THROUGH THE HIGHLANDS OF BONGBA
When I awake to another day of uncertain fortune and adventures life
seems gloomy and solitary, and the longer the time the more I long for
an end of my difficulties. When Gulam awoke me on the 14th, he
complained that Abdul Kerim did not keep the watch I had given him in
order; either the watch or the caravan leader was at fault, but he
believed it was the latter, for the watch could not be blamed if it were
wound up only every other day. Gulam affirmed that when Abdul Kerim was
asked what o'clock it was, he always answered seven, whatever time it
might be in the twenty-four hours.
The thermometer fell to -11° in the night, but the day was fine. The
wind blew as usual, but the sun came out and we thought of spring again.
Three shepherds were taking some hundreds of sheep to the west, which
had been driven off from their pasturage by the recent snow and were
looking for uncovered land. We were only a day's journey from the
Tong-tso (14,800 feet), they said, and the Tong-tso was the point from
which we were to start southwards to traverse unknown country. If I
succeeded in crossing it only by a single route, all the troubles of the
past winter would not have been in vain. The shepherds' information was
correct, for the next day we bivouacked on the western shore of the
Tong-tso, which we found exactly at the place where the immortal pundit,
Nain Sing, inserted it on his map. To the south-east towered the huge
massive Sha-kangsham, along the northern foot of which I had ridden in
1901.
Now we had to find a convenient pass over the mountain which barred our
way to the south. A gap was seen to the south-east, and we directed our
steps towards it. On our right, two tents stood at the foot of a hill,
and Abdul Kerim was sent to them while we encamped in a deep narrow
ravine, at the bottom of which we found a large quantity of wind-driven
kiang dung and dry tufts of grass. On his return, our good leader
reported that he was rudely received by two men, named Nakchu Tundup and
Nakchu Hlundup, who came from the district Nakchu, three days' journey
distant to the south, and had a wife in common. They first asked how
many we were and how many guns we had, just as though they wished to
know whether they and their neighbours might venture to attack us. They
then said that they had seen a man riding at the head of our party,
while all the rest, Abdul Kerim included, went on foot, and that it was
not hard to guess that the mounted man was a European. When Abdul Kerim
replied that no Europeans travel in winter, for they are too much afraid
of the cold, and that we were only wool-buyers from Ladak, the Tibetans
shook their heads and answered that they had never heard of Ladakis
travelling in this country in winter. But, nevertheless, Abdul succeeded
in gaining their confidence, and when he had paid double the market
price for two yaks and six sheep, the Tibetans forgot their suspicions,
all for the sake of filthy lucre. The purchase was to be completed the
following morning. Then the new animals were fetched, and their carrying
power was a welcome assistance to our animals. Fortunately, the nomads
had in general the greatest respect for our tents. It was important for
us to make liberal bargains with men who at first had been hostile to
us. On the other hand, they often abstained from betraying us, even if
they had suspicions, for if it were known that they had been well paid,
the nearest chief would confiscate their receipts and would also punish
the unfortunate men who had dared to traffic with suspected individuals.
During the day's march I rode in front as usual, with my two companions
on foot. A tent lay concealed behind a cliff, and we did not notice it
until we were some way past it, and then it was too late to dismount.
Two fellows were outside and looked after us, and if they compared notes
with their neighbours they would have good cause for suspicion. At our
camp that day we had a visit from an old man and two young people, who
had their tent near and came to see what kind of men we were. They said
that they were very poor, and begged for some coppers. We were on the
border of the district Bongba-changma, which contains 300 tents, and,
like the whole province of Bongba, is subject to the governor Karma
Puntso, whose tent stood at a distance of six days' journey to the
south. He was a man of twenty-five years of age, lived in a large tent,
and had been in office only a year, since his father died. It was
assuring to know that he could have no experience of Europeans and their
crafty ways. After the strangers had received a couple of _tengas_ from
Abdul Kerim, they went home again in the rays of the evening sun,
delighted to find that we were not robbers.
Then the temperature fell to -16°; the winter was remarkably trying, but
the day, March 18, was still fine, and I travelled all the way on foot,
driving the sheep while we were passing several tents. Among them was
that of our old man of the day before, and he proved to be a man of
property, who sold us various much-needed articles of food. On the way
Tubges shot seven partridges, whereupon two Tibetans came forward and
protested, saying that only Europeans shot partridges. Abdul Kerim
assured them that he preferred partridges to mutton. Again there was
talk of Karma Puntso. Perhaps it would be better to choose another way.
No; then the governor would be still more suspicious. We encamped on the
northern side of a small pass, where we had no troublesome neighbours.
