BOOK XIV_Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590

THE LADY OF TORTONA

1578-1590

The marriage of her last remaining daughter, and the removal of her

granddaughter to the French Court, loosened the ties that bound the

Duchess-mother to Lorraine. The failure of the high hopes which Don

John's coming had aroused were a grievous disappointment, and, after

her dangerous attack of illness in the spring of 1578, Christina

decided to follow her doctor's advice and seek a warmer climate.

Her thoughts naturally turned to her dower city of Tortona, whose

inhabitants still paid her allegiance, in spite of Philip's invasion

of her privileges. Since the Spanish garrison still occupied the

castle, the magistrates begged her to inhabit the Communal palace,

and Christina, touched by their expressions of loyalty and affection,

resolved to accept the offer.

[Sidenote: AUG., 1578] CHRISTINA RETURNS TO ITALY]

Before settling at Tortona, however, she decided to make a pilgrimage

to Loreto, the shrine for which the Lorraine Princes had always

cherished especial veneration. Early in August, 1578, she left Nancy

and travelled across the Alps, and through Savoy, by the route which

she had taken as a bride, nearly half a century before. Her old friend,

the Duchess Margaret, whose marriage had been one of the happiest

results of the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis, had already been dead four

years, and her lord of the Iron-head was a confirmed invalid; but he

sent his son, Charles Emanuel, to meet the Duchess and escort her to

the citadel of Turin.

From Savoy, Christina proceeded to Milan, where she arrived on the

20th of August, and was hospitably entertained in the Castello by the

Spanish Viceroy, the Marquis d'Ayamonte.[647] Once more she drove in

her chariot through the streets where her coming had been hailed by

rejoicing multitudes, once more she prayed by her husband's tomb in the

Duomo and saw Leonardo's Cenacolo in Le Grazie. Her old friends, Count

Massimiliano, the Trivulzi, and Dejanira, were dead and gone, and at

every step the ghosts of bygone days rose up to haunt her memory. Then

she travelled on by slow stages to Loreto, on the Adriatic shore, where

she paid her vows at Our Lady's shrine, and offered a massive gold

heart set with pearls and precious gems, to the admiration of future

pilgrims.[648] But the long journey had overtaxed her strength, and

when, on her return to Lombardy, she reached Ripalta, she was too ill

to go any farther. Here she remained throughout the winter to recover

from her fatigues and give the citizens of Tortona time to prepare for

her reception.

At length, on the 17th of June, 1579, the Duchess made her state entry

into the city. The magistrates met her at the gates with a stately

baldacchino fringed with gold and silver, and escorted their Sovereign

Lady to the house of Bartolommeo Busseto, where she alighted to partake

of the banquet which had been prepared. Afterwards the loyal citizens

accompanied her to the Palazzo Pubblico, halfway up the hill above

the town, which had been splendidly fitted up for her occupation. The

beauty of the view delighted the Duchess as much as the enthusiastic

warmth of her reception, and the health-giving breezes of the Lombard

city proved even more beneficial than her physicians had expected. "She

came to our city of Tortona a dying woman, and lived there in health

and comfort for more than ten years."[649] So wrote Niccolò Montemerlo,

the historian whose chronicles of Tortona were published in 1618,

when Christina had not yet been dead thirty years. His contemporaries

joined with him in praising the Duchess's wise and beneficial rule,

the strictness with which she administered justice, her liberality and

benevolence.

"The Duchess Christina of Milan," wrote Campo of Cremona in

1585, "celebrated for her beauty and gracious manners, for

her affability and generosity, has lately come to spend her

widowhood in the city of Tortona, and lives there in great

splendour, beloved by all."[650]

[Sidenote: JUNE, 1579] THE LADY OF TORTONA]

Christina's administrative powers found ample scope in the government

of the city, and under her rule Tortona enjoyed a brief spell of

peace and prosperity. She reformed abuses, obtained the restitution

of lost privileges, and healed a long-standing feud with the city of

Ravenna. At her prayer, Pope Gregory XIII. repealed a decree exacting

a heavy fine from every citizen of Tortona who entered Ravennese

territory, and friendly communications were restored between the two

cities. Before her coming, the Spanish Viceroy had incurred great

unpopularity by building a new citadel on the heights occupied by

the ancient Duomo and episcopal palace, and converting these into

barracks and powder-magazines. In 1560 the foundations of a new

Cathedral were laid by Philip's orders in the lower city, but this

could not atone in the eyes of the citizens for the desecration of the

venerated shrine founded by St. Innocent in the fourth century, and

adorned with priceless mosaics and marbles. When, in 1609, the lofty

campanile was struck by lightning, and 400 barrels of gunpowder stored

in the nave exploded with terrific force, the accident was regarded

as a Divine judgment, and the panic-stricken Spaniards joined in the

solemn procession that bore the relics of the martyrs from their old

resting-place to the new sanctuary.[651]

But if Christina could not atone for this indignity, or deliver

Tortona from the presence of the hated Spaniards, she protected her

subjects from their outrages, and rigidly enforced the observance of

the law. Many were the petitions and remonstrances on behalf of her

own rights and those of the citizens which she addressed to her dear

and illustrious cousin, Don Carlos of Aragon, Duke of Terranuova, who

reigned over the Milanese as Viceroy from 1583 to 1592. The Duchess was

in frequent correspondence with her children beyond the Alps, and many

requests for passes for horses which she is sending to Lorraine and

Bavaria, as well as for privileges for her Equerries, Signor Alfonso

and Gaspare Visconti, are to be found in the archives of Milan.[652]

[Sidenote: JAN., 1585] THE LAST PHASE]

Many were the illustrious guests, remarks Montemerlo, who came to visit

the Duchess at Tortona. In October, 1581, the Empress-Dowager Maria,

widow of Maximilian II., passed through Lombardy on her return to

Spain, and was received at Alessandria by Madame de Lorraine. Together

they drove through streets hung with tapestries and adorned with

triumphal arches, until, after three days' festivities, they went on to

Tortona, and thence to Genoa. The families of the old Milanese nobles

who had remained loyal to the House of Sforza welcomed Christina's

return to Lombardy with joy. The nephew and heir of Count Massimiliano

Stampa placed his superb pleasure-house at Montecastello, in the fief

of Soncino, at her disposal, and named his eldest son Christian in her

honour. The Guaschi of Alessandria, the Counts of Oria, the Trivulzi,

the Somaglia and Visconti, vied with each other in entertaining her

sumptuously.[653] The saintly Archbishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo,

visited her more than once, and the excellent Bishop of Tortona, Cesare

Gambara, sought her help and advice in all that concerned the welfare

of his people. From the day when, hardly more than a child herself,

she begged Cardinal Caracciolo's protection for the destitute ladies

at Pavia, Christina always cared for the poor and needy, and in her

old age she was busy with active works of mercy. One of her last good

actions was to send to Paris for Madame Castellani, a daughter of

her old friend the Princess of Macedonia, who was living in reduced

circumstances at the French Court, and bring her to Tortona to spend

the rest of her life in peace and comfort. So she earned the love and

gratitude of all around her, and thousands blessed the good Duchess's

name long after she was dead.

II.

This last phase of Christina's life was on the whole peaceful and

happy. Brantôme pitied this great lady, a daughter of Kings and niece

of Emperors, and the rightful Queen of three kingdoms, who, after

reigning over Milan and Lorraine, was reduced to hold her Court in an

insignificant Lombard town, and was known in her last years as "Madame

de Tortone."[654] But after her troubled life Christina was grateful

for the peace and repose which she found at Tortona, and would have

been perfectly content if it had not been for the continual annoyances

to which she was exposed by Philip and his Ministers. From the moment

that she settled in her dower city, the King began to dispute her

right to its sovereignty, and insisted that, since Tortona had been

settled upon her as an equivalent for the dower given her "out of

pure liberality" by the late Emperor, she was bound to surrender

her claims on payment of the sum in full. Christina, on her part,

maintained with good reason that her claim to the city had never before

been questioned, and that it was settled on her at her marriage, and

belonged to her and her heirs of the House of Lorraine in perpetuity.

The assertion of this claim roused Cardinal Granvelle to the highest

indignation. "So dangerous a thing," he wrote to Philip, "cannot

possibly be allowed." But, as he confessed, what made the situation

awkward was that Madame de Lorraine's claims were strongly supported,

not only by her son, Duke Charles, but by the Emperor Rudolf, the Duke

of Bavaria, the Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles, and all the Princes of

the Empire.[655] A long wrangle ensued, which ended in a declaration

on the King's part that he would consent to Tortona being retained by

the Duchess for her life, and afterwards held by her son-in-law and

daughter, the Duke and Duchess of Brunswick.

[Sidenote: DEC., 1584] DUKE ERIC'S DEATH]

Dorothea and her husband were, in fact, the only members of Christina's

family for whom Philip showed any regard. In 1578 Duke Eric was

summoned to Spain to join in the contemplated invasion of Portugal,

and served in the campaign led by Alva two years later. Dorothea

accompanied her husband, and spent most of her time at Court. The

King evidently liked her, and when, after the successful termination

of the war, the Duke and Duchess came to take leave of him at Madrid,

Granvelle was desired to draw up a secret convention by which Tortona

and the revenues were assigned to Eric in lieu of the yearly pension

allowed him. But Dorothea was not to be outwitted by the Cardinal. She

insisted, on the arrears due to her husband being paid in full, and

Philip himself told Granvelle to see that two or three thousand crowns

of the Duke's salary were given to the Duchess, since she was short of

money, and this seemed to him only reasonable. He also gave Dorothea

two fine horses, which she wished to send to her brother-in-law,

the Duke of Bavaria, and granted her a patent for working certain

gold-mines, which the Cardinal promised to forward either to her

mother at Tortona, or else to the care of the Prince of Orange in

Germany.[656] This last direction sounds strange, considering that the

famous ban against the Prince, setting a price of 30,000 crowns on his

head, had already been issued at Granvelle's suggestion.[657]

The Duke and Duchess now returned to Göttingen, after visiting

Christina at Tortona, and remained in their own dominions for the

next few years, among their long-neglected subjects. But Eric soon

became restless, and in April, 1582, Dorothea wrote to beg Granvelle's

help in obtaining the Viceroyalty of Milan or Naples for her husband.

