Horizontally stratified limestone is met_James's Account of S. H. Long's Expedition, 1819-1820, part 4

formation, but is most abundant in the central portions, about the beds

of the great rivers, and in those parts which have the least positive

elevation. Compact limestone is a name sometimes used to designate all

the varieties of that rock occurring in districts of secondary, but is

certainly inapplicable to the limestone about Cape Girardeau and in

many other places, which is notwithstanding manifestly secondary. Some

of the limestone north-west of the primitive on Hudson's river, about

the Coatskill and Hellebergh mountains, is of this crystalline variety,

but abounds in marine exuviæ. That of Lake Champlain, as well as the

greater part of that in the interior and western parts of the state of

New York, is of the compact blue variety. From the falls of the Ohio

at Louisville to Cincinnati, a mixed kind, partaking of the character

of both of the before-mentioned varieties, is found along the river,

and for some distance on each side. From Dr. Drake we learn, that this

limestone is confined to a small district, and is on all sides bounded

by sandstone, which rises from below it, and on which it is supposed

invariably to rest. Whether the red sand-rock which is found on the

south-west branches of the Arkansa, in a horizontal position, and in an

highly inclined one skirts the Rocky Mountains, {323} extends to other

parts of this formation of secondary, we are unable to say.

Throughout the country adjacent to the Ohio river, the prevailing

and basis rock is a gray horizontal sandstone, often approaching in

character those varieties which contain coal. It embraces extensive

beds of coarse conglomerate, and supports or alternates with compact

limestone.

_Of the Alleghany Mountains_

By this name we intend to designate the great range of mountains

extending parallel to the Atlantic coast, from the sources of the St.

John's river in New Brunswick in the north-east, to the confluence of

the Alabama and Tombigbee in the south-west. An outline of this great

chain has already been traced by Maclure, and particular accounts of

portions of it are to be found in the works of Eaton and others; we

shall, therefore, confine our attention to those strata, which, forming

the north-western side of the range, are most intimately connected with

the great secondary formations of the west.

1st. _Granular Limestone_--Appears in every part of the United States,

where it has hitherto been observed to be the uppermost in the series

of primitive rocks. It is true, it is often found to graduate, by

minute and imperceptible shades of difference, into that which is

decidedly secondary. Instances of this have been observed so frequently

that the fact can be no longer questioned. This fact, and others of the

same kind, ought not, perhaps, to be considered as invalidating the

received opinions with regard to the classification of rocks according

to the doctrines of Werner. If a division is to be made of the rocky

strata of the earth into primitive, transition, &c. it is, perhaps,

of little importance whether the boundaries thus instituted shall

traverse beds of the same substance, {324} or separate contiguous

strata composed of different materials.

That series of rocks next in order to the primitive limestone above

mentioned, has been very generally denominated the Transition Class.

It comprehends the following strata: _Metalliferous limestone_,

_Clay-slate_, _Graywacke_, and _Graywacke-slate_, and _Old Red

sandstone_. If we confine our attention to the consideration of these

rocks as they exist in our own country, we shall find them appearing

in their different localities under circumstances of considerable

uniformity.

2d. _Metalliferous Limestone._--The prevailing colour of this rock

is blue, of various shades and intensities, varying into yellow and

gray. It has usually a close texture, an even, large conchoidal, or

somewhat splintery fracture. In many varieties the surface, by long

exposure, becomes coated with an incrustation of a yellowish white

powdery matter, which adheres closely. It is frequently traversed by

small reticulating veins of quartz or calcareous spar, which, during

the gradual decomposition of detached masses, resist the progress of

disintegration, and are left standing out from the surface, giving it

a chequered appearance. It is the lowest and is considered as the most

ancient of the rocks containing organized remains, which are those of

cryptogamous plants, and animals without sight.

_Geographical distribution._--This rock occurs extensively along

all the north-western side of the primitive of the great chain of

the Alleghanies. In lower Canada and Vermont, it is accompanied by

granular limestone and granular quartz, which separate it from the

mica slate and talcose rocks on the east. [See Eaton's Index to the

Geology of the Northern States.] It is there usually inclined towards

the west, at an inconsiderable angle. It is separated from the compact

fletz limestone of the valley of Lake Champlain by a stratum of old

red sandstone, which forms {325} the upper part of a range of hills,

called, in Vermont, the Snake mountain. In Berkshire county, in the

western part of Massachusetts, and along the eastern side of the Hudson

in New York, a stratum of primitive clay-slate intervenes between this

rock and the granular limestone. The New Lebanon mountain, which is of

slate, and divides the primitive limestone of Pittsfield, Richmond,

Stockbridge, &c. from the transition which occurs at New Lebanon

springs, and along the western base of this range, is considered

primitive. (_Dewey in Silliman's Journal._) To the north-east of the

Hudson river, the transition limestone nowhere occupies any great

extent of surface from east to west, but is a narrow strip running

along the margin of the primitive, and in a few miles is succeeded

either by red sandstone, or clay-slate resting upon it. In Vermont, in

the same neighbourhood, it alternates with clay-slate, and supports red

sandstone.

Crossing the Hudson above the highlands, and proceeding south-west,

little of this stratum is seen in the lower part of New York; but

it becomes more abundant in the western parts of New Jersey and

Pennsylvania. If we suppose the whole of the Alleghany mountains of

Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the western parts of Virginia, removed

to a level with the surface at base of their eastern declivities,

it is probable their foundation, which would be thus exposed, would

be found through their whole extent to be of transition limestone.

This rock is almost the only one which occurs between the primitive

limestone. About twenty miles west of Philadelphia and Harrisburgh,

Cove Hill, the North and South mountains, and the other eastern ranges

of the Alleghany, are all based upon metalliferous limestone. It is

seen emerging from beneath the sandstone which forms the body of these

mountains at O'Connel's town, and in most of the vallies between the

Alleghanies. We learn from Maclure, that it extends itself to the south

and west, nearly to the termination of this range of mountains at the

{326} confluence of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers in Mississippi.

3d. _Transition Argillite._--This name is intended to comprehend not

only the common varieties of the clay-slate of transition, but also

some varieties of graywacke, and the siliceous slate by some considered

a distinct stratum. It is believed, that throughout the range of

country occupied by the several rocks here mentioned, they will be

found too intimately blended, and too closely entangled with each

other, to allow of their being considered as separate formations.

_Geographical distribution._--The formation including the above

mentioned rocks, may with propriety be denominated clay-slate of

transition. As far as our acquaintance has extended, it occurs in all

its localities associated with metalliferous limestone, or old red

sandstone. It is not to be confounded with the primitive argillite

which occurs below transition limestone, and is met with in the highly

primitive parts of New England, nor with the aluminous schist of the

great secondary formation to the west. It is distinct from either; and

in most instances its character is marked with sufficient distinctness.

It occurs in the central portions of that extensive field of transition

which skirts the western margin of the primitive of New York and

New England, and forms the great body of the Alleghany and Catskill

mountains. It is wider and more extensive in the north, occupying much

of the surface in Vermont, the northern parts of the state of New York

and Canada. In the Alleghany mountains of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and

Virginia, its beds are of great thickness, and form, in some instances,

the prevailing rocks, being, however almost invariably overlaid by

sandstone. It has, in several instances, been observed to contain

impressions of organized remains, but these are usually those of

zoophytic animals, and are exceedingly unlike those found so abundantly

in the schist of coal formations. Its colours are variable, it {327}

is, however, most commonly blueish, black, or dark brown. Between

Albany and Pittsfield, it is met with of a green colour, and a few

miles to the south-east of White-hall, New York, it is bright red.

The _graywacke_, which in this very general and hasty view we have

considered as in part belonging to the clay-slate of transition,

appears to us to form the connecting link between that clay-slate and

the old red sandstone. In attempting to give a more detailed account

of these formations, we might perhaps speak of the graywacke as others

have done, as a distinct stratum. We have, however, usually found it

so intimately blended either with the sandstone or clay-slate, that

in this enlarged view we see no necessity for a separation. We cannot

agree in opinion with some who have considered the graywacke as the

substratum of the great secondary formation of the valley of the

Mississippi. We have found it almost invariably overlaid by an inclined

sandstone, separating it from the secondary rocks towards the west.

This may not be as often the case at the north, as in Pennsylvania,

Maryland, and Virginia. Mr. Eaton is of opinion, that "graywacke

underlays all that district of country in the interior of the state

of New York, which would be bounded on the north by a line drawn from

Albany westward to the Onondaga salt springs; on the west, by a line

running from the salt springs by Bath to the Pennsylvania line; on

the south, by a line running thence to Newbergh on the Hudson, above

the highlands; and from thence to Albany, by a line running parallel

to the river, at a few miles distance." We are informed by Governor

Clinton,[95] that coal strata exist in the western part of the state of

New York, and we are induced from the analogy of the other parts of the

same great secondary formation, to believe that the brine springs of

Onondaga rise not from graywacke, {328} but from the sandstone of that

coal formation. According to Maclure,[96] old red sandstone appears

from under the limestone and other strata at Lewestown, ten miles below

the falls of Niagara, and also near the salines of Onondaga in Genessee

county. "This," says he, "would give some probability to the conjecture

that the old red sandstone is the foundation of all this horizontal

formation, and is perhaps attached to some series of rocks laying on

the primitive north of the Great Lakes."

_Sandstone of Transition. Old Red Sandstone of Werner?_--Throughout

the whole extent of the transition formation before mentioned, a

sandstone occurs, evidently belonging to the oldest depositions of that

rock. It is for the most part distinctly stratified, and in all cases

its stratifications are inclined. It consists of grains of quartz,

united by a scanty cement, and usually more or less rounded, as if by

attrition and the operation of currents of water. Their fragments vary

in magnitude from the finest sand to boulders of several pounds weight.

Among the Alleghany mountains are many extensive beds of puddingstone

or coarse conglomerate, usually coloured by oxide of iron. It is also

to be observed, that this formation of transition sandstone sometimes

embraces extensive beds, whose integrant particles have by no means

the appearance of having been rounded by attrition. As in the case

of almost all the rocks of secondary formation, there appear to have

been periods during the time of its deposition when the waters of the

superincumbent ocean ceased to throw down the mechanical _débris_ of

former rocks, and deposited earthy matter from a state of chymical

solution. It is perhaps one of the most interesting and most difficult

problems which remain unsolved, to account for the alternation through

the whole series of lower secondary and fletz rocks, of {329} beds of

strata of mechanical with those of chymical deposition.

The Alleghany mountains in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and

Virginia, are made up principally of rocks belonging to the transition

class, and among these sandstone is perhaps of more frequent occurrence

than any other aggregate. We are aware that Maclure has not considered

the sandstones of the Alleghany mountains generally, as belonging to

the old red sandstone formation of Werner; and it must be acknowledged

there is some difference, at least in colour, between the ferruginous

sand-rock, which commences on the shore of Tappan bay near Nyac, and

extends south and west by the way of Newark, Amboy, and Brunswick, in

New Jersey, and that which forms the body of the Cove, Sideling and

Alleghany ridges farther to the west. But we cannot discover so marked

a difference between the sandstone of the localities last mentioned,

and that which occurs about the South mountain in Pennsylvania, that

at Hagerstown in Maryland, and near Harper's ferry, in Virginia, which

Maclure considers as the _old red sandstone_. Indeed, this last appears

to us in almost every respect to resemble the inclined sandstone

which prevails so generally throughout the middle and eastern ridges

of the Alleghany mountains in Pennsylvania and Maryland. We have

already stated the opinion, in part sanctioned by the observations of

Maclure, that the old red sandstone is the great substratum of the

part of the secondary formation south of Lake Ontario. If this be

the case, what stratum, if not the old red sandstone, should be seen

emerging from beneath that secondary along its south-eastern margin?

We will not, however, contend for the name. It is sufficient for our

purpose to state, that the sandstone so abundant in all the principal

ridges accessory to the Alleghany on the east, has the character of

a rock belonging to the transition class of the Wernerians; that is,

its {330} strata have a somewhat regular dip and inclination; it

contains no beds of bituminous coal, though many of anthracite, and few

organised remains. Near the summit of the ridge called particularly

the Alleghany, the change to secondary begins to appear. Without the

interposition of any other stratum, and without any sudden change of

features, the strata of sandstone become nearly horizontal, assuming

gradually all the characters of secondary rocks. About one mile west

of the summit of the Alleghany, on the road from Philadelphia to

Pittsburgh, the first indications of coal are observed. Descending into

the vallies, the transition strata again emerge to the light. The same

thing happens in the case of Coatskill and other mountains west of the

Hudson, their basis being of transition, and their summits crossed with

secondary.

The horizontal sandstones connected with the depositions of coal

occurring along the Ohio from Pittsburgh to the confluence of Green

river, assume various characters,[97] and often support extensive

formations of compact limestone.

FOOTNOTES:

[79] The Report from which these observations are extracted was drawn

up at Smithland, Kentucky, in January, 1820, soon after the return

of the exploring party from the Rocky Mountains. Since that time,

opportunities have been wanting to supply the deficiency of study and

comparison, for which that place, remote from all collections of books

and minerals, did not afford the means. We may be allowed to mention

these circumstances in extenuation of our apparent neglect of many

recent innovations in geology, and of some late works, with which we

had not the opportunity to be acquainted.--JAMES.

[80] Lewis and Clarke's History, vol. i. p. 83. Philadelphia,

1814.--JAMES.

