“I’ll take the ghost’s word for a thousand pound.”
HAMLET.
EV. These are very meagre spectres, Astrophel, or accomplices, as the
lawyer would say, _after_ the fact.
ASTR. I have reserved Prophecies for this evening. In the earliest
profane records of our globe, we read of the frequent visitations of
prophetic phantoms. Listen, Evelyn, to a story of your own Pliny;—the
legend of Curtius Rufus. When he was in low circumstances, and unknown
in the world, he attended the governor of Africa into that province. One
evening, as he was walking in the public portico, he was extremely
surprised with the apparition of a woman, whose figure and beauty were
more than human. She told him she was the tutelar power who presided
over Africa, and was come to inform him of the future events of his
life: that he should go back to Rome, where he should be raised to the
highest honours, should return to that province invested with the
proconsular dignity, and there should die. Upon his arrival at Carthage,
as he was coming out of the ship, the same figure accosted him upon the
shore. It is certain, at least, that being seized with a fit of illness,
though there were no symptoms in his case that led his attendants to
despair, he instantly gave up all hope of recovery, and this prediction
was in all its points accomplished.
The shade of Romulus appeared to Julius Proculus, a patrician,
foretelling the splendour of Rome. The fate of the battle of Philippi
was shown to Brutus in his tent, by the evil spirit of Cæsar; and
Cassius also saw the phantom of Julius on his horse, prepared to strike
him, shortly before his suicide. In the Talmud we read of the
announcement of the Rabbi Samuel’s death to two of his friends, six
hundred miles off. Then, the host of legends in that ‘treasure-booke’ of
mystery, “Wanley’s Wonders;” the visions of Dion; of Alexander; of
Crescentius; of the Pope’s legate at the Council of Trent; of Cassius
Severus of Parma; and myriads of analogies to these; nay, may we not
believe that the Grecian bards wrote fragments of real history, when
Patroclus foretels the death of Hector, Hector that of Achilles, and
Mezentius of Orodes, or when Œdipus predicts the lofty fate of his
family to Theseus?
But leave we the olden classics for the proofs of later ages. In the
pine-forests of Germany, and in wild Caledonia, the legends of spirits
and shadows abound in the gossip of the old crones, both in the hut of
the jager and the sheiling of the Highland peasant.
The _Taisch_ (like the _Bodach Glas_ of Fergus Mac Ivor,) murmurs the
prophecy of death, in the voice of the _Taishtar_, to one about to die;
and the _Wraith_, _Swarth_, _Waft_, or _Death-Fetch_, appears in the
_Eidōlon_, or likeness, of the person so early doomed, to some loved
friend of the party, or sounds of wailing and prophetic voices scream
and murmur in the mountain-blast. The wild romances of Ossian, and the
shadowy mysteries so brightly illustrated in the poesy of the “Lay,” the
“Lady of the Lake,” and “Marmion,” prove how deeply the common mind of
Scotland leans to her mysteries; how devoutly her seers foretell a doom.
The evidence of Martin, the historian of the Western Isles, is clear and
decisive testimony of the possession of a faculty of foresight; and in
the reflecting minds of many sages, who seek not to explain it by the
term _coincidence_, or to impute the vision to mere national
superstition. Indeed, in their records we have rules noted down, by
which the seer may overcome the imperfections of his vision. If this be
filmy or indistinct, the cloak or plaid must be turned, and the sight is
clear; but then the fated seer is often presented with _his own_ wraith.
In Aubrey’s “Miscellanies” we read how Sir Richard Napier, immediately
before his death, was journeying from Bedfordshire to Berks, and saw his
own apparition lying stark and stiff on the bed; how Lady Diana Rich,
the Earl of Holland’s daughter, was met by her death-fetch in the garden
at Kensington, a month ere she died of small-pox;—and listen to this
legend of Aventine.
