demands, 19, 20;

reports Bayard’s remarks, 22;

checked by Castlereagh, 24, 25;

anxious for Prevost to move, 27;

out of temper, 29, 30, 31;

again checked, 31, 32;

quite in despair, 36;

thinks the fisheries conceded, 47.

“Governor Tompkins,” New York privateer schooner, her escape from

man-of-war, vii. 327, 328;

in the British Channel, viii. 196.

“Grace Ann Greene,” American vessel released by Napoleon, v. 391.

Graham, John, sent by Jefferson to inquire into Burr’s movements,

iii. 280, 281;

goes to Chillicothe, 282;

to Kentucky, 286;

his account of public opinion in Kentucky, vi. 394.

“Grand Turk,” privateer, in British waters, vii. 333.

Grandpré, Louis, v. 306, 307.

Granger, Gideon, appointed Postmaster-General, i. 308;

an active politician, ii. 192;

agent for the Yazoo claims, 212;

attacked by Randolph, 213;

removed from office by Madison, vii. 399–401.

Graydon, Alexander, i. 127.

Great Britain (see England).

Greenleaf’s Point (Arsenal), at Washington, viii. 137.

Gregg, Andrew, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, ii. 123;

moves a non-importation resolution, iii. 154;

the resolution debated, 155–165;

the resolution laid aside, 165, 396.

Grégoire, Abbé, i. 105.

Grenville, Lord, ii. 316, 418;

denounces seizure of Spanish galleons, iii. 46;

prime minister, 392, 420;

dismissed from office, 421;

charges ministers with intending a war with the United States,

iv. 70;

on Canning, v. 49;

on the American government, vii. 10.

Grétry, v. 235.

Grey, Earl (see Howick), denounces seizure of Spanish galleons,

iii. 47.

Griswold, Gaylord, member of Congress from New York, on the

Louisiana treaty, ii. 96.

Griswold, Roger, member of Congress from Connecticut, i. 269, 299;

on the Louisiana treaty, ii. 99, 101;

on the Vice-Presidency, 133;

on the Mediterranean Fund, 142;

believes disunion inevitable, 160, 162;

his letters to Oliver Wolcott, 162, 169, 180;

conference of, with Burr, 183, 390, 391.

Grosvenor, Thomas P., member of Congress from New York, on

Webster’s bank-bill, viii. 259, 260;

in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107;

criticises Webster, 117, 118;

on committee for internal improvements, 148.

Grundy, Felix, member of Congress from Tennessee, vi. 122, 137,

196;

on Committee of Foreign Relations, 124, 128;

his speech in favor of war, 137–141;

favors large army, 152;

opposes war-power, 161;

against frigates, 164;

on embargo, 201;

on the political effects of war, 213;

on forfeitures, 443;

reports bill for regulation of seamen, 452, 453;

on the state of the finances in April, 1813, vii. 390;

defeated as Speaker, 396.

“Guerriere,” British frigate, vi. 25;

“Little Belt” mistaken for, 26–30;

Captain Dacres, commander of, 37;

joins Broke’s squadron, 368;

chases “Constitution,” 370;

captured by “Constitution,” 372–375;

consternation produced throughout Great Britain by capture of,

vii. 5, 6, 24;

Captain Dacres on capture of, 7;

the “Times” on conduct of, 14;

relative loss compared with “Shannon,” 299;

loss inflicted by, compared with that inflicted by “Cyane” and

“Levant,” ix. 78;

effect of battle of, 229.

Gulf-stream considered by Jefferson as American waters, iii. 129,

405, 424.

Gunboats, arguments for and against, iii. 352;

Jefferson’s policy adopted by Congress, iv. 158–160;

Secretary Hamilton’s remarks on, v. 168;

attack British frigate “Junon,” vii. 270;

captured on Lake Borgne, viii. 335, 336;

ordered to be sold, ix. 87.

Gunnery, naval, of American gunboats in the affair with the British

frigate “Junon,” vii. 270;

of the battery on Craney Island, 274;

of the “Hornet” and “Peacock,” 290;

of the “Shannon” and “Chesapeake,” 292, 298–301;

of the “Argus” and “Pelican,” 306–308;

superiority of American, 319; viii. 210;

Michael Scott on, vii. 322;

relative superiority at Plattsburg, viii. 106, 109; ix. 234;

of the “Peacock” and “Epervier,” viii. 183, 184;

of the “Wasp” and “Reindeer,” 187;

of the “Wasp” and “Avon,” 190–192;

of the “President” and “Endymion,” ix. 69, 70;

of the “Hornet” and “Penguin,” 72;

of the “Constitution,” “Cyane,” and “Levant,” 75–78;

relative superiority of American, 229–235.

(See Artillery.)

Habeas Corpus, bill for the suspension of, defeated in Congress,

iii. 338, 340.

Halifax, blockaded by privateers in 1814, viii. 194, 195.

“Halifax,” British sloop-of-war, desertion of seamen from, iv. 2.

Hall, Basil, i. 164;

his account of the practice of the British frigates blockading

New York, iii. 92.

Hall, Bolling, member of Congress from Georgia, moves resolutions

authorizing issue of legal-tender treasury-notes, viii. 253,

254.

Hall, ------, captain of marines on the “Chesapeake,” iv. 11.

Hamilton, Alexander, i. 85, 86, 108, 277;

Talleyrand’s remark concerning, 352; ii. 168;

opposes Burr for governor, 176, 177;

not in favor of disunion projects, 184;

his opposition to Burr, 185 _et seq._;

his duel with Burr, 186 _et seq._;

mourned by the Federalists, 190.

Hamilton, Paul, appointed Secretary of the Navy, v. 9, 206;

his orders to Commodore Rodgers of June 9, 1810, vi. 26;

of May 6, 1811, 25;

his supposed incompetence, 169, 290, 395, 398;

his orders to Rodgers, Decatur, and Hull in June, 1812, 363–365,

368;

his orders of September, 1812, 378;

resigns, 428.

Hammond, George, Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, v. 45.

Hampshire county-meeting in January, 1809, iv. 410.