[81] What explanation the advocates for the doctrine of the recent

_emersion_ of our continent will give of the highly and exclusively

primitive character of the Rocky Mountains, we are at a loss to

conjecture. The organized remains hitherto observed in the secondary

aggregates along the base of those mountains, are mostly of animals

supposed to have inhabited the depths of the ocean. But if the granite

of the Rocky Mountains has been _forced up_ at a recent period, where

are the traces of all those older secondary, and fletz rocks, which

should have intervened between it and the horizontal sandstones? If

these mountains had formed the shores of that ocean, in which the

greater part of our continent was so long immersed, after the elevation

of the _old world_, we should have expected to find along their base,

the remains of littoral animals, and not of those which inhabited the

depths of the ocean. It would be proper, however, before we refer to

the character of the Rocky Mountains, as invalidating or confirming any

system of opinions, to ascertain that their eastern and western sides

are in all respects similar.--JAMES.

[82] Personal Narrative, vol. i. p. 87. American edition.--JAMES.

[83] Pinkerton.--JAMES.

[84] The valley of Red river abounds in limestone, often presenting

the shells of oysters and other molluscous animals in a state of

petrifaction, scattered in profusion over the surface of the ground,

and retaining their original form entire, while on the Arkansa, the

rocks are generally sandstone, no limestone being found, except of

the Illinois, Grand, and Canadian rivers. _Major Long's_ MS. Journal.

Several organic relics from the country about the confluence of the

Kiamesha, have been obligingly communicated by Mr. Nuttall: among these

is a shell which approaches nearest to the variety of the gryphœa

dilatata of Sowerby, 149. fig. 2, but the lobe is far less distinct,

and the shell is more narrowed towards the hinge, and is somewhat

less dilated, and much more like an ostrea. It may be thus described:

G. _corrugata_, SAY.--Small valve, flat, and very much wrinkled, and

like the other, narrowed near the hinge. The beak is short, and curved

upwards, and laterally, and the sulcus is very distinct. Length, and

greatest breadth of the small valve nearly equal; from 1½ to 2 inches.

It is in a very perfect state of preservation. Mr. Nuttall brought also

from Red river, a species of ostrea, which to the eye appears hardly

changed. The anterior portion of the specimens are wanting, but the

greatest breadth of the remaining portion of the largest one is nearly

three inches. The hinge fosse in this species is proportionably much

more contracted, and smaller in every respect, than any other species

of the genus we have seen; that of the specimen above mentioned is

less than one-half of an inch. The specimens were evidently those of

old shells, being much thickened. Another species of ostrea, a hinge

fragment of an old and thickened individual, which appears to have

been long, and narrow; the hinge fosse itself is long and wide. Length

of the hinge more than three inches, greatest width more than one

inch.--JAMES.

[85] "A very extensive bed of native argil occurs on the right bank

of the Mississippi, commencing near the head of Tiawapeti Bottom, at

the Little Chain, about forty miles above the junction of the Ohio

and Mississippi, and extending with very little interruption near

six miles above the Grand Tower, a distance of thirty-four miles.

Beyond these limits I have not observed it. Its colour is snow-white;

structure fine, pulverulent; fracture dull earthy. It is amorphous,

and adheres to the tongue. It does not effervesce with acids, even in

the slightest degree. The bed of argil reposes on horizontal strata of

siliceous sandstone, and is overlaid by shell limestone. In the vein

of argil, nodules and veins of flint are arranged so as to make with

the horizon an angle of about fifty degrees. The argil has been taken

to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, &c. in considerable quantities,

supposing it to be chalk, for which substance it has been used." _Mr.

Jessup's_ MS. Report.

"_Flint._--This occurs in nodules and veins in a bed of native argil,

above Tiawapeti Bottom. Its colours are bluish-gray and greenish-black.

It gives fire with steel; fracture is conchoidal, and the edges are

translucent. The veins of flint dip to the south-east." _Ibid._

Imbedded in the chalk of Cape Girardeau, are occasionally found nodules

of flint, which are enveloped by a hard crust of calcareous carbonate,

arranged in concentric layers. Its colour is grayish-black, breaks

with a perfectly conchoidal fracture, is translucent on the edges, and

readily gives fire with the steel. _Schoolcraft's_ View of the Lead

Mines, p. 180.--JAMES.

[86] Jameson in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Art. Mineralogy.--JAMES.

[87] Humboldt's Personal Narrative, vol. iv. p. 171. 195. vol. v. p.

553.--JAMES.

[88] Stoddart's Louisiana, p. 391.--JAMES.

[89] Copper has been found in Illinois, near the sources of Cache

river.--JAMES.

[90] "_Fluate of Lime._--This mineral occurs in great abundance

seventeen miles south of Shawaneetown, Illinois, on Peter's creek, and

proceeding about thirteen miles in a south-west direction, it again

appears on and near the surface of the ground; at the three forks of

the Grand Pierre creek, maintaining the same course, it breaks out in

several places for near twenty miles. This beautiful and useful species

of lime occurs at Peter's creek, almost invariably in a crystallized

form; the crystals are universally cubes: at the three forks of the

Grand Pierre creek, it occurs in masses of several feet in diameter.

Both the crystallized and massive varieties, possess almost all the

shades of colour and have been observed in the European specimens: viz.

green, violet, blue, red, yellow, white, black, and rose-coloured. This

mineral varies in transparency, some specimens being perfectly limpid,

others opaque. Some of the violet and rose-coloured specimens, when

recently fractured or pulverized, yield a strong bituminous odor; this

character (which has never been observed heretofore as belonging to

this species of lime) is perceptible only in the crystallized specimens.

"The vein of fluate of lime is apparently very extensive; very few

minerals have been found associated with it, at the above localities.

I saw at Peter's creek a few specimens of laminated calcareous spar,

and a few of sulphuret of lead. Excavations have been made by several

gentlemen who reside in that vicinity, for lead, but no veins or beds

of this ore have been found.

"From examination of the situation of those specimens which I found,

and the general appearance of the vein of fluor spar, I do not think

that there is a sufficiency of lead ore, to reimburse the expenses that

would be necessarily incurred in mining. The accompanying rocks of the

vein of spar are compact limestone, sandstone, and oolite." _Jessup's_

MS. Report.

"_Concreted Carbonate of Lime, variety Oolite._--This occurs on Peter's

creek, seventeen miles south of Shawaneetown, Illinois, associated

with compact limestone, and sandstone, in the gangue of the fluate of

lime. It is composed of globular masses, about the size of English

mustard-seed, which are united by a calcareous cement; the nucleus of

the globules are detached, leaving a small cavity in the centre of

each; its colour is yellowish-white; fracture dull." _Ibid._

"_Sulphuretted Hydrogen Gas._--This gas is very abundant in the water

of many of the springs and wells in Missouri territory. Its origin is

probably owing to the decomposition of sulphuret of iron. Six miles

west of St. Louis is a large spring of water strongly impregnated

with this gas; its odour is perceptible to the distance of four or

five hundred yards from the spring. It is reported, that the water

has proved beneficial in cases of cutaneous disorders and rheumatic

complaints." _Ibid._

"_Red Oxide of Iron._--This occurs, though not very abundant, in

the hills near Isle a Loutre, on the Missouri river. Its texture is

compact, fracture earthy. Its external colour is brownish red; its

streak and powder is blood red. This variety of ore produces good iron,

and yields from sixty to eighty per cent." _Ibid._

"_Hematitic Brown Oxide of Iron._--This variety of iron ore occurs

in considerable quantity in the vicinity of the vein of fluate of

lime, near Shawaneetown, Illinois. It occurs there under a number of

imitative forms, such as tubular, stalactitical, nodular, botryoidal,

and reniform. Its colour is blackish and yellow brown; it is easily

fused, and will produce near sixty per cent. of good malleable iron."

_Ibid._

"_Argillaceous Oxide of Iron._--This variety of iron ore is abundant

in the western parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in Kentucky,

where it is almost the only ore of iron that is worked. The principal

furnaces in Pennsylvania, are in Cumberland, Northumberland, and Centre

counties, and on the Juniata river." _Ibid._

"_Columnar Argillaceous Oxide of Iron._--Near the confluence of the

Ohio and Tennessee rivers, is a locality of argillaceous oxide of

iron, of a columnar structure, and so rising from the surface of the

ground as to have some resemblance to cypress trees. This mineral has

by many been thought of volcanic origin; at least, that the cause of

its peculiar form is, in some measure, connected with the operation of

volcanic causes." _Ibid._

"_Sulphuret of Lead, or Galena._--This mineral is abundant in Missouri

territory, about sixty miles south-west of St. Louis; but as I had not

an opportunity of visiting the mines I cannot say any thing respecting

its geological situation or quantity. There are two reservations for

lead in the vicinity of the United States' Saline, Illinois. From

external appearances, I should judge, the ore was abundant; but from

the success of former diggings, and the situation of the ore, which has

not as yet been found there, either in beds or veins, but sparingly

diffused in small masses (attached to the fluate of lime) not exceeding

in weight two or three pounds, I think the quantity inconsiderable.

Every specimen of sulphuret of lead that I saw there, possessed a

crystalline form." _Ibid._

"_Sulphuret of Zinc, or Blende._--Fifteen miles south of Shawaneetown,

Illinois, uniform masses of argillaceous iron ore enclosed in

concentric layers of slate clay, are found in a bed of slate clay. In

the argillaceous iron ore small particles of sulphuret of zinc occur.

This is the only locality west of the Alleghany mountains that I have

seen of this ore." _Ibid._--JAMES.

[91] For sketch of Mackenzie, see Franchère's _Narrative_, in our

volume vi, note 4.--ED.

[92] Lafora, cited in Humboldt's New Spain.--JAMES.

[93] The banks of the river Montmorenci, from the natural steps

downward to the St. Lawrence, are composed of a lime slate placed in

horizontal strata from the depth of five to twenty-four inches, each

connected by fibrous gypsum of a whitish colour. Heriot's Travels, p.

88. The island of Cape Breton abounds in sandstone, coal, and plaster.

_Ibid._ 431.--JAMES.

[94] Schoolcraft.--JAMES.

[95] See his speech at the opening of the session of 1822.--JAMES.

[96] Observations on the Geology of the United States, p. 57.--JAMES.

[97] The following are descriptions of the rocks that alternate

with each other as they occur, in connection with the coal-beds at

Pittsburgh; commencing with the uppermost and proceeding in a regular

gradation to the lowest, that we have had an opportunity of examining.

No. 1. A loose-grained argillaceous sandstone, composed of minute

grains of quartz and decomposed felspar, united by an argillaceous

cement. Its colour is yellowish gray; fracture uneven; stratifications

imperfect. It contains no organic remains; depth of the bed near four

feet.

No. 2. Bituminous shale; natural colour brownish black, that of the

streak dark gray. Before the blow-pipe it decrepitates, burns with a

bright flame, emits a bituminous odour, and soon becomes nearly white.

Its structure is slaty; no animal or vegetable is contained in it,

small veins of clay are dispersed irregularly between the layers. Depth

of the strata ten feet.

No. 3. A bed of bituminous coal; its colour is brownish black, cross

fracture uneven, longitudinal slaty; fragments tabular, right angled;

lustre resinous; is semihard, sectile and very brittle. Vertical and

horizontal beds of indurated clay, containing a small quantity of

bitumen, occur in the coal. Depth of the bed from two to eight feet.

No. 4. Bituminous shale possesses the same character as No. 2. Varies

in depth.

No. 5. Indurated clay; its colour is lead-gray; fracture, in situations

where it has been subjected to the combined actions of moisture and the

atmosphere, irregularly slatose; in others uneven. Depth of this bed

seven feet.

No. 6. Argillaceous chlorite slate, passing by regular gradations into

argillaceous chlorite sandstone. Natural colour, yellowish green, that

of the streak light gray; cross fracture uneven. Its powder is soft and

slightly greasy to the touch; it contains no organic remains. The depth

of this bed varies.

No. 7. Compact limestone, intimately mixed with alumine; it contains

small veins of calcareous spar dispersed throughout the mass. Veins

of angular fragments of carbonate of lime, united by a calcareous and

argillaceous cement, extend irregularly through the rock. The fracture,

in some specimens, is compact and earthy, in others uneven.

No. 8. Argillaceous chlorite sandstone, consisting of minute grains of

quartz, chlorite slate, and talc, united by an argillaceous cement; its

colour is yellowish green; fracture uneven; the powder is soft, and

feels greasy to the touch; it is destitute of organic remains.

No. 9. A loose-grained argillaceous sandstone, thickly interspersed

with thin laminæ of talc; its colour is light gray; fracture uneven;

texture loose; it is liable to disintegration.

No. 10. Argillaceous sandstone, irregularly slatose; its colour is

gray, with a tinge of yellow. Nodules of clay ironstone occur in

considerable quantities through the mass of rock.

No. 11. Fine-grained argillaceous sandstone, composed of quartz and

magnesia united by an argillaceous cement. Its colour is yellowish

gray, which by the action of the blow-pipe passes into reddish brown.

This rock contains great numbers of the impressions of the phytolites.

No. 12. Indurated clay; its colour is bluish gray, structure slatose;

fracture approaching uneven; hardness inconsiderable. Impressions of

small leaves occur in this, but are not numerous; they apparently

consist of one species alone.

No. 13. Compact argillaceous sandstone; composed of quartz, felspar,

and their laminæ of talc, united by an argillaceous cement; its colour

is brownish gray. Nodules of clay ironstone occur in considerable

abundance in this rock; they are formed by concentric layers, around

a nucleus, which is the same in composition as the mass of their bed.

Their size varies from that of a nut to an apple.

