Though the events connected with his invasion of Scotland are very
obscure, the poet seems on the whole to have changed the real
history but slightly.
[3] As an illustration of this, Harold’s great Foundation of the
Holy Rood at Waltham was occupied by secular canons, and had a
school attached, while Stigand, one of his firmest supporters, was
the uncanonical Archbishop of Canterbury.
[4] See p. 48
[5] It is not certain how old Eadgar was. His father died in 1057.
He must have been therefore at least nine years old, and was
probably some years older, as we hear of his executing several acts
of kingly authority.
[6] Called also Count of Meulan.
[7] Her name was Nesta. She married Gerald of Windsor, who,
as constable of Arnulf of Shrewsbury, commanded the castle of
Pembroke. Their grandson was the historian Geraldus Cambrensis.
[8] Stubb’s Select Charters.
[9] Ordericus Vitalis.
[10] William of Malmesbury.
[11] Lappenberg, Thorpe’s translation, page 377. There were
certainly several more at the time of the accession, as their names
occur attesting the charter of Stephen.
[12] Fiscal earls.
[13] Adulterine Castles. Will. Malm. Hist. Nov. I. § 18.
[14] See the conduct of Fitz-Hubert and Fitz-Gilbert at Devizes and
Marlborough, page 82.
[15] William of Malmesbury, Hist. Nov. II. § 34.
[16] The Bishop seems to have been appointed by Stephen as her
escort. William of Malmesbury says that no gentleman could refuse
an escort even to his enemy.
[17] Son of Count Alan Fergant of Brittany. Ang. Sax. Chron. ann.
1127.
[18] Bishop of Seéz, in Southern Normandy.
[19] Stubb’s Select Charters, page 21, from Matthew of Paris, 1153.
[20] While Eleanor had been his wife, Louis had systematically
pressed her claim.
[21] Ramiro of Aragon, a monk, who, for the sake of continuing the
succession, was taken from his monastery, and married. His only
daughter was the wife of Raymond of Barcelona. Their son became
King of Aragon.--Robert de Monte.
[22] The individual payment in Normandy was sixty shillings in
Angevin money. The knights’ fees of England were popularly put at
60,000: at the same rate this would have amounted to £180,000. The
scutage in England was, however, only two marks on a knight’s fee.
The scutage was repeated two years afterwards. On the supposition
that the sum mentioned applies to both those scutages, there would
have been a payment of four marks, or £2, 13s. 4d., on a knight’s
fee. This would give £160,000. The sum actually paid seems not to
have been more than a fifth of that sum.
[23] This view rested chiefly on the False Decretals, a body of
false edicts purporting to be the decisions of very early Popes,
which was produced the ninth century.
[24] The Decretal of Gratian was produced about the end of
Stephen’s reign. Gratian, a Tuscan Canonist, produced a collection
of Papal decisions, known by his name, in 1151. The Decretals are
collections of letters written by the early Popes in answers to
questions addressed to them by the Bishops. The first collection
was made at Rome by Dionysius in 550. In this collection, letters
exaggerating Papal authority were subsequently introduced, known as
the False Decretals. They received the Papal sanction from Nicholas
I. about 860.
[25] These Constitutions will be found in full in Stubbs’ Charters,
p. 132.
[26] He is said to have objected especially to Articles 1, 3, 4, 7,
8 and 12.
[27] Robert de Monte.
[28] So called from a table chequered like a chessboard, and used
for reckoning.
[29] The details of the King’s last days are to be found in
Giraldus Cambrensis, and in Hoveden. They are thrown together in an
eloquent passage by Professor Stubbs in his Preface to Hoveden.
[30] See genealogy at the end of the chapter.
[31] See genealogy at the end of the chapter.
[32] A fanatical sect established in 1090 in the mountains of North
Persia. They had two chief places, the one the fortress of Alamout
in Persia, the other Masgat in the mountains of Libanus. Their name
is derived from _Haschich_, an intoxicating drink with which they
raised their enthusiasm.
[33] John de Grey belonged to this class.
[34] He had married Joanna, John’s natural daughter.
[35] By writ of _quo warranto_.
[36] 20,000 are said to have died in London alone.