The Cardinal promised to do his best, and two years later actually

recommended the Duke for the Viceroyalty of Sicily. But a few weeks

afterwards, on the 15th of December, 1584, Eric of Brunswick died at

Pavia, and was buried in the crypt of Bramante's church of S. Maria

Canepanova, where his tomb is still to be seen.[658] The Duke's death

released Philip from his promise regarding the succession of Tortona.

But he had already taken the law into his own hands.

In June, 1584, when Christina and her ladies were enjoying the delights

of the Marchese Stampa's beautiful villa at Montecastello, the Viceroy

suddenly appeared on the scene, and presented her with two letters

from His Catholic Majesty. These were to inform her that, after long

and mature deliberation, the King and his Council had come to the

conclusion that her rights to the sovereignty of Tortona were extinct,

and reverted to him as Duke of Milan. But since Madame de Lorraine was

closely bound to him by ties of blood, and still more by the singular

affection which he had always borne her, His Majesty was pleased to

allow her to retain the enjoyment of Tortona and its revenues for the

remainder of her life, which he hoped would be long and prosperous. In

vain Christina protested that her dowry had never been paid, and that

this city was granted to her in its stead by the terms of her marriage

contract. The Viceroy replied in the most courteous language that

Madame was no doubt right, but that this was not his affair, and he

could only recommend that on this point her claims should be referred

to the Treasury.[659] He then proceeded to take possession of Tortona

in the King's name, and hoisted the Spanish standard on the citadel

and the Duchess's palace. Christina could only bow to superior force,

but she forwarded a protest to the Catholic King and his Council, both

of whom refused to receive it, on the flimsy pretext that the writer

assumed the title of Queen of Denmark, which they could not recognize.

Certainly, as Brantôme remarked, and as Polweiler and Silliers often

complained, Philip showed his great affection for his cousin in a

strange manner.[660]

[Sidenote: SEPT., 1586] DEATH OF GRANVELLE]

Before the Duchess left Montecastello, she received the news of the

Prince of Orange's assassination at Delft on the 10th of July, 1584.

The hero and patriot had fallen a victim to the plots of Philip and

Granvelle, and had paid the price with his life. Three years afterwards

Christina shared in the thrill of horror that ran through Europe when

Mary, Queen of Scots, died on the scaffold. In that hour she could

only be thankful that the good old Duchess Antoinette was spared this

terrible blow, and had died four years before, at the advanced age of

eighty-nine. To the last Antoinette kept up friendly relations with her

niece, and in a letter written with her own hand in November, 1575, the

venerable lady expressed her sincere regret that owing to her great age

she was unable to welcome Christina in person on her return to Nancy,

but that in the spring she quite hoped to come and see her once more

before she died.[661]

In 1586 Christina's old rival, Margaret of Parma, and this Princess's

stanch supporter, Cardinal Granvelle, both died. Friends and foes

were falling all around, and young and old alike were passing out of

sight. But the Duchess still enjoyed fair health and was so happy

at Tortona that she often said she never wished to leave home. As a

rule, however, she spent the summer months at the Rocca di Sparaviera,

in the mountains of Monferrato, "more," writes the chronicler, "to

please others than herself."[662] Each year she obtained permission

from the Viceroy to send 250 sacks of wheat, free of duty, for the use

of her household to the Rocca, and her _maggiordomo_ went beforehand

to prepare the rooms for her arrival.[663] The presence of the

Duchess Dorothea, who joined her mother at Tortona after the Duke of

Brunswick's death, was a great solace in these last years, and consoled

Christina for many losses and sorrows.

Meanwhile the war of the League had broken out in France, and the

three Henries were contending for the mastery. Since Henry III. was

childless, Catherine now tried to put forward the claims of a fourth

Henry, the eldest son of her daughter Claude and the Duke of Lorraine,

and a party in France maintained his claims to be at least as valid

as those which Philip II. advanced in virtue of his wife Elizabeth.

Christina's heart was moved at the thought of her grandson succeeding

to the throne of France, and in 1587 she sent a Lorraine gentleman, De

Villers, to Rome to beg the Pope for his support in this holy cause.

The Pope, however, merely replied that he advised the Duke to live

at peace with his neighbours. The Duchess, nothing daunted, sent De

Villers to Nancy with letters bidding her son be of good cheer and

persevere in his great enterprise. Unfortunately, the messenger fell

into the hands of Huguenot soldiers, who took him into the King of

Navarre's camp. All that could be found on him was an almost illegible

letter from Her Highness the Duke's mother, containing these words:

"I am very glad to hear of the present state of your affairs,

and hope that you will go on and prosper, for never was there

so fine a chance of placing the crown upon your head and the

sceptre in your hand."[664]

The Béarnais smiled as he read this characteristic effusion, and bade

his soldiers let the man go free. Charles, on his part, expressed

considerable annoyance at his mother's intervention, which only

aroused the suspicions of King Henry III., and made him look coldly

on his brother-in-law. The Duchess's last illusion, however, was soon

dispelled, and after the murder of the Guise brothers at Blois, and the

assassination of the last Valois, Henry of Navarre was recognized as

King by the greater part of France.

[Sidenote: FEB., 1589] AN INTERESTING MARRIAGE]

Christina did not live to see the end of the civil war, and the union

of Henri Quatre's sister with her own grandson. But the last year of

her life was cheered by the marriage of her granddaughter Christina

with the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. Several alliances had been

proposed for this Princess since she had gone to live at the French

Court with her grandmother. Catherine was very anxious to marry her to

Charles Emanuel, who in 1580 succeeded his father as Duke of Savoy;

but Spanish influences prevailed, and the young Prince took the

Infanta Catherine for his wife.[665] In 1583 the Queen-mother planned

another marriage for her granddaughter, with her youngest son, the

Duke of Alençon, who had left the Netherlands and lost all hope of

winning Queen Elizabeth's hand; but, fortunately for Christina, the

death of this worthless Prince in the following June put an end to the

scheme.[666] When, in October, 1586, the King of Navarre divorced his

wife Margot, Catherine proposed that her son-in-law should marry her

granddaughter; but this plan fell through, as Henry refused to abjure

the Huguenot religion. On the death of the Grand-Duke Francis in 1587,

his brother Ferdinand exchanged a Cardinal's hat for the ducal crown,

and made proposals of marriage to the Princess of Lorraine. Catherine

was overjoyed at the thought of her beloved Christina reigning in

Florence, the home of her ancestors, and promised her granddaughter

a dowry of 600,000 crowns, with all her rights on the Medici estates

in Florence, including the palace of the Via Larga. Orazio Rucellai

was sent to France to draw up the contract, which Bassompierre signed

on the Duke of Lorraine's part, on the 20th of October, 1588.[667]

But the state of the country was so unsettled that the Queen would

not allow her granddaughter to travel, and the fleet which sailed to

fetch the bride was detained for months in the port of Marseilles. The

murder of the Duke of Guise at Blois in December threw the whole Court

into confusion, and a fortnight later Catherine herself died, on the

5th of January, 1589. It was not till the 25th of February that the

marriage was finally celebrated at Blois. In March the bride set out on

her journey, attended by a brilliant company of French and Florentine

courtiers. Dorothea of Brunswick came to meet her niece at Lyons, and

accompanied her to Marseilles, where Don Pietro de' Medici awaited her

with his Tuscan galleys, and on the 23rd of April Christina at length

landed at Leghorn. Ferdinand met his bride at the villa of Poggio

a Caiano, and conducted her in triumph to Florence.[668] When the

prolonged festivities were over, Monsieur de Lenoncourt, whom Charles

of Lorraine had sent to escort his daughter to Florence, went on, by

his master's orders, to Tortona, "to kiss the hands of the Duke's

mother, the Queen of Denmark, and receive her commands."[669]

[Illustration:

CHRISTINA OF DENMARK CLAUDE OF FRANCE CHRISTINE OF LORRAINE

DUCHESS OF LORRAINE DUCHESS OF LORRAINE GRAND DUCHESS OF TUSCANY

(Madrid)

To face p. 508]

[Sidenote: AUG., 1590] DEATH OF CHRISTINA]

Unlike her mother and grandmother, the Grand-Duchess Christina enjoyed

a long and prosperous married life, and after her husband's death was

Regent during the minority of both her son and grandson. There is an

interesting triptych in the Prado at Madrid, with portraits of the

bride, her mother and grandmother, painted by some Burgundian artist

at the time of the wedding. The young Grand-Duchess, a tall, handsome

girl of four-and-twenty, wears a high lace ruff, with ropes of pearls

round her neck and a jewelled girdle at her waist. She carries a fan in

her hand, and the Medici _palle_ are emblazoned on her shield with the

lilies of France and the eagles of Lorraine. Her mother, the shortlived

Duchess Claude, bears a marked resemblance to Catherine de' Medici,

but is smaller and slighter in build, and altogether of a gentler and

feebler type. She too holds a fan, and wears a gown of rich brocade

with bodice and sleeves thickly sown with pearls. Christina, on the

contrary, is clad in mourning robes, and her white frilled cap and

veil and plain cambric ruff are without a single jewel. But the fine

features and noble presence reveal her high lineage. Instead of a fan,

she holds a parchment deed in her hand, and on her shield the arms of

Austria and Denmark are quartered with those of Milan and Lorraine,

while above we read the proud list of her titles--Queen of Denmark,

Sweden, and Norway, Duchess of Milan, Lorraine, Bar, and Calabria, and

Lady of Tortona.

This was the last portrait of Christina that was ever painted. In the

following summer she went as usual to the Rocca of Sparaviera with

her daughter Dorothea, to spend the hot days of August in the hills.

But she had not been there long before she fell dangerously ill. In

her anxiety to return home, she took boat and travelled by water as

far as Alessandria. There she became too ill to go any farther, and

died on the 10th of August, 1590, in the house of her friend Maddalena

Guasco.[670]

The Duchess's corpse was borne by night to Tortona, where a funeral

service was held in the new Duomo, after which the body was embalmed

and taken by her daughter Dorothea to Nancy. The news was sent to King

Philip in Spain, and he and his greedy Ministers lost no time in laying

hands on her city and revenues. "We are informed," wrote the Viceroy to

the President of the Senate, two days after Christina's death, "that

Her Most Serene Highness Madame de Lorraine has passed to a better

life, and accordingly we claim the pension of 4,000 crowns assigned

to Her late Highness, on the quarter of the Castello, and enclose a

list of the revenues of Tortona, which now revert to the Duchy of

Milan."[671]

III.