From _Mr. Jessup's_ MS. Report.--JAMES.

[PART II][98]

_Containing the Calculations of Observations made by Major

Long and Lieutenant Swift, on a tour from the Council Bluffs

on the Missouri river, westward along the river Platte to

its head waters in the Rocky Mountains,--thence southwardly

to the head waters of the Arkansa and Canadian rivers,--and

down said rivers to Belle Point, performed in 1820, under

the command of Major S. H. Long, of the United States'

Topographical Engineers._

* * * * *

_Note._--The instruments used in making the following astronomical

observations, were a portable sextant of 5 inches radius, graduated by

the assistance of the vernier to 30˝, made by Cary, London, accompanied

by a mercurial artificial horizon with a glass frame, and an excellent

patent-lever watch, by Robert Roskell.

* * * * *

_Camp on the river Platte, at the fording place of the Pawnee

Indians, twenty-seven miles below the confluence of the North

and South, or Padouca Forks._

June 20, 1820.|Meridian altitude of sun's lower } | 72° 23´

| limb } |

|Extent of horizon, (a level sheet of }| 700 yards.

| water) }|

|Height of observer's eye above } | 3½ feet.

| horizon } |

+--------------------------------------+-----------

|Index error--4´ 15˝. Latitude } | 40° 59´ 15˝ N.

| deduced } |

+--------------------------------------+-----------

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of Watch._

|Time from Noon,|Time from Noon,| Error of Watch.

| A.M. | P.M. |

|---------------+---------------+----------------

June 20, 1820.| 2ʰ 32´ 26˝ | 2ʰ 32´ 34˝ } | 1´ 15˝ fast.

| 2 29 36 | 2 29 46 } | Mean time.

--------------+---------------+---------------+----------------

_Camp on the Platte, thirty-two miles below the point where it issues

from the Rocky Mountains._

-------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------

July 4, 1820.| Meridian double altitude of star } | 48° 10´ 00˝

| Antares, (ᵅ. Scorpii) } |

| Index error--3´ 45˝. Latitude } | 39° 57´ 40˝ N.

| deduced } |

-------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------

{xxxvii} _Observations made on the River Platte, seven minutes of

latitude south of the Camp of July 4th._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from | Time from | Error

| Noon, A.M. | Noon, P.M. | of Watch.

-------------+------------------+------------------+-------------

July 5, 1820.| 2ʰ 30´ 19˝ | 2ʰ 21´ 17˝ }| 8´ 41˝ slow.

| 2 28 57 | 2 19 55 }| Mean time.

| 2 27 30 | 2 18 22 }|

+------------------+------------------+-------------

_A mean of eight lunar distances from sun and times

correspondent, to find the longitude. Latitude by account 39°

50´ 40˝ N. Assumed longitude 7ʰ 01´ W._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of |

| A.M. | nearest limbs. | Index error.

-------------+------------------+------------------+--------------

July 5, 1820.| 7ʰ 33´ 07˝ | 56° 09´ 26˝ | --4´

+------------------+------------------+--------------

Daily variation of watch 1´ 41˝ losing.

Longitude deduced, 7ʰ 01´ 23˝, or 105° 20´ 45˝ W. of Greenwich.

--------------+------------------------------------+-----------------

_Camp at the base of the Rocky Mountains._

July 8, 1820. |Meridian double altitude of Antares | 49° 17´ 30˝

| +-----------------

|Index error --3´ 45˝. Latitude }| 39 23 52 N.

| deduced }|

+------------------------------------+-----------------

July 9, 1820. |Meridian double altitude of Antares | 49 18 15

| +-----------------

|Index error -3´ 45˝. Latitude }| 39 23 29 N.

| deduced }|

+------------------------------------+-----------------

|Mean latitude of the camp | 39 23 40 N.

--------------+------------------------------------+-----------------

At our camp on Boiling-spring Creek, at the distance of about 25 miles

from James's Peak, (the same designated by Pike as the highest peak,)

trigonometrical observations were made for determining the height of

the peak above the level of the adjacent country. A base of 1048½

feet was accurately measured, and angles taken at its extremities, to

ascertain another side of the triangle, to serve as a base to determine

the height of the mountain. The angles at the extremities of the

primary base, corrected for the index error of sextant, were 104° 32´

15˝ and 65° 28´ 45˝--and the extent of the secondary base as found by

calculation, 133372.5 feet. The angles taken at the extremities of the

secondary base, included between that line and the lines of vision, to

an object distinctly visible at the summit of the peak, were 96° 21´

15˝ and 81° 17´ 45˝, corrected as above. The angle of elevation of the

top of the peak, observed at the extremity {xxxviii} of the secondary

base, most remote from the peak, was 3° 41´ 15˝, corrected also for

index error of sextant. The final result of these observations, gives

for the height of the peak above the plain in which the observations

were made, 8507½ feet.

In order to ascertain with precision, the angle of elevation of the

summit of the peak, an artificial horizon of water was employed, and

the double angle of elevation observed. The angle of elevation as it

stands corrected for refraction, is 3° 39´ 26˝. The estimate as above

gives the height of the peak above the true level of the place of

observation, no correction having been made for the spherical figure of

the earth.

Allowing the perpendicular fall of the river Platte, from the mountains

to its mouth, to be on an average nineteen inches per mile, (which

appears reasonable from the rapidity of its current compared with

that of the Missouri,) the fall of the Missouri from the place where

it receives the Platte to its mouth, to be 16 inches per mile, which

agrees with the result from _leveling_ at Engineer Cantonment--and that

of the Mississippi from the mouth of the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico

to be 12 inches per mile, it would give for the height of the Platte at

the base of the mountains, say at the place of the above observations,

3000 feet above the level of the ocean, and consequently the height of

James's Peak would be 11507½ above the same level.

This mountain was clothed in snow for a considerable distance below its

summit, when the exploring party visited it, in the middle of July, and

at the same time they experienced excessive heat at its base.

* * * * *

_Observations made on the Arkansa, at our camp, situated about

twenty-five miles below the point where the river issues from

the mountains._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.

| A.M. | P.M. |

+------------------+--------------------+----------------

July 17, 1820. | 3ʰ 27´ 17˝ | 3ʰ 08´ 35˝ } | 15´ 03˝ slow.

| 3 25 58 | 3 07 15 } | Mean time.

| 3 24 36 | 3 05 54 } |

+------------------+--------------------+----------------

July 17, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of Antares | 51° 28´

| Index error 3´ 22˝. Latitude } |

| deduced } | 38 18 19 N.

+---------------------------------------+----------------

_A mean of eight lunar observations. Distance of nearest limbs of sun

and moon for calculating the longitude._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of Sun |

| P.M. | and Moon. | Index Error.

+------------------+------------------+-------------

July 17, 1820. | 3ʰ 26´ 49˝ | 84° 08´ 30˝ | - 3´ 22˝

+------------------+------------------+-------------

{xxxix} Assumed longitude 7ʰ 01´ west. Allowance to be made for error

and rate of time-piece, as before.

Longitude of Camp deduced, 7ʰ 02´ 39˝, or 105° 39´ 45˝ W.

_Camp on the Arkansa, two miles below the river St. Charles, or third

fork of Pike._

July 19, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of Antares | 51° 36´ 00˝

| Index error--3´ 22˝. Latitude } |

| deduced } | 38 14 18 N.

+-------------------------------------+---------------

_Camp on the Arkansa, at the place where the Exploring Party was

divided into two detachments._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at midnight._

| Time before | Time after | Error of Watch.

| Midnight | Midnight |

---------------+-----------------+-------------------+-----------------

July 21, 1820. | 8ʰ 39´ 58˝ | 8ʰ 17´ 50˝ }| 17´ 19˝ slow.

| 8 38 38 | 8 16 30 }| Mean time.

| 8 37 18 | 8 15 1 }|

+-----------------+-------------------+-----------------

_A mean of eight lunar distances and times correspondent,--nearest

limb of moon from star Spicæ Virginis._

| Time per Watch | Distance of Moon | Index error.

| P.M. | and Star. |

---------------+-----------------+-------------------+---------------

July 21, 1820. | 9ʰ 40´ 54˝ | 51° 45´ 47˝ | - 3´ 30˝

+-----------------+-------------------+---------------

Variation of watch 47˝ per 12 hours losing. Error of watch to be

estimated. Longitude by account 6ʰ 58´ W. Lat. determined by subsequent

observations.

Longitude of Camp, 6ʰ 55´ 05˝ or 103° 46´ 15˝ W. of Greenwich.

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.

| A.M. | P.M. |

+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------

July 22, 1820.| 2ʰ 58´ 21˝ | 2ʰ 34´ 09˝ } | 18´ 06˝ slow.

| 2 56 59 | 2 32 47 } | Mean time.

| 2 55 36 | 2 31 23 } |

+-------------------+-------------------+-----------------

July 22, 1820.| Meridian double altitude of Antares | 51° 40´

| +-----------------

| Index error--3´ 30˝. Latitude } |

| deduced } | 38 12 22 N.

--------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------

{xl} _Camp on the Canadian River of August 6th._

Aug. 6, 1820. | Meridian of altitude sun's lower limb | 71° 52´

| Extent of natural horizon, or sheet }|

| of water }| 82 yards.

| Height of observer's eye above }|

| horizon }| 38 inches.

| Index error of sextant | - 3´

| +--------------

| Latitude deduced |35° 16´ 19˝ N.

---------------+---------------------------------------+--------------

_Camp on the Canadian River of August 22d._

Aug. 22, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of moon's } |

| lower limb } | 72° 18´ 15˝

| +----------------

| Index error--4´ 00˝. Latitude } |

| deduced } | 35 26 29 N.

---------------+---------------------------------------+----------------

_Camp on the Canadian River of August 31st._

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.

| A.M. | P.M. |

--------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------

Aug. 31, 1820 | 3ʰ 27´ 43˝ | 2ʰ 23´ 40˝ }| 31´ 52½˝ slow.

| 3 26 21 | 2 22 18 }| Mean time.

| 3 24 55 | 2 20 57 }|

+-----------------+------------------+-----------------

_Altitudes of Sun and times correspondent, to find the Latitude._

| Times per Watch, | Double altitudes of | Index error.

| A.M. | sun's upper limb. |

+------------------+---------------------+----------------

Aug. 31, 1820.| 10ʰ 29´ 20˝ | 121° 18´ 00˝ | - 4´

| 10 30 24 | 121 32 00 | Error and

| 10 32 05 | 121 52 30 | variation of

| 10 33 12 | 122 06 30 | watch to be

| 10 34 13 | 122 17 30 | allowed.

| | | Lat. by account

| | | 34° 57´ N.

+------------------+---------------------+----------------

Mean 10ʰ 31´ 51˝ | 121° 49´ 18˝ |

-------------------+---------------------+----------------

Latitude of Camp deduced from the above | 34° 57´ 35˝

-------------------------------------------------------+----------------

_A mean of seven Lunar distances, and times correspondent--nearest

limbs of Sun and Moon._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of Sun | Index error.

| A.M. | and Moon. |

+---------------------+-------------------+--------------

Aug. 31, 1820.| 7ʰ 32´ 06˝ | 77° 50´ 15˝ | - 4´

+---------------------+-------------------+--------------

{xli} Allowance to be made for error and variation of watch. Longitude

by account, 6ʰ 26´ W.

Longitude deduced, 6ʰ 26´ 12˝, or 96° 33´ 00˝ W. of Greenwich.

_Camp on the Canadian river, fifteen miles above its mouth._

Sept. 9, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's }| 120° 13´ 00˝

| lower limb }|

| +----------------

| Index error - 4'. Lat. deduced | 34 50 15 N.

+------------------------------------+----------------

_Observations made on the Arkansa river, at Fort Smith, Belle Point,

situated at the confluence of the Arkansa and Poteau rivers._

Sept. 14, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's } | 116° 22´ 00˝

| lower limb } |

| +-----------------

| Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced | 34 51 07 N.

+-------------------------------------+-----------------

Sept. 15, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's } |

| lower limb } | 115 36 00

| +-----------------

| Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced | 34 51 00 N.

+-------------------------------------+-----------------

Sept. 16, 1820. | Meridian double altitude of sun's } |

| lower limb } | 114 50 30

| +-----------------

| Index error - 4´. Latitude deduced | 34 50 35 N.

+-------------------------------------+-----------------

| Mean latitude of Belle Point | 34 50 54 N.

+-------------------------------------+-----------------

_Equal altitudes of Sun to find error of watch, at noon._

| Time from Noon, | Time from Noon, | Error of Watch.

| A.M. | P.M. |

+-----------------+-------------------+----------------

Sept. 15, 1820. | 3ʰ 41´ 21˝ | 3ʰ 36´ 32˝ }| 2´ 47˝ fast.

| 3 38 35 | 3 33 46 }| Mean time.

+-----------------+-------------------+----------------

_A mean of seven lunar distances and times correspondent--nearest

limbs of Sun and Moon._

| Time per Watch, | Distance of Sun | Index error.

| P.M. | and Moon. |

+-----------------+-------------------+-------------

Sept. 15, 1820. | 3ʰ 55´ 46˝ | 93° 59´ 30˝ | - 4´

+-----------------+-------------------+-------------

Allowance for error of watch as usual. Longitude by account, 6ʰ 18´

west of Greenwich.

Longitude of Belle Point deduced from the foregoing data, 6ʰ 17´ 24˝,

or 94° 21´ 00˝ west of Greenwich.

