[1] Some writers have supposed that the fight with Colbrand
symbolizes the victory of Brunanburh. Anelaph and Gonelaph would then
represent the cousins Anlaf Sihtricson and Anlaf Godfreyson (see
HAVELOK).
[2] See the English legends in C. Horstmann, _Altenglische Legenden_,
Neue Folge (Heilbronn, 1881).
GUY, THOMAS (1644-1724), founder of Guy's Hospital, London, was the son
of a lighterman and coal-dealer at Southwark. After serving an
apprenticeship of eight years with a bookseller, he in 1668 began
business on his own account. He dealt largely in Bibles, which had for
many years been poorly and incorrectly printed in England. These he at
first imported from Holland, but subsequently obtained from the
university of Oxford the privilege of printing. Thus, and by an
extremely thrifty mode of life, and more particularly by investment in
government securities, the subscription of these into the South Sea
Company, and the subsequent sale of his stock in 1720, he became master
of an immense fortune. He died unmarried on the 17th of December 1724.
In 1707 he built three wards of St Thomas's Hospital, which institution
he otherwise subsequently benefited; and at a cost of L18,793, 16s. he
erected Guy's Hospital, leaving for its endowment L219,499; he also
endowed Christ's Hospital with L400 a year, and in 1678 endowed
almshouses at Tamworth, his mother's birthplace, which was represented
by him in parliament from 1695 to 1707. The residue of his estate, which
went to distant relatives, amounted to about L80,000.
See _A True Copy of the Last Will and Testament of Thomas Guy, Esq._
(London, 1725); J. Noorthouck, _A New Hist. of London_, bk. iii. ch.
i. p. 684 (1773); Nichols, _Literary Anecdotes_, iii. 599 (1812);
Charles Knight, _Shadows of the Old Booksellers_, pp. 3-23 (1865); and
_A Biographical History of Guy's Hospital_, by S. Wilkes and G. T.
Bettany (1892).
GUYON, JEANNE MARIE BOUVIER DE LA MOTHE (1648-1717), French quietist
writer, was born at Montargis, where her family were persons of
consequence, on the 13th of April 1648. If her somewhat hysterical
autobiography may be trusted she was much neglected in her youth; most
of her time was spent as a boarder in various convent schools. Here she
went through all the religious experiences common to neurotic young
women; these were turned in a definitely mystical direction by the
duchesse de Bethune, daughter of the disgraced minister, Fouquet, who
spent some years at Montargis after her father's fall. In 1664 Jeanne
Marie was married to a rich invalid of the name of Guyon, many years her
senior. Twelve years later he died, leaving his widow with three small
children and a considerable fortune. All through her unhappy married
life the mystical attraction had grown steadily in violence; it now
attached itself to a certain Father Lacombe, a Barnabite monk of weak
character and unstable intellect. In 1681 she left her family and joined
him; for five years the two rambled about together in Savoy and the
south-east of France, spreading their mystical ideas. At last they
excited the suspicion of the authorities; in 1686 Lacombe was recalled
to Paris, put under surveillance, and finally sent to the Bastille in
the autumn of 1687. He was presently transferred to the castle of
Lourdes, where he developed softening of the brain and died in 1715.
Meanwhile Madame Guyon had been arrested in January 1688, and been shut
up in a convent as a suspected heretic. Thence she was delivered in the
following year by her old friend, the duchesse de Bethune, who had
returned from exile to become a power in the devout court-circle
presided over by Madame de Maintenon. Before long Madame Guyon herself
was introduced into this pious assemblage. Its members were far from
critical; they were intensely interested in religion; and even Madame
Guyon's bitterest critics bear witness to her charm of manner, her
imposing appearance, and the force and eloquence with which she
explained her mystical ideas. So much was Madame de Maintenon impressed,
that she often invited Madame Guyon to give lectures at her girls'
school of St Cyr. But by far the greatest of her conquests was Fenelon,
now a rising young director of consciences, much in favour with
aristocratic ladies. Dissatisfied with the formalism of average Catholic
piety, he was already thinking out a mystical theory of his own; and
between 1689 and 1693 they corresponded regularly. But as soon as ugly
reports about Lacombe began to spread, he broke off all connexion with
her. Meanwhile the reports had reached the prudent ears of Madame de
Maintenon. In May 1693 she asked Madame Guyon to go no more to St Cyr.