[Sidenote: MAY, 1608] DEATH OF CHARLES III.]

The good citizens of Tortona were sorely distressed when they learnt

that the remains of their beloved liege Lady were not to rest among

them. But Christina's heart was in Lorraine, and her children laid

her body in the crypt of the Cordeliers' church, in the grave of the

husband whom she had loved so faithfully and so long. Twenty-one

years later her ashes were removed with those of Duke Francis and

his parents, Antoine and Renée, to the sumptuous chapel begun by her

son Charles in 1607, and completed by his successors. The Rotonde,

as it was called in Lorraine, was built on the model of the Cappella

dei Principi, which the Duke's son-in-law, Ferdinand de' Medici, had

lately reared in Florence, and was dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto. It

was the work of a Tuscan architect, Gianbattista Stabili, and of Jean

Ligier Richier, the son of the famous Lorraine sculptor, and was lined

throughout with rich marbles and adorned with a mass of carving.[672]

The cupola was added in 1632 by Simon Drouin, and the internal

decorations were only completed in 1743, by order of the husband of

Maria Theresa, afterwards the Emperor Francis I. By this Prince's pious

care Latin inscriptions were placed over each sarcophagus, and the

following words were carved on the tomb of Christina and her husband:

Francisco I. Lotharingiæ. Duci. Bari. Calabriæ. virtuti

bellicæ. natus. quas. ei. mors. immatura. præripuit. laurus

reddidit. nativa. benignitas. senilis. prudentia. semper. sibi

similis. sapientia. mortuus. anno. MDXLV.

Christianæ. a. Dania. Ducis. memorati. thoro. sociatæ pupilli.

Caroli. Ducis. rebus. regendis. strenua. existimatione supra.

famam. maxima. fata. subiit. anno. MDXC.[673]

Christina's son, Charles III., died, after a long and prosperous reign,

on the 14th of May, 1608, and was tenderly nursed during his last

illness by his youngest daughter, Catherine, and his sister Dorothea.

After her mother's death, the Duchess of Brunswick never left Lorraine

again, and became the wife of a Burgundian noble, Marc de Rye, Marquis

of Varembon.[674] She only survived her brother four years, and was

buried in the Jesuit church of St. Stanilas at Nancy. Her remains

and the heart of Duke Charles, which had been interred in the same

chapel, were removed to the ducal mausoleum in 1772, when some fresh

improvements were made in the Rotonde, by order of Marie Antoinette,

the daughter of the last Duke of Lorraine and of the Empress Maria

Theresa.[675] At the Revolution, in 1793, these tombs were destroyed

and their contents rifled by the mob, and the ashes of the dead

Princes were flung into a common grave. In 1818 they were replaced

in their original tombs, the sarcophagi were restored, and the old

inscriptions once more carved in the marble.

Charles III.'s second daughter, Elizabeth, married her first cousin,

Maximilian, who succeeded his father in 1598, as Duke of Bavaria, and

played a memorable part in the Thirty Years' War. Her next sister,

Antoinette, became Duchess of Cleves, while Catherine, the youngest and

most interesting of the whole family, took the veil after her father's

death. This beautiful and accomplished Princess refused all the suitors

who sought her hand, among them the scholar-Emperor, Rudolf II., who

found in her a kindred spirit. A mystic by nature, Catherine assumed

the grey Capucin habit while she lived at her father's Court, and,

after he died, founded a Capucin convent in Nancy. The Pope appointed

her Abbess of Remiremont, a Benedictine community of high-born ladies,

which she endeavoured to reform. She was much attached to her aunt

Dorothea, and after her death spent most of her time at the Court of

France with her niece Margaret, the wife of Gaston, Duke of Orleans.

Catherine took an active part in French politics in the stormy days of

Louis XIII., and died in Paris in 1648, at the age of seventy-five.[676]

[Sidenote: 1736] THE LAST DUKE OF LORRAINE]

The seventeenth century witnessed the gradual dismemberment of the

duchy of Lorraine, and in Richelieu's days Nancy was again occupied

by French invaders. At length, in 1736, the last Duke, Francis III.,

was compelled to surrender Lorraine in exchange for the grand-duchy

of Tuscany, on his marriage with Maria Theresa, the only child of the

Emperor Charles VI. From that time Lorraine ceased to exist as an

independent State, and became a province of France, while the ex-King

Stanislas of Poland fixed his residence at Nancy and transformed the

ancient capital into a modern city. By this marriage the House of

Lorraine became merged in the imperial line of Habsburg, and the blood

of King René still flows in the veins of the Austrian Emperor and of

the royal families of Savoy and Spain.

Christina would have rejoiced to know that this union--a love-match

like her own--was followed shortly by the elevation of Maria Theresa's

husband to the imperial throne, and that by this means the House of

Habsburg was raised to a height of power and splendour which it had

never attained since the days of Charles V. For although she married

twice into princely houses, and was much attached both to Milan and

Lorraine, Christina was before all else a Habsburg, and the glory and

welfare of the imperial race remained throughout her life the first

object of her thoughts. Like Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of France,

she grew up in absolute obedience to the Emperor's will, and wherever

she went in after-years his word was still her law. In the darkest

hours of her life, when she lost son and State at one blow, it was her

greatest sorrow to feel that she could no longer be of service to the

Emperor and his house. After the abdication of Charles V., this love

and loyalty were transferred to Philip II., and her one fear was lest

her son should be drawn into the opposite camp, and become French in

his sympathies. And to the end she was always quick to obey the call of

blood and respond to any appeal from a member of the House of Austria.

This strong family affection gave an added bitterness to the neglect

and injustice which she suffered at Philip's hands during the last

thirty years of her existence. One reason for his persistently harsh

usage was, there can be no doubt, that Christina represented the

national feeling and aspirations after freedom, which Philip and his

ministers, Alva and Granvelle, did all in their power to crush. Both

in the Netherlands, where the popularity of the great Emperor's niece

made her dangerous in their eyes, and in Lombardy, where she filled an

important position as Lady of Tortona, she came into collision with

the same all-reaching arm. To the last she strove valiantly to resist

the tyranny of Spanish officials and to protect her subjects from

the rapacity of foreign soldiers, and a century after her death the

citizens of Tortona still cherished the memory of the noble lady who,

as long as she lived, had preserved them from the yoke of Spain.

Christina's lot was cast in troubled times, when crime and bloodshed

were rife, and religious convictions only served to heighten the

violence of men's passions; but her name shines pure and unsullied on

these dark pages of history. She was naturally hasty and impulsive,

she made some mistakes and met with many failures, but she was always

generous and high-minded, faithful and affectionate to her friends, and

full of ardent charity for the poor and downtrodden. Above all, her

unceasing labours in the cause of peace justly earned the gratitude of

her contemporaries, and deserve to be remembered by posterity.

[Sidenote: 1590] CHRISTINA'S RARE CHARM]

At the close of this long and eventful life we turn back once more to

Holbein's portrait of the youthful Duchess. As we look at the grave

eyes and innocent face, we ask ourselves what was the secret of this

woman's power, of the strange fascination which she possessed for

men and leaders of men. What made heroes like René of Orange, and

daredevils like Albert of Brandenburg, count the world well lost for

love of her? Why were brave captains and brilliant courtiers--Stampa,

Vendôme, De Courrières, Polweiler, Adolf of Holstein--all of them her

willing slaves from the moment that they saw her face and heard the

sound of her voice? What drew thoughtful men like William of Orange and

Emanuel Philibert into the circle of her intimate friends, and brought

even the cold-hearted Philip under her spell? It was hardly her beauty,

for she had many rivals, or her superior intellect and exalted birth.

Rather was it the rare and indefinable quality that we call charm, the

sweet womanliness of nature, the gentle sympathy and quick response of

heart and eye, ready at any moment to listen and to help, to comfort

and to cheer. This, if we mistake not, was the secret of Christina's

wonderful influence, of the attraction which she possessed for men and

women alike, an attraction which outlived the days of youth and endured

to the last hour of her life. Ever loving, she was therefore ever

beloved.

FOOTNOTES:

[647] Granvelle, "Correspondance," vii. 149.

[648] A. Villamont, "Voyages," 70 (1589).

[649] Niccolò Montemerlo, "Nuove Historie di Tortona" (1618), 247-253.

[650] A. Campo, "Storia di Cremona," 107; C. Ghilino, "Annali di

Alessandria," 166; Hilarion de Coste, "Les Éloges," etc., i. 406.

[651] Montemerlo, 260; N. Viola, "Il Santuario di Tortona," 5.

[652] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[653] Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano; G.

Porta, "Alessandria Descritta," 161; Merli e Belgrano, "Pal. d'Oria,"

55.

[654] Brantôme, xii. 120.

[655] Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 65.

[656] Granvelle, vii. 225, xii. 581.

[657] Groen, vii. 165.

[658] Granvelle, ix. 141, xi. 338.

[659] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[660] Granvelle, x. 551; Brantôme, xii. 114.

[661] Pimodan, 322.

[662] Montemerlo, 250.

[663] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[664] S. Goulart, "Mémoires de la Ligue," ii. 213

[665] Ed. Armstrong, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 413.

[666] Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 411.

[667] A. J. Butler, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 42.

[668] A. v. Reumont, "Geschichte Toscana's," i. 327-329.

[669] H. Lepage, "Lettres de Charles III.," 93.

[670] Montemerlo, 250.

[671] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[672] Calmet, iii. 153.

[673] Pfister, i. 640-647; Calmet, ii. 87.

[674] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," vii. 619.

[675] Pfister, i. 652.

[676] Calmet, ii. 153; Pfister, ii. 734.

APPENDIX

A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS

_Christina, Duchess of Milan, to Francesco II., Duke of Milan._

Monsignore mio cordialissimo marito: Ho bene veduto voluntieri,

come sempre sono accostumata, le sue care littere del 20, ma di

molto megliora voglia haveria voluto veder la presentia sua,

come speranza mi fu data di breve esser, et per dire la vera

verita ormai quelli Signori com̄inciano haver puì che torto.

