St. Paul’s, by the Dean and Chapter. Their office is to superintend
the behaviour and attendance of the several officers belonging to the
choir; and to take minutes of the several crimes of which they are
guilty when on duty, in order to their being corrected for them by the
Dean and Chapter.
CARDINAL’S CAP _alley_, Bank side.*
CARDMAKERS, were incorporated by letters patent of Charles I. in the
year 1629. This company is governed by a Matter, two Wardens, and
eighteen Assistants, but they have neither livery nor hall.
CARY _lane_, Foster lane, Cheapside.†
CARY _street_, Lincoln’s Inn fields.†
CARLISLE _street_, Soho square.
CARMAN’S _yard_, Pepper alley.
CARMEN, were constituted a fellowship of this city, by an act of Common
Council in the reign of Henry VIII. and incorporated by letters patent
granted by James I. in 1606, with the fraternity of Fuellers, under
the denomination of Woodmongers, with whom they continued till 1668,
when the Woodmongers were convicted by parliament of many enormous
frauds in the sale of coals, and other fuel, and being apprehensive of
suffering the punishment due to their crimes, threw up their charter
in order to avoid it, upon which the Carmen were again appointed a
fellowship by an act of Common Council, under the title of _The free
Carmen of the city of London_. They are governed by a Master, two
Wardens, and forty-one Assistants, under the direction of the court of
the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, but have neither livery nor hall.
CARNABY, or MARLBOROUGH _Market_, by Carnaby street, has Marlborough
street on the north, and Broad street on the south west. This is
lately become a very plentiful market for flesh and other provisions.
CARNABY _street_, 1. Silver street, Bloomsbury. 2. Silver street, Golden
square.
CAROLINE _court_, Saffron hill.
CARON’S _Almshouse_, in Kingston road, Vauxhall, consists of seven rooms
for as many poor women, and was founded by his excellency the Right
Hon. Noel Baron of Caron, Ambassador from the States General in the
year 1623. This almshouse he endowed with a handsome estate, out of
which each of his almswomen receives 4_l._ a year.
CARPENTERS, a fraternity incorporated by Edward III. in the year 1344;
with the power of making by-laws. This company is governed by a
Master, three Wardens, and twenty Assistants, with a livery of 100
members, who pay a fine of 8_l._ upon their admission.
Their hall is situated on the south side of London Wall almost facing
the east end of Bethlem hospital, in a court called Carpenters hall
yard, to which there is an entrance through a large pair of gates. The
building is composed of timber and plaister; and though very old, is
not without its peculiar ornaments.
CARPENTERS _alley_, Wych street.
CARPENTERS _buildings_, London wall.
CARPENTERS _court_, 1. Aldermanbury. 2. Bett’s street, Ratcliff. 3.
Charterhouse lane. 4. Long Acre.
CARPENTERS _street_, Mount row.†
CARPENTERS _yard_, 1. Beech lane. 2. Coleman street. 3. Near Blackman
street. 4. Deadman’s place. 5. London wall. 6. Long lane, West
Smithfield. 7. Peter street, Westminster. 8. Poor Jewry lane. 9.
Skinner street. 10. Town Ditch, Little Britain. 11. Upper Ground
street.
CARRIERS _street_, Buckeridge street.
CARSHALTON, a village in Surry, situated among innumerable springs,
which all together form a river in the very street of the town, and
joining other springs that flow from Croydon and Beddington, form one
stream called the Wandell. Though this village is thus situated among
springs, it is built upon firm chalk, and on one of the most beautiful
spots on that side of London, on which account it has many fine houses
belonging to the citizens of London, some of them built with such
grandeur and expence, that they might be rather taken for the seats of
the nobility, than the country houses of citizens and merchants. Mr.
Scawen intended to build a magnificent house here in a fine park which
is walled round, and vast quantities of stone and other materials were
collected by him for this purpose; but the design was never carried
into execution. Here also Dr. Ratcliff built a very fine house, which
afterwards belonged to Sir John Fellows, who added gardens and curious
water-works. It at length passed into the possession of the Lord
Hardwick, who sold it to the late William Mitchell, Esq; and it is now
in the possession of his family.
CARTERET _street_, Broad way, Westminster.
CART _yard_, 1. Rosemary lane. 2. Whitechapel.