In the hope of clearing her orthodoxy, Madame Guyon appealed to Bossuet,
who decided that her books contained "much that was intolerable, alike
in form and matter." To this judgment Madame Guyon submitted, promised
to "dogmatize no more," and disappeared into the country (1693). In the
next year she again petitioned for an inquiry, and was eventually sent,
half as a prisoner, half as a penitent, to Bossuet's cathedral town of
Meaux. Here she spent the first half of 1695; but in the summer she
escaped without his leave, bearing with her a certificate of orthodoxy
signed by him. Bossuet regarded this flight as a gross act of
disobedience; in the winter Madame Guyon was arrested and shut up in the
Bastille. There she remained till 1703. In that year she was liberated,
on condition she went to live on her son's estate near Blois, under the
eye of a stern bishop. Here the rest of her life was spent in charitable
and pious exercises; she died on the 9th of June 1717. During these
latter years her retreat at Blois became a regular place of pilgrimage
for admirers, foreign quite as often as French. Indeed, she is one of
the many prophetesses whose fame has stood highest out of their own
country. French critics of all schools of thought have generally
reckoned her an hysterical degenerate; in England and Germany she has as
often roused enthusiastic admiration.
AUTHORITIES.--_Vie de Madame Guyon, ecrite par elle-meme_ (really a
compilation made from various fragments) (3 vols., Paris, 1791). There
is a life in English by T. C. Upham (New York, 1854); and an elaborate
study by L. Guerrier (Paris, 1881). For a remarkable review of this
latter work see Brunetiere, _Nouvelles Etudes critiques_, vol. ii. The
complete edition of Madame Guyon's works, including the autobiography
and five volumes of letters, runs to forty volumes (1767-1791); the
most important works are published separately, _Opuscules spirituels_
(2 vols., Paris, 1790). They have been several times translated into
English. See also the literature of the article on QUIETISM; and H.
Delacroix, _Etudes sur le mysticisme_ (Paris, 1908). (St C.)
GUYON, RICHARD DEBAUFRE (1803-1856), British soldier, general in the
Hungarian revolutionary army and Turkish pasha, was born at Walcot, near
Bath, in 1803. After receiving a military education in England and in
Austria he entered the Hungarian hussars in 1823, in which he served
until after his marriage with a daughter of Baron Spleny, a general
officer in the imperial service. At the outbreak of the Hungarian War in
1848, he re-entered active service as an officer of the Hungarian
Honveds, and he won great distinction in the action of Sukoro (September
29, 1848) and the battle of Schwechat (October 30). He added to his
reputation as a leader in various actions in the winter of 1848-1849,
and after the battle of Kapolna was made a general officer. He served in
important and sometimes independent commands to the end of the war,
after which he escaped to Turkey. In 1852 he entered the service of the
sultan. He was made a pasha and lieutenant-general without being
required to change his faith, and rendered distinguished service in the
campaign against the Russians in Asia Minor (1854-55). General Guyon
died of cholera at Scutari on the 12th of October 1856.
See A. W. Kinglake, _The Patriot and the Hero General Guyon_ (1856).
GUYOT, ARNOLD HENRY (1807-1884), Swiss-American geologist and
geographer, was born at Boudevilliers, near Neuchatel, Switzerland, on
the 28th of September 1807. He studied at the college of Neuchatel and
in Germany, where he began a lifelong friendship with Louis Agassiz. He
was professor of history and physical geography at the short-lived
Neuchatel "Academy" from 1839 to 1848, when he removed, at Agassiz's
instance, to the United States, settling in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
For several years he was a lecturer for the Massachusetts State Board of
Education, and he was professor of geology and physical geography at
Princeton from 1854 until his death there on the 8th of February 1884.
He ranked high as a geologist and meteorologist. As early as 1838, he
undertook, at Agassiz's suggestion, the study of glaciers, and was the
first to announce, in a paper submitted to the Geological Society of
France, certain important observations relating to glacial motion and
structure. Among other things he noted the more rapid flow of the centre
than of the sides, and the more rapid flow of the top than of the bottom
of glaciers; described the laminated or "ribboned" structure of the
glacial ice, and ascribed the movement of glaciers to a gradual
molecular displacement rather than to a sliding of the ice mass as held
by de Saussure. He subsequently collected important data concerning
erratic boulders. His extensive meteorological observations in America
led to the establishment of the United States Weather Bureau, and his
_Meteorological and Physical Tables_ (1852, revised ed. 1884) were long
standard. His graded series of text-books and wall-maps were important
aids in the extension and popularization of geological study in America.
In addition to text-books, his principal publications were: _Earth and
Man, Lectures on Comparative Physical Geography in its Relation to the
History of Mankind_ (translated by Professor C. C. Felton, 1849); _A
Memoir of Louis Agassiz_ (1883); and _Creation, or the Biblical
Cosmogony in the Light of Modern Science_ (1884).
See James D. Dana's "Memoir" in the _Biographical Memoirs of the
National Academy of Science_, vol. ii. (Washington, 1886).