Pur mi voglio contentar di quello che la ragione consiglia che

si faci, et quella dimora che V. S. judicara esser bene per

tutti, lo havero anche io per accepto, ringratiandola de le

sue cortese excusationi per la tardezza del ritorno, ma non

savendogli gratia di quello che la mi scrive, ch'io nō prende

pena di scriverli di mia mano, perchè questo e solo ben speso

tempo, et a me agredable quanto cū V. S. parla, almeno per

scriptura di propria mano, non potendo la per hora partialmente

goder. In bona gratia sua senza fine riccoman^{mi} cum ricordo

del presto e sano ritorno, cosi N. S. Dio degni di conservarlo

longamente. Mlo. li 7. Zugno. 1535.

Vostra très humble consorte,

CRISTIERNA.

A Monsignore cordiall^{mo} mio consorte

le Duca de Millano.

[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]

II.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo, Governor

of Milan._

Quello affettione chio conosco V. R^{ma} S^{ria} portarmi, et il buon

conto che la tene di me fa ch'io non possi cessar de desiderar' ogn'

hora la salute et comodo lei: Ver ho la prego esser contento darmi

nova come la si è p̄ortata in questa sua andata et di prēste si trova.

Che di resto maggior consolatione no' potreî havere che saper di sua

bona valetudine. Appresso: benchè sappia non essere bisogno, nondimeno

no' cessero di' ricordar à V. R^{ma} Sig^{ria} el caso mio. Per il

quale pregola a far presso la Cæs^{rea} M^{tà} mio supremo S^{ro}

quello che de la singulari bontà sua sum̄amento mi prometto; Et perchè

tra tutte l'altre cose molto desidero il ben et honor della S^{ra}

Dorothea. Perho la sara contenta per il particolar sua operar con Sia

M^{tà} tanto efficamente quanto glie sia poss^{le}, acciò che col bon

meggio lei me venghi essere esauditi; assicurando V. R^{ma} S^{ra} chio

stimavo il comodo dessa S^{ra} Dorothea mio proprio. Parmi anchora non

solamente ragionevole ma ex debito, che essendo compito il corso del

integro anno che'l Ill^{mo} et Ex^{mo} di felicissima memoria, S^{re}

Duca, già mio Consorte passeva di questa vita, si ne debbi anch'io

tener memoria et fargli far il debito anniversario. Perho prego V.

R^{ma} Sig^{ra} esser contenta supplicar Sua M^{tà} in mio nome, che

commetti et ordino acciò che detto anniversario sia fatto nel modo che

debitamente si conviene e son certiss^{na} che Sua M^{tà} nomo negar

di fare cosi exequire. Non me occorrendo per hora altro, a V. R^{ma}

S^{ra} molte me ricom^{o} et offero. Pregando N. S. Dio che gli doni

presto et bon ritorno. Di Mlo. el xiiii. de' Ottobre, MDXXXVI.

Vostra buona figliola,

CHRESTIENNE.

Al R^{mo} et Ill^{m} S^{ro} Car^{le} Caracciolo,

Locoten^{te} generale di Sua M^{tà} nel

Stato de Mlo. come Patre osser^{sso}.

In Corte di Sua M^{ta} a Genoa.

[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]

III.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo, Governor

of Milan._

R^{mo} et mio quanto Patre honorando: Ho presentito per certo che in

la hosteria de la Fontana se gli ritrova una bellissima chinea learda,

manco bona che di apparenza bella, et perchè me ritrova haverne bisogno

de una per la Persona mia, ho voluto cū ogni confidenza indrizzar'

questa et el presente mio lachayo a V. S. R^{ma} pregandola che se

consensi di contentarme che l' habia; et cometti el pagamento fuori

di la spesa ordinario del rollo stabilito, perchè se potea mettere nel

numero de li debiti ch' andarano pagati per altro conto, et questo

recevero per singular piacer da V. S. R^{ma}, in bona gratia de la

quelli me reco^{do}. Dal Castello de Pavia, al 3^{o} di Genaro, nel

1537. De V. S. R{ma} comme bonne fille,

CRESTIENNE.

Al R^{mo} Car^{le} Caracciolo, Governator

de Mlo. quanto p^{re} honor^{do}. _Cito,

cito_.

[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]

IV.

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

. . .La santé de votre petit fils est aussi bonne que lui fut onques.

Il mange fort bien, et l'on le mène souvent a les ébats que me semble

lui fait grant bien. Il me semble vous trouverez cru et devenu gras.

Quant au reste de n're ménage, v're sœur est toujours malade de sa

fièvre et a été cette semaine passée bien mal d'un flux de ventre qui

l'a fort affoiblie. Il y a bien huit jours qu'elle ne bouge point du

lit. Depuis hier le flux com̄àse a passer, de la fièvre je ne vois pas

grant amendement. . . . V^{re} frère Claude a été aussy malade jusqu'à

la mort. . . . V^{re} sœur Anthoinette est aussy malade d'une fièvre et

d'un rhume. . . . Je vous avise quo Madame v^{re} tante est mandée pour

aller à la cour à la venue de la Reyne de Hongrie, qui doit bientost

estre à Compiègne, ou le Roy et toute la Court doit estre en peu de

jours. Je m'en suis excusée pour l'amour de mes malades. Il n'y a que

deux jours que le gentilhomme du Roy d'Angleterre qui fût au Havre et

le paintre, a été ici. Le gentilhomme vint vers moi, faisant semblant

venir de trouver l'Empereur, et que ayant su Louise malade, il n'avait

voullu passer sans la voir, afin d'en savoir dire de nouvelles au Roy

son maistre, me priant qu'il la peut voir, ce qu'il fit, et c'estait

le jour de sa fièvre. Il lui tint pareil propos qu'a moi, puis me dit

qu'estant si près de Lorrayne, il avait envye d'aller jusques à Nancy,

voir le pays. Je ne me donte incontyment il y allait voir la demoyselle

peur la tirer comme les aultres et pour cela j'ai envoyé à leur logis,

voir qui y était, et j'ai trouvé le dit paintre y était, et de la ils

ont esté à Nancy et y ont resté un jour, et ont été fort festés, et le

Maistre d'hôtel venait à tous les repas manger avec eux, avec force

présents, et ils etaient très bien traités. Voilà ce que j'ay entendu,

donc au pis aller, si vous n'avez pour voisine v^{re} sœur, ce pourrait

estre v^{re} cousine. Il se tient quelque propos que l'Empereur offre

récompense pour le duché de Gueldres, et que ce faisant, se pourrait

faire quelque mariage de la fille de Hongrie et de Mons^{r} le Marquys.

Mons^{r} v^{re} père entend bien, ce faisant, avoir sa part en la dite

récompense. Je voudrais qu'il en fust bien récompensé. Voilà tout ce

que j'ay de nouveau . . . je me doute que vous ne ferez de si bonne

diligence que moi, car je sais bien que vous tenez de Mons^{r} v'tre

père, et qu'estes paresseuse à ecrire, si l'air d'Ecosse ne vous a

changé. Je n'ai encore eu que vos premyères. Il me tarde bien savoir

comme depuis vous vous serez porté, cela me sera grant joye quand je

pourrait ouir de vos nouvelles. Ce sera toujours quant N^{tre} Seigneur

le veuille, et je prie, Madame, qu'il vous donne longue et bonne vie.

Ce premier de Septembre, de v'tre humble et bonne mère,

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 20. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: J'ay tardé plus longuement que je ne pensais à vous escrire,

mais les noces de Mademoiselle de Lorraine nous ont tant ameusées

que jusque à cette heure on a peut avoir le loisir. Nous departismes

hier de la compaignye qui a esté bien grosse. Les noces furent Mardy

passé. Mons^{r} le Prince y est venu bien accompaigné et je vous assure

c'est un bien honeste Prince et de bonne grâce. Il se contente fort

de sa mye, et aussi elle de lui. Ils s'entendent aller chez eux dans

xv. jours. La feste a esté à Bar, il n'y a eu guères d'estrangers,

fors la Marquise de Baulde et Madame de Baçin, et des Comtesses et

dames voisines. Vous en saurez quelque jour plus au long. Nous sommes

en chemin pour aller à Guise, pensant en estre de retour pour la

Toussaint. Nous laissons n'tre petit fils à Roche. Il court tant de

maladie que nous n'avons osé le mettre en chemin, mais je vous assure

il se porte bien. . . . Je vous avais escrit par Saint-Genould, du

mariage de v're frère, mais j'entens qu'il ne part pas si tost comme il

m'avait dit, pourquoi je veulx vous dire ce qui en est et co^{me} le

Roy veult faire le mariage de luy et de la nyèce du Pape, fille du Duc

de ---- je ne puis retrouver son nom, mais elle est belle et honeste

et a bonne grâce, et est d'ancienne maison, de l'age de xv. ans. L'on

luy donne trois cent mille francs en mariage, elle n'a que ung frère,

s'il meurt elle serait heritière de quarante mille livres et d'un Duché

et aultre terres. Je pense entre ceci et la Toussaint il en sera fait

ou failli. Je prends grand plaisir entendre par vos lettres le bon

portement du Roy, de vous et du petit prince. . . . Nous sommes prêts à

monter à cheval, pourquoi ferais fin. . . . Ce penultième d'Aoust.

V^{re} humble et bo^{ne} mère,

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 15. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

VI.

