MISCELLANEOUS MACHINES AND ACCESSORIES.
(405) It will be easily understood that there are a number of
accessories required to complete the equipment of a mill before the
machinery previously described can be fully utilised. It is neither
necessary nor profitable to deal with the whole of these, but some
of them may be advantageously described. Among the earliest needs in
the process of spinning are the cans which are used for the reception
of the sliver as it leaves the carding engine. These are made of tin
sheets, which are rolled into short cylinders and soldered together,
the various lengths being similarly connected. The cans are about 10
inches in diameter and 4 feet long, and are strengthened at the top and
bottom by iron hoops. In spite of this precaution they are often bulged
or dinted in consequence of the rough way in which they are handled. To
obviate this defect Mr. Lang Bridge has for a few years past made the
can with corrugations extending longitudinally of it, the additional
strength thus given being advantageous without adding anything to the
weight.
(406) The rollers used in the various operations of spinning and
drawing are, as has been pointed out, mainly of two types. The lower
lines are generally fluted and the upper lines smooth surfaced. The
former are usually made of a fine grained iron, and the flutes are
carefully made so as to be very smooth, their pitch depending upon the
character of the work to be done. The lower lines of drawing rollers
are, as was shown, continuous, and, it being manifestly impossible
to make them in one length, they are jointed or coupled at suitable
intervals. The coupling is made by forming the roller with a square
nipple at one end and a correspondingly formed socket at the other. By
fitting the nipple of one roller into the socket of the other a firm
and perfect union is effected. The rollers are coupled, so that they
are perfectly in line throughout, and when placed in the frame they
revolve steadily. The top rollers, as previously shown, are formed in
short lengths, and are smooth on their peripheries. In order to give
a soft yet firm grip to the yarn, as it is delivered, it is customary
to cover the top rollers with a sheath of woollen cloth and leather.
This is in many cases done by hand, the cloth and leather being cut
to length and formed into a sheath in this way, after which it is
drawn on to the roller. Such a mode of procedure has all the defects
of handwork, and a description of a complete set of machines made by
Messrs. Dronsfield Brothers will not be without interest.
(407) The first of the series is shown in Fig. 215, and is employed
to spread the paste upon the cloth. The cloth is fed from a roll,
and can be delivered by a slight addition of mechanism in measured
lengths. As it is drawn forward it passes through a paste box formed of
sliding plates =D=, adjoining the spreading plate =B=. By means of the
adjustable screw =C= the vertical position of the latter can be fixed
so as to give any amount of paste required. The cloth is cut into
lengths and wrapped on the roller, to which it adheres, the joint being
carefully made so as to leave no gap or thick place. After this surface
is prepared and dried a leather sheath is drawn over it.
[Illustration: FIG. 215.]
(408) The leather used for covering rollers is specially prepared from
sheep skins, and is very thin and soft. It is carefully polished or
glazed on one side, and must be free from any roughnesses or defects.
In spite of all the care bestowed on their preparation, “roller skins”
are often uneven in thickness, and in order to correct this fault, the
machine shown in Fig. 216 is used. The skins are cut up by a special
appliance into strips of the necessary width to cover the boss of
the roller, and these are subjected to a grinding action on their
unpolished side. The strips are held at one end by a clamp on the drum
=A=, which is revolved slowly, and which can be set in as desired by
the wheel =F= and screw. As the roller =A= revolves, it brings the
skins in contact with a grinding roller =B=, covered with sand or
glass paper. In this way the leather is ground down to one thickness
throughout the strip, and the chance of unevenness in the roller is
thus diminished. A fan is fixed to draw away the dust and deposit it in
a suitable receptacle. After the strips are so ground, they are passed
to a splicing machine—that is, a machine in which they are cut to the
necessary length to form a sheath. The edges in this operation are
bevelled, so that in overlapping no thick place is formed. The splicing
machine in its complete form is shown in Fig. 217. The leather strip
=A= is placed on the table face up, and is carried forward by the feed
rollers =B=. The extent of the roller traverse is determined by the
position of a stop =D=, which limits the oscillatory motion of a double
clip handle =C=. This is made in two parts, like a pair of tongs, each
end being centred on the spindle on which the wheel =M= is placed. By
squeezing the handle together =M= is gripped and can be rotated. The
handle =C= is ordinarily in the position shown, and, when it is moved
forward while gripping the wheel, it carries the latter with it until
the stop =D= is reached, when the motion ceases. Thus any length of
leather can be fed by one stroke of the handle. When the leather is fed
the pressing bars =F= are brought on to it, and the knife =K= held in
the frame =H= at a suitable angle is also brought into position. =H=
slides on a cross surface prepared for it, and by drawing it across
the leather while held in position, the latter is cut to the required
bevel, which remains constant throughout the whole of the working of
the machine.
[Illustration: FIG. 218.]
[Illustration: FIG. 219.]
(409) When the short lengths of leather are obtained, they are cemented
along their bevelled edges with a special cement, and are firmly
pressed together by a light screw press. In this way a sheath is formed
large enough to draw over the boss of the roller, but a little longer
than it. The covering so formed is then pulled over the roller by the
machine shown in Fig. 218, which is the type commonly used, however
the covering is prepared. The leather tubes are placed upon the spring
=A=, consisting of a thin cylinder of sheet metal, which is divided
into several ribs as shown. The roller to be covered is placed end
up on the recessed stop =B=, and by a revolution of the handle =C=
the spring is drawn over the roller leaving the sheath behind it. The
special construction of the spring enables it to pass over the boss of
the roller and draw out of the leather tube. A small portion of the
tube projects beyond the boss at each end, and this it is necessary
to wrap over so as to firmly secure the covering. This operation is
effected by placing the roller in suitable holders, and subjecting the
projecting ends of the tube to an end pressure. For this purpose the
rollers are revolved by being brought into frictional contact with a
rotating cylinder. The most complete machine for this purpose is shown
in Fig. 219. The rollers are held in arms =B B= on the cylinder =A=,
the bearings or steps in the arms being specially constructed, so as
to provide a very thin surface to sustain the roller. The ends of the
leather being cemented, they are turned over by means of a rod or bar,
and are thus perfectly secured. A fan =F= is placed under the hood
of the machine, and takes away any fumes produced by the process of
ending. The cylinder is made of thin steel, and is run at from 700 to
1,000 revolutions per minute.
[Illustration: FIG. 216.]
[Illustration: FIG. 217.]
(410) Having covered the rollers they are subjected to a rolling
pressure, so as to render them perfectly cylindrical. The machine
shown in Fig. 220 is a special one of Messrs. Dronsfield Brothers, and
consists of a steam chest to which steam is admitted. The upper side
of the chest is planed so as to be quite true, and upon it the rollers
are placed. Above the steam chest a table or plate =A= is imposed,
having a reciprocal motion to and fro over the steam chest, derived
from the cranks =N=. Four rollers are fed at one time, and after being
subjected to the action of the pressure plate during four of its double
movements, are delivered at the other end of the machine. Owing to the
heat of the surface on which they are rolled, and the peculiar movement
given to them, the rollers emerge in a truly cylindrical form. Ten
rollers can be thus rolled per minute, and no difficulty is experienced
in attending to the machine. It is, of course, essential that there
should be no unevenness of the rollers, and the treatment accorded them
by the series of machines described ensures this being avoided.
[Illustration: FIG. 220.]
(411) It is sometimes the practice to grind the leather covered
rollers so as to remove any flats formed during working. Messrs. John
Hetherington and Sons make a machine for this purpose. By it the
rollers, while held in suitable bearings, are subjected to the action
of a revolving grinding disc, covered with glass paper, which traverses
the whole surface of the roller and grinds it up perfectly true. The
rollers so produced are quite cylindrical, and a large number of the
machines are in use.