Hampton, village of, captured and plundered, vii. 275, 276.

Hampton, Wade, brigadier-general in U. S. army, hostile to

Wilkinson, v. 169;

takes command at New Orleans, 175; vi. 291;

appointed Major-General, vii. 37;

sent to Lake Champlain, 174;

his hostility to Wilkinson, 175;

not under Wilkinson’s orders, 175, 176;

ordered to prepare winter quarters, 183, 197;

his force on Lake Champlain, 192;

advances to Chateaugay, 192;

reaches Spear’s, 193, 194;

his force, 196;

his check and retreat, 197;

offers resignation, 198;

falls back to Plattsburg, 199;

blamed by Wilkinson and Armstrong, 199, 200;

his resignation accepted, 199, 200, 416;

fortifies Norfolk, 271;

on Hull’s court-martial, 415;

Armstrong’s treatment of, 416.

Hanson, A. C., a victim of the Baltimore riot, vi. 407;

on the popularity of the war, vii. 69, 70;

his speech, Nov. 28, 1814, on the destitution of government,

viii. 252, 253.

Hardin, Benjamin, member of the Fourteenth Congress from Kentucky,

moves to repeal the direct tax, ix. 113;

on the effect of the Compensation Act, 137.

Hardy, Sir Thomas M., captain in British navy, blockades New York,

vii. 278;

countenances ship-duels, 286;

escorts British expedition to Moose Island, viii. 94.

Harper, Robert Goodloe, ii. 154;

one of Chase’s counsel, 228, 232;

federalist leader in 1799, vi. 144;

senator from Maryland, ix. 108.

“Harpy,” privateer, viii. 196.

Harris, Thomas K., member of Congress from Tennessee, on Giles’s

militia bill, viii. 275.

Harrison, Fort (see Fort Harrison).

Harrison, William Henry, governor of Indiana Territory, his Indian

treaty of 1805, iii. 13;

appointed governor, in 1800, vi. 68;

his account of Indian affairs, 69–73;

his treaties of 1804 and 1805, 75, 77;

his influence in the dispute about slavery in Indiana, 75–77;

his interview with the Prophet in August, 1808, 80;

his treaty of Sept. 30, 1809, 83, 84;

his interview with Tecumthe of Aug. 12, 1810, 85–88;

his letter to Tecumthe, June 24, 1811, 90;

his talk with Tecumthe, July 27, 1811, 91;

instructed to avoid hostilities, 93;

raises military forces, 93;

sends army up the Wabash valley, 94;

constructs Fort Harrison, 95;

marches on Tippecanoe, 97;

his arrival, 98–100;

his camp, 102;

attacked, 103;

his return to Vincennes, 106;

Humphrey Marshall’s opinion of, 107;

his estimate of the effect of his campaign, 107, 108;

appointed by Kentucky to command expedition to recover Detroit,

392, 420;

unable to advance, 412;

appointed major-general, vii. 37;

placed in command by Kentucky, 73, 74;

commissioned by the President as brigadier-general, 75;

receives _carte blanche_, with no orders but to recover Detroit,

75, 80, 102;

his autumn campaign, 75–84;

his winter campaign, 84–86, 100, 101;

ordered to remain on the defensive, 103;

besieged in Fort Meigs, 104–108;

attacked at Sandusky, 108–114;

his army of invasion, 128;

embarks, 129;

occupies Malden, 131;

occupies Sandwich and Detroit, 132;

defeats Proctor on the Thames, 137–140;

returns to Detroit, 142;

sent to Sackett’s Harbor, 200;

his treaty of peace with Indian tribes, 261; ix. 32;

Armstrong’s prejudice against, vii. 409;

resigns from the army, 410.

Harrowby, Lord, British Foreign Secretary, ii. 418;

receives Monroe, 420;

instructions as to impressments and the boundary convention, 423

_et seq._;

retires from the Foreign Office, iii. 47.

Hartford Convention (see New England Convention).

“Hartford wits,” i. 101.

Harvard College, i. 77, 78, 90;

the source of Boston Unitarianism, ix. 176;

its influence on Boston, 205, 206.

Hastings, Warren, trial of, ii. 226.

Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice, Comte d’, charged with negotiations

with Armstrong, v. 140, 141.

Havre de Grace, in Maryland, Cockburn’s attack on, vii. 267.

Hawkesbury, Lord (see Liverpool).

Hawkins, Benjamin, Indian agent among the Creeks, vii. 218;

satisfied with behavior of Creeks, 220;

his report of Tecumthe’s address to the Creeks, 221;

demands the delivery of Creek murderers, 225;

his report on the flight of the Red Sticks, 257, 258.

Hay, George, District Attorney, conducts prosecution of Burr, iii.

445;

threatens the court, 466;

Monroe’s son-in-law, accuses Jefferson of insincerity, iv. 131;

his advice to Monroe, vi. 421.

Hayes, John, captain of British 56-gun frigate “Majestic,”

commanding blockading squadron off New York, intercepts Decatur

in the “President,” ix. 64.

Head, Sir Francis, ix. 233.

Heath, William, Jefferson’s letter to, iii. 8, 9, 58.

Henley, John D., commander in the U. S. navy, his report on the

destruction of the “Carolina” at New Orleans, viii. 359.

Henry, John, his letters to H. W. Ryland in March, 1808, iv.

243–248;

his letters sent by Sir James Craig to Lord Castlereagh, 246,

248;

sent to Boston by Sir James Craig in January, 1809, 460;

his reports, 461;

his report on disunion, v. 14;

recalled, 86;

demands money, vi. 176;

comes to Boston, 177;

employs Crillon to negotiate with Monroe, 178;

obtains fifty thousand dollars, 179;

sails for Europe, 180;

papers of, 182;

supposed effect of, in Florida affairs, 241.

Henry, Patrick, i. 143;

quoted by Randolph, ix. 110.

“Hermes,” 22-gun British sloop-of-war, sent to Pensacola, viii.

319, 322;

attacks Fort Bowyer, 323;

disabled and burned, 324.

