GENERAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSION.
Our task is nearly completed: we have but few general remarks to make.
The decay of wooden sleepers, posts, &c., on our railways and the
destruction of timber piles by worms have been the causes of directing
the attention of engineers to the preservation of timber. Most of our
leading engineers now have the greater portion of the timber used
in their works either creosoted or injected with chloride of zinc.
Architects, as a rule, do not, unfortunately, adopt any process for
preserving timber from rot and decay; and have practically no guarantee
that timber used in their works has been thoroughly seasoned: posterity
will not thank them for this, and yet they are not solely to blame. The
fault in a great measure rests with the public, who require buildings to
be erected at the least cost and in the shortest possible time. Moreover,
the works executed by our leading builders are so extensive, that they
have no room in their yards for large piles of timber to lie and season;
and even if they had room it is doubtful if they would allow so much
material, representing money, to remain idle. We are acquainted with one
instance where a London architect, about a dozen years ago, erected a
public building. The front of the reporters’ gallery was formed of oak
panelling; and within a year after the completion of the building narrow
slips or tongues of wood had to be let in in several places to fill up
the holes formed by the shrinkage of the panels. Similar cases to this
are by no means rare. We can quote another instance of unseasoned wood.
A range of workshops was erected a few years since in South London; the
principals of the roof were not ceiled; almost before the building was
finished the upper floor was occupied by a battalion of workwomen. The
heat of the room (the ventilation being defective) soon had an effect
upon the tie-beams, but one beam, which we imagine was unseasoned, in
consequence of large shakes and splits, had to be taken out and replaced
with new. We will (as a lawyer would say), cite one more case. A church
in Surrey required some extensive repairs to the roof: an architect and
a builder were employed, and the necessary works were done. Within four
years dry rot has made its appearance on the new timbers of the roof (not
an air-tight one). One of the churchwardens, on consulting us last year
(1874) as to the best means of stopping the rot, energetically remarked,
“Who is responsible to us for this, the architect or the builder?”
Charles Dickens, in his edition of ‘Bleak House’ in 1868, wrote, with
reference to long Chancery suits, “If I wanted other authorities for
Jarndyce and Jarndyce, I could rain them on these pages.” We are able to
make a similar remark with reference to any more instances of dry rot.
According to the 7th chapter of the First Book of Kings, “Solomon was
building his own house thirteen years:” we cannot spare so much time
now-a-days over the erection of a house, but that is no reason why our
timber should not be naturally or artificially seasoned.
If we cannot obtain naturally seasoned timber, by all means let us
have artificially seasoned wood. Tredgold, in his Report on Langton’s
system,[42] nearly arrived at the secret. We will quote a few words from
his Report:
“Mr. Langton having discovered a new method of seasoning timber … by
which the time necessary to season green timber, and render it fit for
use, is only about twice as many weeks as the ordinary process requires
years; … it is more economical, and locks up less capital than the common
method.”
We believe we may say that the number of our public buildings which
have been erected during the present century with artificially prepared
timber can be counted on our eight fingers (without troubling our thumbs)
and not exceed that number;[43] and yet we hear of dry rot in the great
dome of the Bank of England and other buildings without profiting by the
events. We should like to know if the wooden dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral
is safe from dry rot, (the domes at the Panthéon and the Halle-au-Blé at
Paris were affected,) _and plumbers fires_.
It is evident that a preservative process, thoroughly suitable for
everyday use and applicable to buildings, has yet to be invented: it
should be cheap, should render wood uninflammable, should preserve the
wood from decay and dry rot, _should not harden the wood until some time
after its application_, and should be colourless and invisible. The
invention of such a process will require careful thought and experiments,
for it appears to us that the whole theory of any successful plan for the
prevention of the dry rot must resolve itself into the _solidifying or
coagulation of albumen_: this means hardening the sap-wood, and causing
increased difficulty in working the wood. We can easily illustrate
our remarks, by quoting one of the latest patents for preserving
timber, which has recently been made public. It is the invention of a
gentleman living in England, who has discovered a means of making wood
uninflammable, preventing dry rot and decay, and rendering white and
yellow pine, both in hardness and appearance, like teak and oak. We have
no objection to its rendering wood uninflammable, providing it does
not “hurt” the wood; but can the reader believe that any architect, in
erecting a moderate-sized villa, would specify that all the joiners’
work, staircases, window-frames and sashes, architraves, skirtings,
doors, &c., must be formed of wood _as hard as teak_; or rather, can
the reader imagine the architect’s client would be agreeable to pay the
greatly increased cost for the extra labour involved. We do not think
this invention will ever be used, at least to any extent, in buildings.
Much yet remains to be done with regard to uninflammable wood for
buildings: we think the matter should be dealt with (with reference to
joists, floor boards, partitions, doors, staircases, roof timbers, &c.)
by a new Buildings Act of Parliament. Stone and iron will not burn, but
they are not fire-resisting: brick, artificial stone, and incombustible
wood will give us all we desire; the details may be difficult of
arrangement, but builders would comply with them if they were
imperatively required. At present our houses are formed of brick walls,
every room being separated vertically and horizontally from the adjoining
rooms by combustible wooden walls. A street built up of fire-proof
buildings would be a novelty. The whole subject requires to be dealt with
thoroughly, for while we have combustible wooden floors, partitions, &c.,
we cannot at the same time have a fire-proof building. We have not been
able to spare the space, or else we should have devoted a long chapter to
this subject; a superficial consideration (such as alum and water) would
have been practically useless.
In conclusion, we can only summarize our remarks on the cause of dry rot,
by saying, “Season and ventilate,” in every case: as to the cure, that
is not so easy to deal with. If the reader has ever had a decayed tooth
aching, a friend has probably said, “Have it out;” and we say, wherever
there is a piece of timber decayed in a building which can be removed,
“Have it out, and stop up with new;” and in so advising we are merely
following the advice to be found in a good old volume, which has never
yet been equalled, and which says:
“And, behold, if the plague be in the walls of the house with
hollow strakes, greenish or reddish, which in sight are lower
than the wall; … Then the priest shall command that they take
away the stones in which the plague is, and they shall cast them
into an unclean place without the city: And he shall cause the
house to be scraped within round about, and they shall pour out
the dust that they scrape off without the city into an unclean
place: And they shall take other stones, and put them in the
place of those stones; and he shall take other mortar, and shall
plaister the house.”--_Leviticus_ xiv. 37, 40, 41, and 42.
This course will not, however, suit every case, for when the rot has
spread in many directions, the best and cheapest course is to consult
some professional man, well versed in the peculiarities of dry rot,
before determining upon any remedy, for we have shown in the course of
this work that the disease may arise from various causes; and it is not
a difficult matter to select the wrong remedy, and thus increase the
disease.
We trust the reader has found in this volume at least some hints which
may be of service to him. A _new_ house affected with dry rot is an
unhealthy one to live in, and an _old_ one is worse than the new; we mean
the kind of house referred to in one line by an American poet, as follows:
“O’er whose unsteady floor, that sways and bends.”
LONGFELLOW.
FOOTNOTES
[1] See white faces of workmen.
[2] See London newspapers, July, 1812.
[3] ‘Fire Surveys,’ p. 58.
[4] ‘Directions to Cure the Dry Rot.’ 1807.
[5] See Report of the Officers of Portsmouth Yard, 1792.
[6] See Tredgold’s Report on this process, May 2, 1828.
[7] See No. 1, p. 3, Appendix to first volume of ‘Naval Architecture.’
[8] See paper on “Kyan’s Process” by Captain R. C. Alderson, C.E., in
vol. i. ‘Papers of Royal Engineers.’
[9] See Chapman, Boydon, Jackson, and Kyan’s methods.
[10] See ‘London Journal of Arts,’ March, 1842; ‘Bull. de
l’Encouragement,’ June, 1842.
[11] See ‘Repertory of Patent Inventions,’ December, 1836.
[12] See ‘Étuves de Désiccation et Appareil pour l’lnjection des Bois.’
Par MM. Dorsett et Blythé, manufacturiers, à Bordeaux. 1859.
[13] See ‘Repertory of Patent Inventions’ April, 1847.
[14] See Chap. IV., p. 97.
[15] See coating for piles, p. 161.