(412) The bobbins which are used in the various machines employed
are made of specially selected timber, which is kept in stock until
it is thoroughly well seasoned. The bobbins are carefully turned,
and are smoothly finished on their surface, so that the cotton does
not adhere to them when it is wound upon them. Their shape and
general construction is well shown in Fig. 221. In this =A= =B= and
=C= represent various types of roving bobbins, spools, or “tubes,”
these being drawn from samples supplied by Messrs. Wilson Brothers,
Limited. The tubes are shown of three designs. The one shown at =A=
is single ended—that is, can only be used one end up. In the foot of
the tube—which is enlarged—four notches are cut which engage with the
projections on the top of the driving bevel pinion described in Chapter
X., by means of which it is positively driven. A similar construction
is shown in =C=, but this is a shorter tube, suitable for a roving
frame, where the lift is less than that of the slubbing frame. =B= is
double ended, and can be used either end up, as desired. It will be
noticed that all these tubes are shelled out internally, so as to be
very light, and they are so constructed at the top that they fit easily
upon the spindle or collar. In this way, while they are steadily held,
they can slide without undue friction, which is a somewhat important
point. The bosses of the tubes, as shown, are hooped with metal rings
or shields. The object of this is to protect them from damage when,
after doffing, they are placed upon the spindles, this operation being
often very roughly carried out. The tubes are, as stated in Chapters
X. and XI., placed in the creels of the roving frames, mule and ring
frames, on “skewers,” the construction of which is shown at D and E.
These are made of ash usually, and are finely pointed, so as to revolve
easily and freely.
[Illustration: FIG. 222.]
[Illustration: FIG. 221.]
(413) Bobbins for ring frames are made as shown in =F=, =G= and =H=
(Fig. 222). The forms illustrated in =F= and =G= are intended for use
with Rabbeth spindles, and that marked =G= is hooped at its lower end
for the reasons indicated in the previous paragraph. The bobbin or
spool =H= is used for spinning weft on ring frames, and is much smaller
than the type employed for twist yarn. It is a common practice to fit
shields to all kinds of bobbins, several makers doing so in one form
or another. A special form of ring bobbin is made by Messrs. Wilson
Brothers, of Barnsley, in which the grip at the foot is entirely done
away with. The bobbin is a double flanged one, something like the type
shown by the letter =I=, but has a projecting lower boss or nipple
which loosely fits the spindle cup. This is the invention of Mr. W. R.
Sidebottom, of Stockport, and at the time of writing it is undergoing
an extensive trial. So far as this has gone the results are favourable,
and no loss of twist has been detected although the grip contact does
not exist. The bobbin shown by the letter =I= (Fig. 223), is the form
employed for doubling purposes on ring frames, and is driven by the
slot shown in the detached plan view. The bobbin =L= is the form used
on throstle spinning frames, as adapted for long collars, somewhat
resembling in principle the Mason collar described in Chapter X.
[Illustration: FIG. 223. J.N.]
(414) An important improvement in ring bobbins has been recently
adopted by Messrs. Wilson Brothers, Limited. This is a mode of
enamelling or coating them with a composition which is entirely
impervious to damp. The plan is an American one, but a series of
tests made by the author show that bobbins treated in this way can be
subjected to the action of hot or cold water or oil without being in
the least affected. It is a very usual practice in preparing yarns for
weaving purposes to “condition” them—that is, to allow them to absorb
a certain amount of moisture. This is often done while they are wound
on the spool or bobbin, and the result is that the latter speedily lose
their form and become out of balance. By coating them as described this
evil is avoided, and yarn can be conditioned with impunity while on the
bobbins.
(415) In order to ascertain the counts of yarn, a machine known as a
“wrap reel” is employed. This consists of a small fly or swift similar
in form to the swift employed in the reels described in the last
chapter, but smaller. This is revolved by a sun and planet arrangement
of wheels which is, in principle, like the differential motion
described in Chapter X. A short hank of yarn—one lea or 120 yards—is
wound on the wrap reel, the time when the exact length is wound being
denoted by the sounding of a bell, when, as the winding is a manual
operation, the machine can be stopped. The hank so formed is taken off
the reel and weighed, and the weight of a full hank can thus be easily
ascertained. By the aid of a table the counts of any of the short hanks
wrapped can be easily ascertained. By means of a small machine, the
strength of the yarn can be tested, the pull upon it being obtained
by a weighted arm. An indicating apparatus is provided, by which the
weight of the pull is registered.
(416) During the past few years one or two simple graduated indicators
or scales have been introduced, by which the weight of a piece of cloth
can be readily obtained. One of these, “Staub’s,” has been introduced
into this country by Messrs. George Thomas and Co., and by its aid
the counts of either the warp or weft in a piece of cloth can be
readily ascertained. It differs in form from the scale shown in Fig.
224, but is based upon the same principles. In the form shown in Fig.
224—which is Niess’ scale, and is controlled in England by Mr. Charles
Lancaster—a light hinged arm is formed at one end with a hook, on
which a length of 40 yards of yarn can be hung. This causes the arm to
be depressed, and a pointer finger traverses the face of a graduated
quadrant, a glance at which is sufficient to show the counts of yarn.
These yarn balances are simple and reliable, and are being used in
increasing numbers.
[Illustration: FIG. 224.]
[Illustration: FIG. 225.]
[Illustration: FIG. 226.]
(417) It is customary to fit to spinning machines indicators by which
the production is registered. One or two of these, as made by Messrs.
G. Orme and Co., are described, but it may be as well to say in passing
that these appliances are largely used, and are very instrumental
in preventing disputes as to the remuneration of the operatives in
cases where this is determined by the work done. The indicators are
attached to the back shaft, and can be made in two forms, either to
indicate the number of hanks produced in thousands, or the number of
draws made. The first is shown in Fig. 225, the second in Fig. 226, and
the details of the mechanism in Figs. 227 and 228. Referring to the
latter, an arm =B= is fixed on a shaft, forming a centre for it, being
constructed with two points =C= and =D=, acting as catches. On the
shaft on which =B= is centred is a sector =A=, gearing with a worm on
the back shaft. As was pointed out in Chapter X., the back shaft makes
an equal number of revolutions in each direction at each draw, so that
the sector is caused to oscillate, and partially rotate the shaft. In
this way the arm =B= is also oscillated in the same direction as the
sector. The triangular-shaped surface =E= is fastened on its shaft, and
the point =D=, on the arm =B=, comes in contact with the notch shown
in =E=, when the end of =B= is being raised. Thus =E= is rotated, and
when =B= is reversed as described, the point =C= engages with =E=, and
continues its rotation. While this is occurring the other end of =B= is
descending, so as to assume a position to act on the next point of the
triangle. The rotation of =E= is therefore continuous, and it makes a
complete revolution every three draws. On the triangular wheel =E= is
a flange or disc =F=, in which is secured a pin =G=. The wheel =M= is
fixed in the position shown, and is constructed with fourteen teeth,
half of which are the full width of =M=, the other half being only half
that width, but are a little longer. As =F= revolves the pin =G= comes
in contact with one of the long teeth in =M=, and moves it forward. If
the disc =F= were quite circular the overlapping of the broad teeth, as
a reference to Fig. 228 will show, would prevent any movement of =M=.
A notch =H= is therefore cut in the disc, so that only when one of the
broad teeth is opposite the notch can any motion of =M= take place. The
motion of =M= is thus prevented from taking place except when required,
and is communicated to the finger of the indicator by the gearing
shown. From this description it will be noticed that there are seven
operating and seven locking teeth in the wheel =M=, and in arranging
the gearing this fact is considered.
[Illustration: FIG. 229.]
[Illustration: FIG. 230.]
The figures on the dial represent thousands of hanks, the number being
arrived at from a calculation based on the number of spindles and the
length of draw of the mule. Where required to meet special local cases,
the indicator can be arranged to indicate the number of draws made
by the mule. In Figs. 229 and 230 the indicator used for slubbing,
roving, and drawing frames is shown. Instead of using a graduated
dial and finger the figures are arranged on discs, of which there are
three, one disc registering the decimal part of the hanks passed. The
worm shown in Fig. 230 is driven by direct attachment to the front
roller. The three discs are driven from one another, there being a very
similar locking motion to that described in connection with the mule
indicator. The effect of this arrangement is that the first disc has
to make a complete revolution before the second is moved one figure.
When the second has completed its revolution it in turn moves the
third. The discs are locked after each movement, so that until again
unlocked no motion can occur. The indicator is arranged to indicate up
to 100 hanks, with decimal parts of each hank. Owing to their special
construction no fly can enter the working parts, although there is easy
access to them.
[Illustration: FIG. 227.]
[Illustration: FIG. 228.]
[Illustration: FIG. 231.]
