PREPARING FOR BATTLE.
To associate violence and death with the valley of the Yalu seemed a
sacrilege, so tranquil it looked and so beautiful. The sun lighted
up the dark ridges and gilded the tawny sand through which flowed
rivers that separated the broad plain into islands. Away to the East
lay a wild forest country given over to hunters. Westward, as the
estuary opened its arms to the embrace of the sea, rose the smoke of
a city in the shadow of receding hills. Between city and forest were
scattered hamlets and homesteads that sheltered a race of white-robed
peasants. A strange stillness brooded over the valley: the air was
charged with mystery: and mountain and river were heavy with portent.
The great heart of nature had ceased to beat and life in the delta was
suspended. With furled sails the junks rested in the yellow creeks: no
oxen wandered in the fields or bemoaned their burden of rice straw: no
husbandman made ready for seed time. The whole scene looked and felt
like painted canvas.
[Illustration: JAPANESE PONTOONS
BATTLE OF YALU
DRAWN BY A JAPANESE OFFICER]
This was the valley of the Yalu, which from its source to the sea
forms the frontier between Korea and Manchuria. The black specks that
crawled like insects over ridge and flat were men awaiting the word
of command that was to make these silent hills resound with the
thunders of battle. Our horses picked their way through the squalid
streets and halted at the head-quarters of the Guards. A wooden gate,
shaped like a temple, told us in Chinese characters that this was
Wiju--“The Stronghold of the West.” Through the walls of the city have
poured again and again the invading armies of China, for Wiju is the
ford of the Yalu, and along the track that resumes its march among the
mountains has been borne for centuries the tribute paid by the Emperor
of Korea to his suzerain in Pekin. Most of the inhabitants had fled and
the mean lanes of thatched hovels had a depressing aspect.
Passing through the North Gate we came to a steep hill crowned with a
temple--Toguntai, or “The place from which to command an Army”--and saw
far below us a splendid panorama of mountain and river. In bands of
green and gold the delta meandered seaward among streams of dark blue
and tawny brown. Rugged heights, seamed with deep gorges, reached down
to the Northern shore. Against the blue sky beyond, range after range
of hills purpled in the distance. The slopes were scored with passes
through which rode Russian horsemen. Westward the mountains recede and
are less precipitous, leaving ample space for the group of houses known
as Chiu-lien-cheng, which is not a walled town as the name implies.
Near slate-roofed barracks stood a few Cossacks: others rode slowly
down towards the river Ai that flows within two thousand mètres of
the hamlet. On the hills above Chiu-lien-cheng could be traced earth
works and trenches that commanded the highway along which an army from
the South must pass. Seaward, in the shadow of low receding hills,
lay the Manchurian town of Antung with a population of 150,000 and a
considerable trade in nankeens, oil, iron, and timber, as the junks in
the creek testified.
This was the Russian position on the North bank of the estuary of the
Yalu. In physical aspect it bore a strong resemblance to the position
that confronted General Buller on the Tugela. There was the plain
of the delta with the unfordable river beyond, and behind that were
the rugged heights in which the Russians were entrenched. Their left
flank rested on mountains that appeared inaccessible to large bodies
of troops and unsuited to any operations other than those of guerilla
warfare; their right wing was covered by a broad deep river, while
their front must be approached over a network of streams and flat
country. According to the rules of war the position was impregnable.
The only vulnerable point seemed to be on the right, where the Yalu is
navigable by ships of shallow draft, and a cultivated plain stretches
to the foot of receding hills that diminish in height as they draw
nearer to the mouth of the estuary.
On Friday, April 22nd, the Russians made their first effort to discover
the strength of their adversaries and to ascertain at what point an
attempt would be made to force the passage of the river. Four junks
manned by infantry crossed over from the West of Antung. They were
driven back by rifle fire and returned to the Manchurian side under
cover of guns on a hill to the North-west of Antung. About the same
time a thousand Cossacks were despatched to feel for the Japanese
right flank. Fording the Yalu at Piek-tung, they disarmed some Korean
soldiers and left three hundred troopers to occupy the place until
the 28th, when they fell back across the river to Tcho-san before the
advance of a Japanese battalion.