GUYOT, YVES (1843- ), French politician and economist, was born at
Dinan on the 6th of September 1843. Educated at Rennes, he took up the
profession of journalism, coming to Paris in 1867. He was for a short
period editor-in-chief of _L'Independant du midi_ of Nimes, but joined
the staff of _La Rappel_ on its foundation, and worked subsequently on
other journals. He took an active part in municipal life, and waged a
keen campaign against the prefecture of police, for which he suffered
six months' imprisonment. He entered the chamber of deputies in 1885 as
representative of the first arrondissement of Paris and was _rapporteur
general_ of the budget of 1888. He became minister of public works under
the premiership of P. E. Tirard in 1889, retaining his portfolio in the
cabinet of C. L. de Freycinet until 1892. Although of strong liberal
views, he lost his seat in the election of 1893 owing to his militant
attitude against socialism. An uncompromising free-trader, he published
_La Comedie protectionniste_ (1905; Eng. trans. _The Comedy of
Protection_); _La Science economique_ (1st ed. 1881; 3rd ed. 1907); _La
Prostitution_ (1882); _La Tyrannie socialiste_ (1893), all three
translated into English; _Les Conflits du travail et leur solution_
(1903); _La Democratie individualiste_ (1907).
GUYTON DE MORVEAU, LOUIS BERNARD, BARON (1737-1816), French chemist, was
born on the 4th of January 1737, at Dijon, where his father was
professor of civil law at the university. As a boy he showed remarkable
aptitude for practical mechanics, but on leaving school he studied law
in the university of Dijon, and in his twenty-fourth year became
advocate-general in the parlement of Dijon. This office he held till
1782. Devoting his leisure to the study of chemistry, he published in
1772 his _Digressions academiques_, in which he set forth his views on
phlogiston, crystallization, &c., and two years later he established in
his native town courses of lectures on materia medica, mineralogy and
chemistry. An essay on chemical nomenclature, which he published in the
_Journal de physique_ for May 1782, was ultimately developed with the
aid of A. L. Lavoisier, C. L. Berthollet and A. F. Fourcroy, into the
_Methode d'une nomenclature chimique_, published in 1787, the principles
of which were speedily adopted by chemists throughout Europe. Constantly
in communication with the leaders of the Lavoisierian school, he soon
became a convert to the anti-phlogistic doctrine; and he published his
reasons in the first volume of the section "Chymie, Pharmacie et
Metallurgie" of the _Encyclopedie methodique_ (1786), the chemical
articles in which were written by him, as well as some of those in the
second volume (1792). In 1794 he was appointed to superintend the
construction of balloons for military purposes, being known as the
author of some aeronautical experiments carried out at Dijon some ten
years previously. In 1791 he became a member of the Legislative
Assembly, and in the following year of the National Convention, to which
he was re-elected in 1795, but he retired from political life in 1797.
In 1798 he acted as provisional director of the Polytechnic School, in
the foundation of which he took an active part, and from 1800 to 1814 he
held the appointment of master of the mint. In 1811 he was made a baron
of the French Empire. He died in Paris on the 2nd of January 1816.
Besides being a diligent contributor to the scientific periodicals of
the day, Guyton wrote _Memoire sur l'education publique_ (1762); a
satirical poem entitled _Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le Jesuite croque_
(1763); _Discours publics et eloges_ (1775-1782); _Plaidoyers sur
plusieurs questions de droit_ (1785); and _Traite des moyens de
desinfecter l'air_ (1801), describing the disinfecting powers of
chlorine, and of hydrochloric acid gas which he had successfully used
at Dijon in 1773. With Hugues Maret (1726-1785) and Jean Francois
Durande (d. 1794) he also published the _Elemens de chymie theorique
et pratique_ (1776-1777).
GUZMICS, IZIDOR (1786-1839). Hungarian theologian, was born on the 7th
of April 1786 at Vamos-Csalad, in the county of Sopron. At Sopron
(Oedenburg) he was instructed in the art of poetry by Paul Horvath. In
October 1805 he entered the Benedictine order, but left it in August of
the following year, only again to assume the monastic garb on the 10th
of November 1806. At the monastery of Pannonhegy he applied himself to
the study of Greek under Farkas Toth and in 1812 he was sent to Pesth to
study theology. Here he read the best German and Hungarian authors, and
took part in the editorship of the _Nemzeti_ (National) _Plutarkus_, and
in the translation of Johann Hubner's _Lexicon_. On obtaining the degree
of doctor of divinity in 1816, he returned to Pannonhegy, where he
devoted himself to dogmatic theology and literature, and contributed
largely to Hungarian periodicals. The most important of his theological
works are: _A kath. anyaszentegyhaznak hitbeli tanitasa_ (The Doctrinal
Teaching of the Holy Catholic Church), and _A keresztenyeknek vallasbeli
egyesulesokrol_ (On Religious Unity among Christians), both published at
Pesth in 1822; also a Latin treatise entitled _Theologia Christiana
fundamentalis et theologia dogmatica_ (4 vols., Gyor, 1828-1829). His
translation of Theocritus in hexameters was published in 1824. His
versions of the _Oedipus_ of Sophocles and of the _Iphigenia_ of
Euripides were rewarded by the Hungarian Academy, of which in 1838 he
was elected honorary member. In 1832 he was appointed abbot of the
wealthy Benedictine house at Bakonybel, a village in the county of
Veszprem. There he built an asylum for 150 children, and founded a
school of harmony and singing. He died on the 1st of September 1839.