“The emperor Henry went down through the Strudel: in another vessel was
Bruno, bishop of Wurtzberg, the emperor’s kinsman. There sat upon a
rock, that projected out of the water, a man blacker than a Moor, of a
horrible aspect, terrible to all who beheld it, who cried out, and said
to Bishop Bruno, ‘Hear! hear! Bishop: I am thine evil spirit; thou art
mine own; go where thou wilt, thou shalt be mine: yet, now will I do
nought to thee, but soon shalt thou see me again.’ The bishop crossed
and blessed himself; but the holy sign was powerless. At Posenbeis,
where dwelt the Lady Richlita of Ebersberg, the floor of the
banqueting-room fell, in the evening: it was the death-fall of the
bishop.”
As the protector Seymour was walking with his duchess, at their country
seat, they perceived a spectral bloody hand thrust forth from a wall;
and he was soon after beheaded.
It is recorded, that, like Julius Cæsar, James of Scotland had three
warnings. The saintly man in Lithgow palace, and another phantom, in
Jedburgh, warned King James of his fate: the latter wrote a Latin
couplet on the mantel-piece in the hall: had he read it wisely, he had
not died at Flodden.
The demon, or the guardian angel of Socrates, was also a prophetic
mentor—not only to the sage himself, but even to his companions in his
presence; and the slighting of its counsel often brought regret to those
who were the subjects of its warning.
In the minds of Xenophon and Plato its influence was devoutly believed,
and from the hive of the Attic bee I steal this honied morsel:—“One
Timarchus, a noble Athenian, being at dinner in company with Socrates,
he rose up to go away, which Socrates observing, bade him sit down
again, for, said he, the demon has just now given me the accustomed
sign. Some little time after, Timarchus offered again to be gone, and
Socrates once more stopped him, saying, he had the same sign repeated to
him. At length, when Socrates was earnest in discourse, and did not mind
him, Timarchus stole away; and, in a few minutes after, committed a
murder, for which, being carried to execution, his last words were,
‘That he had come to that untimely end for not obeying the demon of
Socrates.’”
When Ben Jonson was sojourning at Hawthornden, he told Mr. Drummond of
his own prophetic vision, that, “about the time of the plague in London,
being in the country at Sir Robert Cotton’s house, with old Camden, he
saw, in a vision, his eldest son, then a young child, and at London,
appear unto him, with the mark of a bloody cross on his forehead, as if
it had been cut with a sword; at which, amazed, he prayed unto God; and
in the morning, he came to Mr. Camden’s chamber, to tell him, who
persuaded him it was but an apprehension, at which he should not be
dejected. In the mean time, there came letters from his wife, of the
death of that boy in the plague. He appeared to him of a manly shape,
and of that growth he thinks he shall be at the resurrection.”
From Walton’s Lives I select the following fragment: it is a vision of
Doctor Donne, the metaphysician, whose wife died after the birth of a
dead child. “Sir Robert (Drury) returned about an hour afterwards. He
found his friend in a state of extasy, and so altered in his
countenance, that he could not look upon him without amazement. The
doctor was not able for some time to answer the question, what had
befallen him; but, after a long and perplexed pause, at last said, ‘I
have seen a dreadful vision since I last saw you. I have seen my dear
wife pass twice by me through this room, with her hair hanging about her
shoulders, and a dead child in her arms: this I have seen since I saw
you.’ To which Sir Robert answered, ‘Sure, Sir, you have slept since I
went out, and this is the result of some melancholy dream, which I
desire you to forget, for you are now awake.’ Donne replied, ‘I cannot
be more sure that I now live, than that I have not slept since I saw
you; and am as sure, that at her second appearing, she stopped, looked
me in the face, and vanished.’”
There was a _promise_ by Lord Tyrone to Lady Beresford of a visitation
from the tomb. Even when the phantom appeared to her in the night, the
lady expressed her diffidence in its reality, but it placed a mark upon
her wrist, and adjusted her bed-curtains in some supernatural fashion,
and even wrote something in her pocket-book: so that with earnestness
she related to her husband in the morning this impressive vision; and it
was not long ere missives came, which by announcing the death of Lord
Tyrone proved the spectre prophetic.
The tragedian John Palmer died on the stage at Liverpool. At the same
hour and minute, a shopman in London, sleeping under a counter, saw
distinctly his shade glide through the shop, open the door, and pop into
the street. This, an hour or two after, he mentioned very coolly, as if
Mr. Palmer himself had been there.