(418) It was stated in Chapter XI. that it was customary to paste or
starch the bottoms of cops, in order to render them adhesive and to
stiffen them. Usually the starch used is carried about in buckets,
and the method is both dirty and wasteful. Mr. Lang Bridge makes the
apparatus shown in Fig. 231, which consists of a copper pan in which
the starch is boiled, and round the inside of which a copper steam coil
is placed. An agitator or dasher is constantly revolved in the manner
shown, and a small gun metal pump is driven from the same shaft. By a
system of pipes the starch is raised to the various mule rooms, and is
discharged over enamelled basins placed as shown, the orifice of the
pipes being closed by a self-closing tap. The spinner can at any time
get a supply of starch, and any surplus returns by gravitation to the
mixing tank, where it is again used up. It is obvious that this method
possesses many advantages over the crude mode previously described.
(419) In concluding these pages the author is fully conscious of many
shortcomings, which are inevitable in a task of this magnitude, but he
believes that something has been done to formulate present knowledge
and practice. Many things could be added, but the intention with which
the book was commenced has been carried out, and it is confidently
believed that the information given and the treatment accorded to
the various machines will be found of value to many students. Any
suggestions of improvements or enlargements will be gratefully
received, so as to enable future issues to be more valuable and useful.
[Illustration: page decoration]
APPENDIX.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF MACHINERY IN THE MILL OF THE STANDARD
SPINNING COMPANY, LIMITED, ROCHDALE.
It will be interesting to many persons to have some particulars of the
arrangement of one of the most recently constructed Lancashire mills.
The Standard Spinning Company’s mill is not only one of the latest but
also one of the largest yet built. It consists of five floors and a
basement. Each of the main rooms is 250 feet long by 125 feet wide, and
adjoining the building on the ground floor is a shed 240 feet long by
40 feet wide, in which most of the cards are placed. The remaining four
floors contain the mules. Placed a little apart from the main building
is the scutching or blowing room, which is 70 feet by 60 feet, and has
placed above it two mixing rooms. The general arrangements are shown in
Fig. 232, which is a plan of the ground floor, showing the arrangement
of the machinery.
Referring now to that figure, and dealing first with the mixing and
scutching arrangements, the former are shown in the small detached
drawing. The arrangement of mixtures and cross lattices is well shown.
The three longitudinal lattices shown convey the cotton to the mixing
bin, the cross lattice receiving it from the bale breaker, which
is placed in the room above. There are four porcupine feed tables
employed, each with an extra length of lattice, which deliver the
cotton into the dust trunks, by which it is conveyed to the openers
fixed in the ground floor room. Of the opening machines there are four,
each of which is fed by its special tube or trunk, as clearly shown.
The openers are provided with lap attachments, so that the cotton is
formed into that shape at as early a point as possible. Adjoining the
openers, with their feed end close to the lap machine, six scutching
machines with single beaters are placed. These are fed with three laps,
and the cotton is, after being treated by them, again formed into laps,
which are fed to the six finisher scutchers placed immediately behind
the first six. The finishing machines are fed with four laps each, the
doubling being considerable. It will be noticed that the whole of the
arrangements are made so that the cotton moves steadily forward without
much handling. In this respect the design is admirable, and this part
of the work has been carried out by Messrs. Lord Brothers.
The carding machines are of the revolving flat type, made by Messrs.
John Hetherington and Sons. There are in actual use 128, and each is
made with a cylinder 50 inches diameter, being fed from 40-inch laps.
The drawing frames adjoin the carding engines, as shown, and are nine
in number, each machine having four heads with seven deliveries each,
the latter being indicated by the thick black dots. These machines
supply drawn slivers to twelve slubbing machines, fitted with long
collars, and each containing 90 spindles, their lift being 10 inches.
The gauge of these machines is four spindles in 19 inches. The slubbing
frames can be distinguished by the dotted lines behind them, which
represent the position of the cans, and each of them is fed by the
drawing machines placed relatively to them as shown by the curved
arrows. It will be noticed that the same readiness of access has
been kept in view as in the case of the scutching machines, and the
necessary carriage of the cans is reduced to a minimum. In addition to
the slubbing frames there are 18 intermediate frames, each containing
132 spindles of 10-inch lift and a gauge of six spindles in 19-1/2
inches. The equipment of this room is completed by 52 roving machines
of 168 spindles each, 7-inch lift, and a gauge of eight spindles in
20-1/2 inches. The whole of the drawing and roving machines are made
by Mr. John Mason, and the latter are fitted throughout with Mason’s
long collars. Before leaving this department a few words may be said
about the driving. The machinery is driven from a second motion
shaft, driven by ropes from the engine, the engine house and rope
race being indicated in the drawing. The carding machines are driven
by counter-shafts from the line shaft shown, as are also the drawing
frames. The roving machinery, on the contrary, is all directly driven
from the line shafts, two of which are specially arranged for the
purpose, as clearly shown. The belts are long and have a half twist,
but the advantages of direct driving are so great that this slight
disadvantage is not worth taking into account.
The mules are of an improved Parr-Curtis type, made by Messrs. Taylor,
Lang, and Co., Limited. They are almost equally divided between twist
and weft mules. Of the former there are 44 in all, each of which is
made of a spindle gauge of 1-3/8 inch. Half of them contain 1,038, and
the other half 1,044 spindles each, in all 45,804 twist spindles. There
are also 44 mules for weft, the gauge of the spindles being 1-1/8 inch.
Twenty-two of these contain 1,260 and twenty-two 1,272 spindles each
respectively, giving a total of 55,704 weft spindles. The total number
of spindles, therefore, in the mill is 101,508. The numbers spun are
from 40’s to 50’s twist, and 50’s to 70’s weft.
[Illustration: page decoration]
[Illustration: FIG. 232.]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
NOTE.—In order to facilitate reference to the illustrations, they have
been so placed as to be easily found, without turning back. It has not,
however, always been possible to place them in consecutive and proper
order. To preserve the sequence, they are numbered in the order in
which they are referred to in the text, although—especially in Chapter
XI.—they are sometimes referred to in paragraphs widely apart.
FIG. PAGE.