March 19. Breakfast, a delicate partridge and a cup of tea, was just
over when it was announced that three Tibetans were coming up to our
tents. But they stopped at a respectful distance, and Abdul Kerim went
up to them. My tent was opened in this direction, but was closed again
just in time. The Tibetans' errand was to ask if we had any medicine
suitable for a man who had a pain in the foot. In reality, their object
was to spy upon us when we set out, for they stayed all the time and
looked about. After my hands and face had been coloured black, I stole
by the secret passage into Abdul Kerim's tent, while Kutus and Gulam
crawled by the same way into mine to pack up. Then I went with Lobsang
and Kutus, and drove the sheep up the track leading to the pass (16,135
feet). We had not gone far when Abdul Kerim came riding on my horse and
made frantic gestures to us to stop. A Tibetan horseman, followed by a
big dog, would meet us in a few moments on the path. We therefore took a
roundabout way among hillocks, while the caravan encountered the
Tibetan. In this way we escaped the danger. Soon came Kunchuk and Sedik,
leading the dog with a rope on either side--a savage brute, which barked
till he foamed at the mouth, and tried to bite those who were taking him
away from his master. He was of the species called _takkar_, and Takkar
was his name. He reminded me of a St. Bernard; he was coal black, with a
white patch on the chest and neck, and was as savage as a wolf. They had
bought him for 2 rupees.
Moreover, Abdul Kerim had also bought the rider's horse for 86 rupees,
and he came jogging cheerfully after us as we rode down from the summit
of the pass to a longitudinal valley abounding in tents and herds of
sheep and yaks, and at two spots were seen mounted men, who looked
uncomfortably like a levy. The new horse was eleven years old, the owner
said, and if he passed well over his fifteenth year, he would live to
thirty--but we did not want him so long. He was a new member of our
troop and excited general interest, and Takkar became quieter when he
saw an old friend and comrade in misfortune.
At the camp we had to be careful, for nomads dwelt near and shepherds
wandered with their flocks on the slopes around. To prevent Takkar from
running away he was tied by the neck to a tent pole, an operation by no
means easy. He was tied fast with ropes, his legs were fettered, and a
felt mat was thrown over him, on which four men sat while the others
made him fast to the pole. Immediately he was let loose he rushed at
those nearest him, but was held back by the pole. It was a sin to drag
him from home against his will; he was another Uncle Tom who suffered
for our sake, but I hoped that we should soon understand each other. To
console him in his captivity he was given the blood and entrails of the
slaughtered sheep.
We crossed another small pass (19,537 feet) on the 20th, and the
insignificant lake Shar-tso, where a fine spring bubbles up out of the
ground by the shore. From a couple of tents to the west we bought tea,
butter, and _tsamba_ sufficient for several days, and heard again about
Karma Puntso. This time it was said that he lived three days to the
west, and we hoped to slip past without any disturbance. The country
about camp 359 is called Luma-shar, and we stayed on the northern bank
of the large river Kangsham-tsangpo, which comes from the northern flank
of Sha-kangsham, the huge massive which I left to the south of my route
in 1901, and which showed us a magnificent view of its western side. The
mountain lay about a couple of days' journey to the south-east.
The next day we were to cross the river, an exceedingly unpleasant
business; for though there had been 32 degrees of frost in the night the
ice, except close to the bank, would not bear. Abdul made an attempt
with his horse, but the animal came down on his nose in the middle of
the river. Then Lobsang took off his boots and went across the river
barefooted, and came back again to help in conducting our pack animals
gently and firmly across. To get the sheep over was the worst
difficulty; they had to be pushed and pulled by the horns, one at a
time. Almost all the men of the caravan got a refreshing bath in the
stream (Illust. 363).
On the other side we ascended to a small pass where there was a splendid
view over the ridge, which seemed to run west-south-west from
Sha-kangsham and which barred our way to the south. Abdul Kerim,
Kunchuk, and Sedik went with an exhausted mule to a few tents standing
to the right of our route, with the object of bartering the worn-out
beast for a couple of sheep, but the nomads said they would not take it
as a gift. Instead, our men bought rice, sour milk, butter, salt, and a
sheep, so that we were provided for some days. From the camp also Abdul
Kerim took a long walk to some tents in the neighbourhood. Now poor
Abdul Kerim had to do penance for his sins, and if he had erred in
taking too little barley from Ladak, he made up for it by his conduct on
this adventurous journey.
From camp 360 the highest peak of Sha-kangsham lay south, 73° E.
(Illust. 317).
Takkar is still irreconcilable, and heartily detests Kunchuk who bought
him. But he also barks at us as soon as we show ourselves outside the
tents. On the march he is resigned as long as he is near our new horse,
but at other times he is savage. The only one that dares go near him is
Little Puppy, who teases and sports with him and bites his ears. Takkar
treats Little Puppy with supreme contempt, and only when the young one
presumes to snatch his new uncle's food he growls angrily, but then
Little Puppy pricks up his ears, puts his head on one side, and looks at
him. He little thought that the new dog could have bitten off his head
like a chicken's if he had wished. In reality, Takkar was glad to have a
playfellow in his captivity, though at first he held himself aloof to
maintain his dignity.