[16] See ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,’ v. 7, page 433;
‘Tredgold’s Carpentry’ by J. T. Hurst, 1871; ‘Histoire de l’Acad.,’ 1765,
page 15; ‘Ann. des Ponts et Chaussées,’ v. 15, page 307; ‘Mem. sur la
Conservation des Bois à la Mer,’ 1868, by Forestier; ‘Bois de Marine,’ by
Quatrefages, 1848.
[17] There are eight kinds of _teredines_, of which three are to be found
in European waters, viz. the _Teredo fatalis_, _Teredo navalis_, _Teredo
bipennata_.
[18] See ‘Memoirs of Sir M. I. Brunel;’ also, for particulars of the
construction of the shield designed by him for forming the Tunnel,
Weale’s ‘London Exhibited,’ and ‘A Memoir of the Thames Tunnel,’ in
Weale’s Quarterly Papers on Engineering.
[19] Note geometrical framing in spider’s web.
[20] ‘Reports of the Juries,’ Exhibition, 1851. ‘Reports’ by Dr. Gibson,
Conservator of Forests, Bombay Presidency. ‘Reports’ by Dr. Cleghorn,
Conservator of Forests, Madras Presidency. ‘Reports’ by Mr. H. B.
Baden Powell, Inspector-General of the Forest Department, India, 1875.
‘Reports’ on the Teak Forests of Tenasserim, Calcutta, 1852. Papers by
Mr. Mann and Mr. Heath on ‘Decay of Woods in Tropical Climates,’ Inst.
C.E., 1866. Paper on ’ The Ravages of the Limnoria Terebrans,’ by Mr. R.
Stevenson, Royal Society, 1862. ‘Account of the Bell Rock Lighthouse,’
by Robert Stevenson, 1824. Stevenson’s ‘Design and Construction of
Harbours.’ Smeaton’s ‘Reports.’
[21] See ‘Sur un Moyen de Mettre tous les Approvisionnements de Bois de
la Marine de la Piqûre des Tarets’ (Compte. rend., Janv. 1848).
[22] ‘Report of German Commission relative to rendering Woodwork and
Stage Materials Incombustible.’ Professor Fuchs and Dr. Pettenkofer’s
Reports. Dr. Feuchtwanger’s works. M. Kuhlman’s pamphlet. ‘Reports
relative to Ransome’s Process.’ Note M. Szerelmey’s patent, 21 July, 1868.
[23] See ‘Memoirs on the Use of Cast Iron in Piling,’ by Mr. M. A.
Borthwick, ‘Trans. Inst. Civ. Eng.’ vol. i. No. 22.
[24] See Hurst’s ‘Tredgold’s Carpentry,’ p. 380, 1871. London.
[25] See Charlesworth’s ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ 1838, Art.
_Myrmica domestica_. Also, ‘Boston Journal of Natural History,’ 1834, p.
993, Art. _Myrmica molesta_.
[26] Thunberg’s ‘Travels,’ vol. ii. p. 300.
[27] ‘Expedition to Surinam.’ By Captain Stedman. 1813. London.
[28] Kœmpfer’s ‘Japan,’ vol. ii.
[29] ‘Voyage de Spartmann au cap de Bonne-Espérance: voy. _Dict. d’Hist.
Nat._ de Guérin.’ 1839.
[30] See Paper by Mr. J. B. Hartley, read before the Institution of
Civil Engineers, London, 23rd June, 1840, “On the Effects of the Worm on
Kyanized Timber exposed to the Action of Sea Water; and on the Use of
Greenheart Timber from Demerara.”
[31] Margary’s process failed to preserve wood from rot on the Bristol
and Exeter Railway, England.
[32] See Paper by Mr. Thomas Hounslow, of the Royal Engineers’
Department, published in ‘Engineering,’ p. 198, 21st September, 1866.
Also, Hurst’s edition of ‘Tredgold’s Carpentry,’ page 380. 1871. London.
[33] See Maconochie’s suggestion, p. 163.
[34] ‘Insects Abroad.’ By the Rev. J. Wood. 1874. London.
[35] ‘Histoire de l’Académie,’ p. 38. 1705. See also M. Maxime Paulet’s
communication to the Academy, 27th April, 1874.
[36] Their Majesties’ Commission for the Rebuilding of the Cathedral
Church of St. Paul, in London. London: Printed by Benjamin Motte. 1692.
[37] Workmen would now think this clause a striking one.
[38] See lecture by Mr. W. G. Rogers, “On the Carvings of Grinling
Gibbons,” delivered at the Royal Institute of British Architects, 3rd
June, 1867.
[39] Paper by M. de Laperier, of the Belgian Legation, read at a meeting
of the Society of Antiquaries, relative to Flemish origin of English
carving.
[40] The large pulpit is not from the design of Sir Christopher Wren, nor
is the carving by Grinling Gibbons.
[41] See engraving in the ‘Art Journal,’ 1866.
[42] See Tredgold’s Report on this process, May 2, 1828.
[43] See Bartholomew’s’ Specifications,’ and Professor Donaldson’s
valuable work on ‘Specifications,’ which comprises many examples by
modern architects. The usual clause is: “The timber to be well seasoned
(is it?), free from large knots, shakes, and other defects.”
INDEX.
Abel’s silicate of soda process, 160
Academy of Sciences, Holland, report on sea-worms, 235
Acetate of lead, 226
” iron and wood tar, 130
Acid, carbolic, 257, 276
” fluoric, 287
” hydrochloric, 286
” hydro-fluo-silicic, and other substances, 166
” nitric, 98, 285
” pyroligneous, 111, 144, 263
” sulphuric, 161, 285
” vegetable, 111
Age of trees, how to ascertain, 9
Air, admission of, to prevent or cure rot, 27, 171, 187, 284, 292
Alberti (L. B.), on seasoning wood, 66, 75
Alcohol, in corrosive sublimate, 263, 265, 266, 279
Alderson’s (Captain), experiments with woods, 127
Alkali, caustic, 122
Alum, to prevent combustion, 118
” experiments with, 119
” and other substances, 156, 166, 167
American method of preserving ships’ masts, 111
” oak, inferior to English, 40
Ammonia, to cure rot, 118, 137
” and other substances, 131, 286
Amsterdam, built on piles, 23
Annual rings in wood, 8
Ants, black, how to destroy, 287
” white, description of, 240
” ” how to destroy, 251, 286
” ” in Australia, Bahia, and Pernambuco, 245
” ” in Batavia, 247
” ” in Brazil, 244
” ” in Ceylon and the Philippine Islands, 246
” ” in France and Japan, 248
” ” in India, 251
” ” in Jamaica, 241
” ” in Spain, Senegal, and Surinam, 248
” ” woods which resist, 249
Armstrong’s (J.), account of rotten floor, 43
Arsenic, 224, 252, 287
” experiments with, 167
” and other substances, 253
Asphalte, to keep out damp, 179
Australian method of seasoning Jarrah wood, 115
Baker’s (J.), case of dry rot in Baltic wood, 177
Ballast for railway sleepers, 48, 138
Bank of England, dry rot in dome, 42
Banks (Sir J.), on growth of fungi, 44
Barium sulphide, to preserve wood, 156
Barlow’s patent process, 102
” on seasoning wood, 78
Barnacles on timber piles, 223, 226
Barry (Sir C.), on steaming wood, 90
Baryta, and other substances, 166
Basement stories with damp, 23, 181, 182, 187
Bayonne, girder in church at, 174
Beams, advantage of sawing, 32
Bees, carpenter, destroy wood, 240, 259
” wax, and other substances, 156
Beetles, in wood, 262, 275
” how to destroy, 286
Belgian engineers prefer charred sleepers, 96
Belidor, on felling trees, 54
Belton House (Earl Brownlow’s), beetles in carvings at, 268, 281
Bentham (Sir S.), on drying oak, 91
Benzine, to destroy wood beetles, 266, 277, 286
Berkeley, on fungi, 21
Bethell’s (J.), patent creosoting process, 130, 155, 224, 234, 286
” ” drying stoves, 86
Binmer, on steaming and charring, 99
Biot, on pressure process, 144
Blenheim, state of carvings at, 281
” carvings in yellow deal at, 273
Blood, and other substances, 167
Bond timber, decay of in walls, 45, 174
Borax, a receipt for black ants, 287
” and other substances, 156
Boucherie’s (Dr.), sulphate of copper process, 146
Bourne’s (J.), experiments with wood, 254