Herrera, General, iii. 300;

hostile demonstrations of, 304;

movements of, 310.

Hickory Ground, the focus of Creek fanaticism, vii. 234.

Higginson, Stephen, ii. 164.

Hill, Lord, intended to command British expedition to New Orleans,

viii. 311.

Hillabee villages, vii. 241, 247.

Hillhouse, James, senator from Connecticut, ii. 160; iv. 146;

directs opposition to the embargo, 405;

delegate to the Hartford Convention, viii. 292.

Hillyar, James, captain of the British 36-gun frigate “Phoebe,”

blockades and captures the “Essex” at Valparaiso, viii.

178–180, 201.

Hindman, Jacob, major of artillery corps, commands battalion in

Brown’s army, viii. 37;

at Lundy’s Lane, 56;

ordered to withdraw his guns, 59;

commands artillery at Fort Erie, 71.

Hinds, Thomas, lieutenant-colonel of Mississippi volunteers, at New

Orleans, viii. 345.

“Holkar,” New York privateer, captured, vii. 329.

Holland, exempted from the non-intercourse, iv. 446; v. 72, 90–92,

112;

restored to independence, vii. 373.

(See Louis Bonaparte)

Holland, James, member of Congress from North Carolina, laments

disposition for novelty, iii. 351.

Holland, Lord, negotiates treaty with Monroe, iii. 407, 408–412;

on repeal of the orders, vi. 275.

Holmes, John, of Maine, attacks report of Hartford Convention in

the Massachusetts legislature, viii. 306.

Holstein, Duchy of, v. 413.

Hope, Henry, captain of the British frigate “Endymion,” his report

of attack on the “Prince of Neufchatel,” viii. 208, 209;

his action with the “President,” ix. 67.

Hopkins, Lemuel, i. 102.

Hopkins, Samuel, major-general of Kentucky militia, vii. 74, 76,

78;

member of the Thirteenth Congress, viii. 279.

Hopkinson, Joseph, one of Chase’s counsel, ii. 228, 231;

member of the Fourteenth Congress, declares the federal

government at its last gasp in January, 1815; viii. 285, 286;

represents Pennsylvania, ix. 107.

“Horizon,” American ship, condemned by French courts under Berlin

Decree, iv. 82;

judgment in the case of the, 109.

Horner, Francis, declares the American war unpopular, ix. 43.

“Hornet,” sloop-of-war, brings despatches, vi. 215, 217;

cruises with Rodgers’ squadron, 365, 366;

at Boston, 378, 381;

her second cruise, 384;

blockades the “Bonne Citoyenne,” 384; vii. 288;

Josiah Quincy’s Resolution on victory of, 65;

attached to Decatur’s squadron, 278;

sinks the “Peacock,” 289, 290;

commanded by Biddle, 291, 293;

blockaded at New London, 312;

sails from New York, ix. 63, 70;

captures “Penguin,” 71, 72;

escapes “Cornwallis,” 73;

gunnery of, 230.

Horses and horse-racing in New England, i. 50;

in New York and Virginia, 51.

Horse-shoe, of the Tallapoosa River, battle at, vii. 254–257.

Hosack, Dr. David, i. 111.

Hospitals and asylums in 1800, i. 128.

Houston, Samuel, wounded at the Horse-shoe, vii. 256.

Howell, Jeremiah B., senator from Rhode Island, votes against

occupying West Florida, vi. 243.

Howick, Lord (Earl Grey), British Foreign Secretary, iii. 407;

his order depriving neutrals of coasting rights, 416–421 (see

Orders in Council);

dismissed from office, 421; iv. 79.

Hull, Isaac, at Tripoli, ii. 428;

captain in U. S. navy, commands “Constitution,” vi. 364;

his orders, 364;

chased by a British squadron, 369–371;

captures “Guerriere,” 372–375;

takes command at New York, 383.

Hull, William, governor of Michigan Territory, vi. 292;

appointed brigadier-general, 292, 298;

his advice regarding the defence of Detroit, 296;

his march to Detroit, 298;

his loss of papers, 300;

arrives at Detroit, 301;

invades Canada, 302, 317;

his proclamation, 303;

his required campaign, 311;

decides to besiege Malden, 312–314;

sudden discovery of his danger, 314, 315;

evacuates Canada, 315;

his situation at Detroit, 322–329;

his capitulation, 332, 334;

Jefferson’s opinion of, 336, 398;

his proclamation, vii. 32;

criticised by Harrison, 82;

his court-martial, 414, 416;

sentenced to death, 417.

Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable, French general, a volunteer at the

battle of New Orleans, viii. 380.

Humphreys, S. P., captain of the British frigate “Leopard,” iv. 4;

his note to Commodore Barron, 12.

Hunt, Samuel, member of Congress from New Hampshire, ii. 160.

Hunt, Major Seth, sounded by General Wilkinson, iii. 222.

“Hunter,” 10-gun British brig on Lake Erie, vii. 120.

“Hyder Ali,” privateer, viii. 195.

Illinois Territory, population in 1810, i. 289.

Immigration in 1816, ix. 160, 161.

Impeachment (see Pickering and Chase), its political use, i. 256;

Jefferson’s opinion on the use of, ii. 144, 150;

the Senate, in Pickering’s trial, sits as a court of, 153, 154;

the Senate holds insanity no bar to, 155–157;

Giles’s doctrine that the Senate is not a court of, 221, 222;

doctrine of Chase’s counsel that indictable misdemeanors are the

only ground for, 223;

Campbell’s doctrine of an inquest of office for, 224;

theory adopted by the House that a mistake in law is ground for,

225;

Hopkinson’s argument on, 231;

Luther Martin’s argument on, 232;

Nicholson’s view of, 233;

Rodney’s view of, 234;

Jefferson’s view of, as a scarecrow, 243;

Chase’s trial fails to decide the nature of, 244;

a farce, iii. 447;

Marshall threatened with, 466.

Imports (see Exports).