[37] There were about 150 Baronies at this time, but several Barons
had more than one.
[38] They were the Bishop of Worcester, the Earls of Leicester,
Gloucester, Norfolk, Hereford, John Fitz-Geoffrey, Peter de
Montfort, Richard de Grey, Roger Mortimer, and Albemarle. Of the
King’s party, Boniface of Canterbury, Peter of Savoy, the Earl of
Warwick, John Mansell, and James d’Audley: (in this signature he
signed his name as James of Aldither, Fitz-Geoffrey as Geoffreyson.)
[39] Fifteen at least of the royal castles were in the hands of
foreigners.
[40] Kenilworth and Odiham.
[41] Formal reference does not seem to have been made till 1263.
[42] Rishanger de Bell. Lew.
[43] Wykes is the most important.
[44] Stubbs.
[45] It is thus that the bankers’ street in London is called
Lombard Street.
[46] “Homagium suum nobis debitum nobis absque conditione aliqua
obtulit et detendit.”--RYMER.
[47]
David I., 1124-1153.
|
Henry, Earl of Huntingdon, d. 1152.
|
+--------------+--------+-----------+
| | |
Malcolm IV., William the Lion, David, Earl of
1153-1165. 1165-1214. | Huntingdon.
| |
Alexander II., +-----+--------+--------+
1214-1249. | | |
| Margaret. Isabella. Ada.
Alexander III., | | |
1249-1286 +--+-------+ | |
| | | Bruce. |
| Devorgilda. Marjory. Henry
| | | Hastings.
| Balliol. Comyn. |
| John Hastings.
+--------------+--+
| |
Alexander, Margaret = Eric of
died 1283. d. 1283. | Norway.
|
Margaret.
d. 1290.
[48] She was the widow of the King of Navarre.
[49] They are said even to have thrown little children into the air
and caught them on their lances.
[50] There was probably no separate statute “De tallagio non
concedendo,” though quoted as a statute in Charles I.’s reign. The
articles given by Walter of Hemingburgh, which were regarded as
that statute, omit the saving clause, but are now not considered
authoritative.
[51] Sir Walter Scott.
[52] His sentence was: “That for the robberies and felony of which
he had been guilty, he should be hanged by the neck; that as an
outlaw, and not having come to the King’s peace, he should be cut
down and beheaded as a traitor; that for sacrileges committed
by him, he should be disembowelled, and his entrails burnt as a
warning to others; that his head should be fixed to London Bridge,
and his quarters to the towns of Berwick, Newcastle, Stirling, and
Perth.”
[53] There were present at this Parliament seven Earls and
forty-one Barons.
[54]
“Sire, si je voderoi mon garsoun chastier
De une buffe ou de deus, pur ly amender,
Sur moi betera bille, e me frad attachier,
E avant que isse de prisone raunsoun grant doner.”
_The Outlaw’s song of Traillebaston._
_Political Songs_, p. 231.
[55] A curious question was raised, whether a torturer
could be fetched from the Continent, there being none in
England.--Hemingburgh, 2287.
[56] He had lately received the Earldom of Norfolk, and the rank of
Earl Marshall, by the death of Bigod without heirs.
[57] These are only the principal articles; there were many others,
the arrangement of the law courts, the royal prerogative of
justice, etc.
[58]
Philip III., 1270-1285.
|
+------------------------+---------------------------+
| |
Philip IV., 1285-1314. Charles
| of Valois.
+-----+---+------------+-----------+ |
| | | | |
Louis X. Philip V. Charles IV. Isabella = Edward II. Philip VI.
1314-1316. 1316-1322. 1322-1328. | 1328-1350.
| Edward III. |
Joan = King of Navarre. John.
1350-1364.
[59] Made Duke of Lancaster in 1350.
[60] He alleged as his reason that he was now on his own lawful
ground, in right of his mother.
[61] See page 257.
[62] The revolted peasantry.
[63] Each piece of gold (a mark) was worth 13s. 4d., or two nobles.
[64] In 1385, during his Scotch expedition, his uncles, Cambridge
and Buckingham, had been made Dukes of York and Gloucester;
Lancaster’s son Henry, Earl of Derby; the Duke of York’s son
George, Earl of Rutland; Robert de Vere, Marquis of Dublin; and De
la Pole, Earl of Suffolk.