Bowring’s (Sir J.), account of ants in Obando, 247
Boyden’s (A.), remedies for dry rot, 95, 112, 122
Brande (Dr.), on preserving woods, 139, 142, 155
Bréant’s patents, 145
Brick dust, tar, &c., to preserve piles, 228
Brimstone, bees-wax, &c., to preserve wood, 156
Brochard and Watteau’s process, 80
Browne’s (Sir S.), experiments with piles, 229
Brunei (Sir M. I.), 138, 139, 215, 228
Buffon, 144, 198
Builders, bad, 182, 202
Building, hints on, 180
Burnett’s (Sir F.), patent zinc process, 140, 224, 254, 255, 286
Burt’s experience of creosoted sleepers, 137
Cadet de Gassicourt’s process for dry rot, 144
Calomel, composition of, 264
Calvert’s caoutchouc process, 162
Camphor disliked by ants, 287
Canadian white spruce deals liable to warp, 65
” yellow wood liable to rot in damp situations, 36, 43
Caoutchouc, solution of, 162
” and other substances, 163
Carbolic acid, for wood beetles, 257, 276
Carbonate of soda (Payne’s process), 154
Carbonization by gas, 97, 164
Carpenter bees destroy wood, 240, 259
Carpenter (Dr.), on growth of fungi, 43
Carvers, wood, 280
Carvings destroyed by worms, 266
” how to clean, 270
” to destroy worms in, 286
Cashiobury, carvings at, destroyed by beetle, 269
Cement, to protect piles, 227, 228
Ceylon, ants in, 246
Chalk, and other substances, 161
Champy’s tallow process, 144
Chapman (W.), on dry rot, 25, 73, 112, 119, 122, 165, 167
Charcoal--_see_ Oils, Whale, and Fish--to preserve wood, 121
” and other substances, 157
Charpentier’s hot air patent, 80
Charring wood, 95
” when useful, 100
” and pitching, 96
Chassloup Lambat’s suggestion to prevent rot, 163
Château of the Roques d’Oudres, girders at, 174
Chatsworth, Gibbons’ carvings at, 281
Chelura terebrans destroy piles, 219
Chemists prefer thin creosote, 131
Chinese method of preserving wood, 167
Chippendale’s carvings, 281
Chloride of calcium, 146
” of manganese, 154
” of sodium, 164
” of zinc--_see_ Burnett’s Process
Chlorine gas, and other substances, 123
Chloroform, for wood beetles, 277
Chunam, and cocoa-nut oil, 107
Church at Bayonne, fir girders in, 174
” of Holy Trinity, Cork, rot in vaults, 39
” in London, rot in roof, 184
” in Surrey, 289
” of St. Mark, Venice, rot in curb, 176
” of Old St. Pancras, London, rot in vaults, 40
Cleghorn (Dr.), on creosoted sleepers, 47, 136, 142
Coal Exchange, flooring of, 81
” tar, 170, 233, 246, 256, 262
” ” and other substances 123, 284, 285
” vessels last long, 117
Cobley’s patent lime process, 166
Colocynth and quassia, 263
” and other substances, 285
Colouring woods, 108
Commission, report of, on carvings, 266, 274
Cooke’s (M. C.) instance of fungi, 43
Copal varnish, 191, 197
” in linseed oil, 285
Copper, red oxide of, 161
” prussiate of, 146
” sulphate of--_see_ Sulphate of Copper
” nitrate of, 226
” sheathing against sea-worms, 228
” ” and tarred felt, 285
Copperas, and coal tar, 284
” to preserve ships, 112, 226
Cork, for ends of brestsummers, 174
Corrosive sublimate, 123, 226, 264, 265, 285, 286
” and other substances, 130, 155, 263, 265, 266,
279, 285
Covent Garden Theatre, dry rot in bond, 175
Cow-dung mortar, and oils, 251
Creosote (Bethell’s patent), 118, 130, 133, 142, 165, 230, 236, 255,
257, 285, 287
” vapour, 145
” and chloride of zinc, 133
Crepin (M.), on creosoted wood, 139, 236
Cryptogamia, or fungi, 15
Cullen’s process for dry rot, 157
Dammer oil, and other substances, 255
Damp, 176, 177, 178, 181
” a cause of decay in wood, 22
” rooms, how to ascertain, 24
Darwin’s process for dry rot, 156
Daviller (A. C.), on felling trees, 54
Davison and Symington’s process, 81
Davy (Sir H.), on corrosive sublimate, 127, 263
Deals require long seasoning, 64
” how sometimes imported, 35
Deane’s (Sir T.), account of dry rot case, 39
Decay of trees, symptoms of, 33
De Lapparent’s processes, 73, 97, 163
Desiccating processes, 81
Dickson (Dr.), on Kyan’s process, 130
” (J.), on seasoning wood, 75
Ditton Park, carvings destroyed at, 269
Donaldson’s (Prof. T. L.) account of dry rot case, 42
Dondeine’s paint, 165
Dorsett and Blythé’s copper process, 151
Doswell’s report on timber piles, 232
Dram battens liable to rot, 8
Dry rot, wet rot, and rot.
” appearances of, 31, 35
” causes of, 24
” danger of, 34
” how different from wet rot, 14
” proceeds according to temperature 29, 187
” caused by bad building, 182
” ” mortar, 44, 173, 177
” ” damp brickwork, 44, 182
” ” ” ground, 20, 21
” ” ” stone, 44
” ” heat and moisture, 23
” ” insufficient areas, 178
” ” ” tarpaulings, 184
” ” joining different woods, 176
” ” kamptulicon, 187
” ” Keene’s cement, 188
” ” oiled cloth, 185
” ” old trees, 183
” ” partial leaks, 23
” ” want of air, 171, 172, 186, 187, 188
” ” ” proper drains and spouts, 41
” increased by stoves, 172
” _in ground_, under house at Hampstead, 20
” _under foundations_, Norfolk House, 176
” ” ” Grosvenor Place, 176
” ” _floor_, Stanmore Cottage, 183
” ” _hearthstone_, 43
” ” _pavement_ at Basingstoke, 43
” _on paved floor_, Westminster Hall, 44
” _in vaults_, Old St. Pancras Church, 40
” _on vaults_, Holy Trinity Church, Cork, 39
” in cask in cellar, 43
” ” _basement floor_ of house, Greenwich, Frontispiece
” ” _ground floor_ of houses, 43, 177, 185, 186, 187
” ” _first floor_ of house, No. 29, Mincing Lane, 187
” ” _second floor_ of house, No. 79, Gracechurch Street, 187
” ” _barn floor_, 42
” _on floor_ of house, No. 106, Fenchurch Street, London, 186
” _in wood bond_, Covent Garden theatre, 175
” ” _damp closet_, or pantry, 16
” ” _wood lining_ to walls--basement, 125
” ” floor of house in the Temple, London, 124
” ” _brestsummer_ of shop, 42
” ” _girder_ of house (Earl of Mansfield’s), 32
” ” ” building at Malta, 32
” ” _partition_, No. 16, Mark Lane, London, 188
” ” _roof_, church in London, 184
” ” ” ” Surrey, 289
” ” _curb of dome_, St. Mark’s, Venice, 176
” ” _dome_, Bank of England, 42
” ” ” Halle-au-Blé, Paris, 42
” ” ” Panthéon, Paris, 42
” ” Society of Arts building, Adelphi, 42
” ” _field gates_, 183
” ” _foreign timber_, 35
” ” _paling_ 125
” _in ships_, 23, 26, 73, 93, 112, 114, 172
” prevented by seasoning, 63
” good, cheap, and easy remedy required, 291
Du Hamel, 66, 72, 144
Duke of Devonshire’s house, dry rot at, 40
D’Uslaw’s, Meyer, steam process, 102
Dutch method of coating piles, 221
Earl Brownlow’s house, beetles in carvings at, 268
” of Mansfield’s house, rotten yellow fir girder at, 32
Emerson’s boiled oil process for rot, 110
Endogenous stems, grow from within, 4
Engineers, English, 139, 288
” foreign, rules for sulphate of copper, 151
” ” ” creosote, 131, 133
Evelyn (Sir J.), on seasoning wood, 53, 73, 75
Exogenous stems, grow from without, 4
Faraday (Prof.), on corrosive sublimate, 129, 263
Felt, tarred, and copper sheathing, 285
Fences, how to prevent them rotting, 46, 161
Fenchurch Street, No. 106, dry rot on floor, 186
Feuchtwanger’s (Dr.), water-glass for piles, 226
Field gates, dry rot in, 183
Fire-proof houses, cost of, 143
” ” necessity of, 291
Flemish carvings in England, 280