The next morning Lobsang and Tubges went back to the nomads' tent and
returned with three more sheep, a lump of butter, and a bag of tobacco.
Their appetites were wonderful to behold. The others had left for them
half a pot of tea mixed with butter, thick and red. One cup disappeared
after another, and they emptied the pot to the last drop. Then they took
some meat out, which they ate up like wild beasts. What was left they
stuffed into their waistbelts, to have it handy in case they were hungry
before we reached the next camp.
We continued on our way to the south, passing on our left hand an open
plain which extended up to the foot of the skirts of Sha-kangsham. We
passed tents and flocks at one or two places, and encamped on a hill of
loose material beside a spring. The nomads around had nothing to sell,
but gave Abdul Kerim much valuable information. On such occasions
Kunchuk used to sit and secretly note down all the geographical names.
Among other details we now heard that if we held on our journey to the
south for seven days we should fall in with a rich merchant from Lhasa,
named Tsongpun Tashi, who was wont to take up his quarters in winter in
the heart of the Bongba province to sell tea to the nomads. We might be
certain that if we came into the neighbourhood of his camp we should
again be in a critical situation.
Now Lobsang and two weather-beaten Ladakis complained that they slept
badly, because it was too warm in the tent. The former wore a set of
underclothes, and above only a garment of thin woollen material. In this
costume he had travelled all the way from Drugub, and slept in 72
degrees of frost with only a couple of sacks over him, for he had sold
his skin coat to one of his comrades at the commencement of the journey.
Only a Tibetan can survive such an experience.
On March 23 we struggled up to the Chaklam-la, which we also heard
called Amchen-la. The path up to it is steep, and we moved exceedingly
slowly up the ascent. The sheep and the two yaks beat us hollow. From
the last tent the path was visible all the way up to the pass, so I was
obliged to travel on foot, and I might have collapsed from palpitation
of the heart and loss of breath if Lobsang had not gone behind and
pushed me. The lives of two mules had been ebbing away during the
previous days, so the animals were left where nomads could take
possession of them. A black horse was also giving in, and the newly
bought one had to take over his load. My grey horse was no longer worth
much. Chaklam-la, with its 17,339 feet, was a heavy trial to us, and I
was not delighted with the view which unrolled itself to the south--a
labyrinth of mountains, where it was plain to see that the ranges all
stretched from east to west. From the pass there is a steep descent to
the river Sangchen-chu, which flows westwards. We encamped on its bank.
Now Takkar was becoming resigned to his fate. He was certainly annoyed
at being tied to the pole, but he found that he got good and plentiful
food and that we were kind to him. He barked only at Kunchuk, whom he
could never forgive.
When we broke up our camp on March 24, we hesitated whether we should
make for the south-west or south-east, for high mountains rose to the
south. If we went south-westwards we should come too near to Karma
Puntso, and so we chose the south-easterly route. We had first to cross
the ice of the river, 130 yards broad, where a path was sanded. The
sheep had to be dragged over one by one by the horns, and the yaks would
not venture on the ice till they saw that it bore the horses and mules.
Gulam went first on foot, and had the usual order to give a sign if he
saw a tent or shepherds. We had not gone far when he stretched out his
left hand, which meant that I must dismount and go on foot while Abdul
Kerim rode my horse. It was only a shepherd with his flock. As soon as
the danger was past I exchanged places with the caravan leader.
A little farther on I found that I had lost my cigarette case, which
also contained some unmounted family portraits and one or two pieces of
sticking-plaster. It would be terrible if a Tibetan found it. Only a
European could own such a thing. Lobsang and Kutus went back and
searched along the track while I lay and waited on a bank. They found
the case, and each received a cigarette as a reward, and we sat and
smoked while Abdul Kerim with Kunchuk and Tubges went down to a tent,
where there were only women, and bought some provisions. At the camp in
the evening snow fell, and at night the thermometer sank to zero. Now we
had only 21 sheep left, and we must try to increase our flock, or, still
better, buy a dozen horses. In this region, and in Bongba generally, it
was difficult to buy sheep. Everywhere the nomads complained that their
flocks had been decimated by the cold, wind, and snow, and the pasturage
was unusually poor, because the rains had failed at the end of the
preceding summer. Sheep-breeding is their means of subsistence, and if
they lose their flocks they are impoverished and can do nothing but
wander about begging from more fortunate people. They have therefore a
decided objection to diminish their flocks by artificial means, as we
may say; the flocks must fluctuate, increasing in good times and
diminishing in bad, but they must not be reduced by sale. Therefore they
often refuse to sell even at double the proper price. Still harder was
it to buy horses in Bongba.