1, 2 The cotton gin 16
3 Elephant opener 17
4 Bale breaker 17
5 Dobson and Barlow’s bale breaker 19
6, 7 Diagrams of mixing arrangements 20
8 Diagram of mixing arrangements 21
9 Taylor, Lang, and Company’s opening machine 25
10 Dobson and Barlow’s opening machine 25
11, 12 Lord Brothers’ porcupine cylinders 26
13 Diagram of mixing and opening 27
14 Platt Brothers and Company’s opening machine 28
15 Crighton and Sons’ opening machine 29
16 Section of opener grid, ordinary type 30
17 Crighton and Sons’ improved opener 29
18 Longitudinal section of Crighton’s improved
grid 30
19 Cross section of Crighton’s improved grid 30
20 Lord Brothers’ combined porcupine and Crighton
opening machine 33
21 Platt Brothers and Company’s improved dust
trunk 34
22 Lord Brothers’ single scutching machine 36
23 Lord Brothers’ single scutching machine, end
view 38
24 Howard and Bullough’s improved grid for
scutching machine 38
25 Crighton and Sons’ scutching machine 39
26 Crighton and Sons’ leaf extractor 40
27 Platt Brothers and Company’s scutcher diagram
of dead plate 41
28, 29, 30, 31 Lord Brothers’ piano feed motion 43
32 Platt Brothers and Company’s old form of pedal
nose 44
33 Platt Brothers and Company’s new form of pedal
nose 44
34 Old and new arrangement of pedal bowls 44
35 Platt Brothers and Company’s rope driving
for cones 45
36 Platt Brothers and Company’s pedal regulator 46
37, 38 Dobson and Barlow’s pedal regulator 49
39, 40 Asa Lees and Company’s pedal regulator 49
41 Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for cones 48
42 Plan of mixing room lattices. Platt Brothers
and Company 50
43 Plan of scutching room. Platt Brothers
and Company 50
44 Ashworth Brothers’ revolving flat carding
engine 63
45 Vertical section of coiler 59
46 Diagram of roller carding engine 56
47 Perspective view of Mason’s roller carding
engine 57
48 John Hetherington and Sons’ stripper for
roller carding engine 60
49 Lord Brothers’ setting bracket for roller
carding engine 60
50 Leigh’s flexible bend 65
51 Hetherington’s old construction of flat 66
52 Hetherington’s new construction of flat 66
53 Hetherington’s transverse section of bend
milling apparatus 67
54 Hetherington’s side elevation of bend
milling apparatus 67
55 Platt Brothers’ new setting of flats 69
56 Platt Brothers’ old setting of flats 69
57 Perspective view Platt’s card 68
58 Diagram of Dobson and Barlow’s bend 71
59 Front view of Dobson and Barlow’s bend 71
60 Front view of Howard and Bullough’s bend 70
61 Section of Howard and Bullough’s bend 73
62 Front view of Knowles’ bend 73
63 Diagram of Knowles’ bend 74
64 Ashworth’s bend 75
65 Side elevation of Brooks’ carding engine 76
66 Front view of milling arrangement of Brooks’
carding engine 77
67 Sectional view of milling arrangement of
Brooks’ carding engine 77
68 Side elevation of Wellman card 80
69 Dobson and Barlow’s dish feed 83
70 Lap before acted on by licker-in 89
71 Lap after being acted on by licker-in 89
72 Dobson and Barlow’s doffer covers 84
73 Dobson and Barlow’s pedestal 87
74 Ashworth Brothers’ driving arrangement 87
75 Enlarged view of doffer fleece 89
76 Diagram of card setting 92
77 Diagram of Garnett teeth for licker-in 93
78 Diagram of setting of teeth 95
79 Enlarged view of needle pointed teeth 97
80 Enlarged view of side ground tooth 97
81 Enlarged view of side ground tooth 97
82 Whiteley’s fillet winding drum 99
83 Riveted and sewn flats 101
84 Dronsfield’s fillet stretcher for flats 103
85 Perspective view of Whiteley’s clip 103
86 Transverse section of flat with Whiteley’s
clip 103
87 Longitudinal section of flat with Whiteley’s
clip 103
88 Transverse section of Tweedale’s fastener 103
89 Sykes’ slow motion 106
90 Transverse section of Hetherington’s slow
motion 106
91 End view of Hetherington’s slow motion 106
92 Side view of card with Hetherington’s slow
motion 106
93 Side view of Brooks’ slow motion 107
94 End view of Brooks’ slow motion 107
95 Side view of Knowles’ slow motion 108
96 Sectional view of Knowles’ slow motion 108
97 Dronsfield’s grinding roller 108
98, 99 End views of Dronsfield’s grinding roller 109
100, 101, 102 Views of emery filleting 109
103 Horsfall grinding roller 110
104 Diagram of flat and wire 111
105 Knowles’ flat grinding apparatus 111
106 Hetherington’s flat grinding apparatus 112
107 Edge’s flat grinding apparatus 114
108 Higginson’s flat grinding apparatus 115
109 Platt’s flat grinding apparatus 116
110 Dronsfield’s roller grinding machine 118
111 Whiteley’s stripping brush 119
112 Dobson and Barlow’s sliver lap machine 123
113 Dobson and Barlow’s ribbon lap machine 121
114 Transverse section of Heilmann combing
machine 127
115 Enlarged section of Heilmann combing machine 122
116 Enlarged section of nipper mechanism of
Heilmann combing machine 125
117 Front view, Hetherington’s improved nipper 130
118 Sectional view, Hetherington’s improved
nipper 130
119 Perspective view, Dobson and Barlow’s
combing machine 131
120 Transverse section, Dobson and Barlow’s
combing machine 134
121 Side view, detaching mechanism, Dobson and
Barlow’s combing machine 133
122 Plan, detaching mechanism, Dobson and
Barlow’s combing machine 133
123 End view, Brooks’ drawing frame 139
124 Transverse section, Brooks’ drawing frame 139
125 Front view, Brooks’ drawing frame 139
126 Elevation and section, Leigh’s loose boss
rollers 138
127 Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion 146
128 Front view, Mason’s slubbing frame 149
129 Sectional elevation, Mason’s long collar 151
130 Sectional elevation, Higgins’ spindle 153
131 Elevation of Higgins’ spindle 153
132 Diagram of winding on roving frames 156
133 Diagram of winding on roving frames 156
134 Back view of roving frame 159
135 Plan, Johnson’s cone motion 161
136 Elevation, Johnson’s cone motion 161
137 Section of differential motion 163
138 Curtis and Rhodes’s differential motion 164
139 Tweedale’s differential motion 165
140 Front view of building motion 167
141 Back view of building motion 169
142 Plan of building motion 169
143 Elevation of Paley’s traverse motion 173
144 End view of Paley’s traverse motion 173
145 Plan of Paley’s traverse motion 173
146 Section of Paley’s traverse motion 173
147 Diagram of variations of traverse 174
148 Diagram of mule (essential parts) 178
149 Front view of Platt’s mule 181
150 Back view of Platt’s mule 181
151 Diagram of setting of a pair of mules 180
152 Diagram of driving bands for mule 185
153 Longitudinal section of mule driving
mechanism 185
154 Back view of mule driving mechanism 185
155 End view of rope attachment to end frame 187
156 Diagram of cam shaft and connections 191
157 Plan view of duplex driving 191
158 Diagram of belt guiding mechanism 195
159 Counter faller regulator 198
160 Backing-off mechanism 197
161 Diagram of copping arrangement 205
162 Diagram of taking-in and holding out 201
163 Diagram of building of cop 207
164 Diagram of coils on nose of cop 207
165 Diagram of copping rail arrangement 204
166 Diagram of winding barrel movement 208
167 Diagram of movement of quadrant arm 211
168 Diagram of winding mechanism 212
169 Diagram of winding chain tightening motion 215
170, 171 Diagram of position of scrolls
beginning and end of set 216
172 Diagram of winding-on motion for chain 221
173 Diagram of ordinary arrangement of camshaft 220
174 Section of pendant plate and clutch 221
175 Front view of pendant plate 221
176 Side view of Hetherington’s mule 222
177 Back view of Hetherington’s mule 223
178 Elevation of Dobson and Hardman’s nosing
motion 224
179 Enlarged view of Dobson and Hardman’s
nosing motion 225
180 Dobson and Barlow’s governing motion 227
181 Dub’s governing motion 229
182 Side elevation of Curtis’ mule without cam
shaft 230
183 Plan of Curtis’ mule without cam shaft 230
184 Inclined carriage slips for mules 231
185 Front view of Brooks’ ring spinning frame 237
186 End view of Brooks’ ring spinning frame 235
187 Transverse section of Brooks’ ring spinning
frame 236
188 Longitudinal partial section of one spindle
and roller stand 243
189 Common ring spindle 243
190 Booth Sawyer ring spindle 243
191 Rabbeth ring spindle 245
192 Whitin gravity ring spindle 245
193 Dodd ring spindle 245
194 Bernhardt’s bee spindle and anti-ballooner 249
195 Single ring 247
196 Coulthard’s double ring and holder 247
197 Diagram of winding on ring frames 251
198 Elevation of spindle with Lancaster’s
traveller 253
199 Perspective view of ring and Lancaster’s
traveller 253
200 Plan of Platt’s ring and traveller 253
201 Section of Platt’s ring and traveller 253
202 Howard and Bullough’s weft spinning frame 255
203 Asa Lees and Co.’s rope driving for tin
rollers 254
204 Stubbs’ bobbin reel 263
205 Elevation of seven-lea arrangement 267
206 Section of shell for swift end 266
207 Guest and Brooks’ skeining motion 268
208 Elevation of bundling press 269
209 Perspective view of doubling winding machine 271
210 Transverse section of doubling winding
machine 273
211 Section of one head of gassing machine 274
212 Thread beaming machine 277
213 Thread polishing machine 275
214 Wield’s spooling machine 279
215 Dronsfield’s cloth pasting machine 283
216 Dronsfield’s leather grinding machine 285
217 Roller leather splicing machine 285
218 Roller pulling machine 284
219 Roller ending machine 284
220 Roller trueing machine 287
221 Roving bobbins 289
222 Ring spinning bobbins 288
223 Ring doubling and throstle bobbins 291
224 Niess’ yarn scale 292
225 Mule indicator for hanks 293
226 Mule indicator for draws 293
227 Side view of indicator mechanism 295
228 End view of indicator mechanism 295
229 Front view of indicator for slubbing frames 294
230 Back view of indicator for slubbing frames 294
231 Bridge’s paste pump 295
232 Plan of card room of Standard Spinning
Company Limited 299
GLOSSARY.
