CHAPTER 3.

TWO OCEANS AND NEW HOLLAND.

THE AUTHOR'S STAY AND BUSINESS AT BAHIA: OF THE WINDS, AND SEASONS OF THE

YEAR THERE.

My stay here at Bahia was about a month; during which time the viceroy of

Goa came hither from thence in a great ship, said to be richly laden with

all sorts of India goods; but she did not break bulk here, being bound

home for Lisbon; only the viceroy intended to refresh his men (of whom he

had lost many, and most of the rest were very sickly, having been 4

months in their voyage hither) and so to take in water, and depart for

Europe in company with the other Portuguese ships thither bound; who had

orders to be ready to sail by the twentieth of May. He desired me to

carry a letter for him, directed to his successor the new viceroy of Goa;

which I did, sending it thither afterwards by Captain Hammond, whom I

found near the Cape of Good Hope. The refreshing my men and taking in

water was the main also of my business here; beside the having the better

opportunity to compose the disorders among my crew: which, as I have

before related, were grown to so great a height that they could not

without great difficulty be appeased: however, finding opportunity during

my stay in this place to allay in some measure the ferment that had been

raised among my men, I now set myself to provide for the carrying on of

my voyage with more heart than before, and put all hands to work, in

order to it, as fast as the backwardness of my men would permit; who

showed continually their unwillingness to proceed farther. Besides, their

heads were generally filled with strange notions of southerly winds that

were now setting in (and there had been already some flurries of them)

which, as they surmised, would hinder any farther attempts of going on to

the southward so long as they should last.

The winds begin to shift here in April and September, and the seasons of

the year (the dry and the wet) alter with them. In April the southerly

winds make their entrance on this coast, bringing in the wet season, with

violent tornados, thunder and lightning, and much rain. In September the

other coasting trade at east-north-east comes in and clears the sky,

bringing fair weather. This, as to the change of wind, is what I have

observed, but as to the change of weather accompanying it so exactly here

at Bahia this is a particular exception to what I have experienced in all

other places of south latitudes that I have been in between the tropics,

or those I have heard of; for there the dry season sets in, in April, and

the wet about October or November, sooner or later (as I have said that

they are, in south latitudes, the reverse of the seasons, or weather, in

the same months in north latitudes, whereas on this coast of Brazil the

wet season comes in in April at the same time that it doth in north

latitudes, and the dry (as I have said here) in September; the rains here

not lasting so far in the year as in other places; for in September the

weather is usually so fair that in the latter part of that month they

begin to cut their sugarcane here, as I was told; for I enquired

particularly about the seasons: though this, as to the season of cutting

of cane, which I was now assured to be in September, agrees not very well

with that I was formerly told, that in Brazil they cut the cane in July.

And so as to what is said a little lower in the same page, that in

managing their cane they are not confined to the seasons, this ought to

have been expressed only of planting them; for they never cut them but in

the dry season.

But to return to the southerly winds, which came in (as I expected they

would) while I was here: these daunted my ship's company very much,

though I had told them they were to look for them: but they being

ignorant as to what I told them farther, that these were only coasting

winds, sweeping the shore to about 40 or 50 leagues in breadth from it,

and imagining that they had blown so all the sea over, between America

and Africa; and being confirmed in this their opinion by the Portuguese

pilots of European ships, with whom several of my officers conversed

much, and who were themselves as ignorant that these were only coasting

tradewinds (themselves going away before them in their return homewards

till they cross the Line, and so having no experience of the breadth of

them) being thus possessed with a conceit that we could not sail from

hence till September; this made them still the more remiss in their

duties, and very listless to the getting things in a readiness for our

departure. However I was the more diligent myself to have the ship

scrubbed, and to send my water casks ashore to get them trimmed, my beer

being now out. I went also to the governor to get my water filled; for

here being but one watering-place (and the water running low, now at the

end of the dry season) it was always so crowded with the European ships'

boats, who were preparing to be gone, that my men could seldom come nigh

it till the governor very kindly sent an officer to clear the

watering-place for my men, and to stay there till my water-casks were all

full, whom I satisfied for his pains. Here I also got aboard 9 or 10 ton

of ballast, and made my boatswain fit the rigging that was amiss: and I

enquired also of my particular officers, whose business it was, whether

they wanted any stores, especially pitch and tar; for that here I would

supply myself before I proceeded any farther; but they said they had

enough, though it did not afterwards prove so.

I commonly went ashore every day, either upon business, or to recreate

myself in the fields, which were very pleasant, and the more for a shower

of rain now and then, that ushers in the wet season. Several sorts of

good fruits were also still remaining, especially oranges, which were in

such plenty that I and all my company stocked ourselves for our voyage

with them, and they did us a great kindness; and we took in also a good

quantity of rum and sugar: but for fowls, they being here lean and dear,

I was glad I had stocked myself at St. Jago. But, by the little care my

officers took for fresh provisions, one might conclude they did not think

of going much farther. Besides I had like to have been embroiled with the

clergy here (of the Inquisition, as I suppose) and so my voyage might

have been hindered. What was said to them of me by some of my company

that went ashore I know not; but I was assured by a merchant there that

if they got me into their clutches (and it seems when I was last ashore

they had narrowly watched me) the governor himself could not release me.

Besides I might either be murdered in the streets, as he sent me word, or

poisoned, if I came ashore any more; and therefore he advised me to stay

aboard. Indeed I had now no further business ashore but to take leave of

the governor and therefore took his advice.

HIS DEPARTURE FOR NEW HOLLAND.

Our stay here was till the 23rd of April. I would have gone before if I

could sooner have fitted myself; but was now earnest to be gone, because

this harbour lies open to the south and south-south-west, which are

raging winds here, and now was the season for them. We had 2 or 3 touches

of them; and one pretty severe, and the ships ride there so near each

other that, if a cable would fail or an anchor start, you are instantly

aboard of one ship or other: and I was more afraid of being disabled he

in harbour by these blustering winds than discouraged by them, as my

people were, from prosecuting the voyage; for at present I even wished

for a brisk southerly wind, as soon as I should be once well out of the

harbour, to set me the sooner into the true general tradewind.

The tide of flood being spent, and having a fine land-breeze on the 23rd

in the morning, I went away from the anchoring place before it was light;

and then lay by till daylight that we might see the better how to go out

of the harbour. I had a pilot belonging to Mr. Cock who went out with me,

to whom I gave 3 dollars; but I found I could as well have gone out

myself by the soundings I made at coming in. The wind was east by north

and fair weather. By 10 o'clock I was got past all danger and then sent

away my pilot.