GWADAR, a port on the Makran coast of Baluchistan, about 290 m. W. of
Karachi. Pop. (1903), 4350. In the last half of the 18th century it was
handed over by the khan of Kalat to the sultan of Muscat, who still
exercises sovereignty over the port, together with about 300 sq. m. of
the adjoining country. It is a place of call for the steamers of the
British India Navigation Company.
GWALIOR, a native state of India, in the Central India agency, by far
the largest of the numerous principalities comprised in that area. It is
the dominion of the Sindhia family. The state consists of two
well-defined parts which may roughly be called the northern and the
southern. The former is a compact mass of territory, bounded N. and N.W.
by the Chambal river, which separates it from the British districts of
Agra and Etawah, and the native states of Dholpur, Karauli and Jaipur of
Rajputana; E. by the British districts of Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur and
Saugor; S. by the states of Bhopal, Tonk, Khilchipur and Rajgarh; and W.
by those of Jhalawar, Tonk and Kotah of Rajputana. The southern, or
Malwa, portion is made up of detached or semi-detached districts,
between which are interposed parts of other states, which again are
mixed up with each other in bewildering intricacy. The two portions
together have a total area of 25,041 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 2,933,001,
showing a decrease of 13% in the decade.
The state may be naturally divided into plain, plateau and hilly
country. The plain country extends from the Chambal river in the extreme
southwards for about 80 m., with a maximum width from east to west of
about 120 m. This plain, though broken in its southern portion by low
hills, has generally an elevation of only a few hundred feet above
sea-level. In the summer season the climate is very hot, the shade
temperature rising frequently to 112 deg. F., but in the winter months
(from November to February inclusive) it is usually temperate and for
short periods extremely cold. The average rainfall is 30 in., but the
period 1891-1901 was a decade of low rainfall, and distress was caused
by famine. South of this tract there is a gradual ascent to the Central
India plateau, and at Sipri the general level is 1500 ft. above the sea.
On this plateau lies the remainder of the state, with the exception of
the small district of Amjhera in the extreme south. The elevation of
this region gives it a moderate climate during the summer as compared
with the plain country, while the winter is warmer and more equable. The
average rainfall is 28 in. The remaining portion of the state, classed
as hilly, comprises only the small district of Amjhera. This is known as
the Bhil country, and lies among the Vindhya mountains with a mean
elevation of about 1800 ft. The rainfall averages 23 in. In the two
years 1899 and 1900 the monsoon was very weak, the result being a severe
famine which caused great mortality among the Bhil population. Of these
three natural divisions the plateau possesses the most fertile soil,
generally of the kind known as "black cotton," but the low-lying plain
has the densest population. The state is watered by numerous rivers. The
Nerbudda, flowing west, forms the southern boundary. The greater part of
the drainage is discharged into the Chambal, which forms the
north-western and northern and eastern boundary. The Sind, with its
tributaries the Kuwari, Asar and Sankh, flows through the northern
division. The chief products are wheat, millets, pulses of various
kinds, maize, rice, linseed and other oil-seeds; poppy, yielding the
Malwa opium; sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, indigo, garlic, turmeric and
ginger. About 60% of the population are employed in agricultural and
only 15% in industrial occupations, the great majority of the latter
being home workers. There is a leather-factory at Morar; cotton-presses
at Morena, Baghana and Ujjain; ginning factories at Agar, Nalkhera,
Shajapur and Sonkach; and a cotton-mill at Ujjain. The cotton industry
alone shows possibilities of considerable development, there being
55,000 persons engaged in it at the time of the census of 1901.
