CHAPTER XII_Harvey's Views on the Use of the Circulation of the Blood

THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD AND THE CIRCULATION OF THE HEAVENS

The discoverer of the circulation would have been no fit pupil of

Aristotle if he had limited his ken to the microcosm; nor were such

limitations common in an age when astrology was not so far out of

countenance as now. We have found Harvey discussing "the element

of the stars" and reverently affirming the dependence of all life

upon the sun as well as upon its Creator. We have found him also,

in dealing with the powers of the blood, affirming that "lower and

corruptible things are subject to other higher and incorruptible

things," and in that connection paraphrasing a passage in which

Aristotle deals with "the Cosmos which is about the earth." Of

this--that is, of the sum of things between our globe and the moon's

sphere--the ancient philosopher says:--

"Of necessity it is conjoined, in a way, with the courses on

high, so that its entire power is governed thence; for that

which originates motion in everything must be recognized as

first cause."[445]

In "the courses on high" the divine living existences of heaven

circulated forever, ruling the lower Cosmos as cycle succeeded cycle

in endless series and the seasons endlessly recurred. In a few

pregnant words Aristotle had dealt with the results of this Cosmic

circulation, as follows:--

"There is said to be a circle in the affairs both of mankind and

of whatever else is possessed of natural motion and is subject

to generation and corruption."[446]

It was in Harvey's lifetime that this stupendous circulation of

the heavens "and all that is in them" received its death stroke.

Throughout Harvey's years of study at Padua, Galileo had lectured

there with great acclaim; and after Harvey's return to London

discovery after discovery had followed Galileo's work with the

telescope, and had dealt blow after blow to the ancient astronomy.

The trial of Galileo had followed; and he had died in 1642, nine

years before the publication of Harvey's work On Generation. Yet

belief in the ancient astronomy died far harder than belief in

the ancient physiology of the movement of the blood. The ancient

astronomy was based on the evidence of every man's own eyes, and

flattered human vanity with the doctrine that the whole universe

was centered upon the globe of which the ordained possessor was

the creature made in the image of God. Milton had visited Galileo,

famous long before, near Florence in 1638; but in the "Paradise

Lost," published in 1667,[447] Milton expressly treated the question

between the ancients and the followers of Copernicus as an open one,

though Copernicus had died in 1543. Indeed, we find Harvey himself,

seven years after Galileo's death, speaking of "the reason why our

knowledge of the heavenly bodies is uncertain and conjectural";[448]

and saying of opponents of the circulation of the blood: "Nor do

they find it satisfactory to set up new systems, as in astronomy,

unless these explain all the phenomena."[449]

It need not surprise us, therefore, to find Harvey writing as

follows in 1628 in the very act of naming his own great discovery:--

"I beg leave to call this motion circular in the same sense in

which Aristotle said that air[450] and rain imitate the circular

motion of the bodies on high.[451] For the earth, when wet and

warmed by the sun, gives off vapor; the vapors are borne upward

and condensed and, when condensed into rain, descend again and

wet the earth. Thus, too, generation here below and, in like

manner, the arising of tempests and meteors result from the

circular motion of the sun, his approach and recession."[452]

In 1651, nine years after the death of Galileo, in the last words

about the moving blood which Harvey published, he drew a parallel

between the circulation of the microcosm and the mighty circulation

of the macrocosm. This parallel is drawn just before the end of his

final work, his treatise On Generation, in a passage of his Exercise

On the Innate Heat, in words which may serve to sum up what has gone

before. These words shall be quoted without further comment and

shall bring our present study of Harvey to an end:--

"The following few points should be considered well by every

diligent mind, and so the fact becomes established more clearly,

that those remarkable virtues which learned men attribute to

the spirits and the innate heat are appropriate to the blood

alone; to say nothing of what is so wonderfully striking in the

egg before aught of the embryo has appeared, and in the perfect

and developed embryo also. To be sure, the blood, considered

absolutely and by itself outside the veins and regarded as

consisting of elements[453] and as composed of different

parts,--some thin and serous, some thick and solidified,--is

termed 'cruor' and is possessed of very few virtues, and those

obscure. But the blood, when present within the veins as a part

of the body, a generative part, too, and endowed with soul,

being the soul's immediate instrument and primary seat--the

blood, seeming also to have a share of another diviner body

and being suffused with divine heat, certainly acquires

extraordinary powers, and is analogous to the element of the

stars. As spirits the blood is the hearth, the Vesta,[454] the

household deity, the innate heat, the sun of the microcosm, the

fire of Plato;[455] not because it shines, burns, and destroys,

like common fire, but because it preserves and nourishes and

increases its very self by its perpetual wandering motion.

Moreover, the blood deserves the name of spirits because,

primarily and before all other parts, it abounds in radical

moisture, that is, in the final and most immediate form of

nourishment; and the same fare wherewith the blood itself is

nourished is made ready by it and given out to all other parts

while it is coursing perpetually through the entire body.

Indeed, the blood nourishes, fosters, and keeps alive all the

parts which it constructs and adjoins to itself, even as the

heavenly bodies above, especially the sun and moon, impart life

to what is below, while they continue in perpetual circulation.

Since, therefore, the blood acts beyond the powers of the

elements and is potent with those virtues aforesaid, and also

is the instrument of the supreme workman, no one ever will give

praise enough to its wonderful and divine faculties."[456]

Let us end these studies by picturing to ourselves the memorable

figure of the small white-haired man ensconced in one of his

favorite nooks on the leads of his brother's house, musing upon the

mystery of the circulation, and linking it with that of

"The shining powers, conspicuous afar

Against the ether, which to mortals bring

Winter and summer."[457]

NOTES

[1] In the present paper frequent references will be made to the

writings of Harvey, Galen, Aristotle, and Hippocrates. Citations

from these authors will be made from the following editions:--

References to Harvey's finished writings will be made to two

editions, viz.: The Works of William Harvey, translated from the

Latin with a life of the author by R. Willis, M.D., London, 1847,

printed for the Sydenham Society, which will here be designated as

"Syd."; and Guilielmi Harveii Opera Omnia: A Collegio Medicorum

Londinensi Edita: 1766, which will be designated as "Op. Omn."

In the preparation of the text the present writer has used these

two editions and also the first editions of Exercitatio Anatomica

de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, Frankfort, 1628, and

Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium, London, 1651. Willis's

translation of passages has been revised, often freely, where the

writer has judged this desirable; and sometimes the revision amounts

to a fresh translation. References to Harvey's lecture notes will be

made to Prelectiones Anatomiæ Universalis by William Harvey, edited

with an autotype reproduction of the original by a committee of the

Royal College of Physicians, London, 1886.

References to Galen's writings will be made to two editions,

viz.: Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia. Editionem curavit C. G. Kühn,

Leipsic, 1821-1833, which will be designated by the letters "Kn.";

and Œuvres Anatomiques, Physiologíques et Medicáles de Galien,

Traduites avec Notes par C. Daremberg, Paris, 1854-1856, which will

be cited as "Dar." The former is the recognized working edition of

the Greek text of Galen; this is accompanied by a Latin translation,

to which is appended a serviceable Latin index. By the pages of

this edition the Greek text of Galen is commonly cited. None of the

treatises of Galen has been translated into English. Some of those

most interesting to physiologists may be read in the above French

translation of Daremberg. A critical edition of the Greek text of

Galen's treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Claudii

Galeni de Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, with an amended Latin

translation by Johannes Müller, was published by Teubner, Leipsic,

1874; it will here be cited as "Mül."

References to Aristotle's writings will be made to Aristotelis

Opera: Edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831-1870, which is

the commonly cited Greek text. Pages and lines of this edition will

always be found in the margin of a modern edition or translation.

The following works of Aristotle will be referred to in this paper:--

The Psychology and its appendices, viz.: the so-called "Lesser

Works on Natural Things (Parva Naturalia)." English translation by

W. A. Hammond, New York, 1902. The two last treatises of the Parva

Naturalia have also been translated by W. Ogle, M.D., London, 1897.

The History of Animals. English translation by R. Creswell. Bohn's

Classical Library. London, 1878.

On the Parts of Animals. English translation by W. Ogle, M.D.,

London, 1882.

On the Generation of Animals. There is no English translation. An

excellent German translation, with the Greek text, is that by Aubert

and Wimmer, Leipsic, 1860.

Physics. There is no English translation; Greek text and German

translation by C. Prantl, Leipsic, 1854.

On Heaven: On Generation and Corruption (In the Universe at Large).

There is no English translation; Greek text and German translation

by C. Prantl, Leipsic, 1857.

Meteorology. There is no English translation; French translation by

J. B. St. Hilaire, Paris, 1863.

Besides the foregoing, other treatises by Aristotle may be referred

to or cited briefly.

References to the Hippocratic writings will be made to Œuvres

Complètes d'Hippocrate, traduction nouvelle, par É. Littré, Paris,

1839-1861, which will be designated as "Lit." This is the standard

working edition of the Greek text of the Hippocratic collection, and

is the one now usually cited. The accompanying French translation

is complete. There is a translation into English of some of the

treatises, but it cannot be recommended. A new version of the Greek

text is now in slow course of publication by Teubner of Leipsic.

[2] John Aubrey: 'Brief Lives,' Chiefly of Contemporaries, etc.

Edited from the Author's Mss. by Andrew Clark; 1898, Vol. I, 300.

[3] Harvey: On Generation, Preface, Syd. 152, l. 34 to 153, l. 4;

Op. Omn. 168, l. 22-26.

[4] Galen: Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol.

IV, 703-736.

[5] Harvey: On Conception, Syd. 575, l. 9-12; Op. Omn. 592, l. 8-11.