[65] Brother of Arundel, Bishop of Ely, subsequently Archbishop of
York and of Canterbury.
[66] William of Wykeham again took the Seal.
[67] 38 Edward III.
[68] 16 Richard II.
[69] BERNER’s Froissart, IV., chap. 78.
[70] There is an account preserved in the exchequer of the exports
and imports in the year 1354. The total value of the exports was
£212,338. They consisted of 31,651 sacks of wool, at £6 a sack; 65
wool-fells, hides, to the value of £89; 4774 pieces of cloth; 8061
pieces of worsted stuff. The imports mentioned consist of a little
fine cloth and wax; 1830 tuns of wine; and linens, mercery, and
grocery to the value of £23,000. To show the severity of the wool
tax, it is to be observed that on the above-named exports the duty
was £81,846, or more than 40 per cent. Robert of Avesbury gives a
somewhat different account. He put the exports at 100,000 sacks of
wool. He is thought to have died about 1356.
[71] In 1250 a fair was held in Tothill Fields, and all the shops
in London were shut.--Matthew of Paris.
[72] There were also great Italian merchants and bankers. Thus we
hear that Edward III. ruined the Bardi, that the taxes at the end
of Edward I. were pledged to and collected by the Frescobaldi. The
extent of the German transactions may be seen by a complaint in
1348, that the Tidmans of Limburg had bought up all the Cornish tin.
[73] By the 14th Richard II. half the money they received was to be
expended in the commodities of the land.
[74] For the history of guilds, see Dr Brentano’s Preface to the
“Ordinance of British Guilds,” in the English Text Society.
[75] The goldsmith’s mark on all silver plate is a relic of this
custom.
[76] Chaucer’s Prologue:--
“He knew well alle havans as they were,
Fro’ Gothlande to the Cape of Finnisterre.”
[77] “Quod progenitores nostri, Reges Angliæ, domini maris
et transmarini passagii, totis præteritis temporibus
extiterunt.”--Rymer, ii. 953.
[78] Rymer, ii. 823.
[79] Half a yard long.--Mon. Evesham.
[80] The Welsh infantry, who were largely employed after Edward I.,
had 2d. a day.
[81]
“To seche silver to the kyng y mi seed solde,
Forthi mi lond leye lith ant leorneth to slepe.
Seththe he mi feire feh fatte y my folde;
When y thenk o mi weole wel neh y wepe;
Thus bredeth monie beggares bolde.
* * * * *
Ther wakeneth in the world wondred ant woe,
Ase god is swynden anon as so for to swynke.”
_Political Songs_, p. 152.
[82] The historian of this chivalrous knighthood was Froissart.
[83] Maintainers seem to have been of two sorts. On the borders
of the counties palatine, confederacies were formed, who made
sudden irruptions into the neighbouring counties, and carried off
young women, particularly heiresses. They then retired within
the freedoms of the counties palatine, and held their captives
to ransom. The bodies of retainers who gathered round individual
nobles, and stood by one another in such illegal actions as
forcible desiesin, or ejection of rightful owners from their
property, also received the name.
[84] The priest had, however, been dead a month before.
[85] Walsingham, 379.
[86] Four years afterwards he was captured and put to death, not
as a traitor, but as a heretic. This throws considerable doubt on
the truth of his connection with the present insurrection, a charge
which was very slightly supported by evidence.
[87] There were fifteen Prelates and twenty-eight Temporal Peers at
this council.
[88] A duke, 13s. 4d. a day; an earl, 6s. 8d; a baron, 4s.; a
knight, 2s.; a man-at-arms, 1s.; an archer, 6d.; a hundred marks to
each who supplied thirty armed men.
[89] The close connection between Sigismund and England is
illustrated by the fact that in the following reign, on one
occasion, a magnificent table decoration was introduced,
representing Henry VI. and Sigismund receiving at the hands of a
kneeling priest ballads in derision of the Lollards.
