Hunting and Hawking--Entertainment of the
Shaikh--Tollemache--Mirage--Nadir Shâh and Turkish Ambassador.
We were kept several weeks at Abusheher; and among other amusements
by which we beguiled the tedium of our sojourn at this dull sea-port,
were those of hunting and hawking; which, according to the Nimrods of
our party, are nowhere found in greater perfection: but as the mode
of killing the game differs essentially from that of other countries,
I shall describe it, that such sportsmen as can read may judge of its
merits.
The huntsmen proceed to a large plain, or rather desert, near the
sea-side: they have hawks and greyhounds; the former carried in the
usual manner, on the hand of the huntsman; the latter led in a leash by
a horseman, generally the same who carries the hawk. When the antelope
is seen, they endeavour to get as near as possible; but the animal, the
moment it observes them, goes off at a rate that seems swifter than
the wind; the horsemen are instantly at full speed, having slipped the
dogs. If it is a single deer, they at the time fly the hawks; but if a
herd, they wait till the dogs have fixed on a particular antelope. The
hawks, skimming along near the ground, soon reach the deer, at whose
head they pounce in succession, and sometimes with a violence that
knocks it over. At all events, they confuse the animal so much as to
stop its speed in such a degree that the dogs can come up; and in an
instant men, horses, dogs, and hawks, surround the unfortunate deer,
against which their united efforts have been combined. The part of the
chase that surprised me most was the extraordinary combination of the
hawks and the dogs, which throughout seemed to look to each other for
aid. This, I was told, was the result of long and skilful training.
The antelope is supposed to be the fleetest quadruped on earth, and
the rapidity of the first burst of the chase I have described is
astonishing. The run seldom exceeds three or four miles, and often is
not half so much. A fawn is an easy victory; the doe often runs a good
chase, and the buck is seldom taken. The Arabs are, indeed, afraid
to fly their hawks at the latter, as these fine birds, in pouncing,
frequently impale themselves on its sharp horns.
The hawks used in this sport are of a species that I have never seen in
any other country. This breed, which is called Cherkh, is not large,
but of great beauty and symmetry.
Another mode of running down the antelope is practised here, and still
more in the interior of Persia. Persons of the highest rank lead their
own greyhounds in a long silken leash, which passes through the collar,
and is ready to slip the moment the huntsman chooses. The well-trained
dog goes alongside the horse, and keeps clear of him when at full
speed, and in all kinds of country. When a herd of antelopes is seen,
a consultation is held, and the most experienced determine the point
towards which they are to be driven. The field (as an English sportsman
would term it) then disperse, and while some drive the herd in the
desired direction, those with the dogs take their post on the same
line, at the distance of about a mile from each other; one of the worst
dogs is then slipped at the herd, and from the moment he singles out
an antelope the whole body are in motion. The object of the horsemen
who have greyhounds is to intercept its course, and to slip fresh dogs,
in succession, at the fatigued animal. In rare instances the second
dog kills. It is generally the third or fourth; and even these, when
the deer is strong, and the ground favourable, often fail. This sport,
which is very exhilarating, was the delight of the late King of Persia,
Aga Mahomed Khan, whose taste is inherited by the present Sovereign.
The novelty of these amusements interested me, and I was pleased, on
accompanying a party to a village, about twenty miles from Abusheher,
to see a species of hawking, peculiar, I believe, to the sandy plains
of Persia, on which the Hubara,[17] a noble species of bustard is found
on almost bare plains, where it has no shelter but a small shrub called
geetuck. When we went in quest of them we had a party of about twenty,
all well mounted. Two kinds of hawks are necessary for this sport; the
first, the cherkh (the same which is flown at the antelope), attacks
them on the ground, but will not follow them on the wing; for this
reason, the Bhyree, a hawk well known in India, is flown the moment the
hubara rises.