[6] Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 595, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 635, l.

10-17.

[7] Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 596, l. 3-7; Op. Omn. 636, l.

1-4.

[8] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 31 to 123, l. 1;

Op. Omn. 122, l. 16-21.

[9] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 47, l. 29-33; Op. Omn.

49, l. 28-30.

[10] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IX, Syd. 48, l. 10-14; Op. Omn.

50, l. 8-11.

[11] Plato: Timæus, 70_a_ and _b_; 77_c_ to 78_a_; 78_e_ to 79_a_.

Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 668_a_, 4 to _b_, 6.

Galen: On the Natural Faculties, Kn. Vol. II, 210-212; Dar. Vol. II,

318.

[12] Aristotle: On Sleep and Waking, 456_a_, 30 to _b_, 5.

Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 269-270; Dar.

Vol. I, 280-282.

[13] Galen: On the Natural Faculties, Kn. Vol. II, 186-189; Dar.

Vol. II, 306-307.

[14] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 72, l. 24 to 73, l. 12; Op.

Omn. 73, l. 26 to 74, l. 15.

[15] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 75, l. 9-22; Op. Omn. 76, l.

15-25.

[16] Joannes Riolanus, Filius: Encheiridium Anatomicum et

Pathologicum, etc., Paris, 1648, 298, l. 1-4. Harvey's quotation

does complete justice to the sense, but is by no means accurate

verbally.

[17] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 95, l. 4-21; Op. Omn. 97,

l. 6-23.

[18] Aselli: De Lactibus, sive Lacteis Venis, etc. Milan, 1627.

[19] John Aubrey: Brief Lives, etc., 1898, Vol. I, 302.

[20] Harvey's venous artery and arterial vein correspond

respectively to the pulmonary vein and the pulmonary artery of our

nomenclature.

[21] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VI, Syd. 39, l. 29 to 40, l. 15;

Op. Omn. 41, l. 20 to 42, l. 10.

[22] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 511_b_, 10-24.

[23] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 85, l. 17-25; Op. Omn.

87, l. 5-12.

[24] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, 469_b_,

6-20.

[25] Aristotle: On Respiration, 473_a_, 8-10.

[26] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 732_a_, 18-20.

[27] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, 469_a_, 28

to 470_a_, 18. On Respiration, 474_a_, 25 to _b_, 24; 478_a_, 26 to

_b_, 21; 480_a_, 18 to _b_, 20.

[28] Aristotle: On Respiration, 478_a_, 21-30.

[29] διὰ τὴν σύναψιν.

[30] Aristotle: History of Animals, 496_a_, 27-32.

[31] Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 86 and 90-92.

[32] Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 86-88.

[33] Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 487-493.

[34] ποιότητος.

[35] Galen: Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol.

IV, 724-725.

[36] Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 510.

[37] Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 412; Dar.

Vol. I, 381.

[38] Galen: On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V, 149-180.

[39] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Preface, Syd. 9-14; Op. Omn. 9-14.

[40] Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 636-656;

Dar. Vol. I, 541-552.

[41] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

[42] Compare Hippocrates: On Flatus, Lit. Vol. VI, 96.

[43] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

[44] Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 470-471.

[45] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

[46] Aristotle: On Respiration, 473_a_, 15 to 474_a_, 24.

Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 368 and 372.

[47] Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 368.

[48] Passages which justify the statements here made are among those

cited in note 140.

[49] Galen: Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol.

IV, 703-736.

[50] Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 541-542;

Dar. Vol. I, 476.

[51] Plato: Timæus, 69_c_-_d_. Archer-Hind's Edition, 254, l. 13 to

256, l. 6.

[52] Aristotle: On Soul, 412_a_, 1 to 415_a_, 13.

[53] Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V,

608.

[54] Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 696-703;

Dar. Vol. I, 575-579. See also Rapp: "Ueber das Wundernetz,"

Meckel's Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie, 1827, 1-13.

[55] Galen: On Methods of Treatment, Kn. Vol. X, 839-840.

[56] On the subject of the spirits the following passages of Galen's

works should be consulted, viz.:--On the Natural Faculties, Kn.

Vol. II, 204, l. 11 to 206, l. 13; Dar. Vol. II, 315, l. 7 to 316,

l. 14; Kn. Vol. II, 214, l. 9-16; Dar. Vol. II, 320, l. 2-9. On the

Organ of Smell, Kn. Vol. II, 857-886. On the Use of the Parts of

the Human Body, Book VI: Kn. Vol. III, 412, l. 6-12; Dar. Vol. I,

381, l. 4-9; Kn. Vol. III, 487, l. 3 to 488, l. 13; Dar. Vol. I,

438, l. 1 to 439, l. 9; Kn. Vol. III, 490, l. 14 to 492, l. 8; Dar.

Vol. I, 440, l. 24 to 441, l. 16; Kn. Vol. III, 496, l. 5-16; Dar.

Vol. I, 444, l. 6-19. Book VII: Kn. Vol. III, 536-544; Dar. Vol. I,

472-477; Kn. Vol. III, 544-549; Dar. Vol. I, 477-480. Book VIII: Kn.

Vol. III, 636-651; Dar. Vol. I, 541-550; Kn. Vol. III, 651-656; Dar.

Vol. I, 550-552; Kn. Vol. III, 663; Dar. Vol. I, 557; Kn. Vol. III,

672-673; Dar. Vol. I, 563. Book IX: Kn. Vol. III, 684-691; Dar. Vol.

I, 569-572; Kn. Vol. III, 696-703; Dar. Vol. I, 575-579; Kn. Vol.

III, 750-751; Dar. Vol. I, 602-603. Book XIV: Kn. Vol. IV, 183, l.

7-10; Dar. Vol. II, 114, l. 23-25. Book XVI: Kn. Vol. IV, 323, l.

2-18; Dar. Vol. II, 189, l. 3-21; Kn. Vol. IV, 333, l. 18 to 335,

l. 10; Dar. Vol. II, 195, l. 6-36. Book XVII: Kn. Vol. IV, 349, l.

5-14; Dar. Vol. II, 202, l. 30-38. On the Causes of Respiration, Kn.

Vol. IV, 465-469. On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 470-511.

Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736.

On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V, 149-180. On the Doctrines of

Hippocrates and Plato, Book II: Kn. Vol. V, 281, l. 3-15; Mül. 245,

l. 10 to 246, l. 6. Book III: Kn. Vol. V, 355, l. 18 to 356, l.

11; Mül. 325, l. 16 to 326, l. 9. Book VI: Kn. Vol. V, 524, l. 12

to 525, l. 16; Mül. 512, l. 3 to 513, l. 8; Kn. Vol. V, 571, l. 12

to 573, l. 2; Mül. 563, l. 12 to 566, l. 2. Book VII: Kn. Vol. V,

600-611; Mül. 596-608; Kn. Vol. V, 611-617; Mül. 608-615; Kn. Vol.

V, 628, l. 8-15; Mül. 626, l. 8-15; Kn. Vol. V, 641, l. 14 to 642,

l. 6; Mül. 641, l. 13 to 642, l. 6. Book VIII: Kn. Vol. V, 707,

l. 17 to 710, l. 15; Mül. 714, l. 14 to 718, l. 2. On Methods of

Treatment, Book IX: Kn. Vol. X, 635, l. 6 to 636, l. 12. Book XII:

Kn. Vol. X, 839, l. 10 to 840, l. 3.

[57] Harvey: Prelectiones, 83 right.

[58] Harvey: Prelectiones, 85 left.

[59] Harvey: Prelectiones, 83 right and 85 left.

[60] Compare R. Columbus: De Re Anatomica. Venice, 1559, 223-224.

[61] Harvey: Prelectiones, 85 left. The last line of page 85 left,

as deciphered and printed, reads as follows: "Galenus 7 & p. 8°."

It should read, however, "Galenus 7 u.p. 8°." That this is Harvey's

brief reference to Galeni Lib. 7, De Usu Partium, Cap. 8, is proved

by the text of the Galenic passage thus referred to, viz.: Galen: On

the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 539-540, Dar. Vol. I, 475.

[62] As no other claimant than Columbus to be the discoverer of the

pulmonary transit of the blood was known to Harvey, the question

whether Columbus was the true discoverer, or possibly owed the basis

of his doctrine to the unfortunate Michael Servetus, need not here

be discussed.

[63] Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Basel, 1543; Lib.

VI, Cap. II, 589, l. 9-24. Vesalius: Opera Omnia Anatomica et

Chirurgica, Leyden, 1725, Tom. I, De Hum. Corp. Fabr. Lib. VI,

Cap. 11, 511, l. 11-23; Cap. 15, 519, l. 42-54. Columbus: De Re

Anatomica, Lib. VII, 177, l. 17-24.

[64] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 649_b_, 19-27.

[65] Harvey: Prelectiones, 85 right. Compare closely similar

passages in Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 12, l.

9-15; Op. Omn. 12, l. 10-17. Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 116, l.

26-33; Op. Omn. 116, l. 15-20. On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l.

22-28; Op. Omn. 525, l. 23-29.

[66] The decipherer of Harvey's Ms. notes reads "_generatur_."

[67] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 18, l. 16-21;

Op. Omn. 18, l. 17-21.

[68] Compare Aristotle: On Respiration, 470_b_, 28 to 471_b_, 29.

[69] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left.

[70] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 16, l. 23-27;

Op. Omn. 16, l. 21-26.

[71] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 16, l. 28-39;

Op. Omn. 16, l. 27 to 17, l. 4.

[72] πνεῦμα.

[73] Aristotle: History of Animals: 496_a_, 27-32.

