[1344] The principal works in which information is to be found on this
subject are the following: Hieron. Magii Miscellan. lib. ii. cap.
14.--Gruteri Lampas, ii. p. 1339.--Lipsii Poliorceticon sive de Militia
Romana, Antv. 1605, lib. iii. dial. 7.--Pitisci Lexicon Antiquit. Rom.
iii. p. 482.--Salmasius in Ælii Spart. Antonin. Carac. p. 163.--G. J.
Vossius, De Vitiis Sermonis, Amst. 1695, fol. p. 11.--Polyd. Vergilius
De Rerum Inventoribus, lib. iii. cap. 18.--Hugo De Militia Equestri,
i. 4.--Licetus De Lucernis.--Menagiana, iv. p. 263.--Brown’s Vulgar
Errors.--Berenger’s History and Art of Horsemanship, London, 1771,
4to.--Montfaucon, Antiquité Expliquée, iv. lib. 3, cap. 3, p. 77, and
Supplement, iv. lib. ii. cap. 4.--Le Beau, in Mém. de l’Acad. des
Inscriptions, xxxix. p. 537.
[1345] De Aëre, Locis et Aquis, sect. 3. The author here speaks in
particular of the Scythians, who were always on horseback; but he
afterwards extends his observations to all those much addicted to
riding.
[1346] Galen. De Parvæ Pilæ Exercitio, cap. 5. De Sanitate Tuenda, lib.
ii. cap. 11.
[1347] Vita Caligulæ, cap. 3.
[1348] Fabricii Biblioth. Med. et Inf. Ætatis, vol. v. p. 845.
[1349] The history of this anatomical discovery, written by Ingrassias
himself, may be found in J. Douglas, Bibliographiæ Anatomicæ Specimen;
Lugd. Bat. 1734, 8vo, p. 186. This discovery was claimed by a person
named Columbus; but that it belongs to Ingrassias has been fully proved
by Fallopius in his Observat. Anatomicæ.
[1350] Vegetius De Re Milit. i. 18.
[1351] Plutarchus, Vita C. Gracchi.
[1352] This inscription may be found in Thom. Porcacchi Funerali
Antichi. Venet. 1574, fol. p. 14.
“Dis pedip. saxum
Cinciæ dorsiferæ et cluniferæ,
Ut insultare et desultare commodetur,
Pub. Crassus mulæ suæ Crassæ bene ferenti
Suppedaneum hoc cum risu pos.”
Here _Dis pedip._ seems to be an imitation of _Dis Manibus_; _saxum_ of
the usual word _sacrum_: and _bene ferenti_ of _bene merenti_.
[1353] Lipsius De Milit. Romana, p. 410. Pitisci Lexic. Antiq. These
servants were called also ἀναβολεῖς.
[1354] Eutrop. lib. ix. cap. 6.--Victor. epit. 46.--Trebell. Pollio,
Vita Valeriani.--Hofmanni Lexic. artic. Calcandi hostium corpora ritus,
p. 642.
[1355] Strabo, lib. iii. says that the Spaniards instructed their
horses in this manner.
[1356] Lipsius understands in this sense what Livy says, book iv. chap.
19, of Cornelius Cossus, “Quem cum ictum equo dejecisset, confestim et
ipse hasta innisus se in pedes excepit.”
[1357] Figures of both may be seen in Berenger, tab. 8.
[1358] De Promiscua Doctrina, cap. 28.
[1359] Lib. v. 1296, “Et prius est repertum in equi conscendere
costas.” Martius reads _clostris_; and thinks that _clostra_ is the
Greek name for a ladder, which however is κροσσά.
[1360] In this inscription the following words occur, “Casu desiliens,
pes hæsit stapiæ, tractus interii.”
[1361] Menagiana. Paris, 1715, vol. iv. p. 83.
[1362] Fabricii Biblioth. Med. et Inf. Ætatis, i. p. 1131.
[1363] Mauricii Ars Militaris, edita a Joh. Scheffero. Upsaliæ 1664,
8vo p. 22.
[1364] Leonis Tactica, edit. Meursii cap. vi. § 10. p. 57.
[1365] Lib. ii. cap. 8. p. 64.
[1366] Tactica, cap. xii. § 53, p. 150.
[1367] Both passages are quoted by Du Cange from the Gloss. Isidori.
The latter word signified also the saddle-bow; for Suidas says,
‘Ἀστράβη, τὸ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐφιππίων ξύλον ὃ κρατοῦσιν οἱ καθεζόμενοι’.
Lignum quod est in ephippiis, quod sessores tenent. Allusion is made
to this saddle-bow by the emperor Frederic II. De Arte Venandi, ii.
71, p. 152, where he describes how a falconer should mount his horse:
“Ponat pedem unum in staffa sellæ, accipiens _arcum sellæ_ anteriorem
cum manu sua sinistra, supra quam jam non est falco, posteriorem autem
cum dextra, super quam est falco.” Nicetas, however, in Manuel. Comnen.
lib. ii. p. 63, gives that name to the whole saddle; for we are told
that the Scythians, when about to cross a river, placed their arms on
the saddle (ἀστράβην), and laying hold of the tails of their horses,
swam after them.
[1368] Leonis Grammatici Chronographia, printed in the Paris Collection
of the Byzantine Historians, with Theophanis Chronograph. 1655, fol. p.
470.
[1369] De Bellis Punicis, edit. Tollii, p. 107.
[1370] Odyss. lib. i. 155.
[1371] Monumens de la Monarchie Françoise, i. tab. 35.
[1372] Aimonius De Miraculis Sancti Benedicti, ii. 20.
[1373] Fredericus II. De Venat. lib. ii. cap. 71. According to Du
Cange, stirrups as well as spurs occur seldom on seals in the eleventh
century. In the thirteenth they are more frequent. See P. W. Gerkens
Anmerkungen über die Siegel. Stendal, 1786, 8vo, part 2. Heineccius De
Sigillis, p. 205. I shall here remark that Cœlius Rhodiginus, xxi. 31,
is mistaken when he says that Avicenna calls stirrups _subsellares_.
Licetus, De Lucernis, p. 786, has proved that this Arabian author
speaks only of a covering to secure the feet from frost.
[1374] Instances of this pride have been collected by Du Cange in
his annotations on Cinnamus, p. 470, and more may be found in his
Dictionary, vol. vi. p. 681. When steps were not erected on the
highways, a metal or wooden knob was affixed to each side of the
saddle, which the rider, when about to mount, laid hold of, and then
caused his servant to assist him. The servants also were often obliged
to throw themselves down that their master might step upon their back.
See Constantin. De Ceremoniis Aulæ Byzant. p. 242. A, 6; and p. 405, B,
3; also Reiske in his Annotations, p. 135.
[1375] In Cantacuz. edit Wernsdorfii. Lipsiæ, 1768, 8vo, p. 218, who
calls stirrups κλίμακες, scalæ.