Impressment of seamen, ii. 335 _et seq._, 358, 384, 393, 394, 421,

423;

act of Congress punishing, 397, 420;

severity of, iii. 93, 94;

Monroe instructed to require abandonment of, 400;

Monroe disregards instructions in, 408, 409;

Madison insists on express abandonment of, 422, 429, 432;

Samuel Smith on, 434;

Madison prepares new instructions on, 438;

included in instructions on the “Chesapeake” affair, iv. 39, 45,

47, 162–164;

British proclamation on, 52, 166;

Jefferson’s intentions on, 144, 164, 353;

not a voice raised in 1809 against, v. 74;

little complaint in 1810, 292;

the House refuses to insist upon in February, 1811, 351, 352;

not expressly mentioned by Pinkney, vi. 18;

or in the annual message, 125;

first made a _casus belli_ in the autumn of 1811, 116–118;

treated by House Committee of Foreign Relations, 134, 135;

mentioned by Grundy, 139;

by Madison’s war message, 222;

only obstacle to peace, 430–432, 450–452;

extent of, 451, 452;

cost and value of, vii. 19;

right of, partially conceded by Monroe’s instructions, 47;

abandonment of, a _sine qua non_, 47;

Alexander Baring’s remark on, 343;

abandoned by the Cabinet June 27, 1814, as a _sine qua non_,

viii. 122; ix. 32, 33;

insisted upon by Monroe’s instructions of Jan. 28, 1814, ix. 11.

Inaugural Address, first, of President Jefferson, i. 197, 198;

its fame, 199;

its object, 200;

its view of “the strongest government on earth,” 201, 202;

its ideal of government, 202–207;

its deficiencies, 207–209, 212;

second, of President Jefferson, iv. 1–8;

first, of President Madison, v. 1–4;

second, of President Madison, vii. 33, 34.

India, career of Marquess Wellesley in, v. 266.

Indian corn, i. 58; iv. 254.

Indiana Territory, population in 1810, v. 289;

created in 1800, vi. 68;

its dispute about the introduction of slavery, 75;

adopts second grade of territorial government, 76;

admitted into the Union, ix. 119;

extinction of Indian titles in, 170.

(See Harrison).

Indians, in the United States in 1800, i. 4;

Jefferson’s parallel between Indians and conservatives, iii. 4,

6;

cessions of territory in 1805, 14;

relations of the northwestern, with Canada, 15, 16;

of the southwestern with Florida, 16;

in 1810, v. 318;

in the Northwest, vi. 69;

their condition described by Governor Harrison, 69;

trespasses on their territory, 70;

effects of intoxication upon, 71, 72;

murders committed upon, 72, 73;

Jefferson’s policy toward, 73–75;

Harrison’s treaties with, in 1804 and 1805, 75;

Tecumthe and the Prophet, 78;

Jefferson’s refusal to recognize them as a confederated body, 79;

establishment at Tippecanoe Creek, 79–81;

their hostility to cessions of land, 82, 87;

their land-cession of Sept. 30, 1809, 83, 84;

their outbreak imminent in 1810, 85;

outbreak delayed by British influence, 85;

their interview with Harrison, Aug. 12, 1810, 86–88;

government wishes peace with, 89;

of the Six Nations in Upper Canada, wish to remain neutral, 319;

their employment in war by the British, 320;

murders by, 393, 394;

number of, at Frenchtown, vii. 89;

at the River Raisin, 94, 95, 96;

at the siege of Fort Meigs, 104, 106–108;

at the attack on Fort Stephenson, 109–114;

at Amherstburg, 130;

at the battle of the Thames, 137–139;

in the Creek war, 233, 244, 255;

at Talishatchee, 237;

at Talladega, 238;

at the Hillabee towns, 240, 241;

of the Six Nations in Porter’s brigade at Niagara, viii. 37, 39,

40;

in Riall’s army, 41, 44;

British rations furnished to, in Upper Canada, 92;

to be guaranteed in the northwestern territory by treaty, 268;

ix. 7, 10, 12;

boundary according to the Treaty of Greenville advanced as a

_sine qua non_ at Ghent, 18–20;

boundary abandoned as a _sine qua non_, 25, 27, 28;

amnesty accepted as a basis of peace, 31, 32;

condition of, in 1816, 170.

(See Treaties.)

Infantry, American, First regiment of, at Fort Massac, iii. 290;

in 1813, (New Jersey), vii. 73;

prisoners from, sent to England for trial, 361;

at Lundy’s Lane, viii. 53;

at Fort Erie, 69.

---- Second, at Natchitoches, iii. 311;

at Fort Bowyer, viii. 316, 322;

capitulates, 384.

---- Third (Mississippi and Missouri Territories), at Mobile,

penetrates Creek country, vii. 243;

remains at Mobile, viii. 316, 328, 332.

---- Fourth, ordered to Indiana July, 1811, vi. 92, 93;

arrives, 94;

part of the expedition to Tippecanoe, 96;

losses in the battle, 104;

its share in the battle, 107;

ordered to Detroit, 110;

marches to Detroit, 298;

at the battle of Maguaga, 325;

at the surrender of Detroit, viii. 36, 37.

---- Sixth (New York), prisoners from, sent to England for trial,

vii. 361;

at Plattsburg, viii. 100.

---- Seventh (Kentucky), vii. 73;

at New Orleans, viii. 316, 333;

in the night battle, 344–346, 351.

---- Ninth (Massachusetts), part of Scott’s brigade, viii. 35;

at Chippawa, 42, 43;

at Lundy’s Lane, 50, 52, 56;

its losses, 63;

its strength at Fort Erie, 68;

in the assault on Fort Erie, 75;

in the sortie from Fort Erie, 76;

recruited in Massachusetts, 235.

---- Eleventh (Vermont), part of Scott’s brigade, viii. 35, 236;

at Chippawa, 42;

at Lundy’s Lane, 50, 52, 56;

its losses, 63;

its strength at Fort Erie, 68;

in the sortie from Fort Erie, 87.

---- Twelfth, recruited in Virginia, viii. 235.

---- Thirteenth (New York), at Queenston, vi. 345, 349;

prisoners from, sent to England for trial, vii. 361.