CARTER’S _court_, 1. Lukener’s lane.† 2. Cursitors alley, Bristol
street.†
CARTER’S _rents_. Brick lane, Spitalfields.†
CARTER’S _street_, Houndsditch.†
CARTHUSIAN _street_, Pickax street, Aldersgate street.
CARTWRIGHT _street_, Broad way, Westminster.† 2. Rosemary lane.†
[Illustration:
CASHIOBURY.
]
CASHIOBURY, in Hertfordshire, situated sixteen miles north of London, is
said to have been the seat of the Kings of Mercia, during the
Heptarchy, till Offa gave it to the monastery of St. Alban’s. Henry
VIII. however bestowed it on Richard Morison, Esq; from whom it passed
to Arthur Lord Capel, Baron of Hadham, and from him came by
inheritance to be the manor of the Earls of Essex, who have here a
noble seat erected in the form of an H, with a large park adorned with
fine woods and walks: the gardens were planted and laid out by Le
Notre in the reign of King Charles II. The front and one side are of
brick and modern, the other side is very old. The print shews it
better than description.
[Illustration:
_Moor Park._
]
CASH’S _alley_, near Shoreditch church.†
CASTLE _alley_, 1. Cornhill.* 2. Near Lambeth hill.* 3. Trig lane,
Thames street.*
CASTLE BAYNARD _Ward_, was so called from an ancient castle near the
Thames built by Baynard, a nobleman of great authority, who came from
Normandy with William the Conqueror. It is bounded on the north and
west by the ward of Faringdon within; on the east by Queenhithe and
Bread street wards; and on the south by the river Thames.
The principal streets in this ward are, the south end of Thames
street, St. Peter’s hill, St. Bennet’s hill, Addle hill, Knight Rider
street, Paul’s chain, Carter lane, and the east side of Creed lane,
and Warwick lane. The remarkable buildings are, the churches of St.
Bennet’s, Paul’s Wharf, St. Andrew Wardrobe, and St. Mary Magdalen,
with the Heralds office.
It is governed by an Alderman and his Deputy, nine other Common
Council men; fourteen wardmote inquest men, seven scavengers, ten
constables, and a beadle. The jurymen returned by the inquest for this
ward serve in the courts of Guildhall in the month of September.
CASTLE _court_, 1. Birchin lane.* 2. Budge row.* 3. Castle alley,
Cornhill.* 4. Castle lane, in the Mint.* 5. Castle street, Long Acre.*
6. College hill.* 7. Cornhill.* 8. Houndsditch.* 9. Laurence lane.*
10. Lombard street. 11. St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross. 12. In the
Strand. 13. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.*
CASTLE INN _yard_, Aldersgate street.*
CASTLE _lane_, 1. Castle street, Long Acre.* 2. Castle street,
Southwark.* 3. Petty France, Westminster (called also Cabbage lane).*
4. Redcross street, Deadman’s place.* 5. St. James’s Westminster.* 6.
Thames street.*
CASTLE _street_, 1. Air street, Piccadilly.* 2. Bloomsbury.* 3.
Cavendish market.* 4. Near Long Acre.* 5. In the Park, Southwark.* 6.
Near the Royal Mews. * 7. Saffron hill.* 8. Shoreditch field.* 9.
Thames street.* 10. Near Wentworth street, Spitalfields.* 11. Bevis
street.*
CASTLE STREET LIBRARY, was founded in the year 1685, by Thomas Tennison,
D.D. Vicar of St. Martin’s in the fields, and afterwards Archbishop of
Canterbury, for the use of his school, under which it is placed in a
spacious room, and consists of about 4000 volumes.
The librarian’s salary is 10_l._ _per annum_, and he has convenient
lodgings contiguous to the library. _Maitland._
CASTLE STREET SCHOOL, was founded by Dr. Tennison, at the same time with
the library. In 1697, that gentleman gave 1000_l._ towards a fund for
the maintenance of his foundation, and some time after, by the consent
of Dr. Patrick, Bishop of Ely, another sum of 500_l._ which had been
left them jointly in trust, to dispose of in charitable uses, as they
thought proper: which two sums, together with two leasehold messuages
for the term of forty years, he vested in trustees, for the support of
his school and library; out of the profits of which the librarian has
the allowance mentioned above; the schoolmaster, besides a commodious
dwelling house, has a salary of 30_l._ _per annum_; and the usher the
same salary without any apartment; for which they teach thirty boys,
the sons of the inhabitants of St. Martin’s in the fields. _Maitland._
CASTLE _yard_, 1. Castle alley, Cornhill.* 2. Chick lane.* 3. Dacre
street.* 4. East street, Bloomsbury.* 5. Harrow corner, Deadman’s
place.* 6. Hermitage bridge, Wapping.* 7. Holborn.* 8. Houndsditch.*
9. Kingsland road, Shoreditch.* 10. Near the Broad way.* 11.
Pennyfield street.* 12. St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.* 13.