CAPE SALVADOR.

At 12 Cape Salvador bore north distant 6 leagues, and we had the winds

between the east by north and south-east a considerable time, so that we

kept along near the shore, commonly in sight of it. The southerly blasts

had now left us again; for they come at first in short flurries, and

shift to other points (for 10 or 12 days sometimes) before they are quite

set in: and we had uncertain winds, between sea and land-breezes, and the

coasting trade, which was itself unsettled.

THE WINDS ON THE BRAZILIAN COAST; AND ABROLHO SHOAL; FISH AND BIRDS: THE

SHEARWATER BIRD, AND COOKING OF SHARKS.

The easterly winds at present made me doubt I should not weather a great

shoal which lies in latitude between 18 and 19 degrees south, and runs a

great way into the sea, directly from the land, easterly. Indeed the

weather was fair (and continued so a good while) so that I might the

better avoid any danger from it: and if the wind came to the southward I

knew I could stretch off to sea; so that I jogged on courageously. The

27th of April we saw a small brigantine under the shore plying to the

southward. We also saw many men-of-war-birds and boobies, and abundance

of albicore-fish. Having still fair weather, small gales, and some calms,

I had the opportunity of trying the current, which I found to set

sometimes northerly and sometimes southerly: and therefore knew I was

still within the verge of the tides. Being now in the latitude of the

Abrolho Shoals, which I expected to meet with, I sounded, and had water

lessening from 40 to 33 and so to 25 fathom: but then it rose again to

33, 35, 37, etc., all coral rocks. Whilst we were on this shoal (which we

crossed towards the further part of it from land, where it lay deep, and

so was not dangerous) we caught a great many fish with hook and line: and

by evening amplitude we had 6 degrees 38 minutes east variation. This was

the 27th of April; we were then in latitude 18 degrees 13 minutes south

and east longitude from Cape Salvador 31 minutes. On the 29th, being then

in latitude 18 degrees 39 minutes south, we had small gales from the

west-north-west to the west-south-west often shifting. The 30th we had

the winds from west to south-south-east, squalls and rain: and we saw

some dolphins and other fish about us. We were now out of sight of land

and had been so 4 or 5 days: but the winds now hanging in the south was

an apparent sign that we were still too nigh the shore to receive the

true general east trade; as the easterly winds we had before showed that

we were too far off the land to have the benefit of the coasting south

trade: and the faintness of both these winds, and their often shifting

from the south-south-west to the south-east with squalls, rain and small

gales, were a confirmation of our being between the verge of the south

coasting trade and that of the true trade; which is here regularly

south-east.

The 3rd of May, being in latitude 20 degrees 00 minutes and meridian

distance west from Cape Salvador 234 miles, the variation was 7 degrees

00 minutes. We saw no fowl but shearwaters, as our seamen call them,

being a small black fowl that sweep the water as they fly, and are much

in the seas that lie without either of the tropics: they are not eaten.

We caught 3 small sharks, each 6 foot 4 inches long; and they were very

good food for us. The next day we caught 3 more sharks of the same size,

and we ate them also, esteeming them as good fish, boiled and pressed,

and then stewed with vinegar and pepper.

EXCESSIVE NUMBER OF BIRDS ABOUT A DEAD WHALE; OF THE PINTADO BIRD, AND

THE PETREL, ETC.

We had nothing of remark from the 3rd of May to the 10th, only now and

then seeing a small whale spouting up the water. We had the wind easterly

and we ran with it to the southward, running in this time from the

latitude of 20 degrees 00 minutes to 29 degrees 5 minutes south, and

having then 7 degrees 3 minutes east longitude from Cape Salvador; the

variation increasing upon us at present, notwithstanding we went east. We

had all along a great difference between the morning and evening

amplitudes; usually a degree or two, and sometimes more. We were now in

the true trade, and therefore made good way to the southward to get

without the verge of the general tradewind into a westerly wind's way

that might carry us towards the Cape of Good Hope. By the 12th of May,

being in latitude 31 degrees 10 minutes we began to meet with westerly

winds, which freshened on us, and did not leave us till a little before

we made the Cape. Sometimes it blew so hard that it put us under a

fore-course; especially in the night; but in the daytime we had commonly

our main topsail reefed. We met with nothing of moment; only we passed by

a dead whale, and saw millions (as I may say) of sea-fowls about the

carcass (and as far round about it as we could see) some feeding, and the

rest flying about, or sitting on the water, waiting to take their turns.

We first discovered the whale by the fowls; for indeed I did never see so

many fowls at once in my life before, their numbers being inconceivably

great: they were of divers sorts, in bigness, shape and colour. Some were

almost as big as geese, of a grey colour, with white breasts, and with

such bills, wings, and tails. Some were pintado-birds, as big as ducks,

and speckled black and white. Some were shearwaters; some petrels; and

there were several sorts of large fowls. We saw of these birds,

especially pintado-birds, all the sea over from about 200 leagues distant

from the coast of Brazil to within much the same distance of New Holland.

The pintado is a southern bird, and of that temperate zone; for I never

saw of them much to the northward of 30 degrees south. The pintado-bird

is as big as a duck; but appears, as it flies, about the bigness of a

tame pigeon, having a short tail, but the wings very long, as most

sea-fowls have; especially such as these that fly far from the shore, and

seldom come nigh it; for their resting is sitting afloat upon the water;

but they lay, I suppose, ashore. There are three sorts of these birds,

all of the same make and bigness, and are only different in colour. The

first is black all over: the second sort are grey, with white bellies and

breasts. The third sort, which is the true pintado, or painted-bird, is

curiously spotted white and black. Their heads and the tips of their

wings and tails are black for about an inch; and their wings are also

edged quite round with such a small black list; only within the black on

the tip of their wings there is a white spot seeming as they fly (for

then their spots are best seen) as big as a half-crown. All this is on

the outside of the tails and wings; and, as there is a white spot in the

black tip of the wings, so there is in the middle of the wings which is

white, a black spot; but this, towards the back of the bird, turns

gradually to a dark grey. The back itself, from the head to the tip of

the tail, and the edge of the wings next to the back, are all over

spotted with fine small, round, white and black spots, as big as a silver

twopence, and as close as they can stick one by another: the belly,

thighs, sides, and inner part of the wings, are of a light grey. These

birds, of all these sorts, fly many together, never high, but almost

sweeping the water. We shot one a while after on the water in a calm, and

a water-spaniel we had with us brought it in: I have given a picture of

it, but it was so damaged that the picture doth not show it to advantage;

and its spots are best seen when the feathers are spread as it flies.