=Changes.= In a mule the alteration of the motion of the various
parts at the end of the outward and inward runs.
=Chase.= The extent of the traverse of the winding faller wire.
=Cop.= The spool of yarn formed on a mule.
=Counts.= The number of hanks of yarn in one pound weight.
=Creel.= A frame in which feed bobbins are placed.
=Doffer.= In carding, the drum removing the fleece from the cylinder;
the person removing bobbins or cops from the spindles.
=Doffing.= The process of removing finished material from the
machines.
=Doubling.= The combination of two or more laps, slivers, or threads;
as a separate process the twisting together of strands of yarn.
=Draught.= The amount of attenuation of a lap or sliver.
=Draw.= The longitudinal traverse of a mule carriage.
=Droppings.= The impurities removed from cotton during opening or
scutching.
=End.= One strand of sliver, roving, or yarn.
=Fillet.= A narrow strip of cloth.
=Fly.= The loose short fibres given off during spinning.
=Gauge.= The distance from centre to centre of spindles or rollers.
=Governing.= The regulation of the traverse of the quadrant nut.
=Halching.= The entanglement of the coils of yarn at a cop nose.
=Hank.= A length of 840 yards of yarn.
=Lap.= A rolled fleece of cotton.
=Lea.= One seventh of a complete hank.
=Lead.= The excess of the revolution of a bobbin, flyer, or traveller
over each other.
=Licking.= The adhesion of cotton fibres to any surface.
=Lift.= The extent of the traverse of a guide eye or bobbin.
=Motes.= Fragments of broken seed or leaf.
=Neps.= Small knots or tangles of fibres.
=Nose.= The extreme upper point of a cop.
=Piecing.= The union of two ends of sliver, roving, or yarn.
=Poker.= The vertical rod sustaining a bobbin or ring rail.
=Roller Laps.= Coils of roving or yarn wrapped on rollers after
breakage.
=Roving.= The attenuated and partially twisted sliver.
=Selvedge.= The edge of a lap or sliver.
=Shaper.= The mechanism by which the shape of a cop is determined.
=Single.= A length of sliver, roving, or yarn in which only one
strand exists.
=Skeining.= The process of winding yarn into hanks.
=Sliver.= The attenuated fleece of cotton from carding or combing
machine.
=Slubbing.= The sliver after having passed through the first roving
machine.
=Slubs.= Thick pieces of cotton attached to or twisted into the yarn,
caused by accumulation of fly.
=Snarls.= Small twisted loops of yarn.
=Staple.= The length of individual fibres in any grade of cotton.
=Stretch.= The longitudinal traverse of a mule carriage.
=Stripping.= Removing the imbedded impurities from card clothing.
=Twist.= The number of turns per inch in a thread or yarn; yarn used
for warps.
=Warp.= Yarn forming the longitudinal threads in cloth.
=Weft.= Yarn forming the transverse threads in cloth.
=Yarn.= The fully twisted roving.
GENERAL INDEX.
A
Par. Page.
Acceleration of winding velocity in mule 330 211
Action of building motion in roving machines 252 168
Action of building ratchet wheel in roving machines 257 171
Action of combing machine 198 126
Action of copping mechanism 322 205
Action of mule at end of draw 289 189
Action of fallers in mule 303 194
Action of plate wheel in roving machines 244 162
Action of rollers of mule 267 177
Advantages of rotation of backing-off wheel 296 190
Air current, conveyance of cotton by 63 32
Air current, effect of passages on 79 41
Air current in scutchers, velocity of 78 40
American cotton 21 13
Amount of lift in roving machines 233 154
Angularity of brackets in ring frames 370 240
Angularity of thread in mules 360 229
Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for ring frames 383 254
Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for scutchers 92 48
Ashworth Brothers’ cylinder setting 129 75
Ashworth Brothers’ cylinder driving 149 85
Ashworth Brothers’ revolving flat carding machine 129 75
Attachment of cards to cylinders and doffers 164 96
Attachment of cards to flats by rivets 166 101
Attachment of cards to flats by sewing 166 101
Attachment of cards to flats by clips 166 101
Attachment of carriage end frame bands 284 187
Attachment of pressers 228 148
Attachment of roving to mule spindles 267 177
B
Back shaft connection with scroll shaft 315 202
Back shaft connection of quadrant with 327 209
Back shaft clutch, shape of teeth 284 187
Back shaft clutch, disengagement of 293 190
Back shaft, driving of 284 184
Back shaft, driving of, ordinary method 351 221
Back shaft, position of scrolls 284 187
Backing-off chain, tightening motion 307 198
Backing-off clutch, engagement of 299 193
Backing-off clutch, release of 312 200
Backing-off, compression of spring 300 193
Backing-off, constant rotation of wheel 296 190
Backing-off, driving of wheel 282 194
Backing-off, effect of driving wheel 282 184
Backing-off lever, release of 301 194
Backing-off, operation of 270 177
Backing-off, holding out catch during 310 200
Backing-off, parts at end of 311 200
Bale breaker 28 17
Bale breaker, construction of rollers 33 19
Bale breaker, Dobson and Barlow’s 34 19
Bale breaker, draught of 30 18
Baling of cotton 27 16
Balling machines 404 281
Bands, check 315 202
Bands, tension of spindle 280 183
Bands, mule end frame 284 187
Bands, course of rim 281 183
Beaters, balancing scutcher 68 36
Beaters, blow of 69 37
Beaters, construction of scutcher 68 36
Beaters, space between grid and arms of 59 31
Beaters, pulsations of 70 37
Beaters, two and three winged 69 36
Beaters, velocity of opener 55 30
Beaters, velocity of Lord’s opener 58 31
Beaters, velocity of scutcher 69 36
Bearings, Higgins’ roving spindle 230 152
Belts, main driving speeds 13 10
Bend, Mason’s concentric 113 60
Bend, Dobson and Barlow’s 125 69
Bend, easy adjustment of flexible 134 78
Bend, Hetherington’s setting of 121 66
Bend, Hetherington’s trueing of 121 66
Bend, Howard and Bullough’s 127 70
Bend, Knowles’ 128 73
Bend, Legh’s flexible 119 65
Bend, Platt’s flexible 122 67
Bend, Platt’s inspection of setting of 137 79
Bend, position of flexible 120 66
Bend, setting brackets for 113 60
Bend, setting flexible 119 65
Bend, theory of flexible 118 64
Bobbins, coated 414 291
Bobbins, doubling and throstle 413 291
Bobbins, driving roving 232 153
Bobbins, lead, reasons for 237 156
Bobbins, lift of 233 154
Bobbins and flyer leads 240 158
Bobbins, principle of driving roving 239 157
Bobbins, retardation of roving 238 157
Bobbins, ring frame 413 288
Bobbins, roving 412 287
Bobbins, Sidebotham’s patent 413 291
Brazilian cotton 20 13
Brooks’ adjustment of flats in card 131 77
Brooks’ drawing machine 208 137
Brooks’ ring spinning machine 367 234
Brooks’ revolving flat card 130 76
Brooks’ slow motion for card 174 107
Building motion, action of 252 168
Building motion, construction of 251 167
Building motion, objects of 250 166
Building motion, reversal of lift by 254 171
Building motion, roving frame 250 166
Bundling press 396 267
C
Cages, Crighton’s construction of 76 39
Cages, position of 67 35
Calender rollers of carding engines 109 55
Calculation of counts 387 257
Calculation of hank roving 387 257
Cam shaft, effect of first half turn of 292 190
Cam shaft, effect of second half turn of 345 218
Cam shaft, ordinary position of 350 220
Cam shaft, position of cams on 291 189
Cans, arrangement in drawing machine 215 143
Cans, Bridge’s corrugated 405 282
Cans, Platt’s full stop motion 221 145
Cans, position in coiler 110 55
Cans, sliver 405 282
Carding, importance of 190 119
Card clothing, attachment to flats by rivets 166 101
Card clothing, attachment to flats by sewing 166 101
Card clothing, attachment to flats by clips 166 101
Card clothing, attachment to flats by Platt’s clip 169 105
Card clothing, construction of foundation 154 91