[74] Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VII, 178-180; Lib. XI, 223-224;

Lib. XIV, 259 and 261.

[75] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left.

[76] Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V,

611-617; Mül. 608-615.

[77] Harvey: Prelectiones, 94 right: "_puto: spiritus Nervis non

progredi sed Irradiatos et actus fieri unde sensus et motus ut lumen

in aere: forsan ut fluxus et refluxus Maris_," etc.

[78] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 118, l. 9-14; Op. Omn.

117, l. 29-32.

[79] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left.

[80] Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VI, 166-167; Lib. VII, 177-178;

Lib. XI, 22.

Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VII, Syd. 41, l. 7-14; Op. Omn. 43, l.

3-9.

[81] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 98, l. 16-23; Op. Omn.

100, l. 21-28.

[82] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113-121; Op. Omn.

113-121. On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 501-512; Op. Omn. 523-534.

[83] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 502, l. 33-37; Op. Omn. 524,

l. 5-7.

[84] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 22-31; Op. Omn. 525,

l. 25-32.

[85] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 118, l. 32-38; Op. Omn.

118, l. 16-19.

[86] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 119, l. 3-5 and l.

10-17; Op. Omn. 118, l. 26-28 and 118, l. 30 to 119, l. 4.

[87] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

[88] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113, l. 28 to 114, l. 19

and 117, l. 35 to 118, l. 9; Op. Omn. 113, l. 22 to 114, l. 14 and

117, l. 19-29.

[89] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 388, l. 31-32; Op. Omn. 405.

l. 14-15.

[90] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 386, l. 11-12; Op. Omn. 402,

l. 24-26.

[91] Harvey: Prelectiones, 87 left.

[92] Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V,

571-572; Mül. 563, l. 12 to 565, l. 9.

[93] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 114, l. 26-29; Op. Omn.

114, l. 19-21.

[94] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 114, l. 37-40; Op. Omn.

114, l. 28-31.

[95] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 115, l. 18-21; Op. Omn.

115, l. 12-14.

[96] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 19-21; Op. Omn.

136, l. 12-13.

[97] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 77, l. 24-29; Op. Omn.

79, l. 5-9.

[98] See J. C. Dalton: Doctrines of the Circulation, Philadelphia,

1884, 127-128.

[99] Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. XI, 223, l. 11 to 224, l. 8.

[100] Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 451-452;

Dar. Vol. I, 412, l. 5-8.

[101] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 597, l. 14-23; Op. Omn. 613, l.

19-27.

[102] Harvey: On Parturition, Syd. 530, l. 3-10 and l. 25-36; Op.

Omn. 549, l. 22-27 and 550 l. 11-20.

[103] Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 596, l. 3-7; Op. Omn. 636, l.

1-4.

[104] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 123, l. 15-18; Op. Omn.

122, l. 31 to 123, l. 1.

[105] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IX, Syd. 48, l. 21 to 50, l. 36;

Op. Omn. 50, l. 17 to 52, l. 23.

[106] Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 right.

[107] Hippocrates: On Wounds, Lit. Vol. VI, 430.

[108] Hippocrates: Epidemics, Lit. Vol. V, 114-116. Compare Galen's

Third Commentary on Epidemics, Kn. Vol. XVII, A., 433, l. 14 to 436,

l. 2.

[109] Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

[110] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 140, l. 30-39; Op. Omn.

140, l. 23-31.

[111] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 98, l. 9-23; Op. Omn.

100, l. 14-28.

[112] Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 84, l. 11-12.

[113] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, etc., 469_b_, 6-20.

[114] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 670_a_, 23-26.

[115] Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 505, l. 15 to

506, l. 5.

[116] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 46, l. 34 to 47, l.

16; Op. Omn. 49, l. 3-19.

[117] Aristotle: On Respiration; On the Parts of Animals, Books II

and III; and elsewhere. This reference is by Harvey himself.

[118] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, Book II. This reference is

by Harvey himself.

[119] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 68, l. 19 to 69, l. 17;

Op. Omn. 69, l. 22 to 70, l. 18.

[120] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 70, l. 17-25; Op. Omn.

71, l. 22-29.

[121] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 72, l. 8-11; Op. Omn.

73, l. 13-16.

[122] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 83, l. 9-27; Op. Omn.

84, l. 31 to 85, l. 14.

[123] Hippocrates: On the Nature of the Child, Lit. Vol. VII, 530,

l. 3-19.

[124] Aristotle: History of Animals, 561_a_, 4 to 562_b_, 2.

[125] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 76, l. 3-10; Op. Omn.

77, l. 14-20. On Generation, XVII, Syd. 235, l. 21-26; Op. Omn. 249,

l. 9-13.

[126] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 30, l. 14-18 and 30, l.

31 to 31, l. 4; Op. Omn. 32, l. 8-10 and 32, l. 22-30.

[127] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 666_a_, 8-13.

[128] _Principium._

[129] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 74, l. 4-15; Op. Omn.

75, l. 9-19.

[130] It would be natural to conjecture that this Aristotelian

slighting of spirits derived from the air, taken in connection with

Aristotle's exaltation of the vital innate heat, may have had much

weight with Harvey, who, although he used the word "spirits" freely,

insisted that the blood and the spirits are one. But in this matter

the Aristotelian precedent cannot have had the same force for Harvey

that it would have for us, because he believed Aristotle to be the

author of two treatises in which the spirits are expressly treated,

not only as entities, but as entities of great physiological

importance, though their relations with the outer air are neglected

in one of the treatises and quite obscurely dealt with in the

other. (See Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 29, l. 16-25;

Op. Omn. 31, l. 8-16. Do., VI, Syd. 38, l. 7-12; Op. Omn. 40, l.

2-5.) Indeed, Harvey in one of his references to Aristotle directly

affirmed that the philosopher had believed in "motor spirits" within

the animal body. (See Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l.

8-12; Op. Omn. 82, l. 31 to 83, l. 3. Compare [Pseudo-] Aristotle:

On Spirits, 485_a_, 5-8; and the Latin translation of the same

"by an unknown interpreter," 249_b_, 13-18.) The two treatises in

question are entitled, respectively, "On the Motion of Animals" and

"On Spirits," and have been attributed to Aristotle and habitually

printed among his works, both before and since the time of Harvey.

Modern criticism, however, has made it clear that neither treatise

is a genuine work of Aristotle. It is especially plain that the

treatise "On Spirits" is by another hand and of another school;

among other reasons, because the author declares the skin to be

supplied with blood by the veins, and with spirits by accompanying

vessels which he calls "arteries." In this treatise the maintenance

of the spirits by respiration is discussed, but left uncertain

(483_b_, 15-19). It is but fair to the criticism of Harvey's

time to note that, glaringly at variance as the undoubted works

of Aristotle are with the treatise "On Spirits," the latter was

pronounced genuine, in 1839, by so eminent a scholar as É. Littré,

in his "Œuvres d'Hippocrate," etc., Vol. I, 203. Reasons why the

treatises in question are not by Aristotle, are given at length in

the essay in Latin by V. Rose, entitled "De Aristotelis Librorum

Ordine et Auctoritate Commentatio," Berlin, 1854, 162-171, and at

the end of 174.

[131] Compare the Iliad, Book XXI, 441.

[132] ἐν τούτῳ γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐμπεπύρευκεν ἀυτήν. Aristotle:

On Respiration, 474_b_, 10-13.

[133] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, etc., 469_a_, 11-12 and 17-20.

[134] Plato: Timæus, 70_a_-_b_ and 77_d_-_e_.

[135] κίνησις.

[136] νεῦρα.

[137] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 666_b_, 11-16.

[138] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l. 12-19; Op. Omn.

83, l. 3-8.

[139] Harvey: On Generation, XI, Syd. 207, l. 33-35; Op. Omn. 220,

l. 26-28.

[140] The foregoing statements and summaries of Aristotelian

doctrine are based upon the following portions of Aristotle's

works: Meteorology, 366_b_, 2 to 367_a_, 3. On Soul, 413_a_, 11 to

415_a_, 13; 416_a_, 9 to _b_, 31; 426_b_, 8 to 427_a_, 16; 429_a_,

10 to 430_a_, 9. The following five titles are of treatises among

the Parva Naturalia: On Sensation and the Sensible, 438_b_, 24 to

439_a_, 5; On Sleep and Waking, 455_a_, 4 to 458_a_, 32; On Dreams,

461_b_, 11-15; On Youth and Old Age, and On Life and Death, the

whole treatise; On Respiration, 473_a_, 9-10; 475_a_, 25 to _b_,

24; 478_a_, 11 to _b_, 21; 479_a_, 29 to _b_, 7; 479_b,_ 17 to

480_b_, 20. History of Animals, 496_a_, 4 to 497_b_, 2; 512_b_, 12

to 515_b_, 26; 535_a_, 26 to 536_a_, 4; 561_a_, 4 to 562_b_, 2. Of

the History of Animals Book X is clearly spurious; see V. Rose: "De

Aristotelis Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate Commentatio," 171-174.

Book VII is very probably spurious; see "Aristotelis Thierkunde,

etc.," Aubert and Wimmer, 1868, Vol. I, 7-11. On the Parts of

Animals, 647_b_, 29 to 648_a_, 13; 652_b_, 1-33; 659_b_, 13-19;

665_a_, 28 to 669_b_, 12; 670_a_, 23-27; 672_a_, 22 to _b_, 7;

677_b_, 36 to 678_a_, 3; 678_b_, 2-4; 689_a_, 29-31; 697_a_, 26-29.