The petrel is a bird not much unlike a swallow, but smaller, and with a

shorter tail. It is all over black, except a white spot on the rump. They

fly sweeping like swallows, and very near the water. They are not so

often seen in fair weather; being foul-weather birds, as our seamen call

them, and presaging a storm when they come about a ship; who for that

reason don't love to see them. In a storm they will hover close under the

ship's stern in the wake of the ship (as it is called) or the smoothness

which the ship's passing has made on the sea; and there as they fly

(gently then) they pat the water alternately with their feet as if they

walked upon it; though still upon the wing. And from hence the seamen

give them the name of petrels in allusion to St. Peter's walking upon the

Lake of Gennesareth.

We also saw many bunches of seaweeds in the latitude of 39 32 and, by

judgment near, the meridian of the island Tristan d'Acunha: and then we

had about 2 degrees 20 minutes east variation: which was now again

decreasing as we ran to the eastward, till near the meridian of

Ascension; where we found little or no variation: but from thence, as we

ran farther to the east, our variation increased westerly.

OF A BIRD THAT SHOWS THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO BE NEAR: OF THE

SEA-RECKONINGS, AND VARIATIONS: AND A TABLE OF ALL THE VARIATIONS

OBSERVED IN THIS VOYAGE.

Two days before I made the Cape of Good Hope my variation was 7 degrees

58 minutes west. I was then in 43 degrees 27 minutes east longitude from

Cape Salvador, being in latitude 35 degrees 30 minutes, this was the

first of June. The second of June I saw a large black fowl, with a

whitish flat bill, fly by us; and took great notice of it, because in the

East India Waggoner, pilot-book, there is mention made of large fowls, as

big as ravens, with white flat bills and black feathers, that fly not

above 30 leagues from the Cape, and are looked on as a sign of one's

being near it. My reckoning made me then think myself above 90 leagues

from the Cape, according to the longitude which the Cape hath in the

common sea-charts: so that I was in some doubt whether these were the

right fowls spoken of in the Waggoner; or whether those fowls might not

fly farther off shore than is there mentioned; or whether, as it proved,

I might not be nearer the Cape than I reckoned myself to be; for I found,

soon after, that I was not then above 25 or 30 leagues at most from the

Cape. Whether the fault were in the charts laying down the Cape too much

to the east from Brazil, or were rather in our reckoning, I could not

tell: but our reckonings are liable to such uncertainties from steerage,

log, currents, half-minute-glasses; and sometimes want of care, as in so

long a run cause often a difference of many leagues in the whole account.

Most of my men that kept journals imputed it to the half-minute-glasses:

and indeed we had not a good glass in the ship beside the half-watch or

two-hour-glasses. As for our half-minute-glasses we tried them all at

several times, and we found those that we had used from Brazil as much

too short, as others we had used before were too long; which might well

make great errors in those several reckonings. A ship ought therefore to

have its glasses very exact; and besides, an extraordinary care ought to

be used in heaving the log, for fear of giving too much stray line in a

moderate gale; and also to stop quickly in a brisk gale, for when a ship

runs 8, 9 or 10 knots, half a knot or a knot is soon run out, and not

heeded: but to prevent danger, when a man thinks himself near land, the

best way is to look out betimes, and lie by in the night, for a commander

may err easily himself; beside the errors of those under him, though

never so carefully eyed.

Another thing that stumbled me here was the variation, which, at this

time, by the last amplitude I had found to be but 7 degrees 58 minutes

west, whereas the variation at the Cape (from which I found myself not 30

leagues distant) was then computed, and truly, about 11 degrees or more:

and yet a while after this, when I was got 10 leagues to the eastward of

the Cape, I found the variation but 10 degrees 40 minutes west, whereas

it should have been rather more than at the Cape. These things, I

confess, did puzzle me: neither was I fully satisfied as to the exactness

of the taking the variation at sea: for in a great sea, which we often

meet with, the compass will traverse with the motion of the ship; besides

the ship may and will deviate somewhat in steering, even by the best

helmsmen: and then when you come to take an azimuth there is often some

difference between him that looks at the compass and the man that takes

the altitude height of the sun; and a small error in each, if the error

of both should be one way, will make it wide of any great exactness. But

what was most shocking to me, I found that the variation did not always

increase or decrease in proportion to the degrees of longitude east or

west; as I had a notion they might do to a certain number of degrees of

variation east or west, at such or such particular meridians. But,

finding in this voyage that the difference of variation did not bear a

regular proportion to the difference of longitude, I was much pleased to

see it thus observed in a scheme shown me after my return home, wherein

are represented the several variations in the Atlantic Sea, on both sides

of the equator, and there the line of no variation in that sea is not a

meridian line, but goes very oblique, as do those also which show the

increase of variation on each side of it. In that chart there is so large

an advance made as well towards the accounting for those seemingly

irregular increases and decreases of variation towards the south-east

coast of America as towards the fixing a general scheme or system of the

variation everywhere, which would be of such great use in navigation,

that I cannot but hope that the ingenious author, Captain Halley, who to

his profound skill in all theories of these kinds, hath added and is

adding continually personal experiments, will e'er long oblige the world

with a fuller discovery of the course of the variation, which hath

hitherto been a secret. For my part I profess myself unqualified for

offering at anything of a general scheme; but since matter of fact, and

whatever increases the history of the variation, may be of use towards

the settling or confirming the theory of it, I shall here once for all

insert a table of all the variations I observed beyond the equator in

this voyage, both in going out and returning back; and what errors there

may be in it I shall leave to be corrected by the observations of others.

(A TABLE OF VARIATIONS.)

OCCURRENCES NEAR THE CAPE; AND THE AUTHOR'S PASSING BY IT.