The Japanese completed their preparations on April 24th; their pontoons
were ready and in their appointed places; their troops were massed in
Wiju and behind the hills to the South; their gun positions had been
well chosen to cover pioneers and landing parties and were artfully
masked. But before the streams could be bridged the enemy must be
driven from the islands of Kulito and Chonchagtai as well as from Tiger
Hill. On the evening of the 25th, two gunboats, two torpedo boats, and
two armed launches entered Yongampo and made a demonstration in the
direction of Antung with the object of deceiving the enemy as to the
direction of the real attack.
At half-past three o’clock on the morning of the 26th, our camp, two
miles South of Wiju, was roused by Captain Okada with a message from
Head Quarters. We were to witness the operation of driving the Russian
outposts from the islands. At eight o’clock the sound of rifle fire on
the East told that the landing had begun and that the enemy had not
been taken by surprise. Several boats manned by infantry and sappers
put off from Kontonto across the main stream. They met with but feeble
resistance and after a few casualties secured a footing on the island.
The Russian infantry from the cover of Tiger Hill kept up a show of
opposition while some Cossacks were sent to reinforce, but came too
late. Their retirement was covered by a Hotchkiss gun on Tiger Hill
which afterwards opened fire on Wiju, burning two houses and killing
several natives. The Japanese guns remained silent and refused to
disclose their position. Next day the enemy’s cannonade was resumed,
being directed mainly against the bridge in course of construction West
of the town.
On the 28th, two companies of Guards crossed the branch of the Yalu to
Tiger Hill and drove the Russians from the promontory. At 4 p.m. on
the following day a Russian battalion, with four guns, attacked the
position and compelled the Guards to retire to Kulito, leaving the
enemy again in possession of Tiger Hill. This temporary occupation of
Tiger Hill caused the Russians to abandon Chonchagtai on the 28th. They
accordingly set fire to the buildings, sparing only the temple, and for
several hours smoke and flame stretching for nearly a mile across the
island masked the movements of the enemy.
Meanwhile preparations were made for the flanking movement. The mixed
brigade, which had marched from Anju through Yusan to Shojo, collected
material for bridging, and floated it down the river to Suikochin,
thirteen miles North-east of Wiju, where the Twelfth Division were to
cross. At first it was proposed to despatch a force from Shojo to the
other side of the river with the object of drawing the Russians in that
direction and relieving the pressure on the Japanese front. But lack
of bridging material and ignorance of the conditions North of the Yalu
over-ruled this project as dangerous. The mixed brigade accordingly
retired on April 29th, and rejoined the Twelfth Division at Suikochin,
leaving only a few men to guard against surprise on the extremity
of the right flank. There was, however, little fear that the enemy
would attempt to cross at Shojo, where they would find themselves in
mountainous country, and have difficulty in obtaining supplies.
The general plan of attack was made known in an army order issued at
ten o’clock on the morning of April 28th. Some changes were afterwards
made, but they did not materially affect the scheme.
The Twelfth Division were to cross the Yalu at Suikochin on the night
of the 29th, and by the evening of the 30th were to hold the line from
Tiger Hill to Litsuyen. On the following day they were to advance
to Santowan. The duty of this Division was to cover the crossing of
the main army. If possible, General Inouye was to send a detachment
to Altaokau to threaten the left wing and rear of the enemy who were
entrenched at Makau and Yushukau on the north bank of the Ai-ho.
The Second Division, which formed the left flank, were to assemble at
Shasanton, South-east of Wiju, at ten o’clock on the morning of the
30th, and to march at midnight to Wonfuaton, where four bridges spanned
two branch streams of the Yalu. From the island of Kulito they were
to pass by way of Tiger Hill to a position in front of the Ai-ho. The
Second Regiment of artillery (Second Division) were to be stationed on
the left bank of the main stream at Chonchagtai, and were to be ready
to open fire at daybreak on the 30th.
The Guards Division, having fewer difficulties to overcome, were to
follow the same route as the Second Division on the night of the 30th,
and to take up a position between the Twelfth and Second Divisions.
The howitzer regiment was to occupy a position on Kontonto island on
the 29th. One reserve battalion was posted near the howitzers to guard
them and the field guns.
The reserve, which consisted of four infantry battalions and five
squadrons of cavalry, were to muster at four o’clock on the morning of
May 1st on the island of Kulito.