As we rode along in an extended line, the men who carried the cherkhs
every now and then unhooded and held them up, that they might look
over the plain. The first hubara we found afforded us a proof the
astonishing quickness of sight of one of the hawks; he fluttered to be
loose, and the man who held him gave a whoop, as he threw him off his
hand, and set off at full speed. We all did the same. At first we only
saw our hawk skimming over the plain, but soon perceived, at a distance
of more than a mile the beautiful speckled hubara, with his head erect,
and wings outspread, running forward to meet his adversary. The cherkh
made several unsuccessful pounces, which were either evaded or repelled
by the beak or wings of the hubara, which at last found an opportunity
of rising, when a bhyree was instantly flown, and the whole party were
again at full gallop. We had a flight of more than a mile, when the
hubara alighted, and was killed by another cherkh, who attacked him on
the ground. This bird weighed ten pounds. We killed several others,
but were not always successful, having seen our hawks twice completely
beaten during the two days we followed this fine sport.
The inhabitants of the country over which we hunted are all Arabs.
They live, like their brethren in other parts, almost entirely on
camels' milk and dates. Their care appears limited to the preservation
of the animal and the propagation of the tree, which yield what they
account the best of this world's luxuries; and these not only furnish
this lively race of men with food, but with almost all the metaphors
in which their language abounds. Of this we had an amusing instance:
amongst others who accompanied the Elchee on this sporting expedition
was a young officer, who measured six feet seven inches: he, like
others, had lain down to take an hour's repose, between our morning and
evening hunt. An old Arab who was desired to awake him, smiling, said
to his servant, "Entreat your date-tree to rise." We had a hearty laugh
at our friend, who was not at first quite reconciled to this comparison
of his commanding stature to the pride of the desert.
If we were amused by the field-diversions of the Persians and Arabs,
they were equally so with our mode of hunting. The Elchee had brought
a few couples of English fox-hounds, intending them as a present to
the heir-apparent, Abbas Meerzâ. With this small pack we had several
excellent runs. One morning we killed a fox, after a very hard chase;
and while the rest of the party were exulting in their success, cutting
off poor reynard's brush, praising the hounds, adding some two feet
to a wall their horses had cleared, laughing at those who had got
tumbles, and recounting many a hair-breadth escape, I was entertained
by listening to an Arab peasant, who, with animated gestures, was
narrating to a group of his countrymen all he had seen of this noble
hunt. "There went the fox," said he, pointing with a crooked stick to
a clump of date-trees; "there he went at a great rate; I hallooed, and
hallooed, but nobody heard me, and I thought he must get away; but
when he was quite out of sight, up came a large spotted dog, and then
another and another; they all had their noses on the ground, and gave
tongue, whow, whow, whow, so loud that I was frightened:--away went
these devils, who soon found the poor animal; after them galloped the
Faringees[18], shouting and trying to make a noise louder than the
dogs: no wonder they killed the fox among them; but it is certainly
fine sport. Our Shaikh has no dogs like these." This last remark was
assented to by all present, and the possession of a breed of dogs,
which their Shaikh had not, added not a little, in the eyes of those
peasants, to the character of the mission.
We were now busy preparing to leave Abusheher. Before we took our
departure, the Shaikh gave the Elchee and his suite an entertainment.
Among other subjects of conversation at this feast, the name of the
Derveish Abdûlla, who had some years before visited that port, and
sailed for India, was mentioned. I smiled as they related stories of
his sanctity and learning, and still more as I found different parties,
a Turk, a Persian, and an Arab, contending for the honour their country
derived from his belonging to it. "You have only to hear him speak, and
repeat poetry," said Hajee Ismael, "to be certain he is a Persian."
"It is his recital of passages of the Koran that convinces me he is an
Arab," said the Shaikh. "You may say what you like," said Abdûlla Aga,
"but no man but a native of Turkey ever spoke Turkish like Derveish
Abdûlla."
At this part of the conversation I put in my word, and said, "Really,
gentlemen, you are all mistaken; the far-famed Derveish you mention is
a Frenchman, his real name is Tollemache, and I know him well." It was
not a mere smile of incredulity with which they listened. The remark I
had made, while it received not the least credit, excited unpleasant
feelings, and a friend near me whispered that it was better to abstain
from the subject.
The following is a short history of this remarkable individual, who has
attained such a perfection in the languages and manners of the natives
of Asia as to deceive the most learned.