But to return from this digression: having fair weather and the winds

hanging southerly I jogged on to the eastward to make the Cape. On the

third of June we saw a sail to leeward of us, showing English colours. I

bore away to speak with her, and found her to be the Antelope of London,

commanded by Captain Hammond, and bound for the Bay of Bengal in the

service of the New-East-India Company. There were many passengers aboard,

going to settle there under Sir Edward Littleton, who was going chief

thither: I went aboard and was known by Sir Edward and Mr. Hedges, and

kindly received and treated by them and the commander; who had been

afraid of us before, though I had sent one of my officers aboard. They

had been in at the Cape, and came from thence the day before, having

stocked themselves with refreshments. They told me that they were by

reckoning 60 miles to the west of the Cape. While I was aboard them a

fine small westerly wind sprang up; therefore I shortened my stay with

them because I did not design to go in to the Cape. When I took leave I

was presented with half a mutton, 12 cabbages, 12 pumpkins, 6 pound of

butter, 6 couple of stock-fish, and a quantity of parsnips; sending them

some oatmeal which they wanted.

From my first setting out from England I did not design to touch at the

Cape; and that was one reason why I touched at Brazil, that there I might

refresh my men and prepare them for a long run to New Holland. We had not

yet seen the land, but about 2 in the afternoon we saw the Cape land

bearing east at about 16 leagues distance: and, Captain Hammond being

also bound to double the Cape, we jogged on together this afternoon and

the next day, and had several fair sights of it; which may be seen.

OF THE WESTERLY WINDS BEYOND IT: A STORM, AND ITS PRESAGES.

To proceed: having still a westerly wind I jogged on in company with the

Antelope till Sunday June the 4th, at 4 in the afternoon, when we parted;

they steering away for the East Indies and I keeping an east-south-east

course, the better to make my way for New Holland: for though New Holland

lies north-easterly from the Cape yet all ships bound towards the coast,

or the Straits of Sunda, ought to keep for a while in the same parallel,

or in a latitude between 35 and 40, at least a little to the south of the

east, that they may continue in a variable winds way; and not venture too

soon to stand so far to the north as to be within the verge of the

tradewind, which will put them by their easterly course. The wind

increased upon us; but we had yet sight of the Antelope, and of the land

too, till Tuesday the 6th June: and then we saw also by us an innumerable

company of fowls of divers sorts; so that we looked about to see if there

were not another dead whale, but saw none.

The night before, the sun set in a black cloud, which appeared just like

land, and the clouds above it were gilded of a dark red colour. And on

the Tuesday, as the sun drew near the horizon, the clouds were gilded

very prettily to the eye, though at the same time my mind dreaded the

consequences of it. When the sun was now not above 2 degrees high it

entered into a dark smoky-coloured cloud that lay parallel with the

horizon, from whence presently seemed to issue many dusky blackish beams.

The sky was at this time covered with small hard clouds (as we call such

a lie scattering about, not likely to rain) very thick one by another;

and such of them as lay next to the bank of clouds at the horizon were of

a pure gold colour to 3 or 4 degrees high above the bank. From these to

about 10 degrees high they were redder and very bright; above them they

were of a darker colour still, to about 60 or 70 degrees high, where the

clouds began to be of their common colour. I took the more particular

notice of all this because I have generally observed such coloured clouds

to appear before an approaching storm: and, this being winter here and

the time for bad weather, I expected and provided for a violent blast of

wind by reefing our topsails, and giving a strict charge to my officers

to hand them or take them in if the wind should grow stronger. The wind

was now at west-north-west a very brisk gale. About 12 o'clock at night

we had a pale whitish glare in the north-west which was another sign, and

intimated the storm be near at hand; and, the wind increasing upon it, we

presently handed our topsails, furled the mainsail, and went away only

with our foresail. Before 2 in the morning it came on very fierce, and we

kept right before wind and sea, the wind still increasing: but the ship

was very governable, and steered incomparably well. At 8 in the morning

we settled our foreyard, lowering it 4 or 5 foot, and we ran very

swiftly; especially when the squalls of rain or hail from a black cloud

came overhead, for then it blew excessive hard. These, though they did

not last long, yet came very thick and fast one after another. The sea

also ran very high; but we running so violently before wind and sea we

shipped little or no water; though a little washed into our upper deck

ports; and with it a scuttle or cuttlefish was cast up on the carriage of

a gun.

The wind blew extraordinary hard all Wednesday the 7th of June but abated

of its fierceness before night: yet it continued a brisk gale till about

the 16th, and still a moderate one till the 19th day; by which time we

had run about 600 leagues: for the most part of which time the wind was

in some point of the west, namely from the west-north-west to the south

by west. It blew hardest when at west or between the west and south-west,

but after it veered more southerly the foul weather broke up: this I

observed at other times also in these seas, that when the storms at west

veered to the southward they grew less; and that when the wind came to

the east of the south we had still smaller gales, calms, and fair

weather. As for the westerly winds on that side the Cape, we like them

never the worse for being violent, for they drive us the faster to the

eastward; and are therefore the only winds coveted by those who sail

towards such parts of the East Indies as lie south of the equator; as

Timor, Java, and Sumatra; and by the ships bound for China, or any other

that are to pass through the Straits of Sunda. Those ships having once

passed the Cape keep commonly pretty far southerly, on purpose to meet

with these west winds, which in the winter season of these climates they

soon meet with; for then the winds are generally westerly at the Cape,

and especially to the southward of it: but in their summer months they

get to the southward of 40 degrees usually ere they meet with the

westerly winds. I was not at this time in a higher latitude than 36

degrees 40 minutes, and oftentimes was more northerly, altering my

latitude often as winds and weather required; for in such long runs it is

best to shape one's course according to the winds. And if in steering to

the east we should be obliged to bear a little to the north or south of

it it is no great matter; for it is but sailing 2 or 3 points from the

wind when it is either northerly or southerly; and this not only eases

the ship from straining but shortens the way more than if a ship was kept

close on a wind, as some men are fond of doing.

THE AUTHOR'S COURSE TO NEW HOLLAND; AND SIGNS OF APPROACHING IT.

The 19th of June we were in latitude 34 degrees 17 minutes south and

longitude from the Cape 39 degrees 24 minutes east, and had small gales

and calms. The winds were at north-east by east and continued in some

part of the east till the 27th day. When it having been some time at

north-north-east it came about at north and then to the west of the

north, and continued in the west-board (between the north-north-west and

south-south-west) till the 4th of July; in which time we ran 782 miles;

then the winds came about again to the east, we reckoning ourselves to be

in a meridian 1100 leagues east of the Cape; and, having fair weather,

sounded, but had no ground.