Cardan saw, on the ring-finger of his right hand, the mark of a bloody
sword, and heard at the same time a voice which bade him go directly to
Milan. The redness progressively increased until midnight: the mark then
faded gradually, and disappeared. At that midnight hour his son was
beheaded at Milan.
It was told by Knowles, the governor of Lord Roscommon when a boy, that
young Wentworth Dillon was one day seized with a mood of the wildest
eccentricity, contrary to his usual disposition. On a sudden he
exclaimed, “My father is dead!” And soon after missives came from
Ireland to announce the fact.
The father of Doctor Blomberg, clerk of the closet to George IV., was
captain in an army serving in America. We are told by Doctor Rudge, that
six officers, three hundred miles from his position, were visited after
dinner by this modern Banquo, who sat down in a vacant chair. One said
to him, “Blomberg, are you mad?” He rose in silence, and slowly glided
out at the door. He was slain on that day and hour.
In the “Diary of a Physician” (an embellished record of facts), we read
the story of the spectre-smitten Mr. M——, whose leisure hours were
passed in the perusal of legends of diablerie and witchcraft. One
evening, when his brain was excited by champagne, he returned to his
rooms, and saw a dear friend in his chair; and this friend had died
suddenly, and was at that moment _laid out_ in his chamber;—a
combination of horrors so unexpected and intense, that monomania was the
result.
May I also recount to you this vision from Moore’s Life of Byron? “Lord
Byron used sometimes to mention a strange story which the commander of
the packet, Captain Kidd, related to him on the passage. This officer
stated, that being asleep one night in his berth, he was awakened by the
pressure of something heavy on his limbs, and, there being a faint light
in the room, could see as he thought distinctly the figure of his
brother, who was at that time in the same service in the East Indies,
dressed in his uniform, and stretched across the bed. Concluding it to
be an illusion of the senses, he shut his eyes and made an effort to
sleep. But still the same pressure continued, and still as often as he
ventured to take another look, he saw the figure lying across him in the
same position. To add to the wonder, on pulling his hand forth to touch
this form, he found the uniform, in which it appeared to be dressed,
_dripping wet_. On the entrance of one of his brother officers, to whom
he called out in alarm, the apparition vanished; but in a few months
after, he received the startling intelligence, that on that night his
brother had been drowned in the Indian seas. Of the supernatural
character of this appearance Captain Kidd himself did not appear to have
the slightest doubt.”
From Dr. Pritchard, I quote this fragment:—“A maid-servant, who lived
in the house of an elderly lady, some years since deceased, had risen,
early on a winter’s morning, and was employed in washing by candle-light
the entry of the house; when she was greatly surprised at seeing her
mistress, who was then in a precarious state of health, coming down
stairs in her night dress. The passage being narrow, she rose up to let
her mistress pass, which the latter did with a hasty step, and walked
into the street, appearing, to the terrified imagination of the girl, to
pass through the door without opening it. The servant related the
circumstance to the son and daughter of the lady, as soon as they came
down stairs, who desired her to conceal it from their mother, and
anxiously waited for her appearance. The old lady entered the room,
while they were talking of the incident, but appeared languid and
unwell, and complained of having been disturbed by an alarming dream.
She had dreamed that a dog had pursued her from her chamber _down the
staircase, and along the entry, and that she was obliged to take refuge
in the streets_.”
In the manuscripts of Lady Fanshawe, how evident is the fact of spectral
prophecy! Sir Richard Fanshawe and his lady were sleeping in a baronial
castle in Ireland, surrounded by a moat. At midnight she was awoke by a
ghostly and fearful screaming; and, gleaming before the window in the
pale moonlight, a female spectre hovered, her light auburn hair
dishevelled over her shoulders. While the lady looked in mute
astonishment, the spectre vanished, uttering two distinct shrieks. Her
terrific story was told in the morning to her host, who evinced no
wonder at the mystery, “Indeed,” quoth he, “I expected this. This was
the prophetic phantom of our house, the spectre of a lady wedded to an
ancestor, and drowned by him in the moat from false notions of dignity,
because she was not of noble blood. Since this expiation, the phantom
appears before every death of my near relations, and one of these died
last night in my castle.”—Here may be the prototype of the “White Lady
of Avenel.”