On the Generation of Animals, 718_a_, 2-4; 728_a_, 9-11; 723_a_,

18-20; 735_b_, 32 to 736_a_, 9; 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_, 7; 737_b_, 27

to 738_a_, 9; 739_b_, 22-23; 740_b_, 2 to 741_a_, 5; 741_b_, 25 to

742_a_, 8; 743_a_, 3 to _b_, 29; 743_b_, 35 to 744_a_, 14; 744_a_,

26-31; 751_b_, 6; 752_a_, 1-4; 755_a_, 10-25; 762_b_, 6-9; 766_a_,

33 to _b_, 1; 768_b_, 15-36; 772_a_, 23-25; 781_a_, 14 to _b_, 29;

783_b_, 29-32; 789_b_, 7-12. Politics, 1336_a_, 34-39.

[141] Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 86-92.

[142] Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V,

547-563; Mül. 537, l. 15 to 555, l. 11.

[143] The extant works of Aretæus the Cappadocian; edited and

translated by Francis Adams. London, printed for the Sydenham

Society, 1856. Therapeutics of Acute Diseases, Book II, Chapter 6,

[Greek text] 190; [English translation] 440-441; Chapter 7, [Greek

text] 193; [translation] 443.

[144] Hippocrates: On Nourishment, Lit. Vol. IX, 110. Galen:

Commentary IV on the foregoing, Kn. Vol. XV, 388-392; On the

Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 529, 531-532 and

577-578; Mül. 517, l. 7-15, 520, l. 2 to 521, l. 4, 570-571.

[145] Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 451, l. 16

to 452, l. 2; Dar. Vol. I, 412, l. 5-8.

[146] Among Galen's numerous works the following are the treatises

and parts of treatises which are most important for a student of

Galen's doctrines regarding the movement of the blood. A title

quoted without further specification indicates a treatise in one

book only, the whole of which should be read. Where no chapters of

a book are specified the whole book should be read. The order is

that of Kühn's edition: On the Natural Faculties, Book III, chapters

13-15, Kn. Vol. II, Dar. Vol. II. On Anatomical Manipulations,

Book VII, chapters 4, 14, 15, 16; Book VIII, chapter 8, Kn. Vol.

II. On the Dissection of the Veins and Arteries, chapters 1, 2, 8,

9, Kn. Vol. II. On the Use of the Parts of the Human Body, Books

IV, VI, VII, IX, Kn. Vol. II, Dar. Vol. I, Book XVI, Kn. Vol. IV,

Dar. Vol. II. On the Causes of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV. On the Use

of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV. Is Blood Naturally Contained in the

Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV. On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V. On the

Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book I, chapter 7, Book II,

chapter 8, Book III, chapter 8, Book VI, Book VII, chapter 3, Kn.

Vol. V. On the Causes of Disease, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. VII. On the

Different Kinds of Pulse, Book IV, chapters 2, 6, 17, Kn. Vol. VIII.

On the Causes of the Pulse, Book I, chapters 3, 4, Book II, chapter

15, Kn. Vol. IX. On Prognosis by the Pulse, Book II, chapter 1, Kn.

Vol. IX. On Methods of Treatment, Book VIII, chapter 5, Book IX,

chapter 10, Book XII, chapter 5, Kn. Vol. X. Commentaries on the

Book on Nourishment of Hippocrates, Commentary III, chapters 8, 10,

23, Commentary IV, chapters 4, 6, Kn. Vol. XV. Commentaries on the

Book on the Humors of Hippocrates, Commentary III, chapter 31, Kn.

Vol. XVI. Commentaries on the Sixth Book of Hippocrates on Epidemic

Diseases, Commentary VI, chapters 1-3, Kn. Vol. XVII, Pars II.

[147] For the views of Columbus see his book: De Re Anatomica, Lib.

VI, VII, XI, cap. 1, 2, 4; XII and XIII.

[148] Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VII, 180, l. 1-6.

[149] Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 and 35 right; 74 and 75 left. On the

Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 73, l. 12-17 and l. 24-28; Op. Omn. 74, l.

15-19 and l. 24-28; Do., XVIII, Syd. 83, l. 9-27; Op. Omn. 84, l. 31

to 85, l. 14. On Generation, LIII, Syd. 392, l. 14 to 393, l. 5; Op.

Omn. 409, l. 13 to 410, l. 5; Do., LX, Syd. 452, l. 20-28; Op. Omn.

472, l. 1-7. On Uterine Membranes and Humours, Syd. 568, l. 8-27;

Op. Omn. 587, l. 19 to 588, l. 5.

[150] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 32, l. 39 to 33, l. 31; Op.

Omn. 34, l. 24 to 35, l. 19. In Galen's book, from which Harvey here

quotes, the quoted passage is preceded by a corrected statement of

the mechanics of the valves of the heart, and a declaration that

their mechanics were unknown to Erasistratus. Then follow these

words:--

"If this be so, O followers of Erasistratus, let us omit all

else and consider only what is in controversy. As to the vena

cava, which conveys blood from the liver into the heart, in

which of two ways are its membranes [i.e. the segments of the

tricuspid valve] inserted: do they extend from the interior [of

the ventricle] outward, or contrariwise, from without inward?

But perhaps this is of no great moment!"

The preceding words are immediately followed by the words quoted

by Harvey. The context shows that the phrase "from without inward"

indicates the true insertion of the "membranes" of the tricuspid

valve, according to both Galen and the facts. Harvey himself refers

his quotation from Galen to the treatise "On the Doctrines of

Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI." It is from chapter 6 of that book.

The Latin text quoted by Harvey, and that from which the quotation

in this note has been translated, may be found in the Ninth Juntine

Edition of Galen's works, consisting of Latin translations by

various hands. This edition was published in Venice in 1625, three

years before the publication of Harvey's treatise. The title of the

edition is: Galeni Opera ex Nona Juntarum Editione, etc. Venetiis,

apud Juntas, MDCXXV, Cum privilegiis. The passage quoted in this

note is: "Prima classis," folio 264 D, l. 53-56. Harvey's quotation

is: folio 264 D, l. 56 to folio 264 (verso) E, l. 3. The Greek text

of the passage quoted in this note is to be found in Kn. Vol. V,

550, l. 9-15; Mül. 541, l. 4-9. The Greek text of Harvey's quotation

is in Kn. Vol. V, 550, l. 15 to 551, l. 6; Mül. 541, l. 10 to 542,

l. 2. The Latin rendering printed in the Juntine edition gives the

true meaning of the Greek text, but in a rather lumbering fashion.

[151] The transit of the blood from the right to the left ventricle.

[152] The Galenic work entitled: "Is Blood Naturally Contained in

the Arteries?" Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736.

[153] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., V, Syd. 32, l. 39 to 34, l. 22;

Op. Omn. 32, l. 24 to 36, l. 15. The second Galenic passage above,

which refers to the origin and contents of the arteries and to the

aortic valves, is printed in italics and with quotation marks in the

first edition of Harvey's treatise, and Harvey's own words regarding

this passage seem to mean that it is a verbal quotation from Galen.

But neither in Galen's treatise entitled "Is Blood Naturally

Contained in the Arteries?" nor in the sixth book of his treatise

On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, does more than the

last part of this seeming quotation occur. The rest appears to be

merely a sound statement by Harvey of Galenic doctrines, for which

abundant authority can be found in the two treatises aforesaid.

See especially for the origin of the arteries: On the Doctrines of

Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. V, 524, l. 13 to

525, l. 3; Mül. 512, l. 4-13; and for the contents of the arteries:

chapter 4, Kn. Vol. V, 537, l. 1-7; Mül. 526, l. 1-7; and chapter 8,

Kn. Vol. V, 572, l. 12 to 573, l. 11; Mül. 565, l. 10 to 566, l.

12. Of the words relating to the aortic valves, the first part is a

statement justified by the words which occur in the Ninth Juntine

edition of Galen's works, Classis I, folio 264C, l. 41-43 and D,

l. 49-53. But the last part of the passage aforesaid is a verbal

quotation of words on folio 264 verso E, l. 9-11. This passage

relating to the valves is all in Galen's treatise On the Doctrines

of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI, chapter 6. The Greek text may be

found as follows: Kn. Vol. V, 549, l. 3-8, 549, l. 18 to 550, l. 6,

552, l. 1-3; Mül. 539, l. 10 to 540, l. 1, 540, l. 11 to 541, l. 1,

543, l. 1-3.

[154] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 598, l. 21-23; Op. Omn. 614, l.

29-32.

[155] Aristotle: On Soul, 405_b_, 1-8.

[156] Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 right. Compare pp. 42-46 of this

paper.

[157] Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

[158] That is, one may suppose, after development _in utero_ has

begun.

[159] _Anima._

[160] Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 left.

[161] Harvey: Prelectiones, 75 left.

[162] Harvey: Prelectiones, 76 right.

[163] _Non propria ratione._

[164] _Sanguinis multitudine._

[165] _Pullulare._

[166] The two words "household shrine" represent the one word

"_lar_."

[167] Harvey: Prelectiones, 73 left. In the photograph of folio

73 left of Harvey's note-book, the 16th line of text consists, as

translated, of the words "Is there only a drop of blood in the

auricles?" This line has the appearance of an interlineation. If it

be really such, the words which follow it to the end of the passage

were meant, when jotted down, to refer to the heart and not to "a

drop of blood."

[168] _Rationem._ Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l.

16-26; Op. Omn. 528, l. 21-29.

[169] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 37 to 137, l.

17; Op. Omn. 136, l. 25 to 137, l. 9.

[170] Harvey: On Generation, Introduction, Syd. 167, l. 2-5; Op.

Omn. 180, l. 23-26.

[171] Harvey: On Generation, XIV, Syd. 226, l. 38 to 227, l. 16; Op.