---- Fourteenth (Maryland), Winder’s, vi. 359;

at Beaver Dam, vii. 162, 163.

---- Seventeenth (Kentucky), vii. 76, 87;

at the River Raisin, 88, 90, 91, 95;

at Fort Stephenson, 110;

consolidated with the Nineteenth, viii. 36.

---- Nineteenth (Ohio), at Fort Meigs, vii. 107;

a part of Ripley’s brigade, viii. 36;

defend Fort Erie, 75, 77;

in the sortie, 87, 88.

---- Twentieth, recruited in Virginia, viii. 235.

---- Twenty-first (Massachusetts), Ripley’s, at Chrystler’s Field,

vii. 188;

part of Ripley’s brigade, viii. 36;

carries the British guns at Lundy’s Lane, 54, 55, 236;

its strength at Fort Erie, 69;

holds Snake Hill, 71, 74;

recruited in Massachusetts, 235.

---- Twenty-second (Pennsylvania), part of Scott’s brigade, viii.

35;

at Lundy’s Lane, 52, 56;

its losses, 63;

its strength at Fort Erie, 68.

---- Twenty-third (New York), part of Ripley’s brigade, viii. 36,

37;

breaks the British left at Lundy’s Lane, 54–56;

its strength at Fort Erie, 69;

holds Snake Hill, 71.

---- Twenty-fifth (Connecticut), part of Scott’s brigade, viii. 35,

236;

at Chippawa, 43;

at Lundy’s Lane, 51, 56, 58;

its losses, 63;

at Fort Erie, 68.

---- Thirty-third, recruited in Massachusetts, viii. 235.

---- Thirty-fourth, recruited in Massachusetts, viii. 235.

---- Thirty-fifth, recruited in Virginia, viii. 235.

---- Thirty-ninth (Tennessee), ordered to join Jackson vii. 245,

251;

arrives at Fort Strother, 252;

storms Indian breastwork at the Horse-shoe, 255;

its losses, 256;

at Mobile, viii. 316, 328;

sent to the Appalachicola, 330, 333;

left by Jackson at Mobile, 332.

---- Fortieth, recruited in Massachusetts, viii. 235.

---- Forty-fourth (Louisiana), at Mobile, viii. 316, 328;

ordered to New Orleans, 332, 333;

in the night battle, 344–346, 351.

---- Forty-fifth, recruited in Massachusetts, viii. 235.

Infantry, British, First Regiment of (Royal Scots), viii. 39;

in the battle of Chippawa, 41, 43;

at Lundy’s Lane, 52, 56;

in the assault on Fort Erie, 78;

at the sortie from Fort Erie, 88.

---- Third, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Fourth, at New Orleans, viii. 347, 353;

in Gibbs’s column, 372, 380.

---- Fifth, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Sixth, reinforces Drummond at Fort Erie, viii. 80;

at the sortie from Fort Erie, 88.

---- Seventh (Fusileers), at New Orleans, viii. 353;

at the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372, 373, 380.

---- Eighth (King’s), at York, vii. 154;

at the capture of Fort George, 158;

part of Riall’s army on the Niagara, viii. 39;

in the battle of Chippawa, 41, 43;

at Lundy’s Lane, 56;

in the assault on Fort Erie, 79;

at Plattsburg, 101.

---- Ninth, at Plattsburg, viii. 102.

---- Thirteenth, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Sixteenth, on the St. Lawrence, viii. 102.

---- Twenty-first, at Baltimore, viii. 169;

in the night battle at New Orleans, 349;

at Villeré’s plantation, 353;

in the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372, 373, 380.

---- Twenty-seventh, at Plattsburg, viii. 101, 102.

---- Thirty-seventh, at Plattsburg, viii. 102.

---- Thirty-ninth, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Forty-first, at Malden, vi. 312, 314;

with Brock in the attack on Detroit, 332;

with Brock at Queenston, 348, 349, 351;

with Proctor at the River Raisin, vii. 95;

at the siege of Fort Meigs, 106;

at the assault on Fort Stephenson, 112;

on Barclay’s fleet on Lake Erie, 119;

defeated and captured at the battle of the Thames, 136, 137, 140;

at Lundy’s Lane, viii. 56;

at Fort Erie, 68;

repulsed before Black Rock, 69, 70.

---- Forty-third, at New Orleans, viii. 353;

in the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372, 373, 380.

---- Forty-fourth, at the attack on Baltimore, viii. 169;

at New Orleans, 354;

in the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372, 373, 380.

---- Forty-ninth, Brock’s regiment, vi. 316;

at Montreal, 317, 338;

at Niagara, 348;

at Queenston, 350;

captures Boerstler, vii. 163;

at Chrystler’s Farm, 190;

at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Fifty-seventh, at Plattsburg, viii. 102.

---- Fifty-eighth, at Plattsburg, viii. 102.

---- Seventieth, on the St. Lawrence, viii. 102.

---- Seventy-sixth, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Eighty-first, at Plattsburg, viii. 102.

---- Eighty-second, reinforces Drummond at Fort Erie, viii. 80;

at the sortie from Fort Erie, 88.

---- Eighty-fifth, in Ross’s army, viii. 129;

leads the attack at Bladensburg, 141;

its losses, 144;

leads the advance to Baltimore, 169;

leads the advance across Lake Borgne to the Mississippi, 338;

in the night battle of Dec. 23, 1814, 347, 348;

ordered to the west bank, 371;

captures Patterson’s battery, 377;

losses of, 378, 379.

---- Eighty-eighth, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- Eighty-ninth, at Chrystler’s Farm, vii. 190;

with Drummond at Niagara, viii. 46;

at Lundy’s Lane, 51, 52, 56;

in the assault on Fort Erie, 79;

at the sortie from Fort Erie, 88.

---- Ninety-third, in the night battle at New Orleans, viii. 350;

at Villeré’s plantation, 354;

in the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372, 373;

its losses, 376, 380.

---- Ninety-fifth, in the night battle at New Orleans, viii. 347,

348;

at Villeré’s plantation, 354;

in the battle of Jan. 8, 1815, 372, 373, 380.