Flockton’s wood tar process to preserve wood, 130
Floor-cloths, injurious effects of, 185
Floors, how to protect from worms, 266
” dry rot in, 20, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 125, 176, 182, 183,
186, 187
” ” Frontispiece
Fluoric acid, for the black ant, 287
Fontenay’s metallic soap, to preserve wood, 165
Forestier’s experiments with creosoted piles, 139, 236
Foundations, how to build, 179
Fraser’s (Capt. A.) paint for white ants, 253
Fungi differ according to situation, 22
” explanation of the term, 15
” forms and strength of, 31, 43
” production of, 15, 18, 19, 20
” rapid growth of, 44
Gambir composition for white ants, 255
Garlic and vinegar for worms, 106
Gas, carbonization of wood by, 97, 164
” chlorine, and other substances, 123
Gibbons’ (Grinling), carvings, 260, 280
Glue, solution of, to preserve ships, 112
” and other substances, 112, 122, 130
Gracechurch Street, No. 79, dry rot in second floor, 187
Graham (Prof.), on Burnett’s process, 140
Grease, how to take it out of floor, 191
Greenwich, rot in floor of house at, Frontispiece
Greville’s (Dr.) description of fungi, 21
Groo-groo worms in Surinam, 247
Grosvenor Place, rotten planking in houses, 176
Guibert’s smoke process, 93
Hales’ (Dr.) oil and creosoting processes, 111, 118
Halle-au-Blé, Paris, dry rot in dome of, 42
Haller’s (Dr.) analysis of a fungus, 31
Hampstead, dry rot in ground of house at, 20
Hancock’s caoutchouc and oil process, 162
Hartley’s experiments with fire-proof house, 120
Hawkshaw’s opinion of Payne’s process, 155
Higgins’ (Dr.) ammonia remedy for rot, 118
House, fire-proof, 120
” ” cost of, 143
” badly erected, 182, 202
Howe’s experiments with posts, 45
Humboldt, Baron, on damp rooms, 24
Indestructible Paint Company, 195
Indian Woods, 47, 134, 223, 250
Ingredients for preserving wood, 168
Iron, cast, effect of sea-water on, 230
” muriate of, 157
” prussiate of, 146
” pyrolignite of, 130, 146, 151, 156, 234
” sulphate of, 154, 157, 284
Jackson’s preserving processes, 111
” (G.) experiments with white ants, 254
Jagherry, or coarse Indian sugar, for mortar, 253
Japanese method of treating graining, 194
Jarrah wood, how seasoned, 115
Johnson’s (B.) account of rot in floor, 42
Jones’ (Major, R. E.) report on rotten beams, 32
Kamptulicon causes dry rot in floors, 187
Kenwood, rotten fir girder at, 32
Kidlington, carvings in yellow deal at, 273
Kirthington Park, Gibbons’ carvings at, 281
Knabb’s sulphate of copper process, 152
Kœnig’s opinion of sulphate of copper, 152
Kyan’s corrosive sublimate patent, 123, 205, 223, 233
Lampblack, and fish oil, 108
Langton’s extraction of sap process, 101
Lead, 173, 179, 200
” and tarred rope for piles, 228
” oxide of, and other substances, 123
Légé and Fleury-Pironnet’s copper patent, 149
Le Gras’ manganese, zinc, and creosote patent, 164
Lepisma worm destroys boats, 221
Letellier’s preserving processes, 130, 165
Lewis’ lime process, 112, 116
Liebig (Baron) on decay of wood, 19
Lime, to preserve wood, 112, 116, 253, 286
” and other substances, 107, 117, 156, 157, 166, 255, 285
” re-carbonated, injurious to wood, 116
” water, to preserve ships, 116, 122
” ” ” basement joists, 116
” ” and sulphuric acid, 156
” vessels last long, 116
Limnoria terebrans, description of, 217
” ” how it destroys piles, 218
Linseed oil--_see_ Oils
Litharge ” ”
Logs, state of, on arrival in England, 37
Lowestoft Harbour, creosoted piles in, 230
Lukins’ stove process, 121
Lycoris fucata, destroys the Teredo navalis, 237
Lyme Hall, carvings at, 281
Maconochie’s suggestions for preserving wood, 121, 145, 163
McMaster (B.), on decay of railway sleepers, 47
McWilliam, on fungi, 20, 22, 29
Makinson, on creosoted piles, 231
Malta, rotten girders in building at, 32
Manganese, and other substances, 163, 165
Mann’s (Capt.) and McPherson’s (Capt.) experiments, 255
Margary’s patent sulphate of copper process, 130, 150, 254
Mark Lane, No. 16, dry rot in partition at, 188
Marshall (G.), on seasoning oak, 69
Maun (G. O.), on sleepers, Pernambuco railway, 138
Mecquenem’s desiccating process, 80
Mellis (J. C.), on creosoted wood, 256
Melseun’s experiments with ammonia, 137
Mercer’s Hall, decay of carvings at, 267
Mercury, deuto-chloride of, 165
” bi-chloride--_see_ Corrosive Sublimate
Merulius lachrymans, dry rot fungus, 21
Methods for seasoning wood, 168
Methylated spirits of wine for carvings, 279
Michigan Central Railroad bridge, dry rotten, 185
Migneron’s process, 144
Miller’s hot air process, 102
Mincing Lane, No. 29, dry rot in first floor at, 187
Moll’s vapour of creosote process, 145
Moon, age of, a guide for cutting trees, 56
Mortar made with sea sand objectionable, 113, 181
” cow-dung and castor oil, 251
Mud and other substances to preserve wood, 253
Müenzing’s manganese process, 154
Mundic, to preserve wood, 118
Muriate of iron (Toplis’ process), 157
Nails, scupper, for piles, 228, 286
Neamann, on seasoning wood, 79, 117
Nichols (T.), on sand bath, 116
Nitrate of copper for piles, 226
Nitric acid, for worms, 285
Norfolk House, rotten planking at, 176
Norway white lowland deals warp, 65
Nystrom’s process, to prevent combustion, 166
Oak, American, liable to rot, 40
” different qualities of, 71
” good and bad, 25
” seasoning, 69, 70, 90, 91
” panelling, if not seasoned, shrinks, 288
” how to prevent splitting, 106
Ohio fire-proof paint, 185
Oil, Arracan, to protect wood from ants, 252
” boiled, to preserve planks of ships, 111
” castor, with cow-dung mortar, 251
” cajeput, to protect wood from ants, 247, 286
” of cedar, to protect wood from worms, 106
” cocoa-nut, to preserve wood, 107
” ” and other substances, 107
” dammer, and other substances, 255
” fish, 108
” ” experiments with, 108
” ” and other substances, 108
” linseed, 106
” ” and other substances, 106, 165, 268, 284, 285
” olive, 106
” of juniper, to prevent worms, 285
” of mustard, to preserve wood, 107
” of spikenard, 106, 285
” of tar; and other substances, 123, 155, 162
” of tar--_see_ Coal Tar
” palm, to preserve wood, 106, 107
” ” and other substances, 123
” paraffin, to cure dry rot, 285
” petroleum, to preserve wood, 109, 157, 169, 262, 287
” ” and sand, 109
” vegetable, best to preserve wood, 106
” whale, 286
” ” renders wood brittle, 106
” ” and other substances, 106, 107
” and other substances, 156, 167
Oils, animal, render wood brittle, 107
Oxford’s patent, 123
Painting, house, described, 199
” ” causes rot, 183, 185, 269
” how to remove from carvings, 270
Paling, rot in, 185
Pallas’ iron and lime process, 117
Panthéon, Paris, dry rot in dome, 42
Parkes’ caoutchouc process, 162
Parry’s (Dr.) suggestion to prevent rot, 156
Passez’s caoutchouc in sulphur process, 162
Pasteur, researches of, 17
Patents, most successful patents, 169
Payne’s patent process, 144, 154, 156, 223, 254
Peat moss, for seasoning wood, 116
Penrose’s report on carvings, St. Paul’s Cathedral, 271
Pepys, Memoirs of, account of rot in ships in, 24
Pering on dry rot, 25
Petersburgh deals, white and yellow, 38, 66