Piccadilly. * 14. Saffron hill.*
CAT _alley_, Long lane, Smithfield.*
CAT’S HEAD _court_, Orchard street, Stable yard, Westminster.*
CAT’S _hole_, Tower ditch.
CAT’S _hole yard_, Tower ditch.
CATEATON _street_, King’s street, Cheapside.
CATHARINE _alley_, Bishopsgate street.
CATHARINE _court_, 1. Prince’s street, Threadneedle street. 2. Seething
lane.
_St._ CATHARINE CREE _Church_, at the corner of Creechurch lane in
Leadenhall street. The addition of the word _Cree_, arose from the
English spelling of the word Christ as pronounced by the French; for
this church being placed on the ground of a dissolved priory, which
with its church was called our Saviour Christ’s church, tho’ it was
dedicated to the virgin martyr St. Catharine, the original name of
that priory became added to its denomination. The present edifice was
erected in the year 1630, and is a very singular structure, built with
stone, and of a mixed Gothic style. It has rounded battlements on the
top, and a square tower that has the same kind of battlements: this
tower is crowned with a square turret, over which is a dome, and from
its summit rises the weather cock.
This is a curacy, and the parishioners have the privilege of choosing
their own minister, who must be licensed by the Bishop of London. The
Curate receives 70_l._ a year, exclusive of other advantages.
_Maitland._
_St._ CATHARINE COLEMAN, on the south side of Fenchurch street, is thus
denominated from its been dedicated to the same saint as the two
former churches, and the epithet of Coleman is added from there being
formerly near it a large haw, yard, or garden, called Coleman-haw.
The old church escaped the flames at the fire of London; but becoming
very ruinous, was rebuilt by the parish in the year 1734. The body is
lofty, and enlightened with two series of windows; and the steeple, a
plain tower crowned with battlements.
This church is a rectory, in the gift of the Bishop of London. The
living is worth about 100_l._ _per annum_.
_St._ CATHARINE’S _Church_, on the east side of St. Catharine’s court,
near the Tower, originally belonged to an hospital founded by Matilda,
consort to King Stephen, and was farther endowed by Queen Eleanor, the
relict of Henry III. Queen Eleanor consort to Edward I. and King Henry
VI. who not only confirmed all the former grants, and added several
additional ones, but gave an ample charter to this hospital. It was
exempt from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, till its
suppression by Henry VIII. soon after which King Edward VI. annexed it
to the diocese of London. The church, which is a very antique
building, is at present collegiate, and has a master and three
brethren, who have 40_l._ each; three sisters who have 20_l._ and ten
beadswomen who have 8_l._ _per annum_ each: but the other profits
arising from their estates, being only known to the master and
brethren, are divided amongst them. _Stow_, _Maitland_.
_St._ CATHARINE’S COURTS. To this precinct belong two courts; in one of
which actions of debt for any sum are tried weekly on Thursdays: and
in the other, which depends upon the civil law, are decided
ecclesiastical matters.
_St._ CATHARINE’S _court_, 1. St. Catharine’s.☐ 2. Threadneedle street.
_St._ CATHARINE’S _lane_, East Smithfield.☐
_St._ CATHARINE’S _stairs_, St. Catharine’s.☐
_St._ CATHARINE’S _street_, St. Catharine’s.☐
CATHARINE _street_, in the Strand.
CATHARINE WHEEL _alley_, 1. Blackman street.* 2. Holiwell street.* 3.
St. James’s street.* 4. Kent street.* 5. Petticoat lane.* 6. Snow
hill.* 7. Whitechapel.*
CATHARINE WHEEL _court_, 1. Bridgewater gardens.* 2. Snow hill.* 3.
Whitechapel.*
CATHARINE WHEEL _yard_, 1. Bishopsgate street.* 2. Blackman street.* 3.