Omn. 240, l. 22 to 241, l. 3.

[172] _Animalis._

[173] Harvey: On Generation, XLVI, Syd. 341, l. 25-37; Op. Omn. 357,

l. 5-15.

[174] That is, the mammalian embryo.

[175] Harvey: On Generation, LIII, Syd. 392, l. 1-13; Op. Omn. 409,

l. 1-12.

[176] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Dedication to the King, Syd. 3,

l. 2-3; Op. Omn. 3, l. 2. On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 47, l.

7-9; Op. Omn. 49, l. 13-14.

[177] _Idque non solum in ovo, sed in omni fœtu, animaliumque

conceptu primo contingere, mox palam fiet._ Harvey: On Generation,

_Editio princeps_, 149, l. 33-35. In the Opera Omnia, 390, l.

1-3, a comma has been erroneously placed between "_conceptu_"

and "_primo_"; the latter word qualifies "_conceptu_," not

"_contingere_." Compare Op. Omn. 391, l. 4: _in primis animalium

conceptibus_.

[178] _In primis animalium conceptibus._

[179] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 373, l. 35 to 374, l. 27 and

374, l. 36 to 375, l. 8; Op. Omn. 389, l. 28 to 390, l. 22 and 390,

l. 30 to 391, l. 8.

[180] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 2-4 and 138, l.

12-13; Op. Omn. 136, l. 29-30 and 138, l. 6-7.

[181] Milton: Areopagitica, edited with introduction and notes by J.

W. Hales, Oxford, 1874, 38.

[182] The "point" is the embryonic heart, to which in its earliest

visible state the name of "_punctum saliens_," _i.e._, "leaping

point," had been given, this technical term having been coined no

doubt out of expressions used by Aristotle in speaking of the living

rudimentary heart as seen with the naked eye in the hen's egg and in

mammalian abortions. Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 561_a_,

6-17; On the Parts of Animals, 665_a_, 33 to _b_, 2.

[183] Presumably the terminal sinus of modern embryology.

[184] The fourth day of incubation.

[185] _Per totum colliquamentum._ For Harvey's account of this clear

liquid see On Generation, XVI, Syd. 232, l. 15 to 234, l. 31; Op.

Omn. 246, l. 4 to 248, l. 17.

[186] Aristotle: History of Animals, Book VI, chapter 3. This

reference is Harvey's own. Aristotle's words are πόροι φλεβικοί

(561_a_, 13), which are given by Harvey as "_meatus venales_."

[187] Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 237, l. 16 to 238, l. 12 and

238, l. 25-35; Op. Omn. 251, l. 6 to 252, l. 3 and 252, l. 15-22.

[188] Harvey: On Generation, XIX, Syd. 252, l. 1 and l. 9-11; Op.

Omn. 266, l. 3 and l. 11-13.

[189] Harvey: On Generation, XVI, Syd. 415, l. 22-24; Op. Omn. 433,

l. 22-24.

[190] Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 415, l. 32-38; Op. Omn. 433,

l. 31 to 434, l. 4.

[191] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 30, l. 14-22; Op. Omn.

32, l. 8-14.

[192] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 373, l. 35 to 374, l. 27; Op.

Omn. 389, l. 28 to 390, l. 22.

[193] ἡ ἀρχή.

[194] ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τὴν τελευτήν.

[195] ὤσπερ τῆς φύσεως διαυλοδρομούσης καὶ ἀνελιττομένης ἐπὶ

τὴν ἀρχὴν ὄθεν ἠλθεν.

[196] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741_b_, 15-24.

[197] In his lecture notes Harvey, in dealing with the heart, speaks

of the right auricle as "the last to pulsate." Prelectiones, 74

right, l. 17.

[198] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 23-34 and 29, l.

6-16; Op. Omn. 30, l. 13-24 and 31, l. 1-8.

[199] Leviticus XVII, 11 and 14--Harvey's own reference.

[200] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 376, l. 14 to 377, l. 2; Op.

Omn. 392, l. 15 to 393, l. 6.

[201] Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 239, l. 32 to 240, l. 7; Op.

Omn. 253, l. 19-31.

[202] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 15-21; Op. Omn.

30, l. 7-12.

[203] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 374, l. 28-35; Op. Omn. 390,

l. 23-29. Compare: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 76, l. 11-29; Op.

Omn. 77, l. 21 to 78, l. 9.

[204] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 31 to 123, l.

18, 124, l. 28-37, 130, l. 29 to 132, l. 25; Op. Omn. 122, l. 16 to

123, l. 2, 124, l. 11-17, 130, l. 15 to 132, l. 17. On Generation,

LXXI, Syd. 503, l. 15-18; Op. Omn. 524, l. 21-24. Letter to Morison,

Syd. 604, l. 13-19; Op. Omn. 620, l. 24 to 621, l. 3.

[205] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 15-16; Op. Omn.

137, l. 7-9.

[206] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 37 to 138, l.

16; Op. Omn. 136, l. 25 to 138, l. 10.

[207] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 375, l. 8-39; Op. Omn. 391, l.

9 to 392, l. 2.

[208] ἡ ζύμη.

[209] πνευματυμένου.

[210] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 755_a_, 18-21.

[211] ζέσις.

[212] πνευματουμένου.

[213] Aristotle: On Respiration, 479b, 26-27 and 30-32.

[214] πρὸς τὸν ἔσχατον χιτῶνα.

[215] ἀναθυμίασις.

[216] διά τὸ ἠρτῆσθαι ἐκ τῆς καρδίας.

[217] ὄτε.

[218] πήδησις, _i.e._, the "palpitation" of modern medicine.

[219] πνευμάτωσις.

[220] Aristotle: On Respiration, 480_a_, 2-15.

[221] Aristotle: History of Animals, 521_a_, 6-7.

[222] Galen: On Local Affections, Kn. Vol. VIII, 429, l. 10-12;

Dar. Vol. II, 693, l. 35-37. Plutarch: On the Opinions of the

Philosophers, Book IV, chapter 22, Diels: Doxographi Graeci, Berlin,

1879, 412, l. 7-9.

[223] Galen: On the Motion of the Muscles, Kn. Vol. IV, 367, l. 1-3

and 382, l. 14 to 383, l. 2; Dar. Vol. II, 321, l. 1-3 and 330, l.

3-8.

[224] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l. 20-31 and 82,

l. 29 to 83, l. 8; Op. Omn. 83, l. 9-18 and 84, l. 15-30.

[225] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 17-22; Op. Omn.

137, l. 27-32.

[226] _Cuius vero rei gratia? Aristotelis. Nullius sed passio ut

in pulte ebulliente WH sed vulneratum non flatum sed sanguinem

Emittit._ Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

[227] _Non ab attractione aliqua._

[228] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 140, l. 15-29; Op. Omn.

140, l. 11-22.

[229] Harvey: Letter to Morison, Syd. 604, l. 22-33; Op. Omn. 621,

l. 6-15.

[230] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 26 to 133, l.

14; Op. Omn. 132, l. 18 to 133, l. 11.

[231] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113, l. 24-25; Op. Omn.

113, l. 19-20.

[232] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 80, l. 32; Op. Omn.

82, l. 15-16.

[233] Compare Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 19-28;

Op. Omn. 122, l. 8-14.

[234] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 27, l. 25-27; Op. Omn.

29, l. 12-14.

[235] _Ad constitutionem suam._ Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII,

Syd. 80, l. 39 to 81, l. 3; Op. Omn. 82, l. 22-26.

[236] Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 left, l. 19 and 80 left, l. 8-10;

Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. XI, 223, l. 37-39 and 224, l. 16-21.

[237] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 11-15; Op. Omn.

132, l. 4-7.

[238] _Quia non pulsant. sed potius attrahi._ The jotting would

seem to leave the verb "_videntur_" or the like, to be understood.

Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 left, l. 8-13.

[239] _Eodem tempore tactu sentitur pulsus Arteriae quasi attrahitur

vena cava._ Harvey: Prelectiones, 77 right, l. 11-12.

[240] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 21, l. 23-27; Op. Omn. 23,

l. 16-19. Compare Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 139, l. 26 to 140,

l. 29; Op. Omn. 139, l. 21 to 140, l. 22.

[241] _Auriculae pulsant post emotum cor sanguinis multitudine._

Harvey: Prelectiones, 73 left, l. 10.

[242] Harvey: Prelectiones, 77 right, l. 15.

[243] _Quorum radicale humidum glutinosum magis, aut pingue, et

lentum est, et non ita facile dissolubile._

[244] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 4-14; Op. Omn.

29, l. 29 to 30, l. 6.

[245] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 138, l. 9-11; Op. Omn.

138, l. 4-6.

[246] Galen: On Anatomical Manipulations, Kn. Vol. II, 614, l. 8-11.

On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 238, l. 7 to

239, l. 1; Mül. 198, l. 4-16.

[247] Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Müller, Leipsic, 1903, 55,

l. 20-22. Harvey says in his lecture notes: "_Item_ Cicero [has]

much about the use of the parts in De Natura Deorum libro 2°."

Prelectiones, 98 left, l. 25.

[248] Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Lib. VI, cap. 8, 584, l.

53-57.

[249] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 53, l. 26 to 54, l. 15; Op.

Omn. 55, l. 21 to 56, l. 11.

[250] For the references to Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli

and Blaise Pascal, see J. C. Poggendorff, Geschichte der Physik,

Leipsic, 1879, 251-255, 319-325 and 328-334.

[251] S. Hales: Statical Essays, containing Hæmastaticks, etc. Vol.