Card clothing, counts of wire 156 92
Card clothing, counts used 157 93
Card clothing, defects of side grinding 159 94
Card clothing, deflection of flats 167 102
Card clothing, desirability of light grinding 163 95
Card clothing, improved side grinding 162 95
Card clothing, machine for winding fillets 165 96
Card clothing, manufacture of fillets 155 91
Card clothing, mode of attaching fillets 164 96
Card clothing, Platt’s fastener for 169 105
Card clothing, preparation before fixing 164 96
Card clothing, principles of setting 158 93
Card clothing, setting teeth 156 92
Card clothing, shape of teeth 159 94
Card clothing, side grinding of teeth 159 94
Card clothing, striation of teeth 161 94
Card clothing, teeth of licker-in 157 93
Card clothing, Tweedale’s clip for 168 102
Card grinding, best speed of cylinder 170 105
Card grinding, Brooks’ slow motion for 174 107
Card grinding, construction of brackets 178 110
Card grinding, Dronsfield’s emery fillets 176 109
Card grinding, Edge’s flat apparatus 182 113
Card grinding, Hetherington’s flat apparatus 181 112
Card grinding, Hetherington’s slow motion 172 106
Card grinding, Higginson’s flat apparatus 183 114
Card grinding, Horsfall roller 177 109
Card grinding, Knowles’ and Tatham’s flat apparatus 180 111
Card grinding, Knowles’ slow motion 175 108
Card grinding, machine for rollers 186 117
Card grinding, machine for Wellman flats 187 118
Card grinding, Platt’s flat apparatus 184 116
Card grinding, principles of flat 179 110
Card grinding, rollers used in 176 108
Card grinding, Sykes’ slow motion 171 105
Carding machine, action of cylinder 151 86
Carding machine, action of licker-in 150 85
Carding machine, Ashworth’s 129 74
Carding machine, Ashworth’s cylinder setting 129 74
Carding machine, Ashworth’s driving 149 85
Carding machine, Ashworth’s setting of pedestals 148 85
Carding machine, attenuation of fleece 152 86
Carding machine, Brook’s 130 76
Carding machine, Brook’s adjustment of flats 131 77
Carding machine, condition of fibres 153 88
Carding machine, construction of bend 113 60
Carding machine, construction of calender rolls 109 55
Carding machine, construction of coiler 110 55
Carding machine, construction of cylinder 107 54
Carding machine, construction of dish feed 143 81
Carding machine, construction of doffer 108 54
Carding machine, construction of doffer comb 108 54
Carding machine, construction of licker-in 106 54
Carding machine, construction of pedestals 147 84
Carding machine, construction of setting brackets 113 60
Carding machine, construction theory of bend 118 64
Carding machine, character of working settings 133 78
Carding machine, development of 104 53
Carding machine, Dobson and Barlow’s 125 69
Carding machine, Dobson and Barlow’s covers for 145 82
Carding machine, Dobson and Barlow’s pedestal
setting 148 85
Carding machine, driving of parts of 146 84
Carding machine, driving of rollers 113 60
Carding machine, ease of flexible bend adjustment 134 78
Carding machine, effect of licker-in 143 82
Carding machine, feeding laps 105 53
Carding machine, Hetherington’s setting of bend 121 66
Carding machine, Hetherington’s trueing apparatus 121 66
Carding machine, Howard and Bullough’s 127 70
Carding machine, Howard and Bullough’s pedestal setting 148 85
Carding machine, inclination of teeth on rollers 112 56
Carding machine, Knowles’s 128 73
Carding machine, Leigh’s flexible bend 119 65
Carding machine, method of setting flats 132 77
Carding machine, movement of cylinder centre 135 79
Carding machine, object of 103 53
Carding machine, Platt’s bend setting 122 67
Carding machine, Platt’s inspection of setting 137 79
Carding machine, position of chain attachment 123 68
Carding machine, position of flexible bend 120 64
Carding machine, position of mote knives 144 82
Carding machine, position of under casings 144 82
Carding machine, removal of neps and short fibre 150 85
Carding machine, revolving flat 115 61
Carding machine, revolving, adjusting heel of flats 117 62
Carding machine, revolving, construction of flats 116 61
Carding machine, revolving, mode of shaping flats 116 61
Carding machine, revolving, number of flats 115 61
Carding machine, revolving, testing flats 117 62
Carding machine, roller and clearer 111 56
Carding machine, roller dirt stripper 111 56
Carding machine, setting flexible bend 119 65
Carding machine, setting licker-in and doffer 136 79
Carding machine, ultimate draught 152 86
Carding machine, velocity of cylinder 107 54
Carding machine, velocity of doffer 108 54
Carding machine, velocity of doffer comb 108 54
Carding machine, velocity of rollers 112 56
Carding machine, velocity of Wellman 141 81
Carding machine, Wellman 138 79
Carding machine, Wellman, Dobson, and Barlow’s 139 80
Carding machine, Wellman, effect of setting of flats 141 81
Carding machine, Wellman, future of 142 81
Carding machine, Wellman, principles of 138 79
Carding machine, Wellman, setting flats of 140 81
Card stripping, importance of 188 118
Card stripping, method of 189 119
Card stripping, reasons for 188 118
Capital employed in spinning 3 5
Carriage of mule, connection with square 278 183
Carriage of mule, construction of 278 183
Carriage of mule, gain of 288 189
Carriage of mule, improved slips for 360 229
Carriage of mule, reciprocal motion of 269 177
Chain attachment to flats 123 68
Chain, backing-off tightening 307 198
Chain, winding 331 212
Chain, winding tightening motion 333 213
Cleanliness, importance of 16 11
Clearers for drawing frames 212 142
Clearers, Dobson and Barlow’s 212 142
Clearers, Ermen’s revolving 212 142
Clearers, roving frames 226 148
Clearers, rollers of carding engines 112 56
Click motion 341 217
Click motion, defects of old 342 217
Click motion, holding out rod and 343 217
Coiler, construction of 110 56
Collars, Mason’s long 229 152
Combined opening machines, Dobson and Barlow’s 47 25
Combined opening machines, Platt’s 52 28
Combined opening machines, Lord’s 58 31
Combined mixing, opening, and scutching 63 32
Combined opening and scutching 93 48
Combing machine, action of 198 126
Combing machine, combing cylinder 196 125
Combing machine, detaching mechanism 197 126
Combing machine, Dobson and Barlow’s 202 130
Combing machine, Imbs’ 205 135
Combing machine, nippers of, Dobson & Barlow’s 203 134
Combing machine, nipper guard 201 130
Combing machine, preparation of sliver for 192 120
Combing machine, Pinel, Lecœur, & Hetherington’s 205 135
Combing machine, speed of 200 129
Combing machine, waste from 206 136
Comparative spindle speeds 9 8
Condenser, Theisen’s patent 11 9
Cones, Asa Lees’ driving for 92 48
Cones, Platt’s driving for 87 45
Cones, roving frame 242 158
Cones, scutching machine velocity 83 42
Cones, shape of 249 166
Cones, speed 249 166
Construction of combing cylinder 196 125
Construction of drawing machine 208 137
Construction of roving frames 226 147
Constructive methods, early 7 7
Constructive methods, modern 8 7
Cops, chase of 317 203
Cops, form of 316 202
Cops, layers of yarn in 317 203
Cops, paper tubes for 316 202
Cops, winding traverse in building 317 203
Copping motion, action of 322 205
Copping motion, loose copping rail 321 205
Copping motion, object of rail 308 199
Copping motion, theory of 319 203
Copping motion, traverse of plates 320 204
Cotton, American 21 13
Cotton, Brazilian 20 13
Cotton, cleaning of 39 23
Cotton, commercial qualities 23 14
Cotton, Egyptian 19 13
Cotton gin 24 15
Cotton, Indian 22 13
Cotton, mixing 36 21
Cotton, Sea Island 18 13
Cotton fibre, structure of 17 12
Cotton fibre, strength of 17 12
Cotton mill, cost of 6 7
Cotton, pneumatic conveyance of 63 32
Cotton spinning industry 3 5
Counts of yarn, definition of 387 257
Counts of wire, how calculated 156 92