---- Ninety-seventh, reinforces Drummond at Fort Erie, viii. 84,

85, 89.

---- One Hundredth, at the attack on Sackett’s Harbor, vii. 165;

with Riall, viii. 39;

at Chippawa, 41, 43.

---- One Hundred and Second, occupies Eastport, viii. 94.

---- One Hundred and Third, with Riall, viii. 39;

at Lundy’s Lane, 50, 60;

in the assault on Fort Erie, 72, 75, 76, 78.

---- One Hundred and Fourth, at the attack on Sackett’s Harbor,

vii. 168;

in the assault on Fort Erie, viii. 72, 75–78.

---- De Meuron’s regiment, at Plattsburg, viii. 101.

---- De Watteville’s regiment (German), reinforces Drummond, viii.

68;

in the assault on Fort Erie, 72, 74, 75;

Drummond’s report on their disaster, 79;

surprised in the sortie from Fort Erie, 87.

---- Royal Newfoundland, at Malden, vi. 312.

---- First West India (colored), at New Orleans, viii. 354;

employed as skirmishers, 372, 373.

---- Fifth West India (colored) at New Orleans, viii. 354;

in the action on the west bank, 371.

Ingersoll, Charles Jared, author of a tragedy, i. 123;

member of Congress from Pennsylvania, attacks Granger, vii. 400;

criticises Calhoun’s plan for a bank, viii. 253;

calls for previous question on the bank bill, 257, 258;

declares the war successful, 278, 279.

Ingersoll, Jared, ii. 259.

Ingham, Samuel Delucenna, member of Congress from Pennsylvania,

opposes Calhoun’s plan of a national bank, viii. 251;

in the Fourteenth Congress, ix. 107;

supports protective tariff, 114;

on committee of internal improvement, 148.

Innis, Judge, iii. 274;

denies Daveiss’ motion against Burr, 278;

humiliated by Daveiss and Marshall, 293.

Inns of New England and New York, i. 21.

Inquisitiveness, American, i. 55.

Insane, the, treatment of, in 1800, i. 128.

Insurance, rates of British marine, in 1814, viii. 197–201; ix. 43.

Interior Department, recommended by Madison, ix. 144.

Internal improvements, Jefferson’s recommendation of a fund for,

iii. 2, 346; iv. 364;

his anxiety to begin, iii. 19;

Gallatin’s scheme of, 20;

Gallatin’s report on, iv. 364;

bill for, ix. 149–151;

vetoed, 151, 169.

Invisibles, the, v. 363.

Ireland, coast of, under the dominion of American privateers, viii.

197.

Irving, Peter, editor of the “Morning Chronicle,” i. 121.

Irving, Washington, i. 110;

his “History of New York,” ix. 209–212, 238;

his account of Allston, 214.

Isle aux Noix, British force at, viii. 26.

Isle aux Poix, British base in Lake Borgne, viii. 337, 338.

Izard, George, major-general in U. S. army, his history, vii. 407;

takes command at Plattsburg in May, 1814, viii. 27;

his report on intercourse with the enemy, 93;

fortifies Plattsburg, 97, 98, 108;

suggests moving toward the St. Lawrence, 98;

ordered to move, 98;

his remonstrance, 99;

ordered to Sackett’s Harbor, marches Aug. 29, 1814, 100, 113;

arrives at Batavia, September 27, 114;

his apparent loyalty, 114;

moves on Chippawa, October 13, 115;

his reports of October 16 and 23, 115, 116;

goes into winter quarters, 116;

his mortification, 116;

recommends Brown to command at Niagara, 117;

offers to resign, 117, 118;

his career at an end, 118;

his effectives, 217.

Jackson, Andrew, in 1800, i. 54;

his devotion to Burr, iii. 221, 258;

his unauthorized order of Oct. 4, 1806, to the Tennessee militia,

258;

undertakes the building of boats, etc., for Burr, 274;

to be instructed against Burr, 284;

requires disavowals from Burr, 287;

his letter to Claiborne, 288, 317;

his quarrel with Adair, 288;

at Richmond, attacks Jefferson, 460;

ordered with two thousand men to support the seizure of Florida,

vii. 206, 207;

ordered to dismiss his force, 209;

returns to Tennessee, 210, 216;

recalls his force into service, 235;

penetrates northern Alabama, 236;

attacks Talishatchee, 237;

relieves Talladega, 238;

abandoned by his men, 239;

his campaign to Emuckfaw, 245–248;

his treatment of Cocke and Woods, 252, 253;

captures the Horse-shoe, 254–256;

his treaty with the Creeks, 260, 261;

appointed major-general in the U. S. army, 410, 411;

helpless with militia, viii. 219;

his drafts on the Treasury, 283;

appointed to command military district No. 7, 317;

arrives at Mobile Aug. 15, 1814, 318;

attacks Pensacola, 317–330;

occupies Mobile Point, 319, 322;

his proclamations to the people of Louisiana, 324, 325;

his neglect of New Orleans, 325–334;

leaves Mobile November 22, 331;

arrives at New Orleans December 2, 333;

his military resources, 333, 334;

goes down the river December 4, 335;

hurries back to the city December 15, 336;

surprised December 23, 339;

his measures of defence compared with Winder’s, 340–343;

his military resources at New Orleans, 344–346;

his night attack of December 23, 346–351;

his entrenchments, 352, 354, 355;

his artillery, 358, 361;

contrasted with Pakenham, 353;

his lines at New Orleans, 368–371;

his force, 373, 374;

his account of the rout on the west bank, 377, 378;

Adair’s comments on, 379;

contented to let the British escape, 382;

his remarks on the surrender of Fort Bowyer, 384;

retained on peace establishment, ix. 88;

his arbitrary conduct at New Orleans, 89.

Jackson, Mrs. F. J. v. 115, 157.