Petroleum oil to prevent rot, 109, 157, 169, 262, 287
Phillips (R.), on seasoning oak, 70
Piles, timber, 23, 96, 219, 221, 223, 226, 228, 285
” ” cased in iron, 229
Pine, yellow, liable to rot, 43
Pitch, 96, 174, 224
” and other substances, 107, 159
Pith of tree, formation of, 4
Pliny, on salt-water seasoning, 72
Polyporus hybridus fungi, 21
Porcher (Dr.), on seasoning wood, 75
Posts, experiments with, 45
” in Norway, how preserved, 173
” burning ends to preserve, 96, 98
” where they decay, 24
” coating, to preserve, 161
Potash, and other substances, 166, 167
Price and Manby’s drying stove, 88
Pringle (Sir J.), on the strength of alum, 119
Pritchard’s report on sea-worms, 156, 233
Processes, rules for successful, 110
” pressure and vacuum, 168
Prussiate of copper (Boucherie’s process), 146
” of iron ” ” 146
Pyroligneous acid, 111, 144, 263
Pyrolignite of iron, 130, 146, 151, 234
” ” and oil of tar, 156
Quassia, 266, 285
” and colocynth, 263
Quatrefages’ experiments, 225, 242
Quicklime, if dry, preserves wood, 116
Railway sleepers, 47, 49, 74, 101, 103, 125, 134, 136, 138, 140,
143, 149, 151, 152, 251, 254
Rance’s experiments with chloride of sodium, 164
Randall (J.), on oxidating wood, 98
Ransome’s silicate of soda process, 156, 227
Rats, how to get rid of, 173
Reid’s vegetable acid process, 111
Remedies for white ants, 286
” for black ants, 287
” for dry rot, 284
” worms in carvings, 286
” ” in piles, 285
Renwick’s vapour of creosote process, 146
Resin, and other substances, 122, 159, 161, 285
Robins, oleaginous vapour process, 157
Rogers (W. J.), the wood carver, 72, 268, 274
Rot, internal causes of, 32
” in timber, how to ascertain, 33, 185
” ” to prevent, 283
” ” to cure, 284
Salt, bay, to preserve ships, 114
” common, to preserve ships, 112
” ” to preserve railway sleepers, 74
” water, lime, &c., to preserve wood, 73, 111
” vessels last long, 114
Saltpetre, to preserve ships, 114
Salts, deliquescent, corrode metals, 112
Sand and coal tar, 284
” and petroleum, 109
” bath, 116
” sea, 113, 181
Sapwood in different woods, 3
Saturating woods to resist beetles, 279
Scott’s (Col.) paint for ants, 253
Sea salt and copperas, 166
” sand, 113, 181
” water, effect of, on iron, 230
” weed, 113
” worms, 203
Seasoning by air, and exposure in stacks, 64
” ” heated, 80
” by extraction of sap, 101
” ” water, fresh, 71
” ” ” salt, 73, 113
” ” ” ” sea-weed, and sea-sand, 115
” ” ” lime, 73, 111
” ” smoke, 91
” ” steaming and boiling, 77
” ” ” charring, 99
” ” gas, 97, 164
” ” sand bath, 116
” ” scorching and charring, 95,97
” ” baking, 79, 81, 86, 88, 94
” oak, 69, 70, 72, 289
” second, 103
Sea-worms, woods which resist, 223
Selenite, experiments with, 119
Shakes in wood, 10, 249, 250
Shaw (Capt. E. M.), on admission of air, 120, 171
Shield’s remedy for white ants, 245, 256
Ships, 99, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 194, 251
” dry rot in, 23, 26, 73, 93, 112, 114
Silicate of potash, 155
” of soda, 156, 160, 227
” ” and lime, 160
Silloway (T. W.), on seasoning wood, 75, 92
Silver grain, 6
Size for wood, why required, 197
” and corrosive sublimate, 266
Slating wall to keep out damp, 177
Sleepers, _see_ Railway Sleepers
Smirke (Sir R.), on dry rot, 20, 123
Smith’s solution for wood beetles, 264
Soap, experiments with, 122
” metallic, to preserve wood, 165
” yellow ” ” 165
” and other substances, 253
Society of Arts building, dry rot in, 42
Soda, carbonate of, 155
Soluble glass, 155
Southend pier, attacked by sea-worms, 209
Spores, description of, 15
Stains for woods, 189, 197
Stanmore Cottage, dry rot in floor at, 183
Steam, 145, 168
” --_see_ Seasoning by Steam
Stephenson (Sir M.), on creosoted wood, 134
Stevenson (R.), on timber piles, 205, 217
St. James’s Church, Piccadilly, carvings at, 272, 281
St. Helena, experiments with woods at, 256
St. Mark’s, Venice, rotten curb of dome at, 176
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 42, 271, 290
St. Preuve’s steam process, 80
Stove drying, 79, 81, 86, 88, 94
Strength of timber, 11
Strontia, and other substances, 166
Sublimate--_see_ Corrosive Sublimate
Sulphate of copper, 122, 146, 149, 150, 151, 161, 226, 284
” ” and sulphuric acid, 285
” of iron, 154, 157, 284
” ” and other substances, 117, 166, 284
Sulphur, 163
” in other substances, 163, 285
Sulphuric acid, 161, 285
Surinam, groo-groo worms in, 247
Swift’s, Dean, recipe for beetles, 282
Tallow bath for wood, 144
Tar, and other substances, 106, 130, 159, 228, 251, 284
Tarred rope, and lead for piles, 228
Teak oil, to preserve wood from ants, 259
” chips, distilled, 163
Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, built on charred piles, 98
” buildings, London, dry rot in, 124
Tennant’s (Sir E.) account of ants in Ceylon, 246
” ” bees ” 260
Teredo navalis, description of, 212
” --_see_ Worms, Sea
Termites--_see_ Ants, White
Tie-beam, instance of unseasoned, 289
Timber depreciates by keeping too long, 64
Tissier’s hot air process, 102
Toplis’ sulphate of iron process, 157
Tredgold (T.), on seasoning wood, 78, 101, 290
Treenails, 26, 110, 118
Trees, symptoms of decay in, 52
” how to prepare for felling, 61
” when to fell, 53, 54, 55, 58
Trinity College, Cambridge, carvings at, 269, 273
” Oxford ” 269, 273
Truman’s brewery, seasoning casks at, 84
Turpentine prevents rot, 36, 257, 263, 285
” in corrosive sublimate, 115
Uninflammable wood, good process required for, 170, 291
Unseasoned oak panelling, 288
” roof principal, 289
Vaporizing woods, 276
Vapour of creosote process, 145
Venice, built on piles, 23
Vernet’s fire-proof method, 167
Vessels in coal trade last long, 117
” in lime ” 116
” in salt ” 114
Vinegar--_see_ Garlic
Vitriol, blue--_see_ Sulphate of Copper
” green--_see_ Sulphate of Iron
Vitruvius on seasoning wood, 75
Vulliamy (G.), on charring posts, 96
Wade’s suggestions for preserving wood, 119, 122
Wainscot, Crown Riga, 90
” dry rot in, 35, 125
” how to cut oak for, 70
” unseasoned oak for, 289
Wallis’ experiments with beetles, 276
Walnut juice for worms, 263
Warburton’s (H.) opinion of American oak, 40
Warping of boards, 66, 67
Water in wood, 39, 67, 180
” in church, 29
” glass to preserve piles, 226
Watson’s (Dr.) experiments with wood, 67
Westwood’s (Prof.) report on wood beetles, 262
Wet rot, how caused, 14, 28
Wimpole, carvings at, 273
Wood bond decays, 175, 176
” progress of decay in, 19
” (Rev. J.), on worms and ants, 211, 265
Woods best when not painted, 189
” experiments with, 46, 58, 67
” french polished, 192
” white, improved by water seasoning, 72
” which resist beetles, 273
” ” sea-worms, 223
” ” white ants, 249
Woodcutters, 55
” tricks of Indian, 11
” tricks, of, in Ceylon, 114
Woody fibre, formation of, 2, 7
Worms, sea, 203
” how to prevent in wood, 285
Wren (Sir C.), 23, 98, 221, 271
Zinc, chloride of--_see_ Burnett’s Process
” sulphate of, 122
” white oxide of, 226
” and other substances, 165
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Section I., HISTORY OF STEEL: Chap. 1. History of Steel--2.