We met with little of remark in this voyage, besides being accompanied

with fowls all the way, especially pintado-birds, and seeing now and then

a whale: but as we drew nigher the coast of New Holland we saw frequently

3 or 4 whales together. When we were about 90 leagues from the land we

began to see seaweeds, all of one sort; and as we drew nigher the shore

we saw them more frequently. At about 30 leagues distance we began to see

some scuttle-bones floating on the water; and drawing still nigher the

land we saw greater quantities of them.

July 25, being in latitude 26 degrees 14 minutes south and longitude east

from the Cape of Good Hope 85 degrees 52 minutes, we saw a large garfish

leap 4 times by us, which seemed to be as big as a porpoise. It was now

very fair weather, and the sea was full of a sort of very small grass or

moss, which as it floated in the water seemed to have been some spawn of

fish; and there was among it some small fry. The next day the sea was

full of small round things like pearl, some as big as white peas; they

were very clear and transparent, and upon crushing any of them a drop of

water would come forth: the skin that contained the water was so thin

that it was but just discernable. Some weeds swam by us so that we did

not doubt but we should quickly see land. On the 27th also some weeds

swam by us, and the birds that had flown along with us all the way almost

from Brazil now left us, except only 2 or 3 shearwaters. On the 28th we

saw many weeds swim by us and some whales, blowing. On the 29th we had

dark cloudy weather with much thunder, lightning, and violent rains in

the morning; but in the evening it grew fair. We saw this day a

scuttle-bone swim by us, and some of our young men a seal, as it should

seem by their description of its head. I saw also some bonetas, and some

skipjacks, a fish about 8 inches long, broad, and sizable, not much

unlike a roach; which our seamen call so from their leaping about.

ANOTHER ABROLHO SHOAL AND STORM, AND THE AUTHOR'S ARRIVAL ON PART OF NEW

HOLLAND.

The 30th of July, being still nearer the land, we saw abundance of

scuttle-bones and seaweed, more tokens that we were not far from it; and

saw also a sort of fowls, the like of which we had not seen in the whole

voyage, all the other fowls having now left us. These were as big as

lapwings; of a grey colour, black about their eyes, with red sharp bills,

long wings, their tails long and forked like swallows; and they flew

flapping their wings like lapwings. In the afternoon we met with a

rippling tide or current, or the water of some shoal or overfall; but

were past it before we could sound. The birds last mentioned and this

were further signs of land. In the evening we had fair weather and a

small gale at west. At 8 o'clock we sounded again; but had no ground.

We kept on still to the eastward, with an easy sail looking out sharp:

for by the many signs we had I did expect that we were near the land. At

12 o'clock in the night I sounded and had 45 fathom, coarse sand and

small white shells. I presently clapped on a wind and stood to the south,

with the wind at west, because I thought we were to the south of a shoal

called the Abrolhos (an appellative name for shoals as it seems to me)

which in a chart I had of that coast is laid down in 27 degrees 28

minutes latitude stretching about 7 leagues into the sea. I was the day

before in 27 degrees 38 minutes by reckoning. And afterwards, steering

east by south purposely to avoid it, I thought I must have been to the

south of it: but sounding again at 1 o'clock in the morning August the

first, we had but 25 fathom, coral rocks; and so found the shoal was to

the south of us. We presently tacked again, and stood to the north, and

then soon deepened our water; for at 2 in the morning we had 26 fathom

coral still: at 3 we had 28 coral ground: at 4 we had 30 fathom, coarse

sand, with some coral: at 5 we had 45 fathom, coarse sand and shells;

being now off the shoal, as appeared by the sand and shells, and by

having left the coral. By all this I knew we had fallen into the north of

the shoal, and that it was laid down wrong in my sea-chart: for I found

it lie in about 27 degrees latitude, and by our run in the next day I

found that the outward edge of it, which I sounded on, lies 16 leagues

off shore. When it was day we steered in east-north-east with a fine

brisk gale; but did not see the land till 9 in the morning, when we saw

it from our topmast-head, and were distant from it about 10 leagues;

having then 40 fathom water, and clean sand. About 3 hours after we saw

it on our quarter-deck, being by judgment about 6 leagues off, and we had

then 40 fathom, clean sand. As we ran in this day and the next we took

several sights of it, at different bearings and distances; from which it

appeared as you see. And here I would note once for all that the

latitudes marked in the draughts, or sights here given, are not the

latitude of the land, but of the ship when the sight was taken. This

morning, August the first, as we were standing in, we saw several large

seafowls, like our gannets on the coast of England, flying 3 or 4

together; and a sort of white seamews, but black about the eyes, and with

forked tails. We strove to run in near the shore to seek for a harbour to

refresh us after our tedious voyage; having made one continued stretch

from Brazil hither of about 114 degrees designing from hence also to

begin the discovery I had a mind to make on New Holland and New Guinea.

The land was low, and appeared even, and as we drew nearer to it it made

with some red and some white cliffs; these last in latitude 26 10 south,

where you will find 54 fathom within 4 miles of the shore.

THAT PART DESCRIBED, AND SHARK'S BAY, WHERE HE FIRST ANCHORS.

About the latitude of 26 degrees south we saw an opening, and ran in,

hoping to find a harbour there: but when we came to its mouth, which was

about 2 leagues wide, we saw rocks and foul ground within, and therefore

stood out again: there we had 20 fathom water within 2 mile of the shore.

The land everywhere appeared pretty low, flat and even; but with steep

cliffs to the sea; and when we came near it there were no trees, shrubs

or grass to be seen. The soundings in the latitude of 26 degrees south,

from about 8 or 9 leagues off till you come within a league of the shore,

are generally about 40 fathom; differing but little, seldom above 3 or 4

fathom. But the lead brings up very different sorts of sand, some coarse,

some fine; and of several colours, as yellow, white, grey, brown, bluish

and reddish.