[90] This Lord Salisbury was son of Sir John de Montacute, a
zealous Lollard, the faithful adherent of Richard II., who was
beheaded, 1400, at Cirencester. Henry IV. restored the Earldom to
his son. Lord Salisbury’s daughter married Richard Neville, the
Yorkist partisan, and father of the Kingmaker Warwick.
[91] This Beauchamp was the 5th Earl of Warwick, and it was his
daughter who carried the title to Richard Neville the Kingmaker.
[92] This Prince was the second son of Louis II., Duke of Anjou,
Count of Provence, and (as heir to his father, Louis I., who had
been adopted by Joanna I. of Naples) titular King of Naples. All
these titles Réné inherited, besides the duchy of Bar, from his
uncle, and the duchy of Lorraine from his wife. He was, moreover,
himself named heir by Joanna II. of Naples, but failed to obtain
the crown. At the time of Margaret’s marriage, of all his
territories Provence was the only one he retained.
[93] For a description of this disorder see a letter from “The
chief persons in the county of Kildare to Richard Duke of York,”
Ellis Letters, second series, vol. i. 117.
[94] The Staffords, the head of whom was the Duke of Buckingham,
were descended from Anne Plantagenet, daughter of Thomas of
Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of Edward III.
[95] Cromwell had been a great friend of Bedford and his financial
reformer, but dislike to the conduct of the Suffolk party had
driven him to join York.
[96] William of Worcester, however, puts it at 9,000.
[97] Stafford, the young Duke of Buckingham; the heir of Bourchier,
Earl of Essex; Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel; Lord Strange of Knokyn;
and Lord Herbert. Thomas Grey, her son by her first marriage, was
engaged to the daughter and heiress of the Duke of Exeter, the
King’s niece.
[98] “Every tavern was full of his meat, for who that had any
acquaintance in that house, he should have had as much sodden and
roast as he might carry upon a long dagger.”--Stowe.
[99] Even ordinary observers saw this. “I cannot tell what will
fall of the world, for the King verily is disposed to go into
Lincolnshire, and my Lord of Warwick, as it is supposed, shall go
with the King; some men say that his going shall do good, and some
say that it doth harm.”--_Paston Letters._
[100] Wisdom iv. 5.
[101] She was the daughter of his sister Elizabeth and the Duke of
Suffolk.
[102] The love of the Princess rests upon a doubtful letter
abridged by Buck in Kennett I. 568.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained: for example,
poll-tax, poll tax; Ferry Bridge, Ferrybridge; Kingmaker, King-maker;
forbad; counsellor; guerilla; conventual; inutility; schismatical;
discrown; carucate; enfiefed; bason; disafforesting; intrenched.
Pg xvi: ‘Battle of Brenville’ replaced by ‘Battle of Brenneville’.
Pg xxii: ‘Return of De Monfort’ replaced by ‘Return of De Montfort’.
Pg xxxiv: ‘Attemps to win’ replaced by ‘Attempts to win’.
Pg xxxviii: ‘the arbitrary of’ replaced by ‘the arbitrary’.
Pg xxxviii: ‘miscomprehension the’ replaced by ‘miscomprehension
of the’.
Pg xli: the section heading ‘GENEALOGIES OF THE LEADING FAMILIES’
was missing in the original text, and has been copied from
the page header.
Pg 19: ‘acts of villany’ replaced by ‘acts of villainy’.
Pg 68: ‘upon Henry which’ replaced by ‘upon Henry from which’.
Pg 160: ‘fifteen counsellers’ replaced by ‘fifteen counsellors’
(two occurrences).
Pg 216: ‘been so closly’ replaced by ‘been so closely’.
Pg 233: ‘But, succesful’ replaced by ‘But, successful’.
Pg 303: Missing header ‘CONTEMPORARY PRINCES’ inserted.
Pg 311: ‘he was disappoined,’ replaced by ‘he was disappointed,’.
Pg 328: Missing header ‘CONTEMPORARY PRINCES’ inserted.
Index.
Alodial: replaced by ‘Allodial’.
Bereta: replaced by ‘Bercta’.
Orleton: ‘his conpiracy,’ replaced by ‘his conspiracy,’.
Soken: ‘meaning of, 23’ replaced by ‘meaning of, 33’.
End of Project Gutenberg's A History of England, by J. Franck Bright