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: L'on m'a tant assuré qu'on envoye les lettres sûrement par le

moyen des Marchands d'Anvers, que je les ai mis à l'entrée pour en

apprendre le chemin. Vostre sœur en doit estre la messagère. Je vous ai

escrit la conclusion de son mariage et envoyé les articles et depuis

ses noces par vostre brodeur. Je viens de la mener en ménage, en une

belle et honneste maison et aultant bien meublée qu'il est possible,

nommé Beaumoult. Son beau-père la receuillit tant honorablement et

avec tant de gens de bien et grosse compaignye que l'on ne sait plus

souhaiter; la Reyne de Hongrerie entre les aultres s'y trouvait et la

Duchesse de Myllan, aussi Mons^{r} et Madame la Princesse d'Orange, qui

l'on tient grosse, toute fois la chose n'est pas fort sure, et pour

ma part j'en doute. Il me semble v're dite sœur est bien logée. L'on

luy a fait de beau présens, et elle a de belles basques. Son Mary est

jeune, mais il a bon vouloir d'estre du nombre des gens de bien. Il ne

paraissait point qu'il fût Caresme, car les armes et les tambours ne

cessaient point; il s'y est fait de beaux joustes là bas. A la fin il

a fallu departir, qui n'a pas esté sans larmes. Je regagne ce lieu de

Guyse, où je ne reste qu'une nuit, et demain à la Fère, où Mons^{r} le

Cardinal mon frère et mon père et ma sœur de S^{t} Pol seront mercredy,

et vendredy recommencerai me mettre en chemin pour gagner Joinvylle

le plus tost que je pourrais. Je pense trouver encore Mons^{r} v^{re}

père, et nos enfans, savoir les petits et les prètres. . . . Ce xiiii

Mars, à Guise. . . .

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse,

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 5. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

VII.

_Louise de Lorraine, Princesse de Chimay, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: Depuys que Dieu a tant faict pour moi que de me donner un bon

Mary, je n'ai point eu loisir de vous en faire la part. Vous pouvez

estre assurée que je me tiens en ce monde heureuse d'estre en la

maison ou je suis, car avec la grandeur qu'il y a en tout, j'ai un

seigneur et beau-père que je vous puis nommer bon, car il me faict un

bien bon traitement, accompagné de tant de beaux présents, qu'il me

faudroy employer trois feuilles de papier avant que je vous pourrais

en rendre bon conte et qui sera, s'il vous plait, occasion de prendre

contentement du bien de votre sœur, qui a commandement de vous offrir

les très humble services des maistres et seigneurs de cette maison,

vous suppliant a tout endroit les employer. Nous avons une très sage et

vertueuse Reyne, et je ne puis vous dire l'honneur qu'elle me faict,

car estant venue exprés à cette maison--la sienne et nôtre--elle m'a

voulu prendre pour sa très humble fille et servante, et veulst que pour

l'avenyr je dois estre toujours en sa compagnye, où pour le peu que

j'y ai este m'a fayct fort grant chĕre. Madame la Duchesse de Mylan

m'a dit le semblable, qui est la meilleure, et nous ésperons bientôt

la voir en Lorayne, car le maryage de Mons^{r} le Marquys et d'elle,

est en très bon train. Depuis que Madame ma mère est retournèe, elle

m'a envoyée une lettre pour essayer si le chemin de ça luy sera plus

aise que l'autre, et si'il vous plait de m'apprendre de vos nouvelles,

je serai merveilleusement aise. Mais il faudra, Madame que a la lettre

que vous m'enverrez, vous mettiez sur le paquet, "_Au Duc d'Aerschot_,"

et par les marchands qui viennent d'Ecosse, il vous sera aisé, car

en les laissant à Anvers ou à Bruges, ou autre endroit du Pays, ne

failleront point, en s'adressant a Mons^{r} mon beau-père, de tomber

entre mes mains, car il est grandement craint et aimé par deça, qui

sera l'endroit où je supplye Dieu qu'il vous donne très bonne vie et

longue. De Beaumont, ce xxv. jour de Mars.

V're très humble et très obeissante sœur,

LOUISE DE LORRAYNE.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 153. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

VIII.

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: Je suis très aise que ce porteur soit venu par ici, pour

s'en retourner vers vous, car je vous voullais escrire et envoyer un

paquet. . . . Je desire bien fort savoir comme vous vous serez porté

en v're couche et aussi comme le Roy et v're petit prince se portent.

Je prie a N. S. à tous donner bonne santé et longue vie. Quant à

notre costé, tout se porte bien, Dieu mercy! Mon^{r} v're père est

revenu depuis huit jours pour quelques bastyments et fortifications

que le Roy lui a ordonné faire en cette frontière. J'ay esté très

aise il ait cette charge, afin de l'avoir plus tost de retour. Quant

à v're petit fils, il se porte bien et devient grand; il commence

très bien apprendre, et sait quasi son Pater noster, il est joli et

bon enfant. J'ai esté cause qu'il n'est venu en ce lien, dans la pour

des Rougeolles, qui régnent si fort, et je crains il les prends par

les champs, ou il ne peut estre si bien traisté qu'à Joinvylle, et

aussi que ne devons demeurer dans ce lieu que huit jours. . . . Nous

attendons M. le Cardinal de Lorraine le iii. d'Août. Il vient pour nous

tous ensemble trouver au Pont-à-Mousson le huitième du dit mois, on se

doit faire le premyer recueil de n'tre nouvelle Dame, pour la mener

à Nancy. V're frère aussi vient avec M. le Cardinal, l'on doit faire

grande chere a cette bien venue, et force tournois. Les noces furent il

y a Dimanche huit jours. S'il s'y fait rien digne de vous faire part

vous en serez avertie. J'ai bonne envye de voir si Mons^{r} le Marquis

sera bon Mary! L'on se jouit fort au pays recevoir une si honneste

Princesse . . . ce xx. Juillet de . . . ec.

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 4. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

IX.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of Hungary._

18 Avril, 1552.

Madame: J'ay escrit une letter à votre Majesté pour avoir moyen

d'avertir celle-ci et la Reine vostre sœur de la méchancetè que le Roy

de France m'a faict, que sur ombre de bonne foy me emmène mon filz

avecque grande rudesse, comme Vostre Majesté entendra par ce présent

porteur plus au long. Suppliant Vostre Majesté ne prendra de mauvaise

part sy je ne faict ceste lettre plus longue, car la grande fâcherie

que j'ay, m'en garde. Sy esté, Madame, que je supplie à Vostre Majesté

avoir pitié de moy, et m'assister de quelque conseil, et je n'oublyerai

à jamais luy faire très humble service et vous obèir toute ma vie,

comme celle quy desire demeurer à jamais,

Vostre très humble et très obeissante

nièce et servante,

CHRESTIENNE.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 332. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

_Anne, Duchess-Dowager of Aerschot, to Mary, Queen of Hungary._

18 Avril, 1552.

Madame: Je ne saurais vous escrire la grande désolation en laquelle

est presentément Madame ma sœur, constitué par la grande rudesse et

cruauté que le jour du grand Vendredy luy a esté faicte par le Roy de

France, qui est qu'il esté venu icy sous ombre de bonne foy et vrai

amitié, comme dernièrement il nous avoit fait entendre. À son arrivée,

il a esté reçu avecque tous les honneurs possible, et le meilleur

traistement, et le dit jour du grand Vendredy il fit entendre à Madame

comme pour satisfaire au capitulations de la Ligue, il falloit qu'il

s'assurait de Monseigneur le duc de Lorraine, et de ses places, et

que pour ce faire il falloit qu'il fust transporté à Bar, pour à

quoy obvier, Ma dicte dame, Monseigneur de Vaudemont et moy, et tous

ceux de son conseil, luy fust faicte une rémonstrance la plus humble

qu'il estoit possible. A quoy il e répondit aultre chose sinon qu'il

hâteroit sa resolution par escrit, ce qu'il a faict, comme votre

Majesté pourra voire par les articles que je vous envoye. Ce voyant,

elle et moy l'allâmes trouver en la Grande Galerie où ma dite dame

parla encore a luy, jusqu'à se mettre à genoux, luy requérant pour

l'amour de Dieu ne transporter son filz, et ne le luy ôter. A quoi ne

fit response, et pour conclusion, Madame, le lendemain Samedy, veille

de Pâques, il l'ont emmené, accompagné de force gens de guerre, sous

la charge du S^{r} de Bourdillon, mais le Maréchal de Saint André n'a

bougé qu'il ne l'ait mis hors de la ville, et c'étoit pitié voire

Madame sa mère, Monseigneur de Vaudement et toute la noblesse et le

pauvre peuple faire leur lamentation. Et voyant Madame ma sœur en

telle pitié, etant en telle douleur, Madame, que votre Majesté peult

estimer pour ly avoir faict une telle outrage que de luy oter son filz,

et la voyant porter tel desplaisir, moy que m'estait deliberé m'en

partir, ne la puis delaisser. Le Roy luy laisse Mesdames ses filles et

l'administration des biens, comme elle avait auparavant, reservé les

places fortes, qui demeurent à la charge de Monseigneur de Vaudemont,

à condition que Votre Majesté pourra voire, toutefois n'y demeurra que

Lorrains. Et par ce que Madame j'ai toujours envie de faire service

à Votre Majesté tel que j'ai toute ma vie desiré, il luy plaira me

commander ce que je fasse, et vous serez obéy comme la plus affectionée

servante que Votre Majesté aura jamais. Suppliant Notre Seigneur

donner à celle très bonne et longue vie, me recommandant toujours très

humblement, en sa bonne grâce. De Nancy, ce lendemain de Pâques.

ANNE DE LORRAINE.

Madame: Depuis avoir escrit à Votre Majesté, le Roy de France a

escrit une lettre à Madame ma sœur comme il a eu avertissement que

les Bourgnignons faisaient une entreprise pour aller à Bar, afin d'y

surprendre Monsieur de Lorraine, et que pour obvier à cela, il a

ordonné au S^{r} de Bourdillon le mener à Joinville, où la Royne de

France est encor là.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 330. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

XI.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor Charles V._

_A l'Empereur._ Monseigneur: A la prière de Monseigneur de Vaudemont

mon frère et de la Duchesse d'Aerschot ma sœur, j'ay pris la hardiesse

de demeurer, encore que Vostre Majesté m'avait escript et commandé que

je me retirasse vers les Roynes, ce que j'éspère que Vostre Majesté

n'aures pas pris de mauvaise part. Car la grande instance et prière

que mon dit frère et sœur m'ont faict, ont esté la cause, non pas pour

aller contre son commandement, le voulant obéir toute ma vie, et je

vous supplie, de toujours le croire, et avoir mon filz et son païs pour

recommandé, et je supplieray le Créateur, Monseigneur, de donner à

Vostre Majesté bonne santé et très longue vie. De Denœuvre, ce 26^{e}

May, 1552.