When I saw there was no harbour here, nor good anchoring, I stood off to

sea again, in the evening of the second of August, fearing a storm on a

lee shore, in a place where there was no shelter, and desiring at least

to have sea-room: for the clouds began to grow thick in the western

board, and the wind was already there, and began to blow fresh almost

upon the shore; which at this place lies along north-north-west and

south-south-east. By 9 o'clock at night we had got a pretty good offing;

but, the wind still increasing, I took in my main topsail, being able to

carry no more sail than two courses and the mizzen. At 2 in the morning

August 3 it blew very hard, and the sea was much raised; so that I furled

all my sails but my mainsail. Though the wind blew so hard we had pretty

clear weather till noon: but then the whole sky was blackened with thick

clouds, and we had some rain, which would last a quarter of an hour at a

time, and then it would blow very fierce while the squalls of rain were

over our heads; but as soon as they were gone the wind was by much

abated, the stress of the storm being over. We sounded several times, but

had no ground till 8 o'clock August the 4th in the evening; and then had

60 fathom water, coral ground. At 10 we had 56 fathom fine sand. At 12 we

had 55 fathom, fine sand, of a pale bluish colour. It was now pretty

moderate weather; yet I made no sail till morning; but then, the wind

veering about to the south-west, I made sail and stood to the north: and

at 11 o'clock the next day August 5 we saw land again, at about 10

leagues distance. This noon we were in latitude 25 degrees 30 minutes,

and in the afternoon our cook died, an old man, who had been sick a great

while, being infirm before we came out of England.

The 6th of August in the morning we saw an opening in the land and we ran

into it, and anchored in 7 and a half fathom water, 2 miles from the

shore, clean sand. It was somewhat difficult getting in here, by reason

of many shoals we met with: but I sent my boat sounding before me. The

mouth of this sound, which I called Shark's Bay, lies in about 25 degrees

south latitude, and our reckoning made its longitude from the Cape of

Good Hope to be about 87 degrees; which is less by 195 leagues than is

usually laid down in our common charts, if our reckoning was right and

our glasses did not deceive us. As soon as I came to anchor in this bay

(of which I have given a plan) I sent my boat ashore to seek for fresh

water: but in the evening my men returned, having found none. The next

morning I went ashore myself, carrying pickaxes and shovels with me, to

dig for water: and axes to cut wood. We tried in several places for water

but, finding none after several trials, nor in several miles compass, we

left any farther search for it and, spending the rest of the day in

cutting wood, we went aboard at night.

OF THE LAND THERE, VEGETABLES, BIRDS, ETC.

The land is of an indifferent height, so that it may be seen 9 or 10

leagues off. It appears at a distance very even; but as you come nigher

you find there are many gentle risings, though none steep nor high. It is

all a steep shore against the open sea: but in this bay or sound we were

now in the land is low by the seaside, rising gradually in within the

land. The mould is sand by the seaside, producing a large sort of

samphire, which bears a white flower. Farther in the mould is reddish, a

sort of sand producing some grass, plants, and shrubs. The grass grows in

great tufts as big as a bushel, here and there a tuft: being intermixed

with much heath, much of the kind we have growing on our commons in

England. Of trees or shrubs here are divers sorts; but none above 10 foot

high: their bodies about 3 foot about, and 5 or 6 foot high before you

come to the branches, which are bushy and composed of small twigs there

spreading abroad, though thick set, and full of leaves; which were mostly

long and narrow. The colour of the leaves was on one side whitish, and on

the other green; and the bark of the trees was generally of the same

colour with the leaves, of a pale green. Some of these trees were

sweet-scented, and reddish within the bark, like the sassafras, but

redder. Most of the trees and shrubs had at this time either blossoms or

berries on them. The blossoms of the different sort of trees were of

several colours, as red, white, yellow, etc., but mostly blue: and these

generally smelt very sweet and fragrant, as did some also of the rest.

There were also beside some plants, herbs, and tall flowers, some very

small flowers, growing on the ground, that were sweet and beautiful, and

for the most part unlike any I had seen elsewhere.

A PARTICULAR SORT OF IGUANA: FISH, AND BEAUTIFUL SHELLS; TURTLE, LARGE

SHARK, AND WATER-SERPENTS.

There were but few land-fowls; we saw none but eagles of the larger sorts

of birds; but 5 or 6 sorts of small birds. The biggest sort of these were

not bigger than larks; some no bigger than wrens, all singing with great

variety of fine shrill notes; and we saw some of their nests with young

ones in them. The water-fowls are ducks (which had young ones now, this

being the beginning of the spring in these parts) curlews, galdens,

crab-catchers, cormorants, gulls, pelicans; and some waterfowl, such as I

have not seen anywhere besides. I have given the pictures of 4 several

birds on this coast.

The land animals that we saw here were only a sort of raccoon, different

from those of the West Indies, chiefly as to their legs; for these have

very short forelegs; but go jumping upon them as the others do (and like

them are very good meat) and a sort of iguana, of the same shape and size

with other iguanas described, but differing from them in 3 remarkable

particulars: for these had a larger and uglier head, and had no tail: and

at the rump, instead of the tail there, they had a stump of a tail which

appeared like another head; but not really such, being without mouth or

eyes: yet this creature seemed by this means to have a head at each end;

and, which may be reckoned a fourth difference, the legs also seemed all

4 of them to be forelegs, being all alike in shape and length, and

seeming by the joints and bending to be made as if they were to go

indifferently either head or tail foremost. They were speckled black and

yellow like toads, and had scales or knobs on their backs like those of

crocodiles, plated onto the skin, or stuck into it, as part of the skin.

They are very slow in motion; and when a man comes nigh them they will

stand still and hiss, not endeavouring to get away. Their livers are also

spotted black and yellow: and the body when opened has a very unsavoury

smell. I did never see such ugly creatures anywhere but here. The iguanas

I have observed to be very good meat: and I have often eaten of them with

pleasure; but though I have eaten of snakes, crocodiles and alligators,

and many creatures that look frightfully enough, and there are but few I

should have been afraid to eat of if pressed by hunger, yet I think my

stomach would scarce have served to venture upon these New Holland

iguanas, both the looks and the smell of them being so offensive.

The sea-fish that we saw here (for here was no river, land, or pond of

fresh water to be seen) are chiefly sharks. There are abundance of them

in this particular sound, and I therefore give it the name of Shark's

Bay. Here are also skates, thornbacks, and other fish of the ray kind

(one sort especially like the sea-devil) and garfish, bonetas, etc. Of

shellfish we got here mussels, periwinkles, limpets, oysters, both of the

pearl kind and also eating-oysters, as well the common sort as long

oysters; beside cockles, etc., the shore was lined thick with many other

sorts of very strange and beautiful shells, for variety of colour and

shape, most finely spotted with red, black, or yellow, etc., such as I

have not seen anywhere but at this place. I brought away a great many of

them; but lost all except a very few, and those not of the best.