Among the most exalted families we have other confident records of the
recurrence of prophetic phantoms, antecedent to great events. A spectre
of this kind formed a part of the household establishment of the
Macleans. During the peninsular war, at the moment that the head of the
clan died at Lisbon, this wraith was seen to ride screaming along the
shore in Scotland.
Arise Evans, in a 12mo. tract, “sold at his house in Long Alley in
Blackfriars in 1653,” entitled “An Echo from Heaven,” foretold the
restoration of Charles II.; and his true prophecy was based on the
vision of a young face with a crown on, appearing after the shades of
Fairfax and of Cromwell.
There is an incident in Roman history so impressive in its catastrophe,
so exact in its periods, that few, I think, will deny the inspiration.
At the moment that Stephanus stabbed Domitian in his palace at Rome, the
philosopher Apollonius Tyaneus, in his school at Ephesus, exclaimed:
“Courage, Stephanus! strike the tyrant home!” and a minute after, _when
Parthenius completed this homicide_, he added, “he suffers for his
crimes—he dies.”
I have slightly sketched these illustrations, and I presume to term them
prophecies. There are others so complex, yet so complete in every part,
as to convert, I might hope, even the unbelief of Evelyn. To the
relations of Sir Walter and Dr. Abercrombie, I will add one from
Moreton, in his “Essay on Apparitions:” “The Reverend D. Scott, of Broad
Street, was sitting alone in his study. On a sudden the phantom of an
old gentleman, dressed in a black velvet gown, and full bottom wig,
entered, and sat himself down in a chair opposite to the doctor. The
visitor informed him of a dilemma in which his grandson, who lived in
the west country, was placed, by the suit of his nephew for the recovery
of an estate. This suit would be successful, unless a deed of conveyance
was found, which had been hidden in an old chest in a loft of the house.
On his arrival at this house, he learned that his grandson had dreamed
of this visit, and that his grandfather was coming to aid him in the
search. The deed was found in a false bottom of the old chest, as the
vision had promised.”
In a letter of Philip, the second Earl of Chesterfield, is told the
following strange story, which, although not a prophecy, cannot be
within the pale of our philosophy. “On a morning in 1652, the earl saw a
thing in white, like a standing sheet, within a yard of his bedside. He
attempted to catch it, but it slid to the foot of the bed, and he saw it
no more. His thoughts turned to his lady, who was then at Networth, with
her father, the Earl of Northumberland. On his arrival at Networth, a
footman met him on the stairs, with a packet directed to him from his
wife, whom he found with Lady Essex her sister, and Mrs. Ramsey. He was
asked why he returned so suddenly. He told his motive; and on perusing
the letters in the packet, he found that his lady had written to him
requesting his return, for she had seen a thing in white, with a black
face, by her bedside. These apparitions were seen by the earl and
countess, _at the same moment_, when they were forty miles asunder.”
The miraculous spirit which the influence of Joan of Arc infused into
the desponding hearts of the French army, is writ on the page of
history. Before her proposition for the inauguration of Charles VII. at
Rheims, she heard a celestial voice in her prayer, “Fille, va, va! je
seray à ton ayde—va!” and her revelation of secrets to the king, which
he thought were locked within his own bosom, raised in the court
implicit belief in her inspiration.
And now, Evelyn, I ask you,
“Can such things be,
And overcome us like a summer cloud,
Without our special wonder?”——
Ere you smile at my phantasie, and overwhelm me with doubts and
solutions, I pr’ythee let me counsel your philosophy. Dig to a certain
depth in the field of science, and you may find the roots and the gold
dust of knowledge: penetrate deeper, and you will strike against the
granite rock, on which rest the cold and profitless reasonings of the
sceptic.