Vostre très humble et très obéissante

nièce et servante,

CHRESTIENNE.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 102, f. 127. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

XII.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor Charles V._

_A l'Empereur._ Monseigneur: J'ay reçu la lettre qu'il a plu à Vostre

Majesté m'èscrire par le Seigneur de Carondelet, et par luy ay entendu

la bonne souvenance qu'il a plu à Vostre Majesté avoir de moy et mes

filles, de la bonne visitation, dont très humblement la remercie, et

aussi de la charge que Vostre Majesté luy a donné pour me dire ce qu'il

me faudra ensuivre. Votre Majesté m'oblige tant de l'honneur qu'elle me

faict, que toute ma vie je seray preste à obéir à ses commandements,

comme celle entendra s'il luy plait plus au long par le dit Seigneur de

Carondelet, et aussi d'autres choses que luy ay donné charge de dire à

Vostre Majesté, pour ne pas la fâcher de longue lettre. Et toute ma vie

je suppliray le Créateur de donner à Vostre Majesté très bonne santé,

et longue vie et de demeurer toujours à la bonne grâce d'icelle. De

Hoh-Königsberg, ce 4^{e} Septembre, 1552.

Vostre très humble nièce et servante,

CHRESTIENNE.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 103, f. 518. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

XIII.

_Dejanira Commena Contessa Trivulzio to Messer Innocenzio Gadio._

Magnifico Signore, Innocenzio: Ho ricevuto un altra vostra, inteso

la morte del Magnifico Signor Belloni, che certo mi ha dato molto

fastidio. Io sono certa che la Signora mia madre me haverà havuto

grandissimo dispiacere, come risentirà la morte e privatione di tale

amico. Però non si può resistere al Divino volere. Mi maraviglia molto

non habbiati avuto la littera mia qual mandai alli di passati, in mane

di Barile, però di novo vi dico che ho ricevuto la corona ed altre cose

per Andronica, et le littere della Signore Madre, et così vi rimandò la

risposta. Sareti contenti basare le mane in mio nome a Sua Excellentia,

dicendoli che mi duole fino all' anima, dalle travaglie che patisse

Sua Excellentia in quelle bande, et che siamo sempre apparentiati come

servitori che li giurano esponere la vita et quanto tenemo in suo

serviggio. Non mi occorrente altro a Vostra Signoria mi raccomando.

De Codogno all. 29. Sett, 1552. Di Vostra Sig. Dejanira, Contessa

Trivultia.

A Messer Inn. Gadio, amico carissimo.

[MS. No. 18, Biblioteca di Zelada, Pavia.]

XIV.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of England._

April, 1555.

Madame: Je supplie V^{tre} Maj^{tè} me pardonner si je prends tant

d'audace que d'escrire à icelle, mais tant d'honneur et de faveur que

je recois de V^{tre} Maj^{tè} en est cause. Car je ne puis laisser

d'avertir que le Capitaine de mon vaisseau qui me mène a si bien

faict son devoyr, sans nul hasart, comme V^{tre} Maj^{tè} lui a faict

commande, que je ne puis laisser d'en avertir V^{tre} Maj^{tè} et la

supplier de l'avoyr en souvenance. Et puis j'assure V^{tre} Maj^{tè},

que je n'en ai reçu que d'entier bon service, et connaissant cela,

n'ay su laisser de le recommander à V^{tre} Maj^{tè} et pensant que le

Capitaine Bont vous fera entendre ce qui s'est passé à mon passage, je

n'en ferai plus propos, si non de vous assurer combien je regrette de

ne plus estre dans la prèsence de V^{re} Maj^{tè} et que je ne puis

estre auprès d'icelle, pour luy pouvoir faire quelque service, pour

la satisfaction que je me ferais a tant de mercis que j'ay reçu, dont

je demeure sans espoir d'y satisfaire. Et cependant je supplie très

humblement à V^{re} Maj^{tè} me tenir en sa bonne grâce, a la quelle

humblement me recommande, et baisant ses mains, priant Dieu, Madame,

vous donner bonne santé, très longue vie et un beau filz, comme le

désire.

V^{re} très humble et très obeissante

cousine et servante,

CHRESTIENNE.

À la Reyne.

[MS. State Papers, Foreign, Mary, vol. vi., 351. Public Record Office.]

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GENEALOGICAL TABLES

I. HABSBURG.

II. DENMARK.

III. SFORZA.

IV. LORRAINE.

V. GUISE.

I. HABSBURG.

Maximilian I, d. 1519.

=(1)Mary of Burgundy.

=(2)Bianca Sforza.

+-- Philip, d. 1506.

| =Juana of Spain, d. 1555.

| +-- Eleanor, d. 1558.

| | =(1)Emanuel of Portugal.

| | =(2)Francis I. of France.

| +-- Charles V, 1500-1558.

| | =Isabella of Portugal, d. 1539.

| | +-- Margaret, d. 1586.

| | | =(1)Alessandro de' Medici.

| | | =(2)Ottavio Farnese.

| | | +-- Alessandro, Duke of Parma, d. 1592

| | | =Mary of Portugal.

| | +-- Don John, d. 1578.

| | +-- Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.

| | | =(1)Mary of Portugal, d. 1539.

| | | =(2)Mary of England.

| | | =(3)Elizabeth of France.

| | | =(4)Anne of Austria.

| | | +-- Don Carlos, d. 1568.

| | | +-- Philip III, d. 1621.

| | | | =Margaret of Austria.

| | | +-- Katherine.

| | | | =Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy.

| | | +-- Isabella, d. 1633.

| | | =Albert of Austria, d. 1621.

| | +-- Juana of Spain.

| | | =John of Portugal, d. 1554.

| | | +-- Sebastian of Portugal, d. 1578.

| | +-- Mary. (_a_)

| | =Maximilian II, d. 1576. (_a_)

| | +-- Rudolf II, d. 1612.

| | +-- Anne of Austria.

| | | =Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.

| | +-- Albert of Austria, d. 1621. (_b_)

| | | =Isabella, d. 1633.

| | +-- Elizabeth.

| | | =Charles IX., King of France.

| | +-- Matthias, d. 1619.

| | =Anne.

| +-- Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526. (See II)

| | =Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559.

| +-- Mary, d. 1558.

| | =Louis of Hungary, d. 1526.

| +-- Ferdinand I, d. 1564.

| | =Anne of Bohemia, d. 1547.

| | +-- Maximilian II, d. 1576. (_a_)

| | | =Mary. (_a_)

| | | +-- Rudolf II. (see above)

| | | +-- Anne of Austria. (see above)

| | | +-- Albert of Austria. (see above) (_b_)

| | | +-- Elizabeth. (see above)

| | | +-- Matthias. (see above)

| | +-- Mary.

| | | =William of Cleves.

| | +-- Ferdinand, d. 1595.

| | | =Philippina Welser.

| | | +-- Anne.

| | | =Matthias, d. 1619.

| | +-- Charles.

| | =Anne.

| | +-- Ferdinand II, d. 1637.

| | =Maria Anna.

| | +-- Ferdinand III, d. 1657.

| | =Mary of Spain.

| | +-- Philip IV. of Spain.

| | | =Mary.

| | +-- Leopold I, d. 1705.

| | | =(1)Margaret of Spain.

| | | =(2)Claude of Tyrol.

| | | =(3)Eleanor, d. of Elector Palatine.

| | | +-- Joseph I, d. 1711.

| | | | =Wilhelmina of Hanover.

| | | +-- Charles VI, d. 1740.

| | | =Eliz. Christina of Brunswick.

| | | +-- Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of

| | | Hungary, and daughter of the

| | | Emperor Charles VI, d. 1780.

| | | =Francis III., Duke of Lorraine;

| | | exchanged Lorraine for Tuscany;

| | | el. Emperor 1745, m. 1736, d. 1765.

| | +-- Eleanor.

| | =Charles Leopold of Lorraine.

| +-- Katherine.

| =John III. of Portugal, d. 1557.

| +-- John of Portugal, d. 1554.

| | =Juana of Spain.

| | +-- Sebastian of Portugal. (see above)

| +-- Mary of Portugal, d. 1539.

| =Philip II. of Spain, 1527-1598.

+-- Margaret, d. 1530.

=(1)John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella.

=(2)Philibert II. of Savoy.

II. DENMARK, 1481-1588.

Christian I., King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, d. 1481.

=Dorothea of Brandenburg, widow of Christopher, King of Denmark, d. 1448.

+-- John, d. 1513.

| =Christina of Saxony.

| +-- Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559.

| | =Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526.

| | +-- John, 1516-1531.

| | +-- Dorothea, 1520-1562.

| | | =Frederic II., Elector Palatine, 1483-1556.

| | +-- Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.

| | =(1)Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535.

| | =(2)Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545.

| +-- Elizabeth.

| =Joachim of Brandenburg, d. 1535.

+-- Margaret.

| =James III. of Scotland, d. 1488.

+-- Frederick I.

=(1)Anne of Brandenburg.

=(2)Sophia of Pomerania.

+-- Dorothea.

| =Albert, Duke of Prussia, d. 1568.

+-- Christian III, d. 1558.

| +-- Frederic II, d. 1588.

| +-- Anna.

| | =Augustus, Elector of Saxony.

| +-- John, (branch of Glücksburg Augustenburg).

+-- Adolf, Duke of Holstein.

=Christina of Hesse.

+-- John Adolf, (branch of Holstein-Gottorp).

| =Amelia of Denmark.

+-- Christina.

=Charles IX. of Sweden.

+-- Gustavus Adolphus, d. 1632.

+-- Christina, d. 1689.

III. SFORZA.

Francesco, Duke of Milan, 1450, 1401-1466.

=Bianca Maria Visconti, d. 1468.

+-- Galeazzo Maria, 1444-1476.

| =Bona of Savoy.

| +-- Gian Galeazzo, 1469-1494.

| | =Isabella of Aragon, d. 1524.

| | +-- Francesco, Abbot of Noirmoutiers, 1490-1512.

| | +-- Ippolita, d. 1501.

| | +-- Bona, d. 1557.

| | =Sigismund I., King of Poland, d. 1548.

| +-- Ermes, 1470-1504.

| +-- Caterina, d. 1509.

| | =(1)Girolamo Riario.

| | =(2)Giacomo Feo.

| | =(3)Giovanni de' Medici.

| +-- Ottaviano, Bishop of Lodi.

| +-- Carlo.

| | =Bianca Simonetta.

| | +-- Ippolita.

| | =Alessandro Bentivoglio.

| +-- Anna, 1473-1497.

| =Alfonso d'Este.