There are also some green-turtle weighing about 200 pounds. Of these we

caught 2 which the water ebbing had left behind a ledge of rock, which

they could not creep over. These served all my company 2 days; and they

were indifferent sweet meat. Of the sharks we caught a great many which

our men eat very savourily. Among them we caught one which was 11 foot

long. The space between its two eyes was 20 inches, and 18 inches from

one corner of his mouth to the other. Its maw was like a leather sack,

very thick, and so tough that a sharp knife could scarce cut it: in which

we found the head and bones of a hippopotamus; the hairy lips of which

were still sound and not putrefied, and the jaw was also firm, out of

which we plucked a great many teeth, 2 of them 8 inches long and as big

as a man's thumb, small at one end, and a little crooked; the rest not

above half so long. The maw was full of jelly which stank extremely:

however I saved for a while the teeth and the shark's jaw: the flesh of

it was divided among my men; and they took care that no waste should be

made of it.

It was the 7th of August when we came into Shark's Bay; in which we

anchored at three several places, and stayed at the first of them (on the

west side of the bay) till the 11th. During which time we searched about,

as I said, for fresh water, digging wells, but to no purpose. However we

cut good store of firewood at this first anchoring-place; and my company

were all here very well refreshed with raccoons, turtle, shark, and other

fish, and some fowls; so that we were now all much brisker than when we

came in hither. Yet still I was for standing farther into the bay, partly

because I had a mind to increase my stock of fresh water, which was began

to be low; and partly for the sake of discovering this part of the coast.

I was invited to go further by seeing from this anchoring-place all open

before me; which therefore I designed to search before I left the bay. So

on the 11th about noon I steered farther in, with an easy sail because we

had but shallow water: we kept therefore good looking-out for fear of

shoals; sometimes shortening, sometimes deepening the water. About 2 in

the afternoon we saw the land ahead that makes the south of the bay, and

before night we had again shoalings from that shore: and therefore

shortened sail and stood off and on all night under, 2 topsails,

continually sounding, having never more than 10 fathom, and seldom less

than 7. The water deepened and shoaled so very gently that in heaving the

lead 5 or 6 times we should scarce have a foot difference. When we came

into 7 fathom either way we presently went about. From this south part of

the bay we could not see the land from whence we came in the afternoon:

and this land we found to be an island of 3 or 4 leagues long, as is seen

in the plan, but it appearing barren I did not strive to go nearer it;

and the rather because the winds would not permit us to do it without

much trouble, and at the openings the water was generally shoal. I

therefore made no farther attempts in this south-west and south part of

the bay, but steered away to eastward to see if there was any land that

way, for as yet we had seen none there. On the 12th in the morning we

passed by the north point of that land and were confirmed in the

persuasion of its being an island by seeing an opening to the east of it,

as we had done on the west. Having fair weather, a small gale, and smooth

water, we stood further on in the bay to see what land was on the east of

it. Our soundings at first were 7 fathom, which held so a great while,

but at length it decreased to 6. Then we saw the land right ahead that in

the plan makes the east of the bay. We could not come near it with the

ship, having but shoal water; and it being dangerous lying there, and the

land extraordinary low, very unlikely to have fresh water (though it had

a few trees on it, seemingly mangroves) and much of it probably covered

at high-water, I stood out again that afternoon, deepening the water, and

before night anchored in 8 fathom, clean white sand, about the middle of

the bay. The next day we got up our anchor; and that afternoon came to an

anchor once more near 2 islands and a shoal of coral rocks that face the

bay. Here I scrubbed my ship; and, finding it very improbable I should

get anything further here, I made the best of my way out to sea again,

sounding all the way: but, finding by the shallowness of the water that

there was no going out to sea to the east of the two islands that face

the bay, nor between them, I returned to the west entrance, going out by

the same way I came in at, only on the east instead of the west side of

the small shoal to be seen in the plan; in which channel we had 10, 12,

and 13 fathom water, still deepening upon us till we were out at sea. The

day before we came out I sent a boat ashore to the most northerly of the

2 islands, which is the least of them, catching many small fish in the

meanwhile with hook and line. The boat's crew returning told me that the

isle produces nothing but a sort of green, short, hard, prickly grass,

affording neither wood nor fresh water; and that a sea broke between the

2 islands, a sign that the water was shallow. They saw a large turtle and

many skates and thornbacks, but caught none.

THE AUTHOR'S REMOVING TO ANOTHER PART OF NEW HOLLAND: DOLPHINS, WHALES,

AND MORE SEA-SERPENTS: AND OF A PASSAGE OR STRAIT SUSPECTED HERE: OF THE

VEGETABLES, BIRDS, AND FISH.

It was August the 14th when I sailed out of this bay or sound, the mouth

of which lies, as I said, in 25 degrees 5 minutes, designing to coast

along to the north-east till I might commodiously put in at some other

part of New Holland. In passing out we saw 3 water-serpents swimming

about in the sea, of a yellow colour, spotted with dark brown spots. They

were each about 4 foot long, and about the bigness of a man's wrist, and

were the first I saw on this coast, which abounds with several sorts of

them. We had the winds at our first coming out at north and the land

lying north-easterly. We plied off and on, getting forward but little

till the next day: when the wind coming at south-south-west and south we

began to coast it along the shore to the northward, keeping at 6 or 7

leagues off shore; and sounding often, we had between 40 and 46 fathom

water, brown sand with some white shells. This 15th of August we were in

latitude 24 degrees 41 minutes. On the 16th day at noon we were in 23

degrees 22 minutes. The wind coming at east by north we could not keep

the shore aboard, but were forced to go farther off, and lost sight of

the land. Then sounding we had no ground with 80 fathom line; however the

wind shortly after came about again to the southward, and then we jogged

on again to the northward and saw many small dolphins and whales, and

abundance of scuttle-shells swimming on the sea; and some water-snakes

every day. The 17th we saw the land again, and took a sight of it.