The population is composed of many elements, among which Brahmans and
Rajputs are specially numerous. The prevailing religion is Hinduism, 84%
of the people being Hindus and only 6% Mahommedans. The revenue of the
state is about one million sterling; and large reserves have been
accumulated, from which two millions were lent to the government of
India in 1887, and later on another million for the construction of the
Gwalior-Agra and Indore-Neemuch railways. The railways undertaken by the
state are: (1) from Bina on the Indian Midland to Goona; (2) an
extension of this line to Baran, opened in 1899; (3) from Bhopal to
Ujjain; (4) two light railways, from Gwalior to Sipri and Gwalior to
Bhind, which were opened by the viceroy in November 1899. On the same
occasion the viceroy opened the Victoria College, founded to commemorate
the Diamond Jubilee; and the Memorial Hospital, built in memory of the
maharaja's father. British currency has been introduced instead of
Chandori rupees, which were much depreciated. The state maintains three
regiments of Imperial Service cavalry, two battalions of infantry and a
transport corps.
_History._--The Sindhia family, the rulers of the Gwalior state, belong
to the Mahratta nation and originally came from the neighbourhood of
Poona. Their first appearance in Central India was early in the 18th
century in the person of Ranoji (d. 1745), a scion of an impoverished
branch of the family, who began his career as the peshwa's
slipper-carrier and rose by his military abilities to be commander of
his bodyguard. In 1726, together with Malhar Rao Holkar, the founder of
the house of Indore, he was authorized by the peshwa to collect tribute
(_chauth_) in the Malwa districts. He established his headquarters at
Ujjain, which thus became the first capital of Sindhia's dominions.
Ranoji's son and successor, Jayapa Sindhia, was killed at Nagaur in
1759, and was in his turn succeeded by his son Jankoji Sindhia. But the
real founder of the state of Gwalior was Mahadji Sindhia, a natural son
of Ranoji, who, after narrowly escaping with his life from the terrible
slaughter of Panipat in 1761 (when Jankoji was killed), obtained with
some difficulty from the peshwa a re-grant of his father's possessions
in Central India (1769). During the struggle which followed the death of
Madhu Rao Peshwa in 1772 Mahadji seized every occasion for extending his
power and possessions. In 1775, however, when Raghuba Peshwa threw
himself on the protection of the British, the reverses which Mahadji
encountered at their hands--Gwalior being taken by Major Popham in
1780--opened his eyes to their power. By the treaty of Salbai (1782) it
was agreed that Mahadji should withdraw to Ujjain, and the British
retire north of the Jumna. Mahadji, who undertook to open negotiations
with the other belligerents, was recognized as an independent ruler, and
a British resident was established at his court. Mahadji, aided by the
British policy of neutrality, now set to work to establish his supremacy
over Hindustan proper. Realizing the superiority of European methods of
warfare, he availed himself of the services of a Savoyard soldier of
fortune, Benoit de Boigne, whose genius for military organization and
command in the field was mainly instrumental in establishing the
Mahratta power. Mahadji's disciplined troops made him invincible. In
1785 he re-established Shah Alam on the imperial throne at Delhi, and as
his reward obtained for the peshwa the title of _vakil-ul-mutlak_ or
vicegerent of the empire, contenting himself with that of his deputy. In
1788 he took advantage of the cruelties practised by Ghulam Kadir on
Shah Alam, to occupy Delhi, where he established himself as the
protector of the aged emperor. Though nominally a deputy of the peshwa
he was now ruler of a vast territory, including the greater part of
Central India and Hindustan proper, while his lieutenants exacted
tribute from the chiefs of Rajputana. There can be no doubt that he
looked with apprehension on the growing power of the British; but he
wisely avoided any serious collision with them.
Mahadji died in 1794, and was succeeded by his adopted son, Daulat Rao
Sindhia, a grandson of his brother Tukoji. When, during the period of
unrest that followed the deaths of the peshwa, Madhu Rao II., in 1795
and of Tukoji Holkar in 1797, the Mahratta leaders fought over the
question of supremacy, the peshwa, Baji Rao II., the titular head of the
Mahratta confederation, fled from his capital and placed himself under
British protection by the treaty of Bassein (December 31, 1802). This
interposition of the British government was resented by the confederacy,
and it brought on the Mahratta War of 1803. In the campaign that
followed a combined Mahratta army, in which Daulat Rao's troops
furnished the largest contingent, was defeated by General Arthur
Wellesley at Assaye and Argaum in Central India; and Lord Lake routed
Daulat Rao's European-trained battalions in Northern India at Agra,
Aligarh and Laswari. Daulat Rao was then compelled to sign the treaty of
Sarji Anjangaon (December 30, 1803), which stripped him of his
territories between the Jumna and Ganges, the district of Broach in
Gujarat and other lands in the south. By the same treaty he was deprived
of the forts of Gwalior and Gohad; but these were restored by Lord
Cornwallis in 1805, when the Chambal river was made the northern
boundary of the state. By a treaty signed at Burhanpur in 1803 Daulat
Rao further agreed to maintain a subsidiary force, to be paid out of the
revenues of the territories ceded under the treaty of Sarji Anjangaon.