{xlii} A TABLE OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE,

_Embracing the deductions recorded in the foregoing account of Astronomical

Observations and Calculations._

=======================+===============+==============+===============

| | Longitude W. | Longitude W.

Places of Observation | Latitude N | from |from Washington

| | Greenwich | City

-----------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------

Shippingsport, Ky | 38° 15´ 23˝ | |

Camp on Mississippi, | | |

June 8 | 38 26 09 | |

Mouth of Merameg river | 38 23 39 | |

St. Louis, Missouri | 38 36 18 |90° 02´ 35˝ |13° 02´ 35˝

Camp on Missouri | | |

river, June 28 | 38 34 33 | |

Franklin, Missouri | 38 57 09 |92 57 05 |15 57 05

Fort Osage, Missouri | 39 09 33 | |

Cow Island, Missouri | | |

river | 39 25 05 | |

Camp on Missouri river,| | |

Aug. 31 | 39 49 01 | |

Fort Lisa, Missouri Fur| | |

Co.'s Establishment | 41 24 13 | |

Engineer Cantonment | 41 25 04 |95 43 53 |18 43 53

Mouth of river Platte | 41 03 13 | |

Mouth of Elk-horn, | | |

tributary to Platte | 41 12 00 | |

Boyer river at | | |

commencement of | | |

High Lands | 41 32 15 | |

Elk-horn river, near | | |

Pawnee Trace | 41 26 07 | |

Village of | | |

Republican Pawnees | 41 17 03 | |

Mouth of Missouri river| 38 51 39 |90 00 40 |13 00 40

Mouth of De Moyen river| 40 21 48 | |

Mouth of Illinois river| 38 58 23 |90 18 00 |13 18 00

Cape Girardeau, | | |

Mississippi river | 37 18 39 |89 17 00 |12 17 00

Spanish Fort at Natchez| 31 33 45 | |

Camp on the Platte, | | |

July 4 | 39 57 40 | |

Do. do. | | |

July 5 | 39 50 40 |105 20 45 |28 20 45

Camp at the base of the| | |

Rocky Mountains, | | |

July 8 | 39 23 40 | |

1st Camp on Arkansa, | | |

July 17 | 38 18 19 |105 39 45 |28 39 45

Camp on Arkansa, | | |

July 19 | 38 14 18 | |

Camp where Exploring | | |

Party separated | 38 12 22 |103 46 15 |26 46 15

Camp on Canadian river,| | |

Aug. 6 | 35 16 19 | |

Do. do. Aug. 22 | 35 26 29 | |

Do. do. Aug. 31 | 34 57 35 |96 33 00 |19 33 00

Do. do. Sept. 9 | 34 50 15 | |

Belle Point, | | |

Arkansa Territory | 34 50 54 |94 21 00 |17 21 00

-----------------------+---------------+--------------+---------------

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER

_Preliminary Explanations_

The observations on the modifications of the clouds were particularly

detailed in the Journal by Mr. Say, who being often remote from the

party on detached expeditions, the phases observed by him cannot always

be considered as precisely corresponding with those that occurred where

the observations noted in the remaining columns of the tables were made

by Lieut. Graham. As they would occupy too much space, if introduced

into the body of this work agreeably to the manuscript notes, it was

judged proper to modify and condense them into the smallest possible

space. With this view, the nomenclature of Messrs. Howard and Forster

has been adopted, and is now inserted in the meteorological tables,

under the indications of the following abbreviations, viz.

S - Stratus.

C - Cirrus.

Cs - Cirrostratus--the addition of a full point, thus Cs. shows

that this cloud was almost or entirely universal; and a

comma, thus, Cs, indicates its partial occurrence. The

same observations also relate to the signs for the following

clouds.

Cm - Cumulus.

Cml - Cirrocumulus.

Cms - Cumulostratus.

Cmc - Cumulocirrostratus.

Ns - Nimbus.

But as the particular varieties of appearance which these respective

clouds exhibited, could not be indicated in the allotted columns of the

tables, they are altogether omitted. The column headed with the word

_courses_ indicates the points of the heavens from which the clouds

proceed; thus | C. | S.W. | shows the occurrence of the Cirrus form of

clouds proceeding from the south-west.

The letter L. sometimes inserted in the column of remarks on the state

of the weather, indicates _lightning_; T. _thunder_, and R. _rain_.

Observations, by means of the Cyanometer, on the colour of the

atmosphere, were also made, three times each day, by Mr. Graham; but

as the instrument became imperfect in consequence of the fading of its

colours, from the necessary exposure to the action of light, they have

been rejected.

No record was made of the humidity of the atmosphere, as the Hygrometer

provided for the use of the Expedition, proved entirely useless.

Simultaneous meteorological observations were made at Germantown, near

Philadelphia, by Mr. Reuben Haines; from which the average temperature

of that place during several months has been deduced and inserted for

the sake of comparison, in the following tables.

Observations on the state of the weather were regularly made during the

whole term of the expedition, but being too voluminous to be inserted

in the work, it was thought best to select those of an entire year and

reject the remainder.

{xliv} _Meteorological Register_ {xlv} _for the Month of_ JUNE, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 68 | N.W. | 76 | N.N.W. | 77 | W. | 73 |

2 | 65 | Calm | 77 | W.N.W. | 75 | N.W. | 72 |

3 | 65 | Calm | 82 | S.E. | 80 | S.S.E. | 75 |

4 | 72 | Calm | 83 | Sy. | 81 | S. | 78 |

5 | 73 | S. | 85 | S.E. | 83 | Sy. | 80 |

6 | 73 | Calm | 85 | S.E. | 84 | E.S.E. | 80 |

7 | 79 | S.W. | 85 | S.W. | 84 | Sy. | 82 |

8 | 78 | S.S.W. | 83 | S.S.W. | 83 | S. | 81 |

9 | 75 | S.W. | 85 | S.W. | 80 | W.S.W. | 80 |

10 | 68 | S.E. | 83 | E.S.E. | 75 | S.E. | 75 |

11 | 64 | S.S.E. | 76 | W.N.W. | 72 | N.W. | 70 |

| | | | | | | |

12 | 66 | N.N.E. | 73 | N.N.W. | 73 | N.N.W. | 70 |

13 | 68 | Calm | 78 | S.S.E. | 72 | S.S.W. | 72 |

14 | 72 |S.E. by E. | 81 | S. by E. | 80 | S. | 77 |

15 | 77 | S. by E. | 84 | E. | 75 | S. | 80 |

| | | | | | | |

16 | 72 | S.E. | 84 | Calm | 86 | Calm | 77 |

17 | 80 | Calm | 87 | Calm | 86 | Calm | 84 |

18 | 80 | Calm | 86 |N.W. by N. | 81 | N.W. | 82 |

| | | | | | | |

19 | 69 |N.E. by N. | 74 | N. by E. | 73 | N. by E. | 72 |

20 | 66 | W.S.W. | 81 | W. | 80 | Calm | 75 |

21 | 70 | S.W. | 83 | N.W. | 83 | N. by W. | 78 |

22 | 70 | E. by S. | 83 | E.N.E. | 84 | Calm | 79 |

23 | 72 | Calm | 82 | E.S.E. | 82 | S. | 78 |

24 | 71 | Calm | 84 | Calm | 86 | S.W. | 80 |

| | | | | | | |

25 | 75 | Calm | 85 | N.E. | 86 | N. | 82 |

| | | | | | | |

26 | 77 | N.W. | 84 | S. | 87 | W.N.W. | 82 |

27 | 70 |N.W. by N. | 84 | N.N.E. | 86 | N.N.E. | 80 |

28 | 75 | Calm | 83 | S. by W. | 86 | E. | 81 |

29 | 71 | Calm | 88 | N.W. | 89 |N.W. by W. | 82 |

30 | 74 | N.W. | 81 | W.N.W. | 78 |S.W. by S. | 77 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | -- |Windy during the day | 29.40 | 29.26 | 29.32 |

2 | -- | | 29.36 | 29.17 | 29.31 |

3 | -- | | 29.41 | 29.26 | 29.20 |

4 | 68 | | 29.32 | 29.16 | 29.17 |

5 | -- | | 29.25 | 29.10 | 29.18 |

6 | 79 | | 29.29 | 29.15 | 29.16 |

7 | 79 | | 29.24 | 29.19 | 29.19 |

8 | -- | | 29.20 | 29.15 | 29.16 |

9 | -- | | 29.18 | 29.20 | 29.15 |

10 | 71 | | 29.28 | 29.21 | 29.20 |

11 | 69 |Thunder shower before daylight this | 29.15 | 29.16 | 29.18 |

12 | 69 | | 29.36 | 29.27 | 29.28 |

13 | -- | | 29.40 | 29.26 | 29.20 |

14 | 65 | | 29.29 | 29.16 | 29.15 |

15 | -- |Violent thunder gust commenced at 6 | 29.21 | 29.22 | 29.23 |

16 | 71 |Sultry | 29.26 | 29.21 | 29.18 |

17 | 76 |Sultry | 29.22 | 29.17 | 29.14 |

18 | 79 |Light breezes. Thermometer at 88½ | 29.16 | 29.13 | 29.14 |

19 | 78 |Light breezes | 29.29 | 29.27 | 29.14 |

20 | 68 |Light breezes | 29.35 | 29.22 | 29.20 |

21 | 71 |Light breezes | 29.21 | 29.16 | 29.11 |

22 | -- |Light breezes | 29.22 | 29.19 | 29.13 |

23 | -- |Light breezes | 29.20 | 29.17 | 29.09 |

24 | 70 |Light showers of rain in the | 29.24 | 29.18 | 29.14 |

25 | 69 |Thermometer at 88 at 5 P.M. Light | 29.25 | 29.20 | 29.19 |

26 | 68 |Light and variable breezes | 29.25 | 29.15 | 29.15 |

27 | 73 |Light breezes | 29.29 | 29.09 | 29.10 |

28 | 76 |Light breezes | 29.15 | 29.08 | 29.06 |

29 | -- |Strong breezes | 29.04 | 28.90 | 28.87 |

30 | 77 |Strong gales of wind last night and | 29.00 | 28.99 | 29.00 |

-----+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------

=====+=======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

1 | Fair | -- | Cs, Cms, | -- | -- |

2 | | | | | |

3 | | | | | |

4 | | | | | |

5 | | | | | |

6 | | | | | |

7 | | | | | |

8 | | | | | |

9 | | | | | |

10 | | | | | |

11 | | | | | |

| | | | | |

12 | | | | | |

13 | | | | | |

14 | | | | | |

15 | | | | | |

| | | | | |

16 | | | | | |

17 | | | | | |

18 | | | | | |

| | | | | |

19 | | | | | |

20 | | | | | |

21 | | | | | | --

22 | Cs, Fair | -- -- -- | Cs. Cm, | -- -- -- | Cs. Cms, | --

23 | Fair | | Cms. Ns, | | Ns, | --

24 | | | | | | --

| | | | | |

25 | Fair | -- | Cms, | -- | Cm, Cml, | --

| | | | | |

26 | Fair -- | -- -- -- | Cms, Cs. | -- -- -- |-- -- Fair | --

27 | Fair Cs. | -- -- | -- Cml, | -- -- | Cml, Cm, | --

28 | Fair | | Fair Cm. | | Cm, | --

29 | | | | | | W.

30 | | | | | | --

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

{xlvi} Meteorological Register {xlvii} for the Month of JULY, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 69 | Calm | 83 | W.S.W. | 83 | Calm | 78 |

2 | 71 | Calm | 74 | W. by S. | 80 |N.E. by N. | 75 |

3 | 67 | N.N.W. | 80 |N.W. by N | 78 |N.E. by E. | 75 |

4 | 64 | N.N.W. | 81 | E.S.E. | 77 | E.S.E. | 74 |

5 | 65 |S.E. by E. | 80 | E. by N. | 79 | E.N.E. | 74 |

| | | | | | | |

6 | 76 | Calm | 81 | W.S.W. | 84 | E.N.E. | 80 |

7 | 72 | E.N.E. | 86 |N.W. by W. | 86 |S.E. by E. | 81 |

8 | 76 | Calm | 90 | S.W. | 88 | E.N.E. | 84 |

9 | 78 | E.N.E. | 83 |S.W. by S. | 85 | S.W. | 82 |

| | | | | | | |

10 | 80 | W.S.W. | 85 | N.W. | | | |

11 | 71 | N.E. | 85 |N.W. by N. | 82 | S.W. | 79 |

| | | | | | | |

12 | 76 | Calm | 87 | N.W. | 81 |N.W. by N. | 81 |

13 | 79 | S. | 85 | W. | 86 | Calm | 83 |

| | | | | | | |

14 | 77 | W.S.W. | 81 | N.E. | 82 | Calm | 80 |

| | | | | | | |

15 | 75 | W.S.W. | 84 | W.N.W. | 82 | | 80 |

16 | 69 | W.N.W. | 77 | N.W. | 76 | N.N.W. | 74 |

17 | 54 | N.N.E. | 73 | S.S.E. | 72 | N.W. | 66 |

18 | 54 | N.W. | 73 | E. by N. | 74 | N.N.W. | 67 |

19 | 54 | N.N.E. | 75 | E. | 76 | S.S.E. | 68 |

20 | 64 | S.E. | 80 | W.N.W. | 73 | E. by S. | 72 |

21 | 68 | E. by S. | 75 | E. by S. | 70 | S.S.E. | 71 |

22 | 70 | E. | 80 | S. by W. | 77 | S.E. | 75 |

23 | 68 | Calm | 73 | S.S.E. | | | |

| | | | | | | |

24 | 72 | Calm | 83 | S.E. | 82 | N.E. | 79 |

25 | 72 |N.W. by N. | 83 | N.N.E. | 80 | N. by W. | 78 |

| | | | | | | |

26 | 65 | Calm | 83 | N. | 72 | W. | 73 |

27 | 64 | N.W. | 84 | S.S.E. | 75 | E.S.E. | 74 |

28 | 69 | E. | 86 | S. by E. | 84 | N.E. | 79 |

| | | | | | | |

29 | 72 | E.N.E. | 88 |S.W. by S. | 80 | S. | 80 |

30 | 74 | W.S.W. | 89 | E.S.E. | 83 |S.E. by E. | 82 |

31 | 72 |N.E. by N. | 86 | N.N.W. | 82 | E. by N. | 80 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | -- |Fresh gales in middle of the day | 29.09 | 29.00 | 29.00 |