Early History in England--3. Progress of Invention--4. History
of Bessemer Process--5. Siemens-Martin Process--6. Other
Steel-making Processes--7. Steel in America--8. Germany--9.
France--10. Austria--11. Russia--12. Sweden--13. Other Countries.
Section II., MANUFACTURE OF STEEL: Chap. 14. Cementation
and other Methods--15. Manufacture by Bessemer Process--16.
Siemens-Martin Process--17. Other Methods. Section III., CHEMICAL
AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL: Chap. 18. Phosphorus in
Steel--19. The Use of Manganese--20. Spiegeleisen--21. Sulphur in
Steel--22. Silicon in Steel--23. Tensile Strength of Steel--24.
Mechanical Tests of Steel--25. Analysis of Steel. Section
IV., USES OF STEEL: Chap. 26. Application of Steel to Railway
Purposes--27. To Shipbuilding--28. To Bridge Building--29. To
General Purposes--30. Guns and Armour Plates--31. Other Purposes.
* * * * *
_Compensations_: a Text-book for Surveyors, in Tabulated Form. By
BANISTER FLETCHER. Crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
CONTENTS:
The Varieties of Damage for which Claims may arise--Various
Classes of Property--Points to be observed in Surveys--Notices
to Treat--Nature of Damage for which Claims can and cannot be
sustained--What Property can be compulsorily taken--When Entry
on Property can and cannot be compulsorily made--Of Goodwill and
Stock--and of the various Legal Methods of Settlement of Disputed
Claims--together with Full and Explicit Instructions on the
Methods of Valuing and of Making Claims; with Comments on Cases
arising under the Metropolis Local Management and Metropolitan
Buildings Acts; the whole given in a Practical and Comprehensive
Form, supplemented by a copious Appendix, containing many Useful
Forms and Precedents, and also Tables for the Valuation of
Freeholds, Leaseholds, Reversions, and Life-Interests.
* * * * *
_Dilapidations_: a Text-book for Architects and Surveyors, in Tabulated
Form. By BANISTER FLETCHER, Fellow Royal Inst. Brit. Arch. (Author of
‘Model Houses’). Showing who are liable for Dilapidations, and the
extent of the liability of Lessors, Lessees, Tenants at will, Tenants by
elegit, Statute, Merchant, or Staple Tenants in fee simple, Tenants in
tail, Tenants for life, Tenants for years without impeachment of Waste,
Mortgagor, Mortgagee in possession, Yearly Tenants, Tenants in common,
and joint Tenants, Rights of coparceners; also what are dilapidations and
waste, and further fully instructs the surveyor how to take and value
them, to which is added the duties of surveyors, with a table of legal
cases, embracing the most recent, and illustrated throughout by examples
drawn from the author’s experience, and latest legal decisions. Crown
8vo, cloth, 5_s._
* * * * *
_Quantity Surveying, for the use of Architects, Builders, and Engineers._
By J. LEANING. _With 42 illustrations._ 375 pages, crown 8vo. cloth, 9_s._
* * * * *
_Spons’ Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, Military, and
Naval_; with technical terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish,
3100 pp., and _nearly 8000 engravings_, in super-royal 8vo, in 8
divisions, 5_l_. 8_s._ Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5_l._ 5_s._ Bound in a
superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6_l._ 12_s._
_See page 16._
* * * * *
_A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and Cure of Dry Rot in
Timber_; with Remarks on the Means of Preserving Wood from Destruction by
Sea-Worms, Beetles, Ants, etc. By _Thomas Allen Britton_, late Surveyor
to the Metropolitan Board of Works, etc., etc. _Plates_, crown 8vo,
cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Metrical Tables._ By _G. L. Molesworth_, M.I.C.E. 32mo, cloth, 1_s._
6_d._
CONTENTS.
General--Linear Measures--Square
Measures--Cubic Measures--Measures of
Capacity--Weights--Combinations--Thermometers.
* * * * *
_A Handbook of Electrical Testing._ By H. R. KEMPE, Assoc, of the Society
of Telegraph Engineers. _With Illustrations._ Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
* * * * *
_Electricity_; its Theory, Sources, and Applications. By JOHN T. SPRAGUE,
Member of the Society of Telegraph Engineers. With 91 _woodcuts_ and 30
valuable Tables. Crown 8vo, cloth, 8_s._
* * * * *
_Electro-Telegraphy._ By FREDERICK S. BEECHEY, Telegraph Engineer, a Book
for Beginners. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Handrailing: by the Square Cut._ By JOHN JONES, Staircase Builder.
Fourth edition. _With seven plates._ 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Spons’ Engineers’ and Contractors’ Illustrated Book of Prices of
Machines, Tools, Ironwork, and Contractors’ Material; and Engineers’
Directory._ Third edition, 4to, cloth, 6_s._
* * * * *
_The Gas Consigners Handy Book._ By WILLIAM RICHARDS, C.E. _Illustrated._
18mo, sewed, 6_d._
* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties
and Constructive Adaptations._ By HENRY REID, Author of the ‘Science and
Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.’ _With numerous woodcuts and
plates_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._
* * * * *
_The Gas Analyst’s Manual._ By F. W. HARTLEY, Assoc. Inst. C.E., etc.
_With numerous illustrations._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
* * * * *
_The French-Polisher’s Manual._ By a French-Polisher; containing
Timber Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving, Painting, Imitations,
Directions for Staining, Sizing, Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing,
French-Polishing, Directions for Repolishing. Third edition, royal 32mo,
sewed, 6_d._
* * * * *
_A Pocket-Book of Useful Formulæ and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical
Engineers._ By GUILFORD L. MOLESWORTH, Mem. Inst. C. E., Consulting
Engineer to the Government of India for State Railways. Twentieth
edition, 32mo, roan, 6_s._; or printed on India paper and bound in
pocket-book form, in russia or morocco, 7_s._ 6_d._
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
Surveying, Levelling, etc.--Strength and Weight of
Materials--Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonry, Arches, etc.--Struts,
Columns, Beams, and Trusses--Flooring, Roofing, and Roof
Trusses--Girders, Bridges, etc.--Railways and Roads--Hydraulic
Formulæ--Canals, Sewers, Waterworks, Docks--Irrigation and
Breakwaters--Gas, Ventilation, and Warming--Heat, Light, Colour,
and Sound--Gravity: Centres, Forces, and Powers--Mill-work,
Teeth of Wheels, Shafting, etc.--Workshop Recipes--Sundry
Machinery--Animal Power--Steam and the Steam Engine--Water-power,
Water-wheels, Turbines, etc.--Wind and Windmills--Steam
Navigation, Ship Building, Tonnage, etc.--Gunnery, Projectiles,
etc.--Weights, Measures, and Money--Trigonometry, Conic Sections,
and Curves--Telegraphy--Mensuration--Tables of Areas and
Circumference, and Arcs of Circles--Logarithms, Square and Cube
Roots, Powers--Reciprocals, etc.--Useful Numbers--Differential
and Integral Calculus--Algebraic Signs--Telegraphic Construction
and Formulæ.
“Most of our readers are already acquainted with Molesworth’s
Pocket-book, and not a few, we imagine, are indebted to it for
valuable information, or for refreshers of the memory. The book
has been re-arranged, the supplemental formulæ and tables added
since the first issue having now been incorporated with the
body of the book in their proper positions, the whole making a
handy size for the pocket. Every care has been taken to ensure
correctness, both clerically and typographically, and the book
is an indispensable _vade-mecum_ for the mechanic and the
professional man.”--_English Mechanic._
* * * * *
_Spons’ Tables and Memoranda for Engineers_; selected and arranged by J.
T. HURST, C.E., Author of ‘Architectural Surveyors’ Handbook,’ ‘Hurst’s
Tredgold’s Carpentry,’ etc. 64mo, roan, gilt edges, third edition,
revised and improved, 1_s._ Or in cloth case, 1_s._ 6_d._
This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring
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carried in the waistcoat pocket.