Mons. Tollemache, the son of a Dragoman at Constantinople, was many
years ago recommended to Mr. Warren Hastings, who patronised him; but
a quarrel, in which he was involved, at Calcutta, led to his leaving
that city and going to the north-western part of India, from whence he
went into the countries of Cabool, Khorassan, and Persia, and was lost
trace of by his European friends for twelve years. His latter name in
Persia was the Derveish Abdûlla, under which he became renowned for his
piety and learning. He had officiated as first reader of prayers[19]
before the late King, who honoured him with his favour. He came to
Abusheher, from whence he went to Surat, where, after his overtures of
service to the English government had been refused, he proceeded to
the Isle of France, and is mentioned in Lord Wellesley's notes as the
person employed there with Tippoo Sultan's Ambassadors. On proceeding
afterwards to the Red Sea he was made prisoner by Admiral Blanket, and
sent to Bombay, where I became acquainted with him at the house of a
friend with whom he resided.
The memory of Tollemache was stored with rare Persian poems and songs:
his conversation was, from his various knowledge, very entertaining.
Of his power to assume any Asiatic character, the following anecdote
will suffice. He had been dilating on his success in deceiving natives
of the countries through which he passed, and observed me to be rather
incredulous. I had not remarked his leaving the room some minutes
before I did, but, when driving out of the gate, I was so annoyed by
the importunities of a Mahomedan mendicant, who was almost naked, that
I abused him, and threatened to use my whip, if he did not desist,
when the fellow burst into a fit of laughter, and asked me if I so
soon forgot my acquaintances? I could hardly credit my eyes and ears
on recognising Tollemache; and the recollection of this occurrence
prevented me saying more to my friends at the Shaikh's party, whom I
left in the belief that the holy Abdûlla was a saint upon earth.
The first march from Abusheher we had to pass over a desert plain of
considerable extent, on which I amused myself by watching narrowly the
various changes, as we were near or remote from it, of that singular
vapour, called by the French Mirage, and by the Arabs and Persians
Sirab.
The influence of this vapour in changing the figure of objects is very
extraordinary; it sometimes gives to those seen through it the most
fantastical shapes; and, as a general effect, I think it always appears
to elevate and make objects seem much taller than they really are. A
man, for instance, seen through it at the distance of a mile and a half
upon the level plain appears to be almost as tall as a date tree.
Its resemblance to water is complete, and justifies all the metaphors
of poets, and their tales of thirsty and deluded travellers.
The most singular quality of this vapour is its power of reflection.
When a near observer is a little elevated, as on horseback, he will
see trees and other objects reflected as from the surface of a lake.
The vapour, when seen at a distance of six or seven miles, appears to
lie upon the earth like an opaque mass; and it certainly does not
rise many feet above the ground, for I observed, that while the lower
part of the town of Abusheher was hid from the view, some of the more
elevated buildings, and the tops of a few date trees, were distinctly
visible.
Among the presents for his majesty of Persia were two light
field-pieces, to which were attached a select detachment of
horse-artillery. Great care was taken to equip this party in the best
style; and as they had a difficult march to perform, they were sent in
advance, under the tall officer who has been already mentioned. Our
third stage to Dalkhee was so rough and stony, that we were alarmed
lest we should hear bad accounts of their progress; but our fears were
all dissipated by the reports of the villagers.
"Their fathers," they said "had never seen such guns, nor such a young
man as their officer." "Why," said an old Moullah, "I have often seen
our guns; they move only a few yards in an hour, though dragged by a
hundred oxen and a hundred men, and at every step the air resounds with
'Yâ Allah! yâ Allah!' (O God! O God!) my countrymen being obliged to
invoke Heaven to help them in their heavy work; but your young officer
(who is himself a wonder in size) jumps upon his horse and cries 'tap,
tap,' and away trot the guns like feathers. We all came to look at him
and his guns, and stared till we were tired; and every one expressed
his admiration. As for me, I have commenced a poem upon the party." The
Elchee, who had been laughing, looked grave at this threat of a kesseda
or ode; for he is already overwhelmed with such compositions: every man
in Persia who can make two lines rhyme in praise of the Mission being
anxious to change, so soon as possible, the product of his imagination
into solid piastres.