2 | -- |Fresh gales in middle of the day | 29.16 | 29.18 | 29.18 |

3 | 70 |Fresh and variable brs.--night fair | 29.33 | 29.20 | 29.20 |

4 | 70 |Fresh breezes | 29.39 | 29.20 | 29.20 |

5 | 69 |Light breezes | 29.25 | 29.08 | 29.07 |

| | | | | |

6 | 69 |Freq. showers of R. during the day | 29.07 | 29.05 | 29.06 |

7 | 65 |Hard shower this forenoon | 29.12 | 29.00 | 29.02 |

8 | 67 |Light brs.--mackerel sky in even. | 29.04 | 28.96 | 28.96 |

9 | 77 |Hard shower this forenoon. L. in | 29.04 | 29.00 | 28.98 |

10 | 79 |Rained greater part of forenoon | 28.99 | 29.05 | |

11 | 80 |Fresh breezes this afternoon, N. | 29.18 | 29.10 | 29.04 |

12 | 79 |Lightning in the evening | 29.00 | 28.97 | 29.04 |

13 | 81 |Thunder shower and heavy wind from | 29.07 | 29.00 | 29.03 |

14 | 78 |Thunder showers and heavy wind | 29.03 | 29.13 | 29.13 |

15 | 81 |Very light breezes | 29.22 | 29.21 | 29.23 |

16 | 78 |Very light breezes | 29.27 | 29.27 | 29.25 |

17 | 73 |Very light breezes. Stratus at night| 29.34 | 29.31 | 29.31 |

18 | 70 |Pleasant wea. Even. S. in N.E. | 29.34 | 29.34 | 29.31 |

19 | 72 |Pleasant weather | 29.34 | 29.34 | 29.34 |

20 | 72 |Light breezes | 29.34 | 29.30 | 29.24 |

21 | 72 |Light breezes | 29.21 | 29.15 | 29.15 |

22 | 75 |Fresh breezes. T. storm in even. | 29.06 | 28.97 | 28.97 |

23 | 75 |Several showers of rain to-day. L. | 29.00 | 29.00 | |

24 | 75 |Fr. brs. T. storm with R. in even. | 29.02 | 29.10 | 29.12 |

25 | 76 |Fresh breezes. Light rain this | 29.16 | 29.17 | 29.16 |

26 | 76 |Fresh breezes | 29.20 | 29.20 | 29.13 |

27 | 76 |Thick fog over the river this morn. | 29.13 | 29.13 | 29.06 |

28 | 78 |Strong breezes in the afternoon. | 29.10 | 29.10 | 29.06 |

29 | 77 |Strong breezes | 29.12 | 29.06 | 29.03 |

30 | 82 |Moderate brs. Noon T. Even. L. | 29.08 | 29.01 | 29.00 |

31 | 86 |Moderate breezes | 29.00 | 28.90 | 28.88 |

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+=======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

1 | Cms, | -- | Cml, | -- | Cs. | --

2 | Cs. | -- | Cs. | -- | Cs. | --

3 | Cs, | -- | Cs, | -- | Cs, | --

4 | Cm, | S. | Cm, & C, | S. | C, & Cs, | --

5 | Cmc. | -- | Cm, Cms, | S.E. | Ns, | --

| | | Cs, | | |

6 | Ns. | -- | Ns, | -- | Cms, | --

7 |Cms, & Cs, | -- |Cs, & Cms, | -- | Cm, & Cs, | --

8 | Cs, | E. | Cm. & Cs. | -- | Cml, | --

9 | Cs. | -- | Cs. Cms, | -- | Ns, Cms, | N.W.

| | | | | |

10 | Ns. | -- | Cms. | -- | Cs. | --

11 | Cs. | S.W. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

12 | Ns, Cs, | S.W. | Cs. | -- | Ns. | N.

13 | Cs, Ns, | NW., NE. | Cms, Ns. | S.W. | Ns, Cs, | E.

| | | | | |

14 | Cs, | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns, | N.N.E.

| | | | | |

15 | S. | -- | Cs, Cm, | -- | Cs, | --

16 | C, Cs, | W.N.W. | Cms, | -- | Cs, | --

17 | Cms, | -- | Cms. | -- | Cs, | --

18 | S. | -- | Cs, | -- | Cs. | --

19 | Cmc. | -- | Cs. | -- | Cs. | --

20 | Cs. | -- | Cm, Cs, | -- | Cs. | --

21 | Ns. | -- | Ns, Cm, | S.W. | -- | --

22 | Ns. | S. | Cms, Cml, | -- | Ns | S.W.

23 | Ns. | -- | Cs, Cml, | N.W., S. | Cm, Ns, | S.S.W.

| | | | | |

24 | Cm, Cs, | -- | Cms, Cs, | N.N.W. | Ns, | --

25 | Cms, | N.N.W. | Cm, | N.N.W. | C, | N.W.

| | | | | |

26 | C, Cml, | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

27 | S. | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

28 | C, | -- | Cms, | -- | Cms, | --

| | | | | |

29 | C, | N. | Cs, C, | -- | Cs, Cms, | --

30 | Ns. | -- | Cms, Cml, | S.W. | Cms, Cs, | --

31 | Ns | -- | Cms. Cs |N.E. , S.W.| -- | --

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

_Remarkable Phenomena._--On the 7th, 170 miles from mouth of Missouri

river at 9 o'clock, P.M. discovered a comet bearing nearly N.W.

Observed its distance from North Star to be 49° 38´.--8th, 57 minutes

past 8 P.M. observed distance of comet from North Star 48° 46´, bearing

at same time N. 43°, W. Altitude 7°.

17th--Franklin, Missouri--Magnetic intensity 26 oscillations per

minute. 28th--At our Camp--Magnetic intensity 25 oscillations per

minute.

{xlviii} _Meteorological Register_ {xlix} _for the Month of_ AUGUST,

1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 72 | N.W. | 85 | N. | 82 | S.E. | 79 |

| | | | | | | |

2 | 69 | Calm | 78 | E. by S. | 74 | E. by S. | 73 |

3 | 68 | | 82 | S.W. | 74 | W. by S. | 74 |

4 | 73 | S. | 84 | S. | 78 | W. | 78 |

| | | | | | | |

5 | 68 | S.S.W. | 86 | W. | 76 | S.W. | 76 |

6 | 71 | W. | 88 | W. | 80 | W. | 79 |

7 | 71 | S.W. | 84 | W.S.W. | 81 | W.S.W. | 78 |

| | | | | | | |

8 | 71 | Calm | 84 | N.E. | 80 |S.W. by S. | 78 |

9 | 70 | S.S.W. | 88 | Calm | 84 | Calm | 80 |

10 | 70 | S.S.E. | 88 | S. | 84 | E.S.E. | 80 |

11 | 72 | E.N.E. | 90 | S.S.E. | 85 | E.S.E. | 82 |

12 | 72 | Calm | 92 | W. | 85 | E.N.E. | 83 |

13 | 75 | Calm | 91 | S.W. | 86 | S.S.E. | 84 |

| | | | | | | |

14 | 77 | Calm | 93 | S. | 87 | S. | 85 |

15 | 76 | S.E. | 92 | S. | 86 | S.S.W. | 84 |

16 | 76 | Calm | 90 | Calm | 87 | N. | 84 |

| | | | | | | |

17 | 74 | E.N.E. | 90 | N.E. | 86 | N.N.E. | 83 |

18 | 73 | W.S.W. | 86 | Calm | 81 | E.N.E. | 89 |

19 | 74 | Calm | 83 | E.N.E. | 80 | E.N.E. | 79 |

20 | 76 | S.S.E. | 85 | E. | 81 | E. | 80 |

21 | 68 | Calm | 84 | W.N.W. | 78 | N.W. | 76 |

| | | | | | | |

22 | 61 | N.W. | 76 | N.N.E. | 68 | N.N.W. | 68 |

23 | 50 | W. | 72 | Calm | 67 | N.W. | 63 |

24 | 54 | S.S.E. | 73 | S.S.E. | 70 | S.S.E. | 65 |

25 | 60 | S.E. | 83 | S.S.E. | | S.S.E. | |

26 | 68 | S. | 86 | S.S.E. | 80 | S.S.E. | 78 |

27 | 71 | E. | 70 | N. | 69 | N. | 70 |

28 | 50 | N.W. | 79 | N.W. | 66 | E.N.E. | 65 |

29 | 50 | N.N.E. | 75 | E.S.E. | | | |

30 | 50 | E.S.E. | 84 | S.S.W. | 71 | S.W. | 68 |

31 | 62 | S. | 93 | W.S.W. | 84 | S.W. | 79 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | 88 |Frequent showers of rain, ⅛ of an | 28.87 | 28.77 | 28.74 |

2 | 86 | | 28.72 | 28.68 | 28.68 |

3 | 78 | | 28.68 | 28.70 | 28.74 |

4 | 76 |Frequent showers of rain, ½ an inch | 28.79 | 28.77 | 28.77 |

5 | 75 |Light sprinkles of rain | 28.83 | 28.80 | 28.80 |

6 | 75 |Cloudy all day | 28.86 | | 28.85 |

7 | 79 |Light sprinkles of rain last night | 28.90 | 28.82 | 28.82 |

8 | 82 |Sprinkles of rain this forenoon | 28.82 | 28.74 | 28.74 |

9 | 80 |Sultry | 28.75 | 28.74 | 28.74 |

10 | 82 |Sultry. Light in S.E. this evening | 28.80 | 28.80 | 28.80 |

11 | 79 |Pleasant brs. L. in N. this | 28.86 | 28.86 | 28.78 |

12 | 81 |Fresh breezes. Lightning in N.W. | 28.84 | 28.80 | 28.74 |

13 | 82 |Fresh breezes. Night meteors | 28.77 | 28.70 | 28.70 |

14 | 82 |Fresh breezes. No dew | 28.70 | 28.63 | 28.62 |

15 | 79 |Fresh breezes. No dew | 28.62 | 28.60 | 28.57 |

16 | 72 |Light breezes. Shower of rain in | 28.57 | 28.63 | 28.64 |

17 | 79 |Light breezes | 28.66 | 28.66 | 28.66 |

18 | 72 |Light brs. noon. Rain in the E. | 28.70 | 28.67 | 28.67 |

19 | 74 | | 28.74 | 28.74 | 28.74 |

20 | 76 | | 28.80 | 28.75 | 28.68 |

21 | 77 |Hard shower of rain from | 28.68 | 28.63 | 28.66 |

22 | 78 |Windy | 28.84 | 28.85 | 28.88 |

23 | 70 | | 29.18 | 28.85 | 28.85 |

24 | 66 |Windy | 28.85 | 28.77 | 28.77 |

25 | 62 |Strong gale of wind during the day | 28.83 | 28.65 | 28.65 |

26 | |Strong gale of wind. Evening, rain | 28.72 | 28.66 | 28.63 |

27 | 64 |Strong gale of wind. Morn. rain | 28.63 | 28.75 | 28.75 |

28 | 65 |Strong gale of wind | 28.94 | 28.78 | 28.79 |

29 | 70 |Fresh breezes | 29.00 | 28.84 | |

30 | 69 |Fresh breezes | 28.97 | 28.67 | 28.54 |

31 | 71 |Windy | 28.57 | 28.44 | 28.45 |

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+=======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

1 | Ns. | N.E. | Cml. | N.E. | Cs. |

| | | | | |

2 | Ns. | | Ns. | | Ns. |

3 | Ns. | | Ns. | | Ns. |

4 | Ns. | E. | Cm, | | C, Cs. |

| | | | | |

5 | | | | | |

6 | Cs. | | Cs. | | Cs. |

7 | Ns. | | Cs. | | Cms. |

| | | | | |

8 | Ns. | | Cs. | | Cms. |

9 | Cs, Cms, | | Fair | | Cm, |

10 | Fair | | Cm. | S.S.W. | Fair |

11 | Fair | | Cm, | S.S.W. | C, Cs, |

12 | Cs. | | Cs, Cms, | | Cs, |

13 | Cm, Cs, | | Cm, | | Cm, Cs, |

| | | | | |

14 | | | | | |

15 | | | | | |

16 | Ns. | N.W. | Ns. | | Ns, Cs, |

| | | | | |

17 | Cs, | | Cs, Cml, | S.W., N.E.| |

18 | Cs, | | Cs, Cm, | S.W., N.E.| Ns. | E.

19 | Ns. | | Cms. | N.E. | |

20 | Fair | | Cm, Cs, | | C. |

21 | Ns. | | Ns. | | |

| | | | | |

22 | | | | | |

23 | Cs. | | | | |

24 | Cs. | | | | |

25 | C, | | C, | E. | C, | E.