+-- Ippolita, 1446-1484.

| =Alfonso of Calabria, afterwards King of Naples.

+-- Filippo, 1448-1492.

| =Costanza Sforza.

+-- Sforza, Duke of Bari, 1449-1479.

+-- Lodovico Maria, 1451-1480.

| =Beatrice d'Este, 1475-1497.

| +-- Massimiliano abd. 1515, 1493-1530.

| +-- Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535.

| | =Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.

| +-- Cesare.

| +-- Leone, Protonotary.

| +-- Bianca, d. 1497.

| | =Galeazzo di Sanseverino, d. 1525.

| +-- Gian Paolo, 1497-1535.

| +-- Line of Caravaggio extinct 1697.

+-- Ascanio, Cardinal, 1455-1505.

+-- Tristano, d. 1477.

=Beatrice d'Este da Correggio.

IV. LORRAINE, 1300-1736.

Frederic IV, d. 1328.

=Elizabeth, daughter of the Emperor Albert I.

+-- Raoul, killed at Crécy, d. 1346.

+-- John, d. 1391.

+-- Charles II, d. 1431.

| =Margaret, daughter of the Emperor Rupert III.

| +-- Isabella, d. 1453.

| =René I. of Anjou, d. 1480.

| +-- John, d. 1470.

| +-- Margaret.

| | =Henry, VI. of England.

| +-- Yolande, 1428-1483.

| =Frederic, Count of Vaudemont, d. 1472.

| +-- René II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of

| Sicily, etc, d. 1508.

| =Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547.

| +-- Anthony, 1489-1544.

| | =René de Bourbon, d. 1539.

| | +-- Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545.

| | | =Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590.

| | | +-- Charles III, 1543-1608.

| | | =Claude, de France, 1548-1575.

| | | +-- Henry, 1563-1624.

| | | | =(1)Catherine, de Bourbon, d. 1604.

| | | | =(2)Margaret Gonzaga.

| | | | +-- Claude of Lorraine, d. 1648.

| | | | | 1745, d. 1765.

| | | | | m. 1736, d. 1780.

| | | | +-- Nicole, d. 1657.

| | | | =Charles IV., abd. 1634, d. 1675.

| | | +-- Francis II, 1571-1632.

| | | | =Christina of Salm.

| | | | +-- Nicolas-Francis, Duke of Lorraine,

| | | | | d. 1670.

| | | | +-- Henrietta, 1606-1660.

| | | | +-- Margaret.

| | | | =Gaston, Duke of Orleans.

| | | +-- Christina, 1565-1636.

| | | | =Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

| | | +-- Antoinette, 1568-1610.

| | | | =William, Duke of Cleves.

| | | +-- Elizabeth, 1573-1633.

| | | | =Maximilian II., Duke of Bavaria.

| | | +-- Catherine, Abbess of

| | | Remiremont, 1570-1648.

| | +-- Anne, 1522-1568.

| | | =(1)René Prince of Orange.

| | | =(2)Philip, Duke of Aerschot.

| | | +-- Charles, de Croy, Marquis of

| | | Havre, b. 1549.

| | +-- Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, 1524-1577.

| | =(1)Margaret of Egmont.

| | =(2)Joanna of Savoy.

| | =(3)Catherine of Aumale, m. 1569.

| | +-- Louise.

| | | +Henri III. of France.

| | +-- Philip, d. 1612.

| | +-- Charles, Cardinal, d. 1587.

| +-- Claude, Duke of Guise. (See Table V.)

| +-- John, Cardinal, 1498-1550.

| +-- Francis, Count of Lambesque, 1503-1525.

| +-- Louis, Count of Vaudemon, 1506-1527.

+-- Frederic, killed at Agincourt, d. 1415.

=Margaret, heiress of Joinville and Vaudemont.

+-- Anthony.

=heiress of Aumale and Mayenne.

+-- Frederic, Count of Vaudemont, d. 1472.

=Yolande, 1428-1483.

+-- René II., Duke of Lorraine, etc. (see above)

V. GUISE, 1500-1600.

René II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of Sicily, etc, d. 1508.

=Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547.

+-- Claude, Duke of Guise, 1496-1550.

=Antoinette of Bourbon, 1494-1583.

+-- Mary, 1515-1560.

| =(1)Louis, Duke of Longueville, d. 1537.

| =(2)James, V., King of Scotland, d. 1542.

| +-- Louis, Duke of Longueville, 1536-1551.

| +-- Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-1587.

| =(1)Francis II., King of France, d. 1560.

| =(2)Henry, Lord Darnley, d. 1567.

| +-- James, VI. of Scotland and I. of England (1603),

| 1567-1623.

| =Anne of Denmark, d. 1619.

+-- Francis, Duke of Guise, 1520-1563.

| =Anna d'Este, 1531-1607.

| +-- Henri le Balafré Prince of Joinville, etc., Duke of Guise,

| 1549-1588.

| =Catherine of Cleves.

| +-- Charles, Duke of Guise, 1571-1640.

| | =Henriette de Joyeuse, Duchess of Montpensier, d. 1656.

| +-- Louis, Cardinal and Archbishop of Reims, b. 1575.

| +-- Claude, Duke of Chevreuse, b. 1578.

| | =Marie de Rohan.

| +-- Louise.

| =Francis, Prince of Conti, m. July 24, 1605.

+-- Louise, 1521-1542.

| =Charles, Prince of Chimay.

+-- René Abbess of S. Pierre, Reims, 1522-1586.

+-- Charles, Cardinal, 1523-1574.

+-- Claude, Duke of Aumale, 1526-1573.

| =Louise, de Bréze, m. 1545.

| +-- Catherine of Aumale.

| | =Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, b. 1524, m. 1569, d. 1577.

| +-- Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.

| | =Marie d'Elbœuf m. 1576.

| +-- Claude, Abbot of Bec, b. 1563.

| +-- Diana, m. 1576.

| =Francis, Duke of Piney.

+-- Louis, Cardinal, 1527-1578.

+-- Antoinette, Abbess of Farmoustiers, 1531-1561.

+-- Francis, Prior of Malta, 1534-1563.

+-- René Marquis of Elbœuf, 1535-1576.

=Louise, de Rieux.

+-- Charles, Marquis of Elbœuf; created Duke 1581.

+-- Marie d'Elbœuf, m. 1576.

=Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.

INDEX

Adige, the, 132

Aerschot, Anne, Duchess of, death of her husband, 329;

birth of a son, 333;

her letters to Mary, Queen of Hungary, 368, 523;

at Joinville, 464;

at Lorraine, 484;

retires to Diest, 485;

her death, 487

Aerschot, Duke of, 79, 142;

receives the Ambassadors, 184;

his defeat at Sittard, 280;

third marriage, 323;

death, 329

Aerschot, Philip of, 484

Agincourt, Battle of, 257

Agrippa, Cornelius, 50, 58

Aigues-Mortes, 172

Aix-la-Chapelle, 27, 43, 135

Aix, siege of, 118

Alberi, E., "Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori," 528

Albret, Jeanne d', 235.

See Navarre, Princess of

Alençon, Duke of, 507

Alençon, Margaret, Duchess of, Queen of Navarre, 10

Alessandria, 509

Algiers, expedition to, 267

Alsace, 353, 374

Alsace, Gerard d', 256

Alsener Sound, 65

Altmeyer, J., "Isabelle d'Autriche," 13 _note_, 15 _note_, 33 _note_,

40 _note_, 43 _note_, _et seq._, 528;

"Relations Commerciales du Danemark et les Pays-Bas," 34 _note_, 37

_note_, 38 _note_, _et seq._, 528

Alva, Duchess of, in London, 391

Alva, Duke of, Commander-in-Chief, 383;

in London, 391;

war with Pope Paul IV., 409;

appointed Captain-General of the Netherlands, 486

Alzei, 402

Amager, island of, 19

Amboise, 463

Amigone, Mario, 96

André, St., Marshal, taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417;

at the Conference of Cercamp, 428

Angoulême, Duke of, 114

Anjou, Henry, Duke of, 489;

succeeds to the throne, 490

Anjou, Margaret of, 257

Annebaut, Admiral l', 291

Anne of Cleves, her appearance, 225;

her marriage pronounced null and void, 236

Annonville, 268

Antwerp, 27, 39, 201;

riots at, 485

Apennines, the, 116

Aragon, Don Carlos of, Duke of Terranuova, Viceroy of Milan, 499

Aragon, Ferdinand of, 10

Aremberg, Count d', 331, 479;

killed in battle, 487

Aremberg, Jacques d', at Frankfurt, 470

Aremberg, Margaret, Countess of, 382, 479, 480;

at Nancy, 485

Arena, 117

Aretino, Pietro, 96;

his portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, 96;

his tribute to the Duke, 110;

"Lettere," 529

Armstrong, Ed., "Cambridge Modern History," 507 _note_, 529

Arras, Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of, at Augsburg, 319;

his portrait, 322;

Imperial Chancellor, 342;

at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;

of Câteau-Cambrésis, 436;

on the rivalry between Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, and the

Duchess of Parma, 459

Arras, Bishop of, proclaims Charles V. Archduke of Austria and Prince

of Castille, 3

Arundel, Fitzalan, Earl of, 158 _note_

Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of, 158 _note_

Arundel, Lord, 415;

at the Conference of Cercamp, 428, 432

Ascham, Roger, 321;

"Works," 319 _note_, 529;

his journey up the Rhine, 339;

description of royal personages, 344, 346

Ashmole, E., "The Order of the Garter," 392 _note_, 529

Asti, 116

Aubespine, Sebastien de l', at the Conference of Cercamp, 428;

at Ghent, 457;

"Négociations au Règne de François II.," 457 _note_, 531

Audley, Chancellor, 162

Augsburg, 60;

Diet of, 318, 337;

prorogued, 323, 346;

festivities at, 338

Aumale, Count, 253;

at Joinville, 270;

failure of his negotiations of marriage, 270;

wounded, 307;

his wish to marry Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 312;

marriage with Anna d'Este, 326;

created a Duke Governor of Savoy, 333;

his capture, 379

Austria, Don John of, 488;

appointed Governor of the Netherlands, 492;

at Luxembourg, 492;

his letter to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 493;

victory of Gembloux, 494;

death, 495

Austria, Elizabeth of, at Nancy, 490

Austria, Philip, Archduke of, his death, 1;

funeral, 2

Avenati, P., "Entrata Solemne di Cristina di Spagna," 92 _note_, 529

Avignano, Count, 396

Avignon, 118

Axe, Torben, 24

Ayamonte, Marquis of, 497

Badoer, Venetian Ambassador, 396, 406

Bar, 239, 284, 476

Bar, Duke and Duchess of, 252.