Counts of wire commonly used 157 93
Creel, roving machine 226 147
Crighton opening machine 53 29
Crighton opening, combined 63 32
Crighton opening, double 61 32
Crighton opening, distance of grids 59 31
Crighton opening, lubrication of footsteps 57 31
Crighton opening, position of fans 54 29
Crighton opening, production of 60 32
Crighton opening, shape of grids 56 30
Curtis and Rhodes’ differential motion 247 164
Curtis’ mule 358 228
D
Dead plate in scutching machine 75 39
Dead plate, effect of position of 80 41
Dead plate, Platt’s arrangement of 81 41
Dead plate, position of 77 39
Definition of lead 237 156
Deflection of flats 167 102
Detaching mechanism of combers 197 126
Development of carding machine 104 53
Differential motion, action of plate wheel in 244 162
Differential motion, Curtis and Rhodes’ 247 164
Differential motion, mode of driving plate wheel 246 163
Differential motion of roving machines 243 161
Differential motion, relative velocity of plate wheel 246 164
Differential motion, theory of 244 162
Differential motion, Tweedale’s 248 165
Dirt roller of carding engine 111 56
Dobson and Barlow’s bale breaker 34 19
Dobson and Barlow’s combing machine 202 130
Dobson and Barlow’s covers for carding engines 145 82
Dobson and Barlow’s detaching mechanism 202 133
Dobson and Barlow’s governing motion 354 225
Dobson and Barlow’s nosing motion 353 223
Dobson and Barlow’s opening machine 47 25
Dobson and Barlow’s revolving flat card 125 69
Dobson and Barlow’s setting cylinders 148 85
Dobson and Barlow’s under casings 144 82
Dobson and Barlow’s Wellman machine 139 80
Doffer, carding machine 108 54
Doffer, velocity of 108 54
Doffer comb 108 54
Doffing motion for reels 394 265
Double fans in opening machines 52 28
Doubling of laps in scutchers 97 52
Doubling machine 384 284
Doubling winding machine, objects of 397 271
Doubling winding machine, Stubbs’ 398 271
Draught of bale breaker 30 18
Draught of carding machine 152 86
Draught in drawing machine 211 141
Draught, effect of 211 141
Draught of machines, definition 29 18
Draught of scutching machine 98 52
Draught of scutching where occurring 101 52
Drawing machine, arrangement of sliver cans 215 143
Drawing machine, Brooks’ stop motion 219 144
Drawing machine, centres of rollers 210 141
Drawing machine, clearers for 212 142
Drawing machine, construction of 208 137
Drawing machine, deliveries of 208 137
Drawing machine, Dobson and Barlow’s, clearer for 212 142
Drawing machine, draughts in 211 141
Drawing machine, driving rollers of 209 138
Drawing machine, doubling of slivers in 215 143
Drawing machine, effect of doubling in 216 143
Drawing machine, effect of staple 210 141
Drawing machine, Ermen’s revolving clearer 212 142
Drawing machine, essential features in 214 142
Drawing machine, Howard and Bullough’s electric stop
motion 223 145
Drawing machine, Leigh’s loose boss rollers 208 138
Drawing machine, number of doublings 216 143
Drawing machine, number of doublings permissible 217 144
Drawing machine, objects of 207 137
Drawing machine, Platt’s full can stop motion 221 145
Drawing machine, reasons for stop motion 219 144
Drawing machine, rollers for 208 138
Drawing machine, roller laps 212 142
Drawing machine, roller relieving motion 213 142
Drawing machine, size of rollers 224 146
Drawing machine, slubs 212 142
Drawing machine, velocity of rollers 209 138
Drawing machine, velocity of rollers 224 146
Driving, Ashworth’s, of carding machine 149 84
Driving belts, speed of 13 10
Driving bobbins of roving machine 232 153
Driving carding engines 146 84
Driving rollers and clearers 113 60
Driving rollers of roving machine 231 152
Driving ropes, size and speed of 14 10
Driving, spindles of roving machine 231 152
Dronsfield’s emery fillets 176 109
Dronsfield’s roller covering machine 409 284
Dub’s governing motion 356 226
Duplex driving of mules 287 188
Dust trunks, construction of 64 32
Dust trunks, Platt Brothers 65 33
Dust trunks, position of 64 32
Dust trunks, use of 63 32
E
Early inventions 1 5
Edge’s flat grinding apparatus 182 131
Egyptian cotton 19 13
Elephant opener 28 16
Engines, steam, types of 11 8
Ermen’s revolving clearer 212 142
Essential features of drawing frames 214 142
Extent of machine making trade 3 5
F
Fans in opening machine 52 28
Feed motion dish for carding engine 106 54
Feed motion dish for carding engine 143 81
Feed motion, Lord’s piano 82 42
Feed motion, cones in scutching 84 43
Feed motion, velocity of cones in scutching 83 42
Feed rollers, draught of 98 52
Feed rollers, drawing action of 85 44
Feed rollers, scutcher 85 44
Feeding carding machines 105 53
Feeding scutching machines from laps 95 51
Fibres, position in fleece 153 88
Fillets attaching to cylinders 164 96
Fillets attaching to flats 166 101
Fillets, Dronsfield’s emery 176 109
Fillets, foundation for card 154 91
Fillets, manufacture of card 155 91
Fillets, Platt’s fastener for 169 105
Fillets, preparation of 164 96
Fillets, setting teeth in 156 92
Fillets, Tweedale’s clip for card 168 102
Fillets, winding on 165 96
Fillets, Whiteley’s clip for card 166 101
Flats, adjustment of heel in 117 62
Flats, attaching chain to 123 68
Flats, attaching clothing to 166 101
Flats, Brooks’ adjustment of 131 77
Flats, character of working setting 133 78
Flats, construction of 116 61
Flats, deflection of 167 102
Flats, Edge’s grinding apparatus for 182 113
Flats, Hetherington’s grinding apparatus for 181 112
Flats, Higginson’s grinding apparatus for 183 114
Flats, Knowles’ grinding apparatus for 180 111
Flats, number of 115 61
Flats, Platt’s grinding apparatus 184 116
Flats, Platt’s inspecting device for 137 79
Flats, shaping 116 61
Flats, setting 132 77
Flats, setting, Wellman 140 80
Flats, testing heel of 117 62
Flyers, attachment of pressers to 228 148
Flyers, construction of roving 227 148
Flyers, lead of 240 158
Flyers, retardation of 240 157
G
Gassing machine 399 272
Gauge of spindles in roving machines 227 148
Gin, cotton 24 15
Gin, Macarthy cotton 25 15
Grids, Howard and Bullough’s air bars for 74 38
Grids, pitch of projections on 60 32
Grids, position in opening machine 59 31
Grids, position in scutching machine 72 37
Grids, shape of opening machine 56 30
Grids, setting bars in 73 38
Grinding, defects of side 160 94
Grinding, desirability of light 163 95
Grinding, Horsfall roller for 177 109
Grinding, improved side 162 95
Grinding, principles of flat 179 110
Grinding, roller brackets for 178 110
Grinding, roller 186 117
Grinding, side 159 94
Grinding, slow speed of cylinder during 170 105
Grinding, striation of teeth 161 94
Grinding, Wellman flat 187 118
H
Hank, definition of 387 257
Hank, roving calculation of 387 257
Heating of mills 15 11
Heilmann combing machine 195 122
Hetherington’s flat-grinding apparatus 181 112
Hetherington’s Heilmann comber 195 122
Hetherington’s mule 352 222
Hetherington’s production of mule ... 233
Hetherington’s setting of flexible bend 121 66
Hetherington’s slow motion 172 106
Hetherington’s trueing apparatus for card 121 66
Higgins’ spindle bearing 230 152
Higginson’s flat grinding apparatus 183 114
Holding-out catch 309 199
Horsfall grinding roller 177 109
Howard and Bullough’s air bars 74 38
Howard and Bullough’s carding engine 127 70
Howard and Bullough’s clip for fillets 168 102
Howard and Bullough’s differential motion 248 165
Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion 223 145
Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion 263 174
Howard and Bullough’s production of ring frame ... 259
Howard and Bullough’s weft ring frame 382 253
Humidity of mills 15 10
I
Importance of cleanliness 16 11
Importance of efficient carding 190 119
Importance of stripping cards 188 118