All our baggage and camp equipage was carried upon mules; and no
country can boast of finer animals of this description than Persia.
They carry heavy burdens, and travel great distances, at a rate of
better than four miles an hour. They go in strings; and I was amused to
see them, when at the end of the march and unloaded, tied in circles,
going after each other, at their usual pace, till they were cool.
The Khater-bashee, or master of the mules, is a person of the greatest
importance. This class of men are generally known by the strength of
their frame, and, above all, of their lungs, which are continually
exercised in consigning man and beast to every species of torment and
evil, both in this world and the next. On the first mission to Persia
we had a mule-driver called Hajee Hâshem, who, from his strength and
temper, was the terror of caravans. This man, on our second day's
march, anxious to unload his mules, refused to pay any attention to
the injunctions of Peter, the Elchee's steward, and carelessly cast a
box containing glass upon some loose stones, at the hazard of breaking
its contents. Peter, who had been educated on board a man-of-war, and
was a very stout fellow, irritated beyond bearing at this treatment of
his pantry ware, seized Hajee by the waist, and before he had time to
make an effort, cast him over the animal he had so rudely unloaded; and
while the astonished mule-driver lay sprawling, and not yet knowing
whether his bones were broken, Peter, calling his interpreter, a
Persian servant, who had learned a little English at Bombay--"Tell
that fellow," he said, in a voice which showed his rage was only half
expended, "it is lucky for him that his bones are not so brittle as my
glass, of which he will take better care another time."
Having witnessed this scene, I anticipated a complaint to the Elchee;
but what was my surprise to learn, that Hajee Hâshem had petitioned to
be exclusively attached, with his mules, to Peter's department! He was
so; they continued always the best of friends; and no disappointment
could be greater than that of the old Hajee, when he came to furnish
cattle for the second mission, at finding his ally Peter was not of the
party.
The ground of Hajee Hâshem's attachment to his friend may be deemed
extraordinary; but had the master muleteer been a historian, he might
have pleaded high authority in his own country, for valuing another for
superiority in the rough qualities in which he himself excelled.
The emperor of Constantinople, Mahmood the Fifth, the great rival
of Nadir Shâh, desiring to humble the vanity of that conqueror, and
knowing he valued himself more on his superior bodily power and
stentorian voice that on any other qualities selected, as an Envoy to
Persia, a porter, of extraordinary personal strength and most powerful
lungs.
The Envoy had merely charge of a letter, which he was told to deliver
in person to the king, to require an answer, and return. The fame of
this remarkable diplomatist preceded him; and Nadir was advised not
to receive him, as his deputation was deemed an insult. But curiosity
overcame all other considerations, and he was introduced one day that
there was a very full court.
When the Turk approached the throne, Nadir, assuming his fiercest look,
and exerting his voice to the utmost, said, "What do you desire of me?"
Almost all started, and the hall vibrated to the sound; but the Envoy,
with an undaunted air, and in a voice of thunder which made Nadir's
appear like the treble of a child, exclaimed, "Take that letter, and
give me an answer, that I may return to my master."
The court were in amazement; all eyes were turned on Nadir, whose
frowning countenance gradually relaxed into a smile, and, turning to
his courtiers, he said, "After all, the fellow certainly has merit." He
was outdone, but he could not help, like Hajee Hâshem, respecting in
another the qualities he valued in himself.
Nadir is stated to have retorted the intended insult, by saying to the
Envoy, when he gave him leave to depart, "Tell Mahmood I am glad to
find he has one man in his dominions, and has had the good sense to
send him here, that we may be satisfied of the fact."
FOOTNOTES:
[17] The Hubara usually weighs from seven to eleven pounds. On its
head is a tuft of black and white feathers; the back of the head and
neck are spotted black; the side of the head and throat are white,
as well as the under part of the body; the breast is slate-coloured;
the feathers of the wing are greenish brown, speckled with black; the
bill of a very dark grey; and on each side of the neck is a large and
handsome tuft of feathers, black and white alternately.
[18] Faringee, which is a corruption of Frank is the name given to an
European over all Asia.
[19] Paish Namaz.