In the night our animals wandered back to the former camp. While Lobsang
and Kutus went after them most of the day slipped by, and therefore we
remained at camp 363. Kunchuk and Tubges spied a tent in a valley to the
south, where they bought rice, barley, _tsamba_, milk, and _chura_--a
kind of cheese, so that we had food for several days. Thus we got our
livelihood in small portions, bit by bit and from tent to tent. Our own
flock had now shrunk to 21 head, all carrying burdens.
A solitary wild-goose flew screaming over our camp. Had he got lost, or
was he a scout sent out to see if the ice were broken up on the lakes to
the north? Doubtless he would soon return to his tribe and make his
report. It seemed to me that he had been despatched too soon.
From February 24 to March 24 we had traversed only 190 miles, owing to
the cutting storm, loss of animals, and now at length the difficult
country. We now seldom made a day's march of as much as 7 miles.
It is most irritating that a tent, like a sentinel-box or a spying eye,
always stands at the northern foot of a pass, so that I have to walk all
the way. This day also, when we crept up to the Sanchen-la, a small
shelter stood on the saddle, 17,572 feet high. Southwards there were
still more mountains. At a distance of 20 to 25 miles north, 60° E.,
rose the highest peak of Sha-kangsham, a fine sight in the beautiful
weather, when not a cloud obstructed the view. Five Ovis Ammons careered
in nimble and elastic springs over the heights, and small agile Goa
antelopes leaped along the southern slope, where we scrambled down among
detritus. The Pantholops antelope is not seen in this region.
Close to where we encamped at Nema-tok was a tent, and the inmates sold
us a sheep's load of rice. An old man, whom my fellows called familiarly
_ava_ or father, came to look at our black horse which we wished to
sell, as it could evidently not travel much farther. But the old man
said he would not give a rap for the horse. He informed us that in nine
days nomads from all quarters would repair to the place where Karma
Puntso dwelt, to buy tea and pay their taxes to the Government. Tsongpun
Tashi was a powerful and influential man, he said. We drew near to this
potentate with a feeling of uneasiness and growing respect. He enjoys
peculiar privileges from the Devashung. He sells tea to the nomads on
credit. When they sell their sheep's wool in summer at the _tasam_ they
pay their debts to him in _tengas_ or in goods. Tsongpun Tashi makes a
good profit on these transactions, and therefore it is to his interest
to stand well with the Devashung. If he, who must have the reputation of
being more intelligent and sensible than the simple nomads, were to let
us pass by with impunity, he would have to answer for it to the
Devashung and would lose his privileges. We were therefore evidently
coming to a most critical moment.
Nothing venture, nothing have! If I would explore the blank space in the
heart of which I now found myself, I must expose myself to various
annoyances and run great risks. For a moderately intelligent man it
could be no particular pleasure to go on foot through desolate wastes
like a vagabond, and drive a flock of refractory sheep. I was already
thoroughly weary of this work, for I had no talent or training to
perform it properly. I had to paint myself black every morning like a
negro, and I sat with a brush before the looking-glass, smearing my face
three times over to produce an evenly dark complexion. My eyes were
concealed with a pair of large round Tibetan spectacles with my own
polished glasses fixed inside. This time I was much more carefully
disguised than in 1901, when I tried to get through to Lhasa as a
Mongol, but was held fast in the strong claws of Kamba Bombo. My turban
was too white, so it was dipped in a dye of boiled butter and ashes, and
became at once quite shabby. My soft leather boots were in holes, so
that the toes came out. It was well that I ran no risk of meeting
acquaintances from Stockholm or London.
This journey was painful and trying to the nerves. Day and night I lived
in the greatest anxiety lest I should be discovered and ignominiously
unmasked. The farther we advanced southwards the more I was troubled by
this apprehension. Should we succeed, or should we be forced back when
we had traversed only half the distance across the blank space? Should I
never cross the Trans-Himalaya again? At every stage our watchfulness
and cautiousness increased, and also the tension of our nerves. I must
always be on my guard and never hold a cigarette in my hand when we were
on the march. My map sheets and compass I thrust into my bosom to be
near at hand. When I collected a rock specimen, took a bearing with the
compass, or made a drawing near a tent, Lobsang had to screen me, and he
became astonishingly adept at this game. The sun I could observe only
when we were quite sure that no Tibetan could see the instrument.
Sometimes I sat and drew a panorama through a peephole in the tent
cloth. The sheep were my refuge, and with them I set out first, and had
not to take part in the packing and loading, and I was spared from
watching the animals at night, as in 1901. In both cases I was
practically a prisoner in my tent, where the evening hours seemed very
long. Nothing is so trying and irritating to the mind as this anxiety in
which I lived, travelling in disguise, and expecting any moment to come
to a crisis in my fate.