Jackson, Francis James, his reputation, ii. 360; v. 96;

British envoy to Denmark, to demand the delivery of the Danish

fleet, iv. 64;

Lord Eldon’s anecdote concerning, 65;

appointed British minister to the United States, v. 97;

his instructions, 99–105;

sails for America, 105;

Gallatin’s expectations from, 111, 117;

arrives at Washington, 115, 116;

his impressions, 117–120;

his negotiation, 120–132;

rupture with, 132;

his anger, 154, 155;

his complaints, 156;

his reception in Baltimore and New York, 157;

discussed before Congress, 176, 178, 179, 182;

his letters from New York and Boston, 212–218;

returns to England, 219;

his treatment by Wellesley, 218, 219, 269, 271, 272;

his influence with the British government, vi. 13;

his account of Pinkney’s “inamicable leave,” 20;

his opinion of Augustus J. Foster, 22;

his death, 22.

Jackson, Jacob, Second Lieutenant of Artillery, commanding at

Chickasaw Bluff, iii. 325.

Jackson, James, senator from Georgia, and the Yazoo sale, i. 305;

ii. 95, 155, 238;

in the Ninth Congress, iii. 126;

declares in favor of an embargo, 149, 176;

his death, 176.

Jackson, John George, member of Congress from Virginia, ii. 211;

replies to Randolph’s attack on Madison, 215;

attacks Quincy in Congress, iii. 196;

opposes war, iv. 378.

Jackson, William, editor of the “Political Register,” ii. 265;

discloses Yrujo’s attempt to use him, 266.

Jacmel, siege of, i. 385.

“Jacob Jones,” privateer, viii. 195.

Jamaica blockaded by American privateers, vii. 13;

rendezvous for British expedition against New Orleans Nov. 20,

1814, 311, 316, 330.

“Java,” British frigate, her action with the “Constitution,” vi.

385, 386;

effect of capture in England, vii. 15, 16.

Jay, Chief-Justice, i. 108;

sent to England by Washington, ii. 323; vii. 43;

negotiates treaty with Lord Grenville, 326.

Jay’s treaty (see Treaties).

Jefferson, Thomas, describes Virginia roads, i. 13;

his agricultural experience, 32;

his aversion to cities, 59, 138, 147;

his aversion to banks, 65; ii. 131;

his political ideals, i 72, 73, 146, 147, 179;

Federalist opinion of, 80 _et seq._, 83, 112, 114;

opposed to manufactures, 138;

chief author of the Kentucky Resolutions, 140 _et seq._;

leader of the Virginia school, 143;

characteristics of, 144 _et seq._;

his political doctrines, 146 _et seq._, 156;

Thomas Moore’s verses on, 167;

visionary, 170;

his ideas of progress, 178, 179;

personal characteristics, 185 _et seq._;

his dress, 187; ii. 366, 405;

social pre-eminence, i. 188;

his inauguration, 191;

his antipathy to Marshall, 192, 194;

purity of his life, 196;

his Inaugural Address, 199 _et seq._;

his conception of government, 210 _et seq._;

his foreign policy, 214 _et seq._;

his Cabinet, 218 _et seq._;

his plans for the navy, 222 _et seq._;

his treatment of patronage, 224, 294;

his New Haven letter, 226;

his first annual message, 248;

his course with regard to the Judiciary, 255 _et seq._;

his abnegation of power, 262;

his power, 266;

his theory of internal politics, 272;

contradictions in his character, 277;

his hopefulness, 307 _et seq._;

as a man of science, 310;

his dislike for New Englanders, 310 _et seq._;

his letter to Paine, 316;

attacked by Callender, 322;

sensitiveness of, 324;

his relations with Callender, 325 _et seq._;

sends Lear to St. Domingo, 389;

ignorant of Bonaparte’s schemes, 403 _et seq._;

his eyes opened, 409;

his letter to Dupont de Nemours, 410;

writes to Livingston defining his position with respect to France

and Spain, 424;

his annual message, 1802, 427;

ignores the war party, 428;

replies to their demand for papers touching the right of

deposit at New Orleans, 430;

quiets the West, 432;

attempts the purchase of New Orleans, 432 _et seq._;

his language to Thornton, 436;

prefers Natchez to New Orleans as a seat of trade, 443;

his apparent inconsistency, 443 _et seq._;

the essence of his statesmanship, 445;

proposes alliance with England, ii. 1, 78;

instructs Pinckney to offer a consideration to Spain for New

Orleans and Florida, 22;

writes a defence of his use of patronage for the Boston

“Chronicle,” 82;

his amendment to the Constitution regarding Louisiana, 83;

his letter to Breckinridge on the subject, 84;

to Paine, 86;

draws up a new amendment, 86;

his reply to W. C. Nicholas, 89;

his message Oct. 7, 1803, 92;

his bill for the administration of Louisiana, 119;

his view of the Louisiana treaty and legislation, 130;

requests Congress to enlarge the Mediterranean force, 140;

interview with Burr, 175;

declines to appoint Burr to an executive office, 176;

his knowledge of Federalist schemes, 192;

his confidence in his popularity, 202;

receives the electoral votes of Massachusetts and New Hampshire,

204;

his message November, 1804, 206;

his disappointment at the acquittal of Justice Chase, 243;

his authority in foreign affairs, 245;

desires to obtain West Florida, 245;

explains to Senator Breckinridge his course toward Spain, 248;

his plan to obtain West Florida, 249;

instructs Monroe with regard to the Spanish claims, 250;

the harvest season of his life, 252;

sends troops to Natchez, 254;

makes no demand for West Florida when Louisiana is delivered,

256;

declares Mobile within the United States, 263;

entertains Yrujo at Monticello, 266;

his conviction of the power of American commercial interests,

330;

anxious for friendship with England, 342;

his intimacy with Thornton, 347;

his opinion of Bonaparte, 347, 353, 381;

decides to maintain the neutral rights of the United States more

strictly, 356;

his social habits, 363;

establishes a new social code, 365;

receives Merry, 366;

invites him to dinner with Pichon, 369;

sends list of impressments to the Senate, 384;

improves his style of dress, 405;

his enemies, 409;

his second inauguration, iii. 1;

his second Inaugural Address, 1–9;

his Cabinet, 10;

result of his Spanish diplomacy, 38, 39;