26 | Cs, | | Cs, Cm, | S.W. | Ns. |

27 | Ns. | N.W. | Cs, Cm, | W., N.W. | |

28 | Fair | | Cs. | | |

29 | | | | | |

30 | | | | | |

31 | Cs, | | Fair | | Fair |

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

_Remarkable Phenomena._--On the evening of the 2d, when the moon was

about 8° above the horizon, brilliant rays of light appeared very

distinctly to proceed from a point 5° or 6° to the north of the moon.

Same phenomenon on the evening of the 3d.

Fort Osage, August 4th, magnetic intensity 26½.

Fall of rain on the 26th instant 3-16ths of an inch--27th ½ an inch.

{l} _Meteorological Register_ {li} _for the Month of_ SEPTEMBER, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 75 | N.W. | 92 | S.S.E. | 88 | S.W. | 85 |

2 | 75 | N.W. | 88 | E.S.E. | 74 | Calm | 79 |

| | | | | | | |

3 | 63 | S.S.E. | 90 | S.W. | 78 | S.W. | 77 |

| | | | | | | |

4 | 76 | S.W. | 90 | S.S.E. | 82 | S.S.E. | 82 |

5 | 71 | N.N.W. | 70 | N.N.W. | 71 | N.N.W. | 70 |

| | | | | | | |

6 | 66 | S.E. | 84 | N.W. | 72 | N.W. | 74 |

| | | | | | | |

7 | 70 | N.W. | 85 | E.S.E. | 78 | N.N.W. | 77 |

| | | | | | | |

8 | 65 | N.E. | 85 | E.S.E. | 76 | E.S.E. | 75 |

9 | 65 | E.S.E. | 92 | S.E. | 75 | S.E. | 74 |

| | | | | | | |

10 | 70 | Calm | 87 | S.S.E. | 80 | S.E. | 79 |

| | | | | | | |

11 | 72 | Calm | 77 | S. | 76 | S.E. | 75 |

| | | | | | | |

12 | 74 | S.S.E. | 82 | S. | 76 | Calm | 77 |

13 | 62 | N. | 74 | N.N.W. | 67 | N.N.W. | 67 |

14 | 50 | W. | 69 | E.N.E. | 60 | E.N.E. | 59 |

15 | 50 | S.W. | 74 | S.S.W. | 68 | S.S.W. | 64 |

16 | 56 | N.E. | 78 | S. | 71 | S. | 68 |

17 | 55 | S. | 85 | E.N.E. | 78 | E.N.E. | 72 |

18 | 58 | Calm | 90 | S.E. | 75 | S.E. | 74 |

19 | 56 | N.N.W. | 84 | S.E. | 72 | S.E. | 70 |

20 | 58 | S.E. | 70 | S.E. | 69 | S.S.W. | 65 |

| | | | | | | |

21 | 56 | E.S.E. | 80 | E.S.E. | 74 | S.E. | 70 |

22 | 60 | E.S.E. | 76 | S.E. | 72 | Calm | 69 |

23 | 54 | N. | 64 | N.N.W. | 58 | N.W. | 58 |

24 | 41 | N. | 64 | N. | 55 | Calm | 53 |

25 | 34 | Calm | 70 | Calm | 59 | Calm | 54 |

26 | 45 | S.E. | 82 | S.E. | 71 | S.E. | 66 |

| | | | | | | |

27 | 54 | Calm | 80 | S.E. | 67 | S.E. | 67 |

28 | 54 | E.S.E. | 77 | S.E. | 70 | S.E. | 67 |

29 | 54 | E.S.E. | 85 | S.E. | 80 | S.E. | 73 |

30 | 62 | Calm | 86 | N.W. | 73 | N.W. | 73 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | 75 |Windy | 28.45 | 28.40 | 28.40 |

2 | 78 |Light breezes. Lightning in S.W. | 28.41 | 29.20 | 29.20 |

3 | 80 |Hard thunder shower from W.S.W. | 28.70 | 28.47 | 28.47 |

4 | 78 |Some rain last night | 28.47 | 28.47 | 28.47 |

5 | 79 |Rain and lightning last night, and | 28.63 | 28.58 | 28.58 |

6 | 79 |Thunder storm from S.E. last | 28.58 | 28.50 | 28.50 |

7 | 80 |Violent thunder storm from N.N.W. | 28.50 | 28.44 | 28.44 |

8 | 80 | | 28.56 | 29.60 | 29.60 |

9 | 77 |Thunder in the W. and some | 28.65 | 28.55 | 28.55 |

10 | 70 |afternoon--evening lightning in the | 28.68 | 28.68 | 28.68 |

| |N. | | | |

11 | 65 |Frequent light sprinkles of rain | 28.66 | 28.66 | 28.63 |

12 | 68 | | 28.63 | 28.64 | 28.64 |

13 | 62 |Very windy and squally all day | 28.76 | 28.84 | 28.84 |

14 | 59 |Cool breezes. S. from river at night| 29.10 | 28.92 | 28.86 |

15 | 64 |Remarkably clear sky all this day | 28.92 | 28.70 | 28.68 |

16 | 65 |Remarkably clear sky all this day | 28.75 | 28.64 | 28.65 |

17 | 65 |Remarkably clear sky all this day | 28.75 | 28.60 | 28.60 |

18 | 66 | | 28.60 | 28.50 | 28.50 |

19 | 66 | | 28.70 | 28.68 | 28.68 |

20 | 60 |Night S. from the river and nimbus | 28.80 | 28.70 | 28.70 |

21 | 56 |Fresh gales of wind | 28.70 | 28.54 | 28.54 |

22 | 62 |Atmosphere thick and smoky | 28.56 | 28.46 | 28.56 |

23 | 68 |Windy | 28.66 | 28.66 | 28.66 |

24 | 68 |Windy | 28.78 | 28.57 | 28.57 |

25 | 66 |Frost last night | 28.80 | 28.54 | 28.54 |

26 | 62 |} Atmosphere very smoky, occasioned | 28.50 | 28.37 | 28.37 |

27 | 61 |} | 28.37 | 28.43 | 28.43 |

28 | 60 |} | 28.70 | 28.64 | 28.64 |

29 | 60 |} | 28.65 | 28.50 | 28.50 |

30 | 66 |} | 28.50 | 28.54 | 28.50 |

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+=======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

1 | C, | -- | C, Cm, | -- | Cs, | --

2 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

| | | | | |

3 | C, Cs, | S.W., W. | Cs. | N.W. | Ns. | S.W.

| | | | | |

4 | C, | S.W. | Fair | -- | Cs, | W.

5 | Cs. Cml, | W., N.W. | Ns. | S.E. | Ns. | S.

| | | | | |

6 | Cs. Cml, | N.W., S. | Cs, | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

7 | Ns, | -- | Cm. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

8 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Cs, | --

9 | C, Cm, | -- | C, Cm, | -- | Ns, | --

| | | | | |

10 | Fair | -- | Cm, | -- | Cm. Cs, | --

| | | | | |

11 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

12 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Fair | --

13 | Ns. | -- | Cs. | -- | Fair | --

14 | Fair | -- | Cm, | -- | Fair | --

15 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

16 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

17 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

18 | Fair | -- | Cs, | N.W. | Fair | --

19 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

20 | S, Ns, | -- | S, Cml, | -- | S. | --

| | | | | |

21 | S, Cs, | -- | Cs, | N.W. | Cs, | --

22 | C, C, | -- | Cs, | -- | Cs, | N.W.

23 | Cs, | N.W. | Cs, | N.W. | Fair | --

24 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | S, | --

25 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

26 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

| | | | | |

27 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

28 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

29 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --

30 | Cs, | -- | Fair | -- | Cs, | N.W.

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

_Note._ The Expedition arrived at ENGINEER CANTONMENT, their wintering

post, on the 17th instant.

September 3d, fall of rain 7-8 inch--4th, 1-8 inch--5th, 5-8 inch--7th,

3-8 inch--8th, 5-8 inch.

{lii} _Meteorological Register_ {liii} _for the Month of_ OCTOBER, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 46 | Calm | 86 | N.W. | 74 | N.W. | 68 |

2 | 50 | Calm | 73 | E. | 65 | E. | 62 |

3 | 54 | S.E. | 75 | S.E. | 72 | Calm | 67 |

4 | 64 | E.S.E. | 90 | S.E. | 86 | S.E. | 80 |

5 | 72 | S.E. | 88 | S.S.E. | 82 | S.S.E. | 80 |

| | | | | | | |

6 | 68 | S.E. | 71 | S.E. | 47 | N.W. | 62 |

7 | 36 | N.W. | 39 | N.W. | 38 | N.W. | 37 |

8 | 32 | N.W. | 38 | N.W. | 36 | N.W. | 35 |

| | | | | | | |

9 | 31 | N.W. | 48 | N.W. | 44 | N.W. | 41 |

10 | 38 | S.E. | 68 | N.N.W. | 55 | N.N.W. | 53 |

11 | 35 | | 56 | E.S.E. | 52 | E.S.E. | 47 |

12 | 43 | Calm | 53 | N.E. | 49 | Calm | 48 |

13 | 28 | Calm | 57 | S.E. | 47 | Calm | 44 |

14 | 42 | S.E. | 70 | S.E. | 62 | Calm | 58 |

15 | 44 | N.N.E. | 58 | N.N.E. | 53 | N.W. | 51 |

16 | 30 | N.W. | 53 | N.W. | 42 | W. | 41 |

17 | 26 | S.E. | 59 | E.S.E. | 51 | S.E. | 45 |

| | | | | | | |

18 | 43 | N.N.W. | 57 | W.N.W. | 53 | W.N.W. | 51 |

19 | 40 | N.W. | 53 | N.W. | 45 | N.W. | 46 |

20 | 29 | Calm | 53 | N.W. | 45 | W.N.W. | 42 |

21 | 28 | Calm | 49 | S.E. | 46 | S.E. | 41 |

22 | 38 | Calm | 74 | Variable | 65 | N.W. | 59 |

| | | | | | | |

23 | 40 | N.W. | | N.W. | | N.W. | |

24 | | N.W. | | N.W. | | N.W. | |

25 | | S.S.W. | | S.S.W. | | S.S.W. | |

26 | 29 | Calm | 56 | S.E. | 54 | S.E. | 46 |

27 | 32 | Calm | 59 | Calm | 56 | Calm | 49 |

28 | 32 | Calm | 68 | S.S.W. | 66 | S.S.W. | 55 |

29 | 39 | Calm | 61 | N. | 57 | N. | 51 |

| | | | | | | |

30 | 31 | Calm | 52 | S.E. | 54 | S.E. | 45 |

31 | 50 | N.W. | 77 | N.W. | 61 | N.W. | 62 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | 65 |Atmosphere thick with smoke | 28.73 | 28.54 | 28.56 |

2 | -- |Atmosphere thick with smoke | 28.74 | 28.62 | 28.62 |

3 | -- |Atmosphere thick with smoke | 28.54 | 28.45 | 28.38 |

4 | 56 |Atmosphere thick with smoke | 28.38 | 28.28 | 28.28 |

5 | 60 |Windy and squally. Atmosphere thick | 28.38 | 28.35 | 28.35 |

6 | 66 |Light rain this morning | 28.40 | 28.33 | 28.40 |

7 | 66 |Windy | 28.70 | 28.80 | 28.87 |

8 | 67 |A little ice and snow last night. | 28.96 | 28.94 | 28.94 |

9 | 70 |Frost last night--windy to-day | 28.88 | 28.83 | 28.72 |

10 | 58 |Windy | 28.71 | 28.66 | 28.67 |

11 | 53 |Light sprinkles of rain to-day | 28.88 | 28.88 | 28.96 |

12 | 54 |Fresh breezes of wind all this day | 29.21 | 29.20 | 29.23 |

13 | 46 |Frost last night | 29.45 | 29.28 | 29.25 |

14 | 47 | | 29.16 | 28.90 | 28.83 |

15 | 52 | | 28.69 | 28.64 | 28.65 |

16 | 57 |Frost last night | 28.87 | 28.78 | 28.78 |

17 | 49 |Frost last night--water also froze | 28.90 | 28.75 | 28.75 |

18 | 46 |Windy | 28.64 | 28.61 | 28.61 |

19 | 46 |High wind this day | 28.76 | 28.76 | 28.76 |

20 | 47 |Hail last night | 28.95 | 28.95 | 29.00 |

21 | 48 |Heavy frost last night | 29.16 | 29.00 | 28.88 |

22 | 42 |High wind this afternoon. Fog on | 28.66 | 28.35 | 28.45 |

23 | 46 |High winds | 28.78 | | |

24 | 48 |High winds | | | |

25 | 39 |High winds | | | |

26 | 42 | | 28.92 | 28.88 | 28.90 |

27 | 50 | | 28.94 | 28.88 | 28.88 |

28 | 53 | | 28.96 | 28.73 | 28.67 |

29 | 52 |Frost last night, smoky atmosphere | 28.83 | 28.74 | 28.69 |

30 | 52 |Atmosphere filled with dense smoke | 28.88 | 28.73 | 28.64 |

31 | 43 |Atmosphere filled with dense smoke | 28.48 | 28.48 | 28.48 |

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

1 | Cml, | N.W. | Fair | -- | Fair | --

2 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

3 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

4 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | C, | S.W.

5 | Cml, | -- | Cm, | -- | C, | --

| | | | | |

6 | Ns. | S.W. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

7 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

8 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

9 | Fair | -- | C, | -- | Fair | --

10 | C, | -- | C, Cml, | -- | Ns. | --

11 | Fair | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | W.N.W.