Imbs’ combing machine 205 135
Inclination of carding roller teeth 112 56
Inclination of spindle in mule 280 183
Increase in production of machine 4 6
Indian cotton 22 13
Indicators for mules 417 292
Indicators for slubbing machines 417 294
J
Jack frame 225 147
Jack shaft 241 158
Jacking 361 231
K
Knowles’ revolving flat carding engine 128 73
Knowles’ slow motion 175 108
Knowles and Tatham’s grinding apparatus 180 111
L
Lap attachment to scutching machine 67 35
Lap, doubling of 97 52
Lap, effect of licker-in on 143 82
Lap, feeding on scutching machine 95 51
Lap, feeding on carding engine 105 53
Lap, selvedges of 99 52
Lap, weight and hank of 100 52
Leaf extractor, Crighton’s 77 40
Leigh’s flexible bend 119 65
Leigh’s loose boss top roller 208 138
Licker-in, action of 150 85
Licker-in, construction of 106 54
Licker-in, setting of 136 79
Licker-in, teeth of 157 93
Lift of roving bobbins 233 154
Lift, amount of 233 154
Lift, reversal of 254 171
Lift, ring rail 367 236
Lift, shortening of roving frame 235 155
Locking lever in mule 305 196
Long collar, Mason’s 229 152
Long lever in mule 290 189
Lord Brothers’ opening machine 58 31
Lord Brothers’ piano feed motion 82 42
Lord Brothers’ scutching machine 68 35
Lord Brothers’ velocity of opening beaters 58 31
M
Machine making industry, employment in 3 5
Machinery, productive power of 4 6
Main driving of mills 12 9
Margin between yarn and cotton 5 6
Mason’s long collars 229 152
Methods, earlier, of machine construction 2 5
Methods, earlier, of machine construction 7 7
Methods, modern, of machine construction 8 7
Mill, cost of 6 7
Mill, construction of modern 10 8
Mixing arrangements 35 20
Mixing by machine 37 21
Mixing, principles of 36 21
Mixing, staples of cottons in 38 22
Moisture in cotton 27 16
Mote knives, position and setting 144 82
Mule 264 176
Mule, back shaft driving of 284 184
Mule, back shaft clutch teeth of 284 187
Mule, back shaft disengagement of clutch 293 190
Mule, back shaft scrolls on 284 187
Mule, backing-off, driving of wheel 282 184
Mule, backing-off, effect of 282 184
Mule, backing-off, engagement of clutch 299 193
Mule, backing-off, operation of 270 177
Mule, backing-off, rotation of wheel 296 190
Mule, backing-off, release of clutch 312 200
Mule, backing-off, release of lever 301 194
Mule, backing-off, compression of spring 300 193
Mule, backing-off, tightening motion of chain 307 198
Mule, bands attaching to end frames 284 187
Mule, cam shaft effects, first half turn 292 190
Mule, cam shaft effects, second half turn 345 218
Mule, cam shaft, position of cams on 291 189
Mule, cam shaft, position of ordinary 350 220
Mule, click motion, description of 341 217
Mule, click motion, defects of old 342 217
Mule, click motion, holding out rod, and 343 217
Mule carriage, angularity of yarn during traverse
of 360 229
Mule carriage, connection with square 278 183
Mule carriage, construction of 278 183
Mule carriage, extent of traverse of 269 177
Mule carriage, gain of 288 189
Mule carriage, reciprocal motion of 269 177
Mule carriage, relation of rollers to 276 180
Mule cop, chase of 317 203
Mule cop, form of 316 202
Mule cop, layers of yarn in 317 203
Mule cop, paper tubes for 316 202
Mule cop, position of nose of 306 197
Mule copping motion, action of 322 205
Mule copping motion, loose rail in 321 205
Mule copping motion, object of rail 308 199
Mule copping motion, theory of 319 203
Mule copping motion, traverse of plates in 320 204
Mule, Curtis’ 358 228
Mule, driving arrangement of bands for 281 183
Mule, driving, back shaft 284 184
Mule, driving, dimensions of pulleys for 281 183
Mule, driving, duplex 287 188
Mule, driving, duplex, dimensions of pulleys for 287 188
Mule, driving, gear of taking-in shaft 285 187
Mule, driving, improved, for taking-in side shaft 286 188
Mule, driving rollers from rim shaft 283 184
Mule, driving scroll shaft 285 187
Mule, driving spindles 280 183
Mule fallers, action of 303 194
Mule fallers, actuating mechanism of winding 305 196
Mule fallers, construction and position of 303 194
Mule fallers, difference in upward and downward
traverse of 317 203
Mule fallers, position of winding before unlocking 346 218
Mule fallers, regulating mechanism of counter 304 195
Mule fallers, regulation of unlocking winding 346 219
Mule fallers, release of strain on rods 347 219
Mule, fine yarn 361 230
Mule governing, action of motion 338 216
Mule governing, amount required 340 216
Mule governing, construction of motion 337 215
Mule governing, Dobson and Barlow’s motion 354 225
Mule governing, Dub’s motion 356 226
Mule governing, necessity for 336 214
Mule governing, release of motion 339 216
Mule, Hetherington’s 352 222
Mule, holding out catch mechanism of 309 199
Mule, holding out position during backing-off 310 200
Mule, holding out catch release of 313 201
Mule, holding out rod effect on click motion 343 217
Mule, jacking motion 361 231
Mule, long lever 290 189
Mule, locking lever, position of 305 196
Mule, locking point, relation to cop nose 306 197
Mule, locking taking-in friction 309 200
Mule, Mendoza lever 351 221
Mule, Mendoza locking 352 222
Mule nosing motion, Dobson and Hardman’s 353 223
Mule nosing motion, Platt’s 333 213
Mule nosing peg 332 213
Mule, Platt’s reasons for selecting 275 179
Mule, production of, 1835-1890 4 6
Mule production, tables of ... 233
Mule, primary parts of 266 176
Mule, regulation of releasing motions 314 201
Mule rim shaft, driving bands on 281 183
Mule rim shaft, driving back shaft from 284 184
Mule rim shaft, driving rollers from 283 184
Mule rim shaft, reversal of 302 194
Mule rim shaft, velocity of 286 188
Mule rollers, action of 267 177
Mule rollers, construction of 277 180
Mule rollers, driving of 283 184
Mule rollers, disengagement of clutch 294 190
Mule rollers, engagement of clutch 345 218
Mule scroll, diameters of 315 202
Mule scroll, connection with back shaft 315 202
Mule scroll, driving of shaft 285 187
Mule scroll, position of, on back shaft 284 189
Mule scroll, position of check 315 202
Mule scroll, revolution of shaft 315 201
Mule spindles, attaching roving to 268 177
Mule spindles, construction of 280 183
Mule spindles, dimensions of 280 183
Mule spindles, effect of taper of 324 206
Mule spindles, fitting bands on 280 183
Mule, number of spindles on 4 6
Mule, reversal of spindles 302 194
Mule, velocity of spindles 280 183
Mule spinning, definition of spinning 264 176
Mule, stages in working of 272 178
Mule stages, definition of 272 178
Mule stages, end of first 289 189
Mule stages, end of second 295 190
Mule stages, end of third 311 200
Mule stages, end of fourth 344 218
Mule stages, end of fifth 288 188
Mule stages, end of fifth 345 218
Mule stages, end of sixth 273 179
Mule stages, varying operation of parts during 274 179
Mule strap guide, lever mechanism of 297 193
Mule strap guide, mode of releasing 298 193
Mule strap guide, release of 295 190
Mule strap guide, re-locking, &c. 345 218
Mule, taking-in, action of back shaft during 315 202
Mule, taking-in, locking of clutch 309 200
Mule, taking-in, position of clutch during backing
off 310 200
Mule, taking-in, release of clutch 313 201
Mule, taking-in, speed of carriage during 315 202
Mule, Threlfall’s fine 362 231
Mule, twist yarn produced 363 232
Mule, tin roller, construction of 279 183
Mule, tin roller, driving of 331 212
Mule winding, action at end of 271 178
Mule winding, acceleration of velocity during 329 210
Mule winding, application of theory 329 210
Mule winding, connection of chain with tin roller 331 212
Mule winding, construction of quadrant mechanism 330 210
Mule winding, chain tightening motion 333 213
Mule winding, chain rewinding on scroll 348 219
Mule winding, difference in velocity of 323 206