When, however, in 1816 he was called upon to assist in the suppression
of the Pindaris, though by the treaty of Gwalior (1817) he promised his
co-operation, his conduct was so equivocal that in 1818 he was forced to
sign a fresh treaty by which he ceded Ajmere and other lands.
Daulat Rao died without issue in 1827, and his widow, Baiza Bai (d.
1862), adopted Mukut Rao, a boy of eleven belonging to a distant branch
of the family, who succeeded as Jankoji Rao Sindhia. His rule was weak;
the state was distracted by interminable palace intrigues and military
mutinies, and affairs went from bad to worse when, in 1843, Jankoji Rao,
who left no heir, was succeeded by another boy, adopted by his widow,
Tara Bai, under the name of Jayaji Rao Sindhia. The growth of turbulence
and misrule now induced Lord Ellenborough to interpose, and a British
force under Sir Hugh Gough advanced upon Gwalior (December 1843). The
Mahratta troops were defeated simultaneously at Maharajpur and Punniar
(December 29), with the result that the Gwalior government signed a
treaty ceding territory with revenue sufficient for the maintenance of a
contingent force to be stationed at the capital, and limiting the future
strength of the Gwalior army, while a council of regency was appointed
during the minority to act under the resident's advice. In 1857 the
Gwalior contingent joined the mutineers; but the maharaja himself
remained loyal to the British, and fled from his capital until the place
was retaken and his authority restored by Sir Hugh Rose (Lord
Strathnairn) on the 19th of June 1858. He was rewarded with the
districts of Neemuch and Amjhera, but Gwalior fort was occupied by
British troops and was only restored to his son in 1886 by Lord
Dufferin. Jayaji Rao, who died in 1886, did much for the development of
his state. He was created a G.C.S.I in 1861, and subsequently became a
counsellor of the empress, a G.C.B. and C.I.E.
His son, the maharaja, Madhava Rao Sindhia, G.C.S.I., was born in 1877.
During his minority the state was administered for eight years by a
council of regency. He was entrusted with ruling powers in 1894, and in
all respects continued the reforming policy of the council, while paying
personal attention to every department, being a keen soldier, an
energetic administrator, and fully alive to the responsibilities
attaching to his position. He was created an honorary aide-de-camp to
the king-emperor and an honorary colonel in the British army. He went to
China as orderly officer to General Gaselee in 1901, and provided the
expedition with a hospital ship at his own expense, while his Imperial
Service Transport Corps proved a useful auxiliary to the British army in
the Chitral and Tirah expeditions.
The CITY OF GWALIOR is 76 m. by rail S. of Agra, and had a population in
1901 of 119,433. This total includes the new town of Lashkar or "the
Camp" which is the modern capital of the state and old Gwalior. The old
town has a threefold interest: first as a very ancient seat of Jain
worship; secondly for its example of palace architecture of the best
Hindu period (1486-1516); and thirdly as an historic fortress. There are
several remarkable Hindu temples within the fort. One, known as the _Sas
Bahu_, is beautifully adorned with bas-reliefs. It was finished in A.D.
1093, and, though much dilapidated, still forms a most picturesque
fragment. An older Jain temple has been used as a mosque. Another temple
in the fortress of Gwalior is called the _Teli-Mandir_, or "Oilman's
Temple." This building was originally dedicated to Vishnu, but
afterwards converted to the worship of Siva. The most striking part of
the Jain remains at Gwalior is a series of caves or rock-cut sculptures,
excavated in the rock on all sides, and numbering nearly a hundred,
great and small. Most of them are mere niches to contain statues, though
some are cells that may have been originally intended for residences.
One curious fact regarding them is that, according to inscriptions, they
were all excavated within the short period of about thirty-three years,
between 1441 and 1474. Some of the figures are of colossal size; one,
for instance, is 57 ft. high, which is taller than any other in northern
India.
The palace built by Man Singh (1486-1516) forms the most interesting
example of early Hindu work of its class in India. Another palace of
even greater extent was added to this in 1516; both Jehangir and Shah
Jahan added palaces to these two--the whole making a group of edifices
unequalled for picturesqueness and interest by anything of their class
in Central India. Among the apartments in the palace was the celebrated
chamber, named the _Baradari_, supported on 12 columns, and 45 ft.