12 | Ns. | -- | Cs, | N.W. | Cml, | --

13 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

14 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

15 | C, | N. | Cml, | -- | Cml, | --

16 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

17 | Fair | -- | C, | W. | C, | N.W.

| | | | | |

18 | C, | N.W. | Cm, | N.W. | Ns, | N.W.

19 | Cm, | N.W. | Cm, | N.W. | Ns. | --

20 | Cm, | -- | Cm, | -- | Cm. | --

21 | Cs, | N.W. | Cs, | N.W. | Fair | --

22 | C, | N.W. | C, | -- | Fair | --

| | | | | |

23 | C, | -- | C, | -- | C, | --

24 | Cs. | -- | C, | -- | C, | --

25 | C, | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

26 | C, | N.W. | C, | -- | Fair | --

27 | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W. | C | N.W.

28 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

29 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --

| | | | | |

30 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --

31 | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W.

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

_Remarkable Phenomena._--The Aurora Borealis appeared in N.N.E. at 8

o'clock on the evening of the 12th, near the horizon, and continued but

a short time.

The atmosphere has been very thick with smoke during this month

generally, occasioned by the burning of the _prairies_. This appearance

has generally been near the horizon, but at some times, particularly in

the latter part of the month, the whole of the sky has been obscured by

smoke, bearing much resemblance in the morning, when there was little

wind, to a thick fog.

6th--Fall of rain 3-16ths of an inch.

{liv} _Meteorological Register_ {lv} _for the Month of_ NOVEMBER, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 52 | N.W. | 63 | N.W. | 54 | N.W. | 56 |

2 | 33 | S.E. | 65 | Var. | 60 | N.W. | 52 |

3 | 44 | N.W. | 54 | N.W. | 53 | N.W. | 50 |

4 | 32 | Calm | 64 | N.W. | 58 | N.W. | 51 |

5 | 44 | S.E. | 54 | S.E. | 57 | S.E. | 51 |

6 | 46 | N.W. | 50 | N.W. | 47 | N.W. | 47 |

7 | 30 | S.E. | 54 | S.E. | 56 | S.E. | 46 |

8 | 47 | S.E. | 68 | S.E. | 56 | S.E. | 57 |

9 | 30 | Calm | 40 | N.W. | 44 | N.W. | 38 |

| | | | | | | |

10 | 57 | S. | 58 | S. | 54 | S. | 56 |

11 | 36 | Var. | 53 | S. | 52 | S. | 47 |

12 | 38 | N.W. | 40 | N.W. | 36 | N.W. | 38 |

13 | 38 | S.E. | 41 | S.E. | 43 | S.E. | 40 |

14 | 38 | S.E. | 64 | Calm | 48 | Calm | 50 |

15 | 45 | S.E. | 56 | S.E. | 50 | N.W. | 50 |

16 | 33 | Calm | 52 | N.W. | 50 | N.W. | 45 |

17 | 34 | S.E. | 46 | S.E. | 43 | Calm | 41 |

18 | 24 | Calm | 42 | Sy. | 43 | S.E. | 36 |

19 | 44 | S.E. | 61 | Sy. | 61 | Sy. | 55 |

20 | 39 | N. | 43 | N. | 41 | N. | 41 |

21 | 36 | S.E. | 38 | S.E. | 39 | S.E. | 37 |

22 | 40 | N.W. | 42 | N.W. | 40 | N. | 40 |

23 | 37 | E. | 39 | S.E. | 42 | S.E. | 39 |

| | | | | | | |

24 | 35 | W. | 43 | W. | 44 | W. | 40 |

25 | 36 | S.E. | 39 | S.E. | 43 | S.E. | 39 |

| | | | | | | |

26 | 18 | N.W. | 22 | N.W. | 23 | N.W. | 21 |

27 | 10 | Calm | 20 | S.E. | 25 | S.E. | 18 |

28 | 20 | S.E. | 34 | S.E. | 36 | S.E. | 30 |

29 | 29 | S.E. | 40 | S.E. | 40 | S.E. | 36 |

30 | 30 | Calm | 55 | Calm | 42 | Calm | 42 |

| | | | | | | |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | -- |Windy and boisterous | 28.70 | 28.63 | 28.73 |

2 | 50 |Strong winds. Gust at 2 P.M. | 28.75 | 28.45 | 28.50 |

3 | 49 |Windy | 28.65 | 28.67 | 28.66 |

4 | 47 |Windy | 28.53 | 28.49 | 28.49 |

5 | 44 |Windy. Atmos. dense with smoke | 28.50 | 28.18 | 28.09 |

6 | 43 |Very windy and boisterous | 28.65 | 28.71 | 28.82 |

7 | 50 |Windy | 28.95 | 28.64 | 28.48 |

8 | -- |Light wind. Atmos. very smoky | 28.35 | 28.22 | 28.30 |

9 | 47 |Light wind. A little rain at | 28.68 | 28.60 | 28.60 |

10 | 48 |Rainy until noon | 28.35 | 28.13 | 28.13 |

11 | 49 |Light brs. Atmosphere very clear | 28.53 | 28.53 | 28.47 |

12 | 56 |A little rain last night | 28.59 | 28.80 | 28.80 |

13 | 50 |Fresh breezes | 28.89 | 28.70 | 28.56 |

14 | 41 |Mild weather | 28.41 | 28.33 | 28.35 |

15 | 37 |Mild. At sunset wind N.W. | 28.10 | 27.90 | 28.10 |

16 | 50 |Frost last night. Light winds | 28.44 | 28.43 | 28.47 |

17 | 59 |Frost last night | 28.60 | 28.46 | 28.51 |

18 | 47 |Heavy frost last night. | 28.90 | 28.70 | 28.56 |

19 | 43 |Moderate wind | 28.30 | 28.21 | 28.31 |

20 | -- |Windy | 28.75 | 28.76 | 28.80 |

21 | 47 |Rain before daylight | 28.94 | 28.83 | 28.76 |

22 | 38 |Rain last night | 28.83 | 28.92 | 28.97 |

23 | 46 |Rain last night. Ground covered | 28.95 | 28.69 | 28.57 |

24 | -- |Rainy last night | 28.54 | 28.55 | 28.62 |

25 | 48 |Heavy frost last night. Lit. rn. | 28.72 | 28.60 | 28.55 |

26 | 48 |Snow ⅛ in. Little ice in river | 29.13 | 29.08 | 29.13 |

27 | 51 |Much floating ice in river | 29.43 | 29.25 | 29.21 |

28 | 39 |Frost last night | 29.14 | 29.08 | 28.95 |

29 | -- |Floating ice increasing in river | 29.02 | 28.91 | 28.87 |

30 | 35 |Floating ice increasing in river | 28.85 | 28.77 | 28.77 |

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

1 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

2 | C. | N.W. | C, | N.W. | C, | --

3 | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W.

4 | Cms, | N.W. | C, | -- | C, | --

5 | C, | W. | -- | -- | -- | --

6 | C, | -- | C, | -- | C, | --

7 | Cs, | N.W. | -- | -- | -- | --

8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | --

9 | -- | -- | -- | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

10 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | S.S.E. | Cml, | S.S.E.

11 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

12 | Ns, | N.W. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

13 | Ns, | S.E. | Cs, | -- | C, | --

14 | C, | -- | C, | N.W. | Cs, | --

15 | Cs, | W.N.W. | C, | -- | Cs, | W.

16 | Fair | -- | C, | N.W. | Cms, | --

17 | C, | N.W. | Cs, | N.W. | Cs, | N.W.

18 | Cs, | N.W. | Ns, | N.W. | Ns, | N.W.

19 | Cs, | W. | Cs, | W. | C, | W.N.W.

20 | Cs. | -- | C, | W.N.W. | Cs, | --

21 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

22 | Ns, | N.W. | Ns, | N.W. | Ns. | N.W.

23 | Ns. | S.E. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

24 | C, | S.W. | Fair | -- | Fair | --

25 | Ns. | S.W. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

26 | Cml, | N.W. | Cml, | N.W. | Cml, | N.W.

27 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

28 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

29 | Fair | -- | Cml, | N.W. | Cs, | --

30 | Fair | -- | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W.

| | | | | |

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

_Remarkable Phenomena._--The atmosphere continued its smoky

appearance until the 11th, appearing to be produced by southerly and

south-easterly winds, and carried off by north and north-westerly ones.

November 10th, fall of rain ½ inch--23d, ¾ inch--24th, ½ inch.

{lvi} _Meteorological Register_ {lvii} _for the Month of_ DECEMBER, 1819

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 34 | Calm | 51 | N.W. | 46 | N.W. | 43 |

2 | 32 | S.E. | 41 | S.E. | 43 | S.E. | 38 |

3 | 32 | S.E. | 53 | S.E. | 49 | S.E. | 44 |

4 | 34 | E. | 39 | E. | 39 | E. | 37 |

5 | 33 | S. 40 | Calm | 43 | Calm | 38 |

6 | 42 | S.E. | 45 | S. | 42 | S. | 43 |

7 | 36 | S.E. | 44 | Calm | 43 | Calm | 41 |

8 | 38 | N.W. | 42 | N.W. | 39 | N.W. | 39 |

9 | 23 | S.E. | 32 | S.E. | 32 | S.E. | 29 |

10 | 32 | S.E. | 34 | S.E. | 34 | S.E. | 33 |

11 | 31 | S.E. | 36 | S.E. | 34 | S.E. | 33 |

12 | 34 | Calm | 36 | Calm | 36 | Calm | 35 |

| | | | | | | |

13 | 28 | N.W. | 32 | N.W. | 26 | N.W. | 28 |

14 | 20 | N.W. | 28 | N.W. | 24 | N.W. | 24 |

15 | 15 | N.W. | 20 | N.W. | 19 | N.W. | 18 |

| | | | | | | |

16 | 14 | S.E. | 24 | S.E. | 21 | S.E. | 19 |

17 | 21 | S.W. | 35 | S.W. | 37 | S.W. | 31 |

18 | 29 | N.W. | 28 | N.W. | 27 | N.W. | 28 |

19 | 11 | N.W. | 38 | N.W. | 24 | N.W. | 24 |

20 | 17 | S.E. | 55 | S.E. | 42 | S.E. | 38 |

21 | 35 | S.E. | 19 | N.W. | 17 | N.W. | 23 |

22 | 1 | N.W. | 3 | N.W. | 1 | N.W. | 1 |

23 | -10 | N.W. | 3 | N.W. | 1 | N.W. | -2 |

24 | -8 | S.W. | 15 | S.W. | 19 | S.W. | 9 |

25 | 18 | Calm | | | | | |

26 | 20 | N.W. | 43 | N.W. | 35 | N.W. | 32 |

27 | 9 | Calm | | | | | |

28 | 12 | N.W. | 21 | N.W. | 11 | N.W. | 14 |

| | | | | | | |

29 | 4 | S.E. | 25 | Calm | 16 | Calm | 15 |

30 | -4 | N.W. | 2 | N.W. | -1 | N.W. | -1 |

31 | -4 | S.E. | 15 | S.E. | 19 | N.W. | 10 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+====================================+=======================+

| | BAROMETER |

| +-----------------------+

Day | | |

of | +-------+-------+-------+

-----+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 |Thawing | 28.94 | 28.80 | 28.88 |

2 |No floating ice in river | 28.90 | 28.85 | 28.72 |

3 |Thawing | 28.56 | 28.55 | 28.63 |

4 |Frost last night | 28.88 | 28.78 | 28.80 |

5 |Rain at mid-day | 28.85 | 28.61 | 28.61 |

6 |Drizzling, A.M. | 28.74 | 28.63 | 28.70 |

7 |Frost last night | 28.87 | 28.73 | 28.74 |

8 |Light winds | 28.84 | 28.89 | 29.02 |

9 |Heavy frost last night | 29.28 | 29.00 | 28.97 |

10 |Windy | 28.77 | 28.60 | 28.58 |

11 |Windy | 28.75 | 28.70 | 28.70 |

12 |A little snow, hail, and rain last | 28.57 | 28.44 | 28.44 |

13 |Floating ice/river | 28.47 | 28.36 | 28.46 |

14 |Floating ice/river | 28.78 | 28.80 | 28.83 |

15 |Frost last night. Much floating ice | 29.25 | 29.14 | 29.08 |

16 |A little snow in flakes at noon | 29.09 | 29.04 | 28.91 |

17 |Frost last night | 28.72 | 28.62 | 28.50 |

18 |Very windy | 28.49 | 28.54 | 28.50 |

19 |Snow ¼ inch last night | 28.72 | 28.60 | 28.60 |

20 |Thawing | 28.56 | 28.50 | 28.40 |

21 |Very high wind | 28.14 | 28.30 | 28.49 |

22 |Ice made across river last night | 29.00 | 28.73 | 28.83 |

23 |A little snow fell yesterday | 29.32 | 29.02 | 29.00 |

24 |River entirely closed with ice | 28.93 | 28.80 | 28.50 |

25 |Stratus in horizon at midnight | 28.64 | | |

26 |Frost last night | 28.58 | 28.31 | 28.51 |

27 |Frost last night | 28.68 | | |

28 |Windy, slight snow. Icy particles | 28.80 | 28.57 | 28.84 |

29 |Frost last night | 28.84 | 28.80 | 28.66 |

30 |A little snow last night | 28.98 | 28.95 | 28.95 |

31 |Snow ¼ inch to-day | 28.83 | 28.50 | 28.54 |

-----+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

1 | Cs, | N.W. | C, | W. | Fair |

2 | Cs, | | Cs, | | Fair |

4 | C, | N.W. | C, | | Cs, |

5 | Ns, | S. | Ns. | | Ns. |

6 | Ns. | | Ns. | N. & S. | Ns, |

7 | C, | W.N.W. | Cs, | W.N.W. | Cs, |

8 | Ns. | W. | Ns. | | Cml, | N.W.