CAST. You look on me, Astrophel, as on a bending proselyte. Yet, sooth
to tell, it may be difficult to convert me, although I am half won to
romance already by the witch-thoughts of him who gilded the science of
the heart and mind, with all the iridescent charm of poesy; an
_unprofessing_ philosopher, yet with marvellous insight of human
hearts,—my own loved Shakspere. And you listen to my Lord Lyttelton, he
will tell you, in his “Dialogues of the Dead,” that “in the annihilation
of our globe, were Shakspere’s works preserved, the whole science of
man’s nature might still be read therein.” And so beautifully are his
sketches of the heart and the fancy blended withal, that we hang with
equal delight on the mystic philosophy of Hamlet, the witchcraft of Mab,
and Ariel, and Oberon, with their golden wreaths of gay blossoms, as on
the dying visions of Katherine, as pure and holy as the
vesper-breathings of a novice. Yet the shade of superstition never
darkened the brow of Shakspere. Therefore, plume not yourself on your
hope of conquest, Astrophel: Evelyn may win me yet. Philosophy may frown
on the visions of an enthusiast, while she doth grace her pages with a
poet’s dream. But you will not wear the willow, Astrophel: there is a
beam of pity for you in the eyes of yon pensive Ida.
IDA. You are a witch, Castaly. Yet _I_ have as little faith in the
quaint stories of Astrophel. A mystery must be purified and chastened by
sacred solemnity, ere it may be blended with the contemplation of holy
study. And yet there is an arch voluptuary, Boccacio, the coryphæus of a
loose band of novelists, who has stained a volume by his profane union
of holiness and passion. The scenes of his Decameron are played amidst
the raging of the plague, by flaunting youths and maidens, but that
moment arisen from the solemnity of a cathedral prayer!
ASTR. You will call up the shade of Valdarfar, Ida, that idol of the
Roxburghe club, and printer of the Decameron——
IDA. If he appear, he shall vanish at a word, Astrophel. Yet we may not
lightly yield the influence of special visitations, even in our own
days, when solemn belief is _chastened by holy motives_, and becomes the
spring of living waters. Even the taint of superstition may be almost
sanctified on such a plea; and Baxter may be forgiven half his credulity
when he wrote his “Saints’ Rest,” and the “Essay on Apparitions,” to
convert the sceptics of London, who, in the dearth of signs and wonders,
expressed their willingness to believe the soul’s immortality, _if_ they
had proofs of ghostly visitations.
_I_ will myself even quote a mystery, (I believe recorded in Sandys’s
Ovid,) for the sake of the moral which it bears. It is the legend of
“The Room of the Ladyes Figure:” whether it be a tale of Bavaria, or a
mere paraphrase from the Saxon Sabinus, I know not.
This is the story of Otto, a Bavarian gentleman, of passionate nature,
mourning for his wife. On one of his visits to her tomb, a mournful
voice, which murmured, “A blessed evening, sir!” came o’er his ear; and
while his eyes fell on the form of a young chorister, he placed a letter
in his hands, and vanished. His wonder was extreme, while he read this
mysterious despatch, which was addressed “To my dear husband, who
sorrows for his wife,” and signed, “This, with a warm hand, from the
living Bertha,” and appointing an interview in the public walk. Thither,
on a beautiful evening, sped the Bavarian, and there, among the crowd,
sat a lady covered by a veil. With a trembling voice he whispered
“Bertha,” when she arose, and, with her warm and living arm on his,
returned to his once desolate home. There were odd thoughts, surmises,
and wonderings, passing among the friends of Otto, and suspicions of a
mock funeral and a solemn cheat; but all subsided as time stole over,
and their wedded life was without a cloud: until a paroxysm of his rage
one fatal day was vented on the lady, who cried, “This to me! what if
the world knew all!”—with this broken sentence she vanished from the
room. In her chamber, whither the search led, erect, as it were gazing
on the fire, her form stood; but when they looked on it in front, there
was a headless hood, and the clothes were standing as if enveloping a
form, but no _body_ was there! Need I say, that a thrill of horror crept
through all at the mystery, and a fear at the approach of Otto, who,
though deeply penitent, was deserted by all but a graceless reprobate,
his companion, and his almoner to many a stranger, who knew not the
unhallowed source of bounty?