II, London, 1733. Preface, pp. xvii, l. 13 to xviii, l. 22 and

Experiment III, 13, l. 13 to 17, l. 3. See also P. M. Dawson: The

Biography of Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., Johns Hopkins Hospital

Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 159, June, 1904, 185-192. Stephen Hales the

Physiologist, Do., Vol. XV, Nos. 160-161, July-August, 1904, 232-237.

[252] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 134, l. 7-16; Op. Omn.

134, l. 8-15.

[253] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 135, l. 12-16; Op. Omn.

135, l. 11-15.

[254] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 93, l. 37 to 94, l. 5;

Op. Omn. 95, l. 29 to 96, l. 4.

[255] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 598, l. 36 to 602, l. 34; Op.

Omn. 615, l. 10 to 619, l. 7.

[256] _Cacochymica._

[257] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 124, l. 5-10; Op. Omn.

123, l. 25-29.

[258] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 9-12; Op. Omn.

122, l. 1-3.

[259] Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 602, l. 7-10; Op. Omn. 618, l.

18-21.

[260] _Quasi versus principium._

[261] _Et contra spontaneum moveatur._

[262] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 70, l. 33 to 71, l. 11;

Op. Omn. 72, l. 4-17.

[263] _Lacuna._

[264] _Declinante sponte sanguine et, venarum motu, compresso ad

centrum._ Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 27, l. 33-35; Op.

Omn. 29, l. 19-21.

[265] Malpighi: Letter II Regarding the Lungs, Bologna, 1661.

Marcelli Malpighii Opera Omnia, Leyden, 1687, Vol. II, 328.

[266] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 96, l. 37 to 97, l. 13;

Op. Omn. 99, l. 2-15. The term "circulatory vessels" is one repeated

by Harvey from Riolanus, whose views he is here refuting. Riolanus

speaks of the region outside the liver, to which the branches of

the portal vein are distributed, as the "first region." The "second

and third regions" appear to comprise all the rest of the body. See

Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 90, l. 30 to 91, l. 23; Op.

Omn. 92, l. 21 to 93, l. 18. See also Joannes Riolanus, Filius:

Encheiridium Anatomicum et Pathologicum, 154, l. 1-13; 155, l. 17 to

156, l. 17; 297, l. 7-17.

[267] _Quibus absorptus et exhaustus traducitur._ Harvey: Exercise

to Riolanus, II, Syd. 133, l. 30-39; Op. Omn. 133, l. 25 to 134, l.

[268] _In sinistri ventriculi locum._ Harvey: On the Motion, etc.,

VII, Syd. 45, l. 5-9; Op. Omn. 47, l. 7-10.

[269] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 133, l. 3-6; Op. Omn.

132, l. 30 to 133, l. 2.

[270] Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left, l. 30-32.

[271] Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 left, l. 31.

[272] Shakspere: Hamlet, Act I, Scene IV, l. 70-73.

[273] ἀύτη γὰρ ὀυσία ὀφθαλμοῦ ἡ κατὰ τὸν λόγον.

[274] κίνησις. Cf. p. 52.

[275] δύναμις.

[276] ὅτι ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἐιρημένων τούτων

ἀρχὴ καὶ τούτοις ὥρισται.

[277] θρεπτικῷ, ἀισθωτικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει.

[278] The foregoing passages from Aristotle's treatise On Soul occur

respectively as follows: 412_a_, 14-15; 414_a_, 12-14; 412_b_,

18-22; 413_a_, 26; 413_a_, 31; 413_a_, 20-26; 413_a_, 31 to _b_, 16.

[279] ὀυθὲν γὰρ ἀυτοῦ τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ κοινωνεῖ

[σωματικὴ ἐνέργια.]

[280] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_,

7. The quoted passage is 736_b_, 28-29. Compare On Soul, 413_b_,

24-29.

It was not Greek philosophy alone in which in ancient times the word

corresponding to "soul" was used in a wider sense than that of the

quotation from "Hamlet." In the English Authorized Version of the

Old Testament, first published in 1611, we read in Genesis II, 7:

"Man became a living soul." The reading is the same in the Revised

Version of 1885. In Genesis I, 30, we read in both versions: "And

to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to

every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein _there is_ life,

_I have given_ every green herb for meat." In both versions it is

noted in the margin that the expression translated by the single

English word "life" is, in the Hebrew, "a living soul." Accordingly

we find this Hebrew expression of Genesis I, 30, rendered "a soul

of life"--ψυχὴν ζωῆς,--in the ancient translation of

the Old Testament into Greek, known as the "Septuagint," which was

probably completed less than two hundred years after the death of

Aristotle and more than one hundred and fifty years before the

Christian era. In the early Latin translation of the Scriptures

which was finished in A.D. 405, and is largely embodied in the

"Vulgate" of to-day, we read in the same verse--Genesis I, 30,

"_anima viviens_"--"a living soul." In Genesis II, 7, where the

reference is to man himself and the English Bible reads "a living

soul," the Vulgate reads "_animam viventem_," using the same Latin

words as for the lower creatures of I, 30. In like manner the

Septuagint reads in Genesis II, 7, ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, as it

reads in I, 30, ψυχὴν ζωῆς. Other instances from the Book

of Genesis could be cited of the wide significance given therein to

the expression which corresponds to "soul."

[281] _Domi._ Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals,

736_a_, 24 to 737_b_, 7.

[282] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 511, l. 1-24; Op. Omn. 532,

l. 9-29.

[283] _Neque sanguinis vim, virtutem, rationem, motum, aut calorem,

ut cordis domum, habet._ Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137,

l. 16-17; Op. Omn. 137, l. 8-9.

[284] Hippocrates: On the Nature of Man, Lit. Vol. VI, 44, l. 7-10.

[285] Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 239, l. 13-23 and l. 29-31;

Op. Omn. 253, l. 3-11 and l. 15-18.

[286] Harvey: On Generation, LVII, Syd. 430, l. 23-33; Op. Omn. 449,

l. 11-21.

[287] _Promanat._

[288] Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 347, l. 26 to 348, l. 3;

Op. Omn. 363, l. 18 to 364, l. 2.

[289] _Primigenia._

[290] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 375, l. 40 to 376, l. 8; Op.

Omn. 392, l. 3-10.

[291] Leviticus XVII, 11 and 14--Harvey's own reference. Not these

two verses merely, but the whole of chapter XVII, should be read,

not only in the Authorized Version, but in the Revised Version also.

[292] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 376, l. 19-21; Op. Omn. 392,

l. 20-22.

[293] Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 377, l. 3-11; Op. Omn. 393, l.

7-14.

[294] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 14-16; Op. Omn. 396,

l. 18-20.

[295] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 26-35; Op. Omn. 398,

l. 1-8.

[296] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 391, l. 11-30; Op. Omn. 408,

l. 8-22.

[297] Aristotle: On Soul, Book I, chapter 2--Harvey's own reference.

For Thales, Diogenes, Heraclitus, Alcmæon, and their views, see

also Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, I Theil, 5 Auflage,

Leipsic, 1892. For Critias, see William Smith, Dictionary of Greek

and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. I, London, 1880, 892.

[298] Aristotle: History of Animals, I, chapter 19--Harvey's own

reference. This should read III, chapter 19, 520_b_, 14-17 and

521_a_, 6-9. The reference to Book I is an error of the press which

has been copied without correction from the _Editio Princeps_ in

both the Opera Omnia and the Sydenham translation. Aristotle: On the

Parts of Animals, II, chapter 3 (Harvey's own reference), 650b, 2-8.

[299] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 37 to 381, l. 20; Op.

Omn. 397, l. 8-27.

[300] Plato: Phædo, 96_b_: Platonis Dialogi, Hermann-Wohlrab, Vol.

I, 142, l. 2-3.

[301] Censorinus: De Die Natali, chapter VI, § 1, Edition Hultsch,

1867, 10.

[302] Empedocles: Fragment 105, l. 3; Diels, Poetarum Philosophorum

Fragmenta, Berlin, 1901, 146, constituting Vol. III of Wilamowitz-

Moellendorf, Poetarum Græcorum Fragmenta. See also Zeller, Die

Philosophie der Griechen, I Theil, 5 Auflage, 1892.

[303] Theophrastus: Opera Omnia: On Sensation and Sensible Things,

II, (10), Edition Wimmer, 323_a_, Paris, Didot, 1866.

[304] Compare Aristotle: On Soul, 404_b_, 27-30.

[305] Aristotle: History of Animals, 520_b_, 14-17.

[306] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 382, l. 18-21; Op. Omn. 398,

l. 24-27.

[307] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 3-6; Op. Omn. 396, l.

9-12.

[308] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 390, l. 35 to 391, l. 2; Op.

Omn. 407, l. 25-30.

[309] See Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 595, l. 6-15; Op. Omn.

635, l. 10-17.

[310] See J. B. Meyer: Aristoteles' Thierkunde, 1855, 411, l. 14 to

413, l. 2.

[311] _Calor animalis._

[312] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 501, l. 29 to 502, l. 16 and

502, l. 38 to 503, l. 20; Op. Omn. 523, l. 1-16 and 524, l. 8-24.

[313] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 6-10; Op. Omn. 525,

l. 13-16.

[314] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 16-34; Op. Omn. 525,

l. 20 to 526, l. 2.

[315] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter 3

(Harvey's own reference), 736_b_, 29-31.

[316] The Latin translation of this passage which is quoted by

Harvey reads: "_Omnis animae sive potentia_, etc." The Greek text of

Aristotle reads: "πάσης μὲν ὀῦν ψυχῆς δὺναμις," κ.τ.λ.,

meaning "the faculty of every soul." In the part of the chapter

which just precedes this passage Aristotle discourses of "the

nutritive soul," "the sensory soul," and "the intellectual soul";

and the context makes it clear that the words of the passage quoted

by Harvey refer to the faculty of every kind of soul, and not simply

to the faculty of the soul of every living being.