London wall.* 4. St. James’s street.* 5. West Smithfield.*
CATHARINE WHEEL AND GEORGE _yard_, Bishopsgate street.*
CATHARINE WHEEL _Inn yard_, St. Margaret’s hill.*
CATLIN’S _alley_, Shoreditch.†
CATSTICK _yard_, Gray’s Inn lane.
CAVENDISH _court_, Houndsditch.†
CAVENDISH _market_, Cavendish street.
CAVENDISH _square_, near Oxford street, has a spacious area which
contains between two and three acres, with a large grass plat in the
middle, surrounded with wooden rails, erected upon a brick wall; but
both the rails and wall being much decayed, now make but an
indifferent appearance. The square is, however, encompassed by noble
buildings: the Lord Harcourt has a fine house on the east side; on the
west is a noble edifice belonging to Mr. Lane, formerly the Lord
Bingley’s; and in the center of the north side is a space left for a
house intended to be erected by the late Duke of Chandos, the wings
only being built; however, there is a handsome wall and gates before
this space, which serve to preserve the uniformity of the square.
Adjoining to this square, Lord Foley has just built a very grand
house, with offices, and a court before it.
CAVENDISH _street_, Oxford street.
CAUSABOND’S _grounds_, Maiden lane.†
CECIL _court_, St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.†
CECIL _street_, in the Strand, so named from Cecil house, belonging to
the great Lord Burleigh.
CECIL’S _dock_, Rotherhith wall.†
_Master of the_ CEREMONIES. See the article MASTER OF THE CEREMONIES.
CHAIN _alley_, near Crutched Friars.
CHAIN _court_, Ship yard, Temple Bar.
CHAIN _gate_, near St. Saviour’s church, Southwark.
_Lord_ CHAMBERLAIN, a great officer of the King’s houshold, who has the
oversight of all the officers above stairs, except the precinct of the
King’s bedchamber, which is under the government of the Groom of the
stole. He has the oversight of the King’s Chaplains, notwithstanding
his being a layman; also of the officers of the wardrobe, beds, tents,
revels, music, comedians, hunting, and of all the physicians,
apothecaries, surgeons, barbers, messengers, trumpets, drummers,
tradesmen and artisans retained in his Majesty’s service. His salary
is 100_l._ a year, and 1100_l._ a year board wages. His office is in
Cleveland row.
CHAMBERLAIN _of London_, an officer of great trust, annually chosen on
Midsummer day, tho’ he enjoys his place for life, if he is not found
guilty of some great crime. He receives and pays all the city cash,
and with him are deposited all public securities, for which he
annually accounts to the proper auditors. As he is therefore entrusted
with very considerable sums, he is obliged to give security for his
fidelity, at his entrance into his office.
CHAMBERLAIN’S _Office_, is kept in Guildhall, in a room on the right
hand side of the passage leading into the court of King’s bench, where
this officer attends every morning, to decide the differences that
arise between masters and apprentices, to enrol and turn over the
latter, and to admit all who are duly qualified, to the freedom of the
city; of whom there are annually admitted about fifteen hundred.
CHAMBER’S _street_, 1. Goodman’s Fields.† 2. Upper Shadwell.†
CHAMBER’S _wharf_, near the Bridge yard.†
CAMPION _lane_, Thames street.†
_Lord High_ CHANCELLOR, the supreme and sole judge in the court of
Chancery, where he is to judge according to equity and conscience, and
to moderate the exact rigour and letter of the common law, to which
all other judges are strictly tied; but his decrees may be reversed by
the house of Lords. This great officer, who is assisted by the masters
in Chancery, takes precedency after the Archbishop of Canterbury, and
next to the King, and Princes of the blood, is the highest person in
the kingdom in civil affairs. The Lord High Chancellor is generally
Keeper of the great seal, and is thence stiled Lord Keeper. See the
article _Lord_ KEEPER.
CHANCELLOR _of the Exchequer_. See the article EXCHEQUER.
CHANCELLOR _of St. Paul’s_, an officer anciently called _Magister
Scholarum_, from his having the literature of the city committed to
his care, by which he was impowered to license all the schoolmasters
in London, except those of St. Martin’s le Grand, and Mary le Bow; but
at present he is only Secretary to the Chapter, and has the third
stall on the north side of the choir.