_That_ belief cannot be an error, which associates divine thoughts with
the events of human life. I remember, as I was roaming over the wild
region of Snowdonia, we sat above the valley and the lakes of Nant
Gwinant, on which the red ridge of Clwd Coch threw a broad and purple
shadow, while over Moel Elion and Myneth Mawr, the sun was bathed in a
flood of crimson light. The Welsh guide was looking down in deep thought
on Llyn Gwinant; and, with a tear in his eye, he told us a pathetic
story of two young pedestrians, who were benighted among the mountains,
on their ascent from Beddgelert. They had parted company in the gloom of
the evening, and each was alone in a desert. On a sudden, the voice of
one of them was distinctly heard by the other, in the direction of the
gorge which bounds the pass of Llanberis, as if encouraging him to
proceed. The wanderer followed its sound, and at length escaped from
this labyrinth of rocks, and arrived safely at Capel Currig. In the
morning, his friend’s body was found lying far behind the spot where the
phantom voice was first heard, and _away from the course of their
route_. Was this a special spirit, a solemn instance of friendship after
death, as if the phantom had been endowed with supernatural power, and
become the guardian angel of his friend; or the special whisper of the
Deity in the ear of the living? A belief in this spiritual visitation is
often the consolation of pure Christianity, for “the shadow of God is
light!” With some the hope of heaven rests on it; and holy men have
thought, that the presence of a spirit may even sanctify the being which
it approaches with an emanation of its own holiness. Nay, do we not
witness a blessing like this in the common walks of life; as in that
beautiful story (told by the Bishop of Gloucester) of the vision of her
dead mother, by the daughter of Sir James Lee, in 1662?
Is not the effect of these visitations, to a chastened mind, ever
fraught with good? It may be merely a wisdom or a virtue in decision; as
when my Lord Herbert, of Cherbury, prayed to God to declare whether he
should publish his book “De Veritate;” he heard a gentle voice from
heaven, which answered his prayer, with a solemn approval of his design.
It may be the checking of our pride of life, or our self-glory for
success; a divine lesson that may counsel us against worldly wisdom, in
this golden precept, “Seek to be admired by angels rather than by men.”
So that complete _conversion_ may follow the vision of a spirit.
Doddridge has given us the stories of Colonel Gardiner and the Rev.
Vincent Perronet; and in the “Baronii Annales” we read of Ticinus, a
departed friend of Michael Mercator, then a profane student in
philosophy, who, according to a preconcerted promise, appeared to him at
the moment that he died, afar off in Florence. The vision so alarmed his
conscience, that he at once became a devout student in divinity.
In the city of Nantes, as we see it written by William of Malmsbury, in
the twelfth century, dwelt two young ecclesiastics. Between them was a
solemn compact, that within thirty days after the death of either, his
shade should appear, sleeping or waking, to the survivor, to declare if
the true psychology was the doctrine of Plato, or of the Epicureans; if
the soul survived the body, or vanished into air. The shade appeared
like one dying, while the spirit passeth away; and discoursing, like the
ghost of Hamlet’s father, of the pains of infernal punishments,
stretched forth his ulcerous arm, and asked if “it seemed as light;”
then, dropping the caustic humour from his arm on the temples of the
living witness, which were corroded by the drop, he warned him of the
same penalties if he entered not into holy orders, in the city of
Rennes. This solemn warning worked his conversion, and he became a pious
and exemplary devotee, under the holy wings of Saint Melanius.
In these instances, is not the special influence of the Deity evident?
and why will our profane wisdom still draw us from our leaning to this
holy creed, causing us to “forsake the fountains of living water, and
hew out unto ourselves broken cisterns that can hold no water?”
How awfully beautiful is the Mosaic picture of the first mortal
communion with the Creator, when the vision of God was heard by Adam and
Eve, walking in the garden in the cool of the day; or, when the Deity
appeared to Abraham and to Moses, and his word came to Manoah, and to
Noah, with the blessings of a promise; or, when his angels of light
descended to console, and to relieve from chains and from fire; or, when
the angel of the Lord first appears in the vision to Cornelius; and the
trance, or rather the counterpart of the vision, comes over St. Peter,
at Joppa; and the arrival of the men, sent by the centurion, confirms
the miracle: and then, the last sublime revealings of the Apocalypse.
You will not call it presumption, Evelyn, that I adduce these holy
records to confirm our modern faith; and ask you, why philosophy will
yet chain our thoughts to earth, and affirm our visions to be a
meaningless phantasy?