[317] ἑτέρου σώματος ἔοικε κεκοινωνηκέναι, κ.τ.λ. The

Latin translation of these words, which is quoted by Harvey, reads:

"_corpus aliud participare videtur_." Regarding the significance

of κεκοινωνηκέναι in this passage compare Aristotle:

Economics, 1343a, 10-12; although this treatise is now believed to

be not by Aristotle himself, but by a later member of his school.

[318] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 33 to 737_a_,

[319] πνεῦμα (_Pneuma_).

[320] The following are the words of Aristotle which Harvey omits

from his quotation:--

"and, moreover, as the souls differ one from another in nobility

and ignobleness, so too does the nature aforesaid differ."

(Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 31-33.)

If these words be read in their proper connection, it becomes clear

that "the nature which is analogous to the element of the stars"

is the same as "the nature aforesaid" (ἡ τοιαύτη φύσις),

which is the "body other than the so-called elements and more

divine." Fire is repeatedly styled a "body" by Aristotle, it being

one of the four "simple bodies" (ἁπλᾶ σώματα) or elements.

Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption, 330_b_, 1-3. We

shall find that Harvey in his turn styles fire a "body" (_corpus_).

See Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-31; Op. Omn. 527,

l. 28 to 528, l. 1.

The Latin translation of Aristotle which Harvey quotes reads, in

dealing with the "spirits": "_spiritus qui in semine spumosoque

corpore continetur, et natura quae in eo spiritu est proportione

respondens elemento stellarum_." (Aristotle: On the Generation of

Animals, Vol. III, 360_b_, 4-5.) The Greek text reads: τὸ

ἐμπεριλαμβανόμενον ἐν τῷ σπέρματι καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀφρώδει πνεῦμα καὶ ἐν τῷ πνεύματι φύσις,

ἀνάλογον ὀῦσα τῷ τῶν ἄστρων στοιχείῳ (736_b_, 35 to 737_a_, 1). Two

manuscripts omit "ἐν" before "τῷ πνεύματι."

In the chapter immediately preceding Aristotle says:--

"Not only does a liquid become thick which is made of water and

earthy matter, but also one made of water and spirits; even as

foam thickens and whitens; and the smaller and less conspicuous

the bubbles are, the whiter and stiffer does the mass appear.

Oil, too, is affected in the same way; for it becomes thick when

mixed with spirits, so that, as it whitens, it thickens; what

is watery within it being separated by the heat, and becoming

spirits.... For the reasons aforesaid the semen, too, is stiff

and white as it issues from within, since it contains much hot

spirits due to the interior heat. But after the exit of the

semen, when its heat has exhaled and its air has cooled, it

liquefies and darkens. For in drying semen, as in phlegm, the

water remains and perhaps some little earthy matter. The semen

then is a combination of spirits and water, the spirits being

hot air; so the semen, being derived from water, is naturally

liquid.... The cause of the whiteness of the semen is that the

generative medium (ἡ γονή) is foam, and that foam is

white.... It seems not to have escaped even the ancients that

the nature of semen is foamy; at all events they named from this

property (δυνάμεως) the goddess who rules coition."

(Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 735_b_, 8-16; 735_b_,

32 to 736_a_, 2; 736_a_, 13-14 and _a_, 18-21.)

A very ancient poem, ascribed to Hesiod, relates the myth of

Aphrodite and says that she was so called by gods and men "because

she was produced in foam." (Theogony, l. 197-198.) The "air"

ἀήρ o f one of the foregoing passages from Aristotle

is of course not atmospheric air, but something aëriform produced

by heat, as the context shows. In the same treatise he speaks of

the presence, within the early embryo which has never breathed,

of spirits (πνεῦμα) due to heat and moisture, "the one

active, the other passive." (On the Generation of Animals, 741_b_,

37 to 742_a_, 16.)

[321] The Latin translation quoted by Harvey renders the Greek words

"ὀυδὲ φαίνεται συνιστάμενον πυρουμένοις ὀύτ' [ἐν]

ὑγροῖς ὀύτ ἐν ξηροῖς ὀυθέν" (737a, 1-3) by the misleading

words "_neque constitui quidquam densis vel humidis vel siccis

videntur_." Therefore, in translating this passage into English, it

has seemed necessary to make it intelligible by giving to the word

"πυρουμένοις" its proper meaning, rather than by rendering

literally the earlier translator's ill-chosen Latin word "_densis_."

[322] The Latin quoted by Harvey, viz.: "_qui semine continetur_,"

scarcely gives the force of the original Greek "ἡ διὰ τοῦ

σπέρματος" (737_a_, 3-4), which Greek words, rather than the

Latin, are rendered in the present English translation.

[323] ἀλλὰ κἄν tι περίττωμα τύχῃ τῆς φύσεως ὂν ἕτερον.

κ.τ.λ. (737_a_, 4-5). Compare the construction of this passage with

that of the following: διά τὸ πλησιαίτερα ἡμῶν ἐῖναι καὶ

τῆς φύσεως ὀικειότερα. κ.τ.λ. Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals,

645_a_, 2-3.

[324] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 33 to 737_a_,

7. In translating into English the foregoing Aristotelian passages

the present writer has sought rather to indicate than to smooth away

the ruggedness of the original Greek. Harvey quotes these passages

verbatim from a Latin translation which may be found in Volume III

of the Berlin Academy's quarto edition of Aristotle's works. This

translation was made in the fifteenth century by Theodore Gaza, a

learned Greek of Thessalonica, who had fled from the conquering

Turks to Italy, where he learned Latin not long before his thirtieth

year. Gaza was neither physician nor biologist. In view of these

facts we need not wonder that his Latin version of Aristotle On the

Generation of Animals is occasionally unsatisfactory, as we have

seen. In the edition of the Greek text of Aristotle's History of

Animals, published by Teubner in 1907 (Aristotelis De Animalibus

Historia, textum recognovit Leonardus Dittmeyer, 1907, Leipsic,

p. XXII, l. 1-5), the editor says in his Latin preface, regarding

Gaza's Latin Translation of the History of Animals: "There is

need of caution, if we wish to unearth the Greek text from his

interpretation."

[325] _Respondens_, not _proportione respondens_.

[326] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 505, l. 18 to 506, l. 16;

Op. Omn. 526, l. 20 to 527, l. 20.

[327] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-38; Op. Omn. 529,

l. 24 to 530, l. 5.

[328] The sources, contained in Aristotle's own works, of the

foregoing brief sketch of his conception of the universe, are as

follows: On Heaven, the whole of the treatise; On Generation and

Corruption, the whole of the treatise; Physics, Book IV, chapter 14,

223_b_, 15 to 224_a_, 2; Meteorology, Book I, chapters 1, 2, 3, and

9; Metaphysics, Book XI, chapter 7, 1072_b_, 28-30, and chapter 8;

Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI, chapter 7, 1141_a_, 33 to _b_, 2; On

the Parts of Animals, Book I, chapters 4 and 5, 644_b_, 20-25; Book

II, chapter 10, 656_a_, 3-8; On the Generation of Animals, Book IV,

chapter 10. The treatise entitled "On the Universe: To Alexander,"

is not a genuine work of Aristotle. See V. Rose: De Aristotelis

Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate, 90-100. Besides the foregoing

Aristotelian texts, see Prantl's note, number 37, on pages 303-307

of his edition of Aristotle's treatise On Heaven and On Generation

and Corruption, and the references to other writers contained in the

said note.

[329] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_a_, 5-7.

[330] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_b_, 25-26.

[331] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_a_, 30-32.

[332] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_b_, 15-17.

[333] Aristotle: On Heaven, 270_b_, 1-5 and 20-24. Aristotle accepts

the derivation of αἱθέρα from ἀεὶ θεῖν. Modern

philology rejects this.

[334] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_b_, 17-19.

[335] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 13-16.

[336] Milton: Paradise Lost, III, l. 716-721.

[337] See pp. 119-121.

[338] Aristotle: Physics, 194_b_, 13.

[339] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 731_b_, 35 to 732_a_,

1. This is a small part of a passage of which the whole should be

read, viz.: 731_b_, 24 to 732_a_, 6. Compare On Generation and

Corruption, 337_a_, 34 to 338_b_, 19.

[340] Aristotle: History of Animals, 511_b_, 1-4.

[341] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 652_b_, 23-26. On the

Generation of Animals, 742_b_, 35 to 743_a_, 1.

[342] Compare Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 26 to

645_b_, 14.

[343] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter

3--Harvey's own reference.

[344] Harvey: On Generation, XXVIII, Syd. 285, l. 22-36; Op. Omn.

300, l. 9-21.

[345] Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 502, l. 25-37; Op.

Omn. 523, l. 24 to 524, l. 7.

[346] _E.g._ Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op.

Omn. 529, l. 2-5.

[347] See pp. 119-121.

[348] Cicero _et al._

[349] See Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_b_, 18 to 270_a_, 12. Compare J.

B. Meyer: Aristoteles' Thierkunde, II Abschnitt, § 2, 407, l. 20 to

413, l. 27.

[350] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 26 to _b_, 14;

especially 645_b_, 6-10. See also Poetics, 1457_b_, 16-19.

[351] See p. 120.

[352] See pp. 119-121.

[353] See p. 120.

[354] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 37 to 508, l. 13;

Op. Omn. 529, l. 6-16.

[355] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 513, l. 1-24 and 516, l.

14-17; Op. Omn. 534, l. 12 to 535, l. 6 and 537, l. 26-28.