“It is certainly an extremely rare thing for a reviewer to
be called upon to notice a volume measuring but 2½ in. by 1¾
in., yet these dimensions faithfully represent the size of the
handy little book before us. The volume--which contains 118
printed pages, besides a few blank pages for memoranda--is,
in fact, a true pocket-book, adapted for being carried in the
waistcoat pocket, and containing a far greater amount and
variety of information than most people would imagine could
be compressed into so small a space. … The little volume has
been compiled with considerable care and judgment, and we can
cordially recommend it to our readers as a useful little pocket
companion.”--_Engineering._
* * * * *
_Analysis, Technical Valuation, Purification and Use of Coal Gas._ By the
Rev. W. R. BOWDITCH, M.A. With _wood engravings_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
Condensation of Gas--Purification of Gas--Light--Measuring--Place
of Testing Gas--Test Candles--The Standard for Measuring
Gas-light--Test Burners--Testing Gas for Sulphur--Testing Gas
for Ammonia--Condensation by Bromine--Gravimetric Method of
taking Specific Gravity of Gas--Carburetting or Naphthalizing
Gas--Acetylene--Explosions of Gas--Gnawing of Gaspipes by
Rats--Pressure as related to Public Lighting, etc.
* * * * *
_Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in various Countries._ By P.
L. SIMMONDS. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas._
By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 4to, with _numerous wood engravings and large
plates_, cloth, 28_s._
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:
Introduction--History of Gas Lighting--Chemistry of Gas
Manufacture, by Lewis Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S.--Coal,
with Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and
G. R. Hislop, Esqrs.--Retorts, Iron and Clay--Retort
Setting--Hydraulic Main--Condensers--Exhausters--Washers
and Scrubbers--Purifiers--Purification--History of Gas
Holder--Tanks, Brick and Stone, Composite, Concrete,
Cast-iron, Compound Annular Wrought-iron--Specifications--Gas
Holders--Station Meter--Governor--Distribution--Mains--Gas
Mathematics, or Formulæ for the Distribution of
Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq.--Services--Consumers’
Meters--Regulators--Burners--Fittings--Photometer--Carburization
of Gas--Air Gas and Water Gas--Composition of Coal Gas,
by Lewis Thompson, Esq.--Analyses of Gas--Influence of
Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature on Gas--Residual
Products--Appendix--Description of Retort Settings, Buildings,
etc., etc.
* * * * *
_Practical Geometry and Engineering Drawing_; a Course of Descriptive
Geometry adapted to the Requirements of the Engineering Draughtsman,
including the determination of cast shadows and Isometric Projection,
each chapter being followed by numerous examples; to which are
added rules for Shading Shade-lining, etc., together with practical
instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, Printing, and general treatment
of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter on drawing Instruments. By GEORGE
S. CLARKE, Lieut. R.E., Instructor in Mechanical Drawing, Royal Indian
Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill. 20 _plates_, 4to, cloth, 15_s._
* * * * *
_The Elements of Graphic Statics._ By Professor KARL VON OTT, translated
from the German by G. S. CLARKE, Lieut. R.E., Instructor in Mechanical
Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill. Crown 8vo,
cloth, 5_s._
_See page 3._
* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on Heat, as applied to the Useful Arts_; for the
Use of Engineers, Architects, etc. By THOMAS BOX. _With 14 plates._ Third
edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals._
By W. R. KUTTER, translated from articles in the ‘Cultur-Ingenieur.’ By
LOWIS D’A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Hydraulics of Great Rivers; being Observations and Surveys on the
Largest Rivers of the World._ By J. J. REVY. Imp. 4to, cloth, with _eight
large plates and charts_, 2_l._ 2_s._
* * * * *
_Practical Hydraulics_; a Series of Rules and Tables for the use of
Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS BOX. Fifth edition, numerous plates, post
8vo, cloth, 5_s._
* * * * *
_The Indicator Diagram Practically Considered._ By N. P. BURGH, Engineer.
_Numerous illustrations_, fifth edition. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ 6_d._
“This volume possesses one feature which renders it almost
unique; this feature is the mode in which it is illustrated. It
is not difficult to take a diagram if the instrument is once
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young engineer is completely at a loss as to how to obtain a
diagram. All uncertainty will be removed by referring to the book
under consideration: here we have drawings of the arrangements
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* * * * *
_Link-Motion and Expansion Gear Practically Considered._ By N. P. BURGH,
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* * * * *
_The Mechanician and Constructor for Engineers_, comprising Forging,
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CAMERON KNIGHT. _Containing 96 plates, 1147 illustrations, and 397 pages
of letterpress._ Cheaper edition, cloth, 18_s._
* * * * *
_The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; based on the Principle
of Work_, designed for Engineering Students. By OLIVER BYRNE, formerly
Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil Engineers. Third edition,
_illustrated by numerous wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
CONTENTS:
Chap. 1. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without
reference to a Unit of Time--Chap. 2. The Work of Living
Agents, the Influence of Friction, and introduces one of
the most beautiful Laws of Motion--Chap. 3. The principles
expounded in the first and second chapters are applied to the
Motion of Bodies--Chap. 4. The Transmission of Work by simple
Machines--Chap. 5. Useful Propositions and Rules.
* * * * *
_The Practical Millwright’s and Engineer’s Ready Reckoner_; or Tables for
finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, diameter, weight, and power
of shafts, diameter and strength of bolts, etc. By THOMAS DIXON. Fourth
edition, 12mo, cloth, 3_s._
CONTENTS:
Diameter and Power of Wheels--Diameter, Weight, and Power of
Shafts--Multipliers for Steam used Expansively--Diameters and
Strength of Bolts--Size and Weight of Hexagonal Nuts--Speed
of Governors for Steam Engines--Contents of Pumps--Working
Barrels--Circumferences and Areas of Circles--Weight of Boiler
Plates--French and English Weights and Measures, etc.
* * * * *
_The Principles of Mechanics and their Application to Prime Movers, Naval
Architecture, Iron Bridges, Water Supply, etc._ By W. J. MILLAR, C.E.,
Secretary to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, Scotland.
Crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, Riggers, etc._;
for the use of Engineers. By THOMAS BOX. Crown 8vo, cloth, _with 11
plates_, second edition, 7_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Mining Machinery_: a Descriptive Treatise on the Machinery, Tools, and
other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. Royal 4to, uniform with the
Author’s Treatise on Coal Mining, containing 182 _plates_, accurately
drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 2 vols., cloth, 3_l._ 12_s._
CONTENTS:
Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and
Hoisting--Ventilation--Pumping--Treatment of Mineral Products,
including Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron, Coal,
Sulphur, China Clay, Brick Earth, etc.
* * * * *
_The Pattern Makers Assistant_; embracing Lathe Work, Branch Work, Core
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Use of Tools, together with a large collection of Useful and Valuable
Tables. By JOSHUA ROSE, M.E. With 250 _illustrations_. Crown 8vo, cloth,
10_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement_, with
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Concrete,’ etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 18_s._
* * * * *
_The Draughtsman’s Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing_; including
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plates (15 printed in colours)_. By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.
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CONTENTS:
The Drawing Office and its Furnishings--Geometrical
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Engineers’ and Surveyors’ Plans--Map Drawing--Mechanical and
Architectural Drawing--Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical
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* * * * *
_The Railway Builder_: a Handbook for Estimating the Probable Cost of
American Railway Construction and Equipment. By WILLIAM J. NICOLLS, Civil
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* * * * *
_Rock Blasting_: a Practical Treatise on the means employed in Blasting
Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E.
_With 56 illustrations and 12 plates_, 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Surcharged and different Forms of Retaining Walls._ By J. S. TATE. Cuts,
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* * * * *
_A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private Rope-yards_,
with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of Weights, etc.,
adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways, Builders, etc. By R.