his letter to Madison respecting Monroe’s mission, 54;

his letter to James Bowdoin respecting the Spanish relations,

57;

writes to Madison respecting procedure with Spain, 61;

suggests a treaty with England, 63;

favors Armstrong’s advice to occupy Texas, 69;

writes to Madison of plan for peaceable settlement by

intervention of France, 75;

his memorandum of a Cabinet meeting on Spanish relations, 77;

the turning-point of his second administration, 80;

his conversation with Merry after the British seizures, 101;

his memorandum of the new Spanish policy, 106;

his aversion to war with England, 108;

his annual message, 1805, 111, _et seq._;

announces his intention to retire at the close of his term, 119;

his Message applauded by the Federalist press, 129;

his secret Spanish message, 130;

preserves secrecy in Congress, 147;

coerced into sending special mission to England, 150, 152, 433;

conciliates opposition in Congress, 165;

warns Monroe against Randolph, 165;

makes advances to Macon, 167;

Randolph’s attack on, 172, _et seq._;

closes American ports to three British cruisers, 200;

his character and position described by Turreau, 205;

asks Bidwell to take the leadership in the House, 207;

his refusal to obey a subpœna, 208, 450;

receives Burr at the White House, 233;

his seeming indifference to Burr’s movements, 266;

his memoranda of the situation, 278;

sends Graham to inquire into Burr’s movements, 281;

orders Wilkinson to use active measures, 284;

issues a proclamation against Burr, 285;

his letter to Secretary Smith regarding naval and military

defences, 332;

obliged to proceed against Burr, 336;

and to defend Wilkinson, 341;

his annual message, December, 1806, 345 _et seq._;

advocates internal improvements, 346;

would abolish the slave-trade, 347;

signs the Act prohibiting the Slave Trade, 365;

defied by Spain, 388;

his instructions to Monroe and Pinkney regarding the treaty, 401

_et seq._;

determined on commercial restrictions, 423;

refuses to submit Monroe’s treaty to the Senate, 430 _et seq._;

offers Monroe the government of Orleans Territory, 435;

his letter to Bowdoin about Spanish perfidy and injustice, 436;

designs to impeach Marshall, 447;

his irritation with Marshall and Burr’s counsel, 450, 453;

supports Wilkinson, 456;

his vexation at Burr’s acquittal, 470;

his proclamation on the Chesapeake affair, iv. 30;

preparations for war, 32;

his instructions to Monroe, 39;

the result of his measures of peaceful coercion, 97;

his genius for peace, 130;

his personal friendship for Monroe, 130;

his confidence in his own theory, 138;

domestic opposition to, insignificant, 145 _et seq._;

his strength in Congress, 147;

the secret of his success, 148;

his annual message, Oct. 27, 1807, 153;

his influence, 155;

his second message concerning the Burr trial, 156;

his policy as to gunboats, 158;

yields to Canning, 163, 164;

writes an embargo message, 168;

signs the Embargo Act, Dec. 22, 1807, 178;

his entreaties to Rose through Robert Smith, 188–191;

asks Congress for an addition of six thousand men to the regular

army, 212;

charged with a subserviency to Napoleon, 228;

issues a proclamation against insurrection on the Canada

frontier, 249;

writes a circular letter to State governors respecting the

surplus of flour in their States, 252;

writes to Governor Sullivan of Massachusetts to stop importing

provisions, 253;

writes to General Dearborn, 256;

his war with the Massachusetts Federalists, 258;

his popularity shattered, 269;

hatred of, in England, 331;

orders Pinkney to offer a withdrawal of the embargo if England

would withdraw the Orders in Council, 333 _et seq._;

his attitude toward Spain, 339;

decides to propose no new measures in view of his approaching

retirement, 356;

his language reported by Pickering, 359;

his last annual message, 361 _et seq._;

advocates public improvements, 364;

desires to maintain the embargo until his retirement, 432;

opposition of Joseph Story and others to, 433;

his letter to Thomas Mann Randolph, 442;

signs the act repealing the embargo, 454;

contradictions of his Presidency, 454;

insulted by the address of the Massachusetts legislature, 457;

his failure to overthrow the New England Federalists, 461;

submits in silence to the repeal of the embargo, 462;

his letter to Dearborn revealing his mortification, 463;

decline of his influence, 464;

appoints William Short minister to Russia, 465;

the nomination rejected by the Senate, 466;

his letter to Short, 468;

his style of life and his debts, 469 _et seq._;

quits Washington, 472;

his address to his fellow-citizens in Virginia, 473;

Turreau’s anger with, v. 34;

Gallatin’s remarks on, 38, 39;

the “National Intelligencer” on, 75;

Randolph’s remarks on, 78;

Robert Smith’s remarks on, 84;

intermediates with Monroe, 161, 162;

expenditures of his administration, 200, 205, 206;

considered too timid by Robert Smith, vi. 48;

his Indian policy, 69, 73–75, 78, 79, 81;

his opinion of William Hull, 336, 398;

his expectation of the conquest of Canada, 337;

his opinion of Van Rensselaer, 398;

his letter of sympathy with Madison, Sept. 24, 1814, viii. 231,

232;

his letter to Monroe on the capture of Washington, 232;

his letter to Short on the defection of Massachusetts, 233;

his plan for providing a paper currency, 245, 246, 247;

declares that more taxes cannot be paid, 248, 255;

thinks it nonsense to talk of regulars, 263;

thinks that the war would have upset the government, 308;

expects the British to hold New Orleans indefinitely, 309;

describes the want of money in Virginia, ix. 60, 61;

denounces the Judiciary, 188;

reverts to his earlier theories, 192;

satirized by Washington Irving, 210, 211;

results of his theories, 226.

Jesup, Thomas Sidney, acting adjutant-general at Detroit, vi. 329;

major of the Twenty-fifth Infantry, viii. 35;

at Chippawa, 42, 43;

at Lundy’s Lane, 50–52, 56;

wounded, 58, 63, 65;

at Hartford, reports on the Convention, 298.

Johnson, James, leads attack at the battle of the Thames, vii. 138.