square, with a stone roof, forming one of the most beautiful
palace-halls in the world. It was, besides, singularly interesting from
the expedients to which the Hindu architect was forced to resort to
imitate the vaults of the Moslems. Of the buildings, however, which so
excited the admiration of the emperor Baber, probably little now
remains. The fort of Gwalior, within which the above buildings are
situated, stands on an isolated rock. The face is perpendicular and
where the rock is naturally less precipitous it has been scarped. Its
greatest length from north-east to south-west is a mile and a half, and
the greatest breadth 900 yds. The rock attains its maximum height of 342
ft. at the northern end. A rampart, accessible by a steep road, and
farther up by huge steps cut out of the rock, surrounds the fort. The
citadel stands at the north-eastern corner of the enclosure, and
presents a very picturesque appearance. The old town of Gwalior, which
is of considerable size, but irregularly built, and extremely dirty,
lies at the eastern base of the rock. It contains the tomb of Mahommed
Ghaus, erected during the early part of Akbar's reign. The fort of
Gwalior was traditionally built by one Surya Sen, the raja of the
neighbouring country. In 1196 Gwalior was captured by Mahommed Ghori; it
then passed into the hands of several chiefs until in 1559 Akbar gained
possession of it, and made it a state prison for captives of rank. On
the dismemberment of the Delhi empire, Gwalior was seized by the Jat
rana of Gohad. Subsequently it was garrisoned by Sindhia, from whom it
was wrested in 1780 by the forces of the East India Company, and to whom
it was finally restored by the British in 1886. The modern town contains
the palace of the chief, a college, a high school, a girls' school, a
service school to train officials, a law school, hospitals for men and
for women, a museum, paper-mills, and a printing-press issuing a state
gazette.
GWALIOR RESIDENCY, an administrative unit in the Central India agency,
comprises Gwalior state and eleven smaller states and estates. Its total
area is 17,825 sq. m., and its population in 1901 was 2,187,612. Of the
area, 17,020 sq. m. belong to Gwalior State, and the agency also
includes the small states of Raghugarh, Khaniadhana, Paron, Garha, Umri
and Bhadaura, with the Chhabra _pargana_ of Tonk.
GWEEDORE, a hamlet and tourist resort of Co. Donegal, Ireland, on the
Londonderry & Lough Swilly & Letterkenny railway. The river Clady,
running past the village from the Nacung Loughs, affords salmon and
trout fishing. The fine surrounding scenery culminates to the east in
the wild mountain Errigal (2466 ft.) at the upper end of the loughs. The
place owes its popularity as a resort to Lord George Hill (d. 1879), who
also laboured for the amelioration of the conditions of the peasantry on
his estate, and combated the Rundale system of minute repartition of
property. In 1889, during the troubles which arose out of evictions,
Gweedore was the headquarters of the Irish constabulary, when District
Inspector Martin was openly murdered on attempting to arrest a priest on
his way to Mass.
GWILT, JOSEPH (1784-1863), English architect and writer, was the younger
son of George Gwilt, architect surveyor to the county of Surrey, and was
born at Southwark on the 11th of January 1784. He was educated at St
Paul's school, and after a short course of instruction in his father's
office was in 1801 admitted a student of the Royal Academy, where in the
same year he gained the silver medal for his drawing of the tower and
steeple of St Dunstan-in-the-East. In 1811 he published a _Treatise on
the Equilibrium of Arches_, and in 1815 he was elected F.S.A. After a
visit to Italy in 1816, he published in 1818 _Notitia architectonica
italiana, or Concise Notices of the Buildings and Architects of Italy_.
In 1825 he published an edition of Sir William Chambers's _Treatise on
Civil Architecture_; and among his other principal contributions to the
literature of his profession are a translation of the _Architecture of
Vitruvius_ (1826), a _Treatise on the Rudiments of Architecture,
Practical and Theoretical_ (1826), and his valuable _Encyclopaedia of
Architecture_ (1842), which was published with additions by Wyatt
Papworth in 1867. In recognition of Gwilt's advocacy of the importance
to architects of a knowledge of mathematics, he was in 1833 elected a
member of the Royal Astronomical Society. He took a special interest in
philology and music, and was the author of _Rudiments of the Anglo-Saxon
Tongue_ (1829), and of the article "Music" in the _Encyclopaedia
metropolitana_. His principal works as a practical architect were
Markree Castle near Sligo in Ireland, and St Thomas's church at Charlton
in Kent. He died on the 14th of September 1863.
GWYN, NELL [ELEANOR] (1650-1687), English actress, and mistress of
Charles II., was born on the 2nd of February 1650/1, probably in an
alley off Drury Lane, London, although Hereford also claims to have been
her birthplace. Her father, Thomas Gwyn, appears to have been a
broken-down soldier of a family of Welsh origin. Of her mother little is
known save that she lived for some time with her daughter, and that in
1679 she was drowned, apparently when intoxicated, in a pond at Chelsea.