[356] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 19-22; Op. Omn.

539, l. 3-5. For the views of Empedocles and Democritus, see Zeller:

Philosophie der Griechen, 1 Theil, 2 Hälfte, 5 Auflage, 750-777 and

837-898. For the views of the chemists, see Roscoe and Schorlemmer:

A Treatise on Chemistry, Vol. I, 1878, 3-11.

[357] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 27-32; Op. Omn.

539, l. 9-14. The words at the end of the quotation read, in

Harvey's text: "_aut principia esse corporum similarium_." The

"_corpora similaria_" or "_partes similares_" are the ὁμοιομερῆ

of Aristotle, which in anatomy answer, nearly, to the "tissues"

of modern parlance. See Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 646_a_,

12-24.

[358] See p. 105.

[359] See p. 116.

[360] See p. 117.

[361] See pp. 119-121 and notes 321-324.

[362] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529,

l. 2-5.

[363] _Sanguinis calor est animalis, quatenus scilicet in

operationibus suis ab anima gubernatur_; etc.

[364] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 529,

l. 17-20.

[365] Compare Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_a_, 11-32.

[366] κόσμος means both "order" and "ornament."

[367] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-29; Op. Omn. 529,

l. 24-30.

[368] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 737_a_, 16 to

_b_, 7, especially _a_, 30-34; 741_a_, 3-32; 750_b_, 3-26; 757_b_,

14-19, and _b_, 23-27.

[369] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 20-25; Op. Omn. 397,

l. 27-30. Compare the same, LIV, Syd. 402, l. 10-27; Op. Omn. 419,

l. 23 to 420, l. 8.

[370] See p. 121.

[371] _Fateatur._

[372] Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 350, l. 2-16; Op. Omn. 365,

l. 31 to 366, l. 11.

[373] See pp. 122-123.

[374] See p. 119. See also Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals,

736_b_, 30.

[ 375] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-29; Op. Omn.

527, l. 28-31. Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption,

330_b_, 1-3, and elsewhere.

[376] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 17 to 507, l. 15;

Op. Omn. 527, l. 21 to 528, l. 20. Do., Syd. 508, l. 30 to 509, l.

24; Op. Omn. 530, l. 5-27.

[377] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 29-30; Op. Omn. 527,

l. 32.

[378] _Participare._

[379] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 528,

l. 13-20.

[380] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_,

7. Gaza's Latin translation of this chapter may be found on page 350

of the third volume of the Prussian Academy's edition of Aristotle's

Works.

[381] Compare p. 120.

[382] Aristotle: Meteorology, 382_a_, 6-7.

[383] Aristotle: Meteorology, 340_b_, 22-23.

[384] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 518, l. 15-36; Op. Omn.

540, l. 1-17.

[385] Harvey: Prelectiones, 98 left.

[386] Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Mül. 60, l. 23 to 61, l. 2.

[387] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age and on Life and Death, 469_b_,

15-16.

[388] Aristotle: On Respiration, 474_a_, 26-28.

[389] συναίτιον.

[390] τῶν δὲ φύσει συνισταμένων σάντων.

[391] λόγος.

[392] Aristotle: On Soul, 416_a_, 9-18.

[393] See pp. 119 and 140.

[394] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539_a_, 15-25; 550_b_,

30 to 551_a_, 13: On the Generation of Animals, 761_a_, 12 to

763_b_, 16.

[395] κινοῦσα.

[396] Aristotle: Meteorology, 364_b_, 20-23.

[397] κινοῦντα.

[398] Aristotle: Metaphysics, 1071_a_, 11-17. Compare Physics,

194_b_, 29-32 and On the Generation of Animals, 716_a_, 4-7.

[399] τὸ δημιουργοῦν. Aristotle: On the Generation of

Animals, 738_b_, 20-21.

[400] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_b_, 2-4.

[401] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738_b_, 25-26;

Compare 716_a_, 4-7.

[402] Aristotle: On Respiration, 479_a_, 29-30.

[403] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741_a_, 3-32, 757_b_,

14-27.

[404] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 716_a_, 13-17.

[405] Strictly speaking, it is left uncertain by the Greek text

whether the verb translated by the words "when ... inclusion ...

has taken place" refers to "heat," or to "soul," or to both. This

uncertainty, however, does not affect the sense, as both the

expression "psychical heat," and the words which follow it, imply

the association of heat and soul with one another. A line or two

beyond this quoted passage, Aristotle speaks of "the inclusion of

the psychical principle."

[406] Owing to the vagueness of the word συνιστάται this

must be translated here by a periphrasis such as "an individual

is formed." The verb συνιστάναι is used by Aristotle to

express not only the immediate result of spontaneous generation,

or the production of the embryo in sexual generation, but also the

curdling of milk, the condensation of vapor into water, and even the

constitution of the universe.

[407] θερμαινομένων τῶν σωματικῶν ὑγρῶν.

[408] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_a_, 18-24.

[409] ἡ δὲ θάλαττα ... σωματώδης, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῦ ποτίμου

... ἐστί. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 761_b_, 8-12.

Compare 761_a_, 33 to _b_, 2.

[410] περίττωμα.

[411] _I.e._, the female animal.

[412] _I.e._, in the higher animals.

[413] συνίστησιν.

[414] κίνησιν ἐντίθησιν.

[415] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_a_, 35 to _b_, 19.

[416] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 729_a_, 34 to _b_,

21; and the passages cited on p. 145.

[417] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 743_a_, 26 to

_b_, 5.

[418] φρόνησισ Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit.

Vol. VI, 390, l. 10 to 394, l. 8.

[419] Genesis: II, 7.

[420] Aristotle: On Soul, 410_b_, 27 to 411_a_, 2.

[421] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 22 to 737_b_,

[422] Aristotle: On Soul, 410_b_, 16 to 411_a_, 22.

[423] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728_b_, 21-32.

[424] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728_a_, 9-11.

[425] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 763_a_, 24 to _b_, 4.

[426] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 35-37.

Gaza translates the foregoing as follows: _spiritus qui in semine

spumosoque corpore continetur_. Aristotle: Op. Ed. Acad. Reg.

Boruss. Vol. III, 360_b_, l. 4.

[427] Hesiod: Theogony, l. 188-200. Compare Aristotle: On the

Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 18-21, and see note 320. The same

myth is referred to by Harvey in his turn: On Generation, L, Syd.

368, l. 1-7; Op. Omn. 383, l. 18-22.

[428] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 11-19. The derivation now

accepted of the word "ether," αἰθήρ, is from ἄθω, "I kindle"; which

substantiates Aristotle's account of the view which he combats.

Indeed, Aristotle himself says: "Anaxagoras, however, has not

employed this word correctly; for he uses the word 'ether' in place

of 'fire.'" On Heaven, 270_b_, 24-25.

[429] The ether.

[430] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 19-22 and 26-35.

[431] Aristotle: Meteorology, 341_a_, 35-36.

[432] See pp. 119 and 140.

[433] Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 12-25; Op. Omn. 383, l.

26 to 384, l. 4.

[434] _Quod sponte nascentibus fæcunditatem affert._

[435] Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 370, l. 27-34; Op. Omn. 386, l.

14-20. See note 439.

[436] _In sponte nascentibus vermis._

[437] _Conclusae humiditatis._

[438] Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 414, l. 32 to 415, l. 9; Op.

Omn. 433, l. 5-11.

[439] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539_b_, 17-25. Harvey:

On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 75, l. 23-29; Op. Omn. 77, l. 1-6.

Harvey: On Generation, I, Syd. 170, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 182, l.

20-23; Do. L, Syd. 367, l. 30-36; Op. Omn. 383, l. 10-15; Do. LXII,

Syd. 457, l. 18-27; Op. Omn. 477, l. 4-12. Harvey: On Parturition,

Syd. 524, l. 31-39; Op. Omn. 544, l. 13-19. T. H. Huxley:

Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VIII, Article on "Evolution,"

746, especially 746_a_, 43 to _b_, 2. W. K. Brooks: William Harvey

as an Embryologist, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Vol. VIII,

1897, 169_a_, 7 to 170_b_, 26.

[440] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 724_a_, 14 to

727_b_, 33.

[441] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 36 to 383, l. 7; Op.

Omn. 398, l. 9-16.

[442] _Intellectu._

[443] _Ratiocinio._

[444] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 16-26; Op. Omn. 528,

l. 21-29.

[445] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_a_, 21-24.

[446] Aristotle: Physics, 223_b_, 24-26.

[447] Milton: Paradise Lost, Book VIII, l. 15-178.

[448] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 9-11; Op. Omn.

132, l. 2-3.

[449] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 123, l. 21-33; Op. Omn.

123, l. 15-17.

[450] _Aërem_; _i.e._, aëriform vapor.

[451] Compare Aristotle: On Sleep and Waking, 457_b_, 29 to 458_a_,

[452] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 46, l. 25-33; Op. Omn.

48, l. 28 to 49, l. 2.

[453] _Quatenus est elementaris._

[454] The goddess of the domestic fire.

[455] Compare Plato: Timæus, 48_e_ to 50_a_; 54_c_ to 62_c_, and

76_c_ to 80_d_; Plato: Philebus, 28_e_ to 30_a_.

[456] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 510, l. 5-40; Op. Omn. 531,

l. 12 to 532, l. 9.

[457] Æschylus: Agamemnon, l. 5-6.

INDEX

Air, and fire, 14;

and respiration, 15, 23, 31, 40;

and spirits, Harvey on, 29;

soul in, 147.

Alcmæon, 111.

Ancients, Harvey and, 2, 3.

_Anima_, 23, 103, 147.