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Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford. Second edition, 12mo, cloth,
3_s._
* * * * *
_Sanitary Engineering; a Series of Lectures given before the School of
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III. The Dwelling.--Division IV. The Town and Village.--Division V. The
Disposal of Sewage. Copiously illustrated. By J. BAILEY DENTON, C.E.,
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and Hanover, and Author of the ‘Farm Homesteads of England,’ ‘Village
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cloth, 25_s._
* * * * *
_Sanitary Engineering_: a Guide to the Construction of Works of Sewerage
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Past-President of the Society of Engineers. Second edition, _with
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* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on Modern Screw-Propulsion._ By N. P. BURGH,
Engineer. _Illustrated with 52 large plates and 103 woodcuts_, 4to,
half-morocco, 2_l._ 2_s._
* * * * *
_Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists_, giving the values of
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cloth, oblong, 2_s._
* * * * *
_Screw Cutting Tables_, for the use of Mechanical Engineers, showing the
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required pitch, with a Table for making the Universal Gas-pipe Threads
and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. Second edition, royal 8vo, oblong,
cloth, 1_s._
* * * * *
_Treatise on Valve-Gears_, with special consideration of the Link-Motions
of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER. Third edition, revised and
enlarged, translated from the German, with the special permission of the
author, by MORITZ MÜLLER. _Plates_, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Cleaning and Scouring_: a Manual for Dyers, Laundresses, and for
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* * * * *
_A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide-Valve Gears by
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and Expansion Gearing; together with Stephenson’s, Gooch’s, and Allan’s
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combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, Memb. Inst. Mechanical
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* * * * *
_The Slide Valve practically considered._ By N. P. BURGH, Engineer. Ninth
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* * * * *
_A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users_, comprising a variety
of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government Inspectors,
Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works and Slips, Foremen
of Manufactories, and the general Steam-using Public. By MAURICE JOHN
SEXTON. Royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._
* * * * *
_Modern Compound Engines_; being a Supplement to Modern Marine
Engineering. By N. P. BURGH, Mem. Inst. Mech. Eng. _Numerous large plates
of working drawings_, 4to, cloth, 18_s._
The following Firms have contributed Working Drawings of their
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and Mercantile Navies: Messrs. Maudslay, Rennie, Watt, Dudgeon,
Humphreys, Ravenhill, Jackson, Perkins, Napier, Elder, Laird,
Day, Allibon.
* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine_, containing Plans and
Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the
Principles involved in Design and Construction. By ARTHUR RIGG, Engineer,
Member of the Society of Engineers and of the Royal Institution of Great
Britain. Demy 4to, _copiously illustrated with woodcuts and 96 plates_,
in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2_l._ 2_s._; or cheaper edition,
cloth, 25_s._
This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or
history of the steam engine, but is intended to describe examples
of Fixed Steam Engines without entering into the wide domain of
locomotive or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be
given of the most recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical,
Beam, Pumping, Winding, Portable, Semiportable, Corliss, Allen,
Compound, and other similar Engines, by the most eminent
Firms in Great Britain and America. The laws relating to the
action and precautions to be observed in the construction of
the various details, such as Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods,
Connecting-rods, Cross-heads, Motion-blocks, Eccentrics,
Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and Equilibrium Slide-valves, and
Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt with. In this connection
will be found articles upon the Velocity of Reciprocating Parts
and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, Heat and Expansion of
Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer’s desire to draw
illustrations from every possible source, and give only those
rules that present practice deems correct.
* * * * *
BARLOW’S _Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Reciprocals
of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000_. Post 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
* * * * *
CAMUS (M.) _Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels_, demonstrating the best
forms which can be given to them for the purposes of Machinery, such
as Mill-work and Clock-work, and the art of finding their numbers,
translated from the French. Third edition, carefully revised and
enlarged, with details of the present practice of Millwrights, Engine
Makers, and other Machinists. By ISAAC HAWKINS. _Illustrated by 18
plates_, 8vo, cloth, 5_s._
* * * * *
_A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering, Surveying,
Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc._, with a general description of
the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting, etc.
By H. S. MERRETT. 41 _fine plates with Illustrations and Tables_, royal
8vo, cloth, third edition, 12_s._ 6_d._
PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:
Part 1. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land
Surveying; comprising General Observations--The Chain--Offsets
Surveying by the Chain only--Surveying Hilly Ground--To
Survey an Estate or Parish by the Chain only--Surveying
with the Theodolite--Mining and Town Surveying--Railroad
Surveying--Mapping--Division and Laying out of Land--Observations
on Enclosures--Plane Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling--Simple
and Compound Levelling--The Level Book--Parliamentary Plan
and Section--Levelling with a Theodolite--Gradients--Wooden
Curves--To Lay out a Railway Curve--Setting out Widths. Part
4. Calculating Quantities generally for Estimates--Cuttings
and Embankments--Tunnels--Brickwork--Ironwork--Timber
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Level--The Prismatic Compass--Proportional Compass--Box
Sextant--Vernier--Pantagraph--Merrett’s Improved
Quadrant--Improved Computation Scale--The Diagonal
Scale--Straight Edge and Sector. Part 6. Logarithms of
Numbers--Logarithmic Sines and Co-Sines, Tangents and
Co-Tangents--Natural Sines and Co-Sines--Tables for Earthwork,
for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations, etc., etc.,
etc.
* * * * *
_Saws: the History, Development, Action, Classification, and Comparison
of Saws of all kinds._ By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. With 220 _illustrations_, 4to
cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_A Guide for the Electric Testing of Telegraph Cables._ By Capt. V.
HOSKIŒR, Royal Danish Engineers. With _illustrations_. Second edition,
crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Laying and Repairing Electric Telegraph Cables._ By Capt. V. HOSKIŒR,
Royal Danish Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_A Pocket-Book of Practical Rules for the Proportions of Modern Engines
and Boilers for Land and Marine purposes._ By N. P. BURGH. Seventh
edition, royal 32mo, roan, 4_s._ 6_d._
Details of High-Pressure Engine, Beam Engine, Condensing, Marine
Screw Engines, Oscillating Engines, Valves, etc., Land and
Marine Boilers, Proportions of Engines produced by the Rules,
Proportions of Boilers, etc.
* * * * *
_Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from_ 1 to 108,000. By
CHARLES BABBAGE, Esq., M.A. Stereotyped edition, royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._
6_d._
To ensure the correctness of these Tables of Logarithms, they
were compared with Callett’s, Vega’s, Hutton’s, Briggs’,
Gardiner’s, and Taylor’s Tables of Logarithms, and carefully read
by nine different readers; and further, to remove any possibility
of an error remaining, the stereotyped sheets were hung up in the
Hall at Cambridge University, and a reward offered to anyone who
could find an inaccuracy. So correct are these Tables, that since
their first issue in 1827 no error has been discovered.
* * * * *
_The Steam Engine considered as a Heat Engine_: a Treatise on the Theory
of the Steam Engine, illustrated by Diagrams, Tables, and Examples from
Practice. By JAS. H. COTTERILL, M.A., Professor of Applied Mechanics in
the Royal Naval College, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc._, with
Instruction for Turning such Work in Metal as maybe required in the
Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc., also an Appendix on Ornamental
Turning. (A book for beginners). By FRANCIS CAMPIN. Second edition, _with
wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._
CONTENTS:
On Lathes--Turning Tools--Turning Wood--Drilling--Screw
Cutting--Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes--Turning
Particular Forms--Staining--Polishing--Spinning
Metals--Materials--Ornamental Turning, etc.
* * * * *
_Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air
by Self-Acting Suction Power_, with Review of the mode of Calculating
the Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J.
DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement,
demy 8vo, _with plates,_ cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._
* * * * *
_Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present._ By the Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP,
M.A., F.S.A. _Numerous illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ 6_d._
CONTENTS:
Definitions of Words and Terms used in
Watchwork--Tools--Time--Historical Summary--On Calculations of
the Numbers for Wheels and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes,
Trains, etc.--Of Dial Wheels, or Motion Work--Length of Time
of Going without Winding up--The Verge--The Horizontal--The
Duplex--The Lever--The Chronometer--Repeating Watches--Keyless
Watches--The Pendulum, or Spiral Spring--Compensation--Jewelling
of Pivot Holes--Clerkenwell--Fallacies of the Trade--Incapacity
of Workmen--How to Choose and Use a Watch, etc.
* * * * *
_Now in Course of Publication._
To be completed in about 30 Monthly Parts, each Part containing 64 pp.,
with _numerous illustrations_, super-royal 8vo, price 2_s._; or in 5
Divisions, cloth, price 13_s._ 6_d._ each.
DIVISIONS I., II, & III., NOW READY.
SPONS’ ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS.
* * * * *
_Now in Course of Publication._
To be completed in about 18 Monthly Parts, each Part containing 64 pp.,
with _numerous illustrations_, super-royal 8vo, price 2_s._; or in 3
Divisions, cloth, price 13_s._ 6_d._ each.
DIVISIONS I. AND II. NOW READY.
A SUPPLEMENT TO SPONS’ DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING,
Civil, Mechanical, Military, and Naval.
EDITED BY ERNEST SPON, MEMB. SOC. ENGINEERS.
* * * * *
London: E. & F. N. SPON, 16, Charing Cross.
New York: 446, Broome Street.