_Court of_ CHANCERY. In the opinion of several learned men this court
took its name from the cross bars of iron or wood, called by the
Romans _cancelli_, with which it was formerly inclosed, to prevent the
officers being incommoded by the crowding of the people. The Chancery
consists of two courts, in one of which the Lord Chancellor proceeds
according to the laws and statutes of the kingdom, and in the second,
according to equity, judging rather by the spirit than the letter of
the laws. In case of absence, his place upon the bench is supplied by
the Master of the rolls, who also determines causes in the same
equitable manner. See the article _Lord_ CHANCELLOR.
It is the peculiar business of this court to rescue people out of the
hands of their oppressors, and to afford relief in case of fraud,
accidents, and breach of trust. Besides, out of this court are issued
writs for parliaments, charters, patents for sheriffs, writs of
_certiorari_ to remove records and false judgments in inferior courts,
writs of _moderata misericordia_, when a person has been amerced too
high, and for a reasonable part of goods for widows and orphans. Here
also are sealed and enrolled, treaties with foreign Princes, letters
patent, commissions of appeal, oyer and terminer, &c.
The manner of proceeding here is much like that in the courts of the
civil law; for the actions are by bill or plaint; the witnesses are
privately examined; there is no jury, but all the sentences are given
by the judge of the court. However as it proceeds not according to
law, it is no court of record, and therefore binds only the person,
his lands and goods.
To this court belong twelve masters in chancery; an accountant
general; six head clerks; sixty-two sworn clerks, who purchase their
places, and twelve waiting clerks, whose places are given by the six
clerks; two chief examiners, with their respective clerks; a chief and
four inferior registers; the clerk of the crown; a prothonotary;
clerks of the petty bag, subpæna, patent, affidavit, cursitors, and
alienation office.
_Masters in_ CHANCERY, are the twelve assistants of the Chancellor or
Lord Keeper, the first of whom is Master of the rolls, which is a
place of great dignity, and is in the gift of the King. These
gentlemen sit at Westminster hall, with the Lord Chancellor, three at
a time while the term lasts, and two at a time when the Lord
Chancellor sits to hear causes in his own house, and to them he often
refers the farther hearing of causes; he also refers to them matters
of account, and other things of small moment; but never the merits of
the cause.
The salary of the Masters in chancery is 100_l._ to each of them paid
quarterly out of the Exchequer, besides robe money.
CHANCERY _lane_, Fleet street, so called from the court of Chancery
there.
CHANDLER’S _alley_, Orchard street, Westminster.*
CHANDLER’S _rents_, Black Friars.†
CHANDLER’S _street_, Duke street.†
CHANDOS _street_, Bedford street, Covent Garden.†
CHANEL _row_, New Palace yard. See CANON ROW.
CHANGE, behind Exeter Change in the Strand.
CHANGE _court_, in the Strand.☐
CHANTER _of St. Paul’s_. See the article PRECENTOR.
CHAPEL ROYAL, a chapel in each of the King’s palaces, neatly ornamented
on the inside. They are under the government of a Dean, who
acknowledges no superior but his Majesty; for the Chapel Royal, or
King’s Chapel, is not within the jurisdiction of any Bishop, but is a
regal peculiar under the immediate government of the King. By the Dean
are chosen the Sub-dean and all the other officers.
These are the King’s Clerk of the closet, a Divine whose office is to
attend at his Majesty’s right hand during divine service, to wait on
his Majesty in his private oratory; and to resolve all his doubts
relating to religious subjects.
Forty-eight Chaplains in Ordinary, who are generally Doctors of
Divinity distinguished for their learning and other accomplishments.
Four of whom wait at court every month, to preach in the chapel on
Sundays, and other Holidays before the King, and early in the morning
on Sundays before the houshold; to read divine service to his Majesty
every morning and evening during the rest of the week in his private
oratory, and to say grace at the table in the absence of the Clerk of
the closet.
The other officers are, a Confessor of the King’s houshold, whose
office is to read prayers every morning to the family, to visit the
sick, to examine and prepare communicants; and to inform such as
desire advice in any case of conscience or point of religion. Ten
Priests in Ordinary, sixteen gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, who with
the Priests perform in the chapel the office of divine service, in
praying, singing, &c. a master of the singing boys, of whom there are
ten for the service of the chapel; a composer, two organists, a
lutenist, a violist, and other officers.
CHAPELS. Though there are 115 churches within this city, and the bills
of mortality, and above 120 meeting houses of dissenters, yet the
chapels of the established religion are very numerous, as will appear
from the following list.