See Lorraine

Barack, K., "Zimmerische Chronik," 529

Barbarossa, his flight, 106

Barcelona, contract signed at, 74, 104

Bari, duchy of, 453

Barlow, John, Dean of Westbury, 205

Barres, Guillaume des, 48

Bassompierre, 360, 377;

at Denœuvre, 373

Baumgarten, H., "Geschichte Karl V.," 23 _note_, 529

Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, his marriage, 512

Bavaria, William, Duke of, his marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 488

Bavon's Abbey, St., demolition of, 230

Bayonne, 220

Beard, Mr., 205

Beaumont, Castle of, 242, 246

Beaumont, Dame Anne de, 6

Bellay, M. du, "Mémoires," 250 _note_, 530

Belloni, Niccolò, 129, 141, 347;

his letters to Gadio, 348-350;

sent to Brussels, 375;

his disappearance, 375

Beltrami, L., "Il Castello di Milano," 529

Bergh, L. van, "Correspondance de M. d'Autriche," 21 _note_, 529

Berghen, Madame de, 142, 154, 198

Berghen, Marquis of, 185, 252

Berlin, 39, 40

Bianca, Empress, 7, 72

Binche, destruction of the Palace of, 390

Bisignano, Prince of, 66

Blamont, 370

Blois, 462

Bohemia, Anna of, her death, 320

Bohemia, King and Queen of, at Brussels, 405

Bois-le-Duc, 212

Boleyn, Anne, 144, 150

Bologna, 73, 74

Bonner, Bishop, 182, 213

Bonvalot, François, Abbot of Luxeuil, 299;

his letter on the Regency of Lorraine, 300;

present at the funeral of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 305

Bomy, truce at, 137

Borromeo, Carlo, Archbishop of Milan, 500

Bottigella, Councillor Pier Francesco, 78;

his instructions on the reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 84

Bouillé, R. de, "Histoire des Ducs de Guise," 222 _note_, 529

Bouillon, Godfrey of, 256

Boullay, Édmond du, 253

Boulogne, siege of, 292

Bourbon, Antoinette de, 147, 258.

See Guise

Bourbon, Renée de, her marriage, 11, 258

Boussu, Grand Equerry, in London, 391

Bradford, W., "Itinerary of Charles V.," 244 _note_, 529

Bragadin, Lorenzo, Venetian Envoy, 113

Brandenburg, Albert, Marquis of, 285, 318;

his career, 320;

appearance, 321;

admiration for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 321;

declines to take part in the tournament at Brussels, 332;

his departure, 332;

secret intrigues with France, 354, 357;

his plundering, 377;

offers a refuge to Christina, 377;

captures Aumale, 379;

meeting with Charles V., 379;

his courtship of Christina, 383;

routed at the Battle of Sievershausen, 384;

death, 385

Brandenburg, Elizabeth of, embraces the Lutheran faith, 41;

her flight with her brother, 56

Brandenburg, Joachim, Marquis of, 39, 41;

at the marriage of King Christian II., 13

Brantôme, P. de, his sketch of Christina of Denmark, vii;

"Œuvres Complètes," 529

Breda, Castle of, 174

Brederode, Count, 183, 252

Brégilles, M. de, 55

Brenner Pass, 133, 372

Brian, Ambassador, 281

Brittany, Anne of, 3; her death, 11

Brousse, Jean de la, 314, 372

Browne, Sir Anthony, 182

Bruges, 30, 236

Brunswick, Dorothea, Duchess of, at the Court of Spain, 502;

return to Göttingen, 503;

death of her husband, 503;

joins her mother at Tortona, 505;

her second marriage, 511;

death, 511

Brunswick, Eric, Duke of, 480;

his marriage with Dorothea of Lorraine, 490;

summoned to Spain, 502;

return to Göttingen, 503;

his death, 503

Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 39, 40

Brusquet, the jester, 404

Brussels, 8, 104, 135, 141, 183, 381, 400;

festivities at, 293, 329, 405;

tournament at, 405

Bucholtz, F. von, "Geschichte d. Kaiser Ferdinand I.," 264 _note_, 529

"Bulletins de la Commission Royale d'Histoire," 2 _note_

Büren, Anna, Countess, her death, 425

Büren, Count, 142, 252;

entertained by Wriothesley, 198

Burgon, J. W., "Life of Sir Thomas Gresham," 396 _note_, 529

Burgos, 1, 220

Burgundy, Adolf of, Admiral of the Dutch fleet, 36

Burgundy, Mary of, 9

Burigozzo, G. M., "Cronaca Milanese," 82 _note_, 529

Busch, Count Jacob von, 351

Busseto, Bartolommeo, 498

Butler, A. J., "Cambridge Modern History," 508 _note_

Calabria, 112

Calais, 37, 204, 214;

capture of, by the French, 420;

question of the restoration to England, 429, 432, 438, 443

Calmet, A., "Histoire de Lorraine," 246 _note_, 256 _note_, 529

Cambray, 177, 224;

Peace of, 56, 403

Cambray, Archbishop of, performs the nuptial rites of King Christian

II., 13

Cambre, La, Convent of, 449, 468

Campeggio, Cardinal, 57

Campo, A., "Storia di Cremona," 75 _note_, 96, 529

Caracciolo, Cardinal, Papal Nuncio, 31;

appointed Viceroy of Milan, 118;

letters from Christina, Duchess of Milan, 516, 517

Cardon, M. Leon, vii

Carvajal, Cardinal, at Malines, 6

Carne, Dr. Edward, 182, 199

Carondelet, Archbishop, 230

Carondelet, Ferry de, 377

Cartagena, 267

Castellani, Madame, 500

Castillon, Ambassador, 147, 160, 164;

recalled to France, 198

Câteau-Cambrésis, Conference for peace at, 436-447;

Commissioners, 436;

treaty ratified, vi, 448

Catherine, Queen of France, her state entry into Paris, 334;

illness, 362;

flight from Reims, 373

Cenis, Mont, ascent of, 86

Cercamp, Conference for peace at, 426-430;

Commissioners, 428;

second session, 431;

adjourned, 432

Chaloner, Ambassador, 457, 458

Châlons, 291;

camp at, 359

Châlons, Philibert of, 142

Chamberlain, A. B., 168 _note_

Chambéry, 84, 85

Champagne, attack on, 373

Champier, Antoine, 296

Chantilly, 181

Chapuys, Ambassador, 151, 152, 159;

entertained by Thomas Cromwell, 173;

on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, 196;

at Calais, 204;

on the illness of Henry VIII., 315

Charlemont, citadel of, 398

Charles V., Emperor, vi;

proclaimed Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille, 3;

at Malines, 4;

attack of smallpox, 5;

his education, 6;

confirmation, 6;

taste for sport, 8;

at the wedding of his sister Isabella, 13;

attack of fever, 14;

festivities on his coming of age, 14;

assumes the title of King of Spain, 20;

his first Chapter of the Golden Fleece, 20;

elected King of the Romans, 25;

coronation, 27;

meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, 28, 57;

his marriage, 48;

death of his sister Isabella, 48;

receives the imperial crown, 57;

death of his aunt, 58;

meeting with Prince John, 59;

appoints his sister Mary Regent of the Netherlands, 61;

his progress to Brussels, 66;

festivities, 67;

at Regensburg, 67, 245;

his illness, 68, 385;

letter on the death of his nephew, 69;

at Milan, 74;

arranges the marriage of his niece Christina, 74-78;

sails for Africa, 104;

his victory at Tunis, 106;

march to Asti, 116, 118;

meeting with Christina, 117, 377;

invasion of Provence, 118;

siege of Aix, 118;

signs a truce, 118;

places a Spanish garrison to defend Milan, 120;

his reconciliation with the King of France, 172;

treaty with him, 195;

views on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, 197;

Crusade against the Turks, 209;

death of his wife, 210;

reception in France, 221-223;

meeting with King Francis, 221;

at Paris, 222;

return to Valenciennes, 224;

paper of instructions, 226;

enters Ghent, 228;

his sentence of condemnation, 229;

on the death of Cromwell, 237;

arranges the second marriage of Christina, 245;

his expedition to Algiers, 267;

campaign against King Francis, 277;

secret treaty with King Henry VIII., 280;

success at Düren, 280;

lays siege to Landrécy, 280;

declines proposals of peace, 281, 282, 285;

his treaty with Christian III., 283;

visit to the convent, 285;

at St. Dizier, 286;

his wish for peace, 291;

signs a treaty, 292;

at Brussels, 293, 324, 381;

campaign against the League of Schmalkalde, 317;

victory of Mühlberg, 318;

his portrait, 322;

at Augsburg, 337;

difficulties in obtaining the recognition of his son Philip as his

successor, 341-347;

appearance, 344, 378;

intrigues against, 354, 357;

takes refuge at Innsbruck, 355;

at Villach, 372;

enters Strasburg, 377;

meeting with Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg, 379;

raises the siege of Metz, 380;

on the union of Queen Mary with his son, 387;

his intention to abdicate, 398;

abdication, 400-402;

resigns the kingdoms of Spain and Sicily, 403;

departure for Ghent, 406;

embarks at Flushing, 406;

his retreat at St. Yuste, 417;

death, 430;

funeral, 433-435;

letters from Christina, 525

Charles VI., Emperor, 513

Charles VIII. of France, 3

Charles IX. of France, proclaimed King, 464;

his coronation, 467

Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 9;

defeated at Nancy, 257;

removal of his bones to Bruges, 336

Châtelhérault, 250

Cheyney, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, 308

Chimay, Charles, Prince of, 242;

his affection for Louise de Guise, 242;

marriage, 244

Chimay, Louise, Princess of, her letter on her happy marriage, 247;

death, 278

Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590 · 第 14 / 15 章