9 | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W.

10 | Ns. | S.E. | Ns. | | Ns, |

11 | Ns. | S.E. | Ns. | S.E. | Ns. | S.E.

12 | Ns. | | Ns. | | Ns. |

| | | | | |

13 | Cml. | W.N.W. | Ns. | N.W. | Ns. | N.W.

14 | Ns. | N.W. | Ns. | N.W. | Ns. | N.W.

15 | Fair | | Cml, | N.N.W. | Ns. |

| | | | | |

16 | Ns, | | Ns. | | Ns. | N.W.

17 | Fair | | C, Cml, | NW., SW. | C, | S.W.

18 | Ns. | | Ns. | | Ns. |

19 | Fair | | Fair | | C, |

20 | C, | | Cs, | W.N.W. | Ns, |

21 | Cml, | N.W. | Ns, | N.W. | Cs, | N.W.

22 | Ns. | | Ns. | | Ns. |

23 | Cs, | S.W. | Cs, | S.W. | C, | S.W.

24 | Fair | | C, | | Cs, | N.W.

25 | C, | N.W. | C, | | C, |

27 | C, | | Cs. | | Cs. |

28 | Ns. | | Fair | | Fair |

| | | | | |

29 | Cs, | N.W. | C, | N.W. | Cs, | N.

30 | Ns, | N. | Ns, | N. | |

31 | Ns. | | Ns. | | Cml, | N.W.

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

_Remarkable Phenomena._--December 30th. This morning at sunrise there

appeared two images of the sun about 22° or 23° N. and S. of, and in

a horizontal line with the sun; the whole sky being obscured by dense

cloud: neither the images nor the sun appeared very distinct, but

presented the appearance of luminous spots. The appearance continued

until about 11 o'clock.--This evening at half past five o'clock, a

similar phenomenon accompanied the moon.--Around her there was a halo

or luminous circle of about 45° in diameter. In the circumference of

this circle, on each side the moon and in a horizontal line with her,

there appeared an image similar to those described of the sun, though

not quite so distinct. They did not continue long.

December 5th, fall of rain 1-16th of an inch.

{lviii} _Meteorological Register_ {lix} _for the Month of_ JANUARY, 1820

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | 16 | N.W. | 22 | N.W. | 20 | N.W. | 19 |

2 | 13 | N.W. | 24 | N.W. | 18 | N.W. | 18 |

3 | 4 | S.E. | 35 | S.E. | 28 | N.W. | 22 |

4 | 13 | N.E. | 31 | N.W. | 21 | N.W. | 21 |

5 | 0 | S.E. | 24 | S.E. | 19 | S.E. | 14 |

6 | 20 | S.E. | 32 | S.E. | 28 | S.E. | 26 |

7 | 16 | N.W. | 40 | Calm | 35 | N.W. | 30 |

8 | 24 | N.W. | 32 | N.N.E. | 27 | N.W. | 27 |

9 | 7 | N.N.W. | 14 | N.W. | 14 | N.W. | 11 |

10 | -8 | N.W. | 3 | N.W. | -3 | N.W. | -3 |

11 | -16 | N.W. | -2 | N.W. | -3 | N.W. | -7 |

12 | 7 | S.E. | 32 | S.E. | 36 | N.W. | 25 |

| | | | | | | |

13 | 10 | N.W. | 17 | N.W. | 13 | N.W. | 13 |

14 | 2 | N.W. | 21 | N.W. | -1 | N.W. | 8 |

15 | -14 | N.W. | -5 | N. | -5 | N. | -8 |

16 | -9 | N.W. | 4 | N.W. | 1 | N.W. | -1 |

17 | -9 | S.E. | 11 | S.E. | 11 | Sy. | -4 |

18 | -13 | N.W. | 9 | N.W. | 1 | N.W. | -1 |

19 | 1 | N.N.E. |9½ | N.E. | 2 | N.W. | 4 |

20 | -5 | S.E. | 9 | S.E. | 11 | S.E. | -5 |

21 | 10 | N.W. | 13 | N.W. | 1 | N.W. | 8 |

| | | | | | | |

22 | -15 | N.W. | 11 | N.W. | -8 | N.W. | -4 |

23 | -9 | S.E. | 11 | S.E. | 12 | S.E. | 5 |

24 | 19 | N.W. | 34 | N.W. | 19 | N.W. | 20 |

25 | -5 | S.E. | 23 | S.E. | 23 | S.E. | 13 |

26 | 26 | N.W. | 33 | N.W. | 21 | N.W. | 26 |

27 | 19 | N.W. | 23 | N.W. | 4 | N.W. | 15 |

28 | -15 | S.E. | 9 | S.E. | 5 | S.E. | 0 |

29 | 6 | S.E. | 12 | N.W. | -3 | N.W. | 5 |

30 | -26 | S.E. | -2 | S.E. | 0 | N.W. | -9 |

31 | -2 | N.W. | -3 | N.W. | -11 | N.W. | -5 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

=====+=======+====================================+=======================+

| Mean | | BAROMETER |

| Temp. | +-----------------------+

Day | at | | |

of |German-| +-------+-------+-------+

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

1 | 12 |Little snow fell to-day | 28.58 | 28.77 | 28.87 |

2 | 21 | | 29.00 | 28.91 | 29.00 |

3 | -- |Mild and fair | 28.98 | 28.76 | 28.87 |

4 | 26 | | 29.04 | 28.97 | 29.03 |

5 | 25 |Fresh winds | 29.19 | 29.02 | 29.04 |

6 | 18 |A little snow at evening | 28.88 | 28.74 | 28.66 |

7 | 23 |Thawing | 28.60 | 28.44 | 28.57 |

8 | 35 |Snow in flakes at evening | 28.80 | 28.74 | 28.85 |

9 | 35 |Windy. Snow ½ inch last night | 29.14 | 29.04 | 29.10 |

10 | 27 |Windy. Slight snow last night | 29.15 | 29.12 | 29.21 |

11 | 29 |Moderate wind | 29.48 | 29.27 | 29.21 |

12 | 22 |Strong wind, A.M. Little rain and | 28.63 | 28.58 | 28.62 |

13 | 17 |Snow, P.M. | 28.77 | 28.75 | 28.78 |

14 | 26 |Fresh wd. Snow 6 inches last night | 28.97 | 28.97 | 29.13 |

15 | 31 |Fresh wind | 29.40 | 29.40 | 29.40 |

16 | 25 | | 29.22 | 28.98 | 28.96 |

17 | 35 |Snow ¼ inch at night | 28.82 | 28.76 | 28.86 |

18 | 25 |Light wind | 29.06 | 28.93 | 28.90 |

19 | 27 |Snow 1 inch last night | 28.83 | 28.83 | 28.86 |

20 | 22 |Windy. Snow storm from 9 A.M. | 28.70 | 28.59 | 28.60 |

21 | 25 |Snow till 3 P.M. Snow 5 inches on | 28.85 | 28.99 | 29.15 |

22 | 33 |Light winds | 29.33 | 29.27 | 29.26 |

23 | 29 |Windy. Thermom. at 17°, P.M. | 29.05 | 28.95 | 28.96 |

24 | 20 | | 29.19 | 29.15 | 29.19 |

25 | 30 |Windy | 29.08 | 28.95 | 28.84 |

26 | 23 |Snow last night 4½ inches | 28.42 | 28.42 | 28.61 |

27 | 32 |Light breezes. Snow | 28.78 | 28.85 | 28.96 |

28 | 36 |Windy | 28.90 | 28.77 | 28.80 |

29 | 21 |Windy. A lit. snow, A.M. | 28.75 | 28.71 | 28.95 |

30 | 32 | | 29.07 | 28.95 | 28.93 |

31 | 30 |Windy, A.M. | 29.30 | 29.38 | 29.41 |

-----+-------+------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+

=====+======================================================================

| MODIFICATIONS AND COURSES OF CLOUDS

+-----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------

Day | Morning | Mid-Day | Evening

of +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

1 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Cs. | --

2 | Ns, | -- | C, | N.W. | Cs, | --

3 | C, | N.W. | C, | N.W. | Fair | --

4 | Cs. | -- | Cs. | -- | C, | W.

5 | C, | N.W. | Fair | -- | Fair | --

6 | Cs. | N. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

7 | Cs, | -- | C, | -- | Cs, | --

8 | Cs. | -- | Ns. | N.E. | Ns. | --

9 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

10 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

11 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

12 | Ns. | W.N.W. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

| | | | | |

13 | Ns | N.W. | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

14 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | C, | --

15 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

16 | Ns. | -- | Cml. | -- | -- | --

17 | Cs, | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

18 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Hazy | --

19 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Cs. | --

20 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Ns. | --

21 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Cml, | --

| | | | | |

22 | Fair | -- | Fair | -- | Fair | --

23 | Cs, | W.N.W. | Cml, | -- | Cs, | W.N.W.

24 | Cs. | -- | Cs. | -- | Cs. | W.

25 | Ns. | S.W. | Cml, | S.S.W. | Cml, | S.S.W.

26 | Ns. | -- | Cs. | -- | Cs. | --

27 | Ns. | -- | Ns. | -- | Cs, | --

28 | C, | S.W. | C, | S.W. | Cs, | --

29 | Cml, | S.E. | Cs, | N. | Cs, | --

30 | C, | -- | C, | -- | Cs, | --

31 | Cs, | W.N.W. | Cs. | -- | Cs. | --

-----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------

_Remarkable Phenomena._--January 18th. This morning a parhelion

appeared around the sun as he rose, consisting of a mock sun, or image

of the sun on each side of him in a horizontal line. From the image

northward of the sun there issued a cone of light, the vertex of which

was directed from the sun. There was no halo, and the mock suns were

not well defined by any outline, though the morning was fair, and

the sun shone bright. At eight o'clock the distance of the mock suns

from each other, measured by a sextant, was found to be 44° 40´. At

half past eight they had assumed the appearance of extended planes

perpendicular to the horizon, and about 5° or 6° in length; breadth a

little more than sun's diameter; soon after which they disappeared. N.

B. See _Remarkable Phenomena_ continued, on page lxviii [our page 288],

at the conclusion of the _Meteorological Register_.

{xlviii} _Meteorological Register_ {lxi} _for the Month of_ FEBRUARY,

1820

=====+=================+=================+=================+=====+

| | | | |

of +-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+Mean |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

1 | -12 | S.E. | -3 | S.E. | -3 | S.E. | -6 |

2 | 0 | N.W. | 7 | N.W. | -2 | N.W. | 2 |

3 | -5 | S.E. | 13 | S.E. | 20 | S.E. | 9 |

4 | 4 | S.E. | 30 | S.E. | 33 | S.E. | 22 |

| | | | | | | |

5 | 39 | S.E. | 45 | S.E. | 19 | N.W. | 34 |

6 | 7 | S.E. | 35 | S.E. | 29 | S.E. | 23 |

7 | 4 | S.E. | 33 | S.E. | 34 | S.E. | 23 |

8 | 21 | N.W. | 33 | N.E. | 31 | N.W. | 28 |

| | | | | | | |

9 | 23 | S.E. | 41 | S.E. | 31 | S.E. | 31 |

10 | 12 | S.E. | 31 | S.E. | 38 | S.E. | 27 |

11 | 31 | S.E. | 44 | W.N.W. | 34 | N.N.W. | 36 |

12 | 26 | N.W. | 35 | S.E. | 31 | S.E. | 30 |

13 | 33 | S.E. | 46 | S.E. | | S.E. | |

| | | | | | | |

14 | 34 | N.W. | 35 | N.W. | 37 | N.W. | 35 |

| | | | | | | |

15 | 33 | S.E. | 39 | S.E. | 44 | S.E. | 38 |

| | | | | | | |

16 | 32 | N.W. | 33 | N.W. | 29 | N.W. | 34 |

| | | | | | | |

17 | 20 | N.W. | 34 | S.E. | 31 | S.E. | 28 |

18 | 27 | S.E. | 30 | S.E. | 30 | S.E. | 29 |

19 | 26 | N.W. | 23 | N.W. | 25 | N.W. | 24 |

20 | 20 | N.W. | 34 | N.W. | 30 | N.W. | 28 |

21 | 33 | S.E. | 51 | S.E. | 47 | S.E. | 43 |

| | | | | | | |

22 | 35 | N.W. | 45 | S.E. | 37 | S.E. | 39 |

23 | 33 | N.W. | 47 | N.W. | 38 | N.W. | 39 |

24 | 30 | S.E. | 54 | S.E. | 39 | N.W. | 41 |

| | | | | | | |

25 | 33 | N.W. | 44 | N.W. | 35 | N.W. | 37 |

| | | | | | | |

26 | 25 | N.W. | 39 | N.W. | 35 | N.W. | 33 |

27 | 21 | N.W. | 44 | N.W. | 40 | N.W. | 35 |

28 | 34 | Calm | 57 | S.E. | 49 | W.N.W. | 46 |

29 | 22 | N.W. | 60 | S.E. | 55 | W.N.W. | 45 |

-----+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+-----------+-----+

Horizontally stratified limestone is met with in many parts of this