Nell Gwyn, who sold oranges in the precincts of Drury Lane Theatre,
passed, at the age of fifteen, to the boards, through the influence of
the actor Charles Hart and of Robert Duncan or Dungan, an officer of the
guards who had interest with the management. Her first recorded
appearance on the stage was in 1665 as Cydaria, Montezuma's daughter, in
Dryden's _Indian Emperor_, a serious part ill-suited to her. In the
following year she was Lady Wealthy in the Hon. James Howard's comedy
_The English Monsieur_. Pepys was delighted with the playing of "pretty,
witty Nell," but when he saw her as Florimel in Dryden's _Secret Love,
or the Maiden Queen_, he wrote "so great a performance of a comical part
was never, I believe, in the world before" and, "so done by Nell her
merry part as cannot be better done in nature" (_Diary_, March 25,
1667). Her success brought her other leading roles--Bellario, in
Beaumont and Fletcher's _Philaster_; Flora, in Rhodes's _Flora's
Vagaries_; Samira, in Sir Robert Howard's _Surprisal_; and she remained
a member of the Drury Lane company until 1669, playing continuously save
for a brief absence in the summer of 1667 when she lived at Epsom as the
mistress of Lord Buckhurst, afterwards 6th earl of Dorset (q.v.). Her
last appearance was as Almahide to the Almanzor of Hart, in Dryden's
_The Conquest of Granada_ (1670), the production of which had been
postponed some months for her return to the stage after the birth of her
first son by the king.
As an actress Nell Gwyn was largely indebted to Dryden, who seems to
have made a special study of her airy, irresponsible personality, and
who kept her supplied with parts which suited her. She excelled in the
delivery of the risky prologues and epilogues which were the fashion,
and the poet wrote for her some specially daring examples. It was,
however, as the mistress of Charles II. that she endeared herself to the
public. Partly, no doubt, her popularity was due to the disgust inspired
by her rival, Louise de Keroualle, duchess of Portsmouth, and to the
fact that, while the Frenchwoman was a Catholic, she was a Protestant.
But very largely it was the result of exactly those personal qualities
that appealed to the monarch himself. She was _piquante_ rather than
pretty, short of stature, and her chief beauty was her reddish-brown
hair. She was illiterate, and with difficulty scrawled an awkward E. G.
at the bottom of her letters, written for her by others. But her frank
recklessness, her generosity, her invariable good temper, her ready wit,
her infectious high spirits and amazing indiscretions appealed
irresistibly to a generation which welcomed in her the living antithesis
of Puritanism. "A true child of the London streets," she never pretended
to be superior to what she was, nor to interfere in matters outside the
special sphere assigned her; she made no ministers, she appointed to no
bishoprics, and for the high issues of international politics she had no
concern. She never forgot her old friends, and, as far as is known,
remained faithful to her royal lover from the beginning of their
intimacy to his death, and, after his death, to his memory.
Of her two sons by the king, the elder was created Baron Hedington and
earl of Burford and subsequently duke of St Albans; the younger, James,
Lord Beauclerk, died in 1680, while still a boy. The king's death-bed
request to his brother, "Let not poor Nelly starve," was faithfully
carried out by James II., who paid her debts from the Secret Service
fund, provided her with other moneys, and settled on her an estate with
reversion to the duke of St Albans. But she did not long survive her
lover's death. She died in November 1687, and was buried on the 17th,
according to her own request, in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields,
her funeral sermon being preached by the vicar, Thomas Tenison,
afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, who said "much to her praise."
Tradition credits the foundation of Chelsea Hospital to her influence
over the king.
See Peter Cunningham, _The Story of Nell Gwyn_, edited by Gordon
Goodwin (1903); Waldron's edition of John Downes's _Roscius
Anglicanus_ (1789); Osmund Airy, _Charles II._ (1904); Pepys, _Diary_;
Evelyn, _Diary and Correspondence_; _Origin and Early History of the
Royal Hospital at Chelsea_, edited by Major-General G. Hutt (1872);
_Memoirs of the Life of Eleanor Gwinn_ (1752); Burnet, _History of My
Own Time_, part i., edited by Osmund Airy (Oxford, 1897); _Louise de
Keroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth_, by H. Forneron, translated by Mrs
Crawford (1887).
GWYNIAD, the name given to a fish of the genus _Coregonus_ or White fish
(_C. clupeoides_), inhabiting the large lakes of North Wales and the
north of England. At Ullswater it is known by the name of "schelly," at
Loch Lomond by that of "powen." It is tolerably abundant in Lake Bala,
keeping to the deepest portion of the lake for the greater part of the
year, but appearing in shoals near the shores at certain seasons. It is
well flavoured, like all the species of _Coregonus_, but scarcely
attains to the weight of a pound. The name gwyniad is a Welsh word, and
signifies "shining"; and it is singular that a similar fish in British
Columbia, also belonging to the family of Salmonoids, is called by the
natives "quinnat," from the silvery lustre of its scales, the word
having in their language the same meaning as the Welsh "gwyniad."