The 18th in the afternoon, being 3 or 4 leagues offshore, I saw a shoal

point, stretching from the land into the sea a league or more. The sea

broke high on it; by which I saw plainly there was a shoal there. I stood

farther off and coasted alongshore to about 7 or 8 leagues distance: and

at 12 o'clock at night we sounded, and had but 20 fathom hard sand. By

this I found I was upon another shoal, and so presently steered off west

half an hour, and had then 40 fathom. At one in the morning of the 18th

day we had 85 fathom: by two we could find no ground; and then I ventured

to steer alongshore again, due north, which is two points wide of the

coast (that lies north-north-east) for fear of another shoal. I would not

be too far off from the land, being desirous to search into it wherever I

should find an opening or any convenience of searching about for water,

etc. When we were off the shoal point I mentioned where we had but 20

fathom water, we had in the night abundance of whales about the ship,

some ahead, others astern, and some on each side blowing and making a

very dismal noise; but when we came out again into deeper water they left

us. Indeed the noise that they made by blowing and dashing of the sea

with their tails, making it all of a breach and foam, was very dreadful

to us, like the breach of the waves in very shoal water, or among rocks.

The shoal these whales were upon had depth of water sufficient, no less

than 20 fathom, as I said; and it lies in latitude 22 degrees 22 minutes.

The shore was generally bold all along; we had met with no shoal at sea

since the Abrolho Shoal, when we first fell on the New Holland coast in

the latitude of 28, till yesterday in the afternoon, and this night. This

morning also when we expected by the chart we had with us to have been 11

leagues offshore we were but 4; so that either our charts were faulty,

which yet hitherto and afterwards we found true enough as to the lying of

the coast, or else here was a tide unknown to us that deceived us; though

we had found very little of any tide on this coast hitherto. As to our

winds in the coasting thus far, as we had been within the verge of the

general trade (though interrupted by the storm I mentioned) from the

latitude of 28, when we first fell in with the coast: and by that time we

were in the latitude of 25 we had usually the regular tradewind (which is

here south-south-east) when we were at any distance from shore: but we

had often sea and land-breezes, especially when near shore, and when in

Shark's Bay; and had a particular north-west wind, or storm, that set us

in thither. On this 18th of August we coasted with a brisk gale of the

true tradewind at south-south-east, very fair and clear weather; but,

hauling off in the evening to sea, were next morning out of sight of

land; and the land now trending away north-easterly, and we being to the

northward of it, and the wind also shrinking from the south-south-east to

the east-south-east (that is, from the true tradewind to the seabreeze,

as the land now lay) we could not get in with the land again yet awhile,

so as to see it, though we trimmed sharp and kept close on a wind. We

were this 19th day in latitude 21 degrees 42 minutes. The 20th we were in

latitude 19 degrees 37 minutes and kept close on a wind to get sight of

the land again, but could not yet see it. We had very fair weather, and

though we were so far from the land as to be out of sight of it, yet we

had the sea and land-breezes. In the night we had the land-breeze at

south-south-east, a small gentle gale; which in the morning about

sunrising would shift about gradually (and withal increasing in strength)

till about noon we should have it at east-south-east, which is the true

sea breeze here. Then it would blow a brisk gale, so that we could scarce

carry our topsails double reefed: and it would continue thus till 3 in

the afternoon, when it would decrease again. The weather was fair all the

while, not a cloud to be seen; but very hazy, especially nigh the

horizon. We sounded several times this 20th day and at first had no

ground; but had afterwards from 52 to 45 fathom, coarse brown sand, mixed

with small brown and white stones, with dints besides in the tallow.

The 21st day also we had small land breezes in the night and seabreezes

in the day: and as we saw some seasnakes every day, so this day we saw a

great many, of two different sorts or shapes. One sort was yellow, and

about the bigness of a man's wrist, about 4 foot long, having a flat tail

about 4 fingers broad. The other sort was much smaller and shorter, round

and spotted black and yellow. This day we sounded several times, and had

45 fathom sand. We did not make the land till noon, and then saw it first

from our topmast-head. It bore south-east by east about 9 leagues

distance; and it appeared like a cape or head of land. The seabreeze this

day was not so strong as the day before, and it veered out more; so that

we had a fair wind to run in with to the shore, and at sunset anchored in

20 fathom, clean sand, about 5 leagues from the bluff point; which was

not a cape (as it appeared at a great distance) but the easternmost end

of an island, about 5 or 6 leagues in length and 1 in breadth. There were

3 or 4 rocky islands about a league from us between us and the bluff

point; and we saw many other islands both to the east and west of it, as

far as we could see either way from our topmast-head: and all within them

to the south there was nothing but islands of a pretty height, that may

be seen 8 or 9 leagues off. By what we saw of them they must have been a

range of islands of about 20 leagues in length, stretching from

east-north-east to west-south-west and, for ought I know, as far as to

those of Shark's Bay; and to a considerable breadth also (for we could

see 9 or 10 leagues in among them) towards the continent or mainland of

New Holland, if there be any such thing hereabouts: and, by the great

tides I met with a while afterwards, more to the north-east, I had a

strong suspicion that here might be a kind of archipelago of islands and

a passage possibly to the south of New Holland and New Guinea into the

great South Sea eastward; which I had thoughts also of attempting in my

return from New Guinea (had circumstances permitted) and told my officers

so: but I would not attempt it at this time because we wanted water and

could not depend upon finding it there. This place is in the latitude of

20 degrees 21 minutes, but in the chart that I had of this coast, which

was Tasman's, it was laid down in 19 degrees 50 minutes, and the shore is

laid down as all along joining in one body or continent, with some

openings appearing like rivers; and not like islands, as really they are.

See several sights of it, Table 4 Numbers 8, 9, and 10. This place lies

more northerly by 40 minutes than is laid down in Mr. Tasman's chart: and

beside its being made a firm, continued land, only with some openings

like the mouths of rivers, I found the soundings also different from what

the pricked line of his course shows them, and generally shallower than

he makes them; which inclines me to think that he came not so near the

shore as his line shows, and so had deeper soundings, and could not so

well distinguish the islands. His meridian or difference of longitude

from Shark's Bay agrees well enough with my account, which is 232

leagues, though we differ in latitude. And to confirm my conjecture that

the line of his course is made too near the shore, at least not far to

the east of this place, the water is there so shallow that he could not

come there so nigh.

HE ANCHORS ON A THIRD PART OF NEW HOLLAND, AND DIGS WELLS, BUT BRACKISH.

But to proceed: in the night we had a small land-breeze, and in the

morning I weighed anchor, designing to run in among the islands, for they

had large channels between them, of a league wide at least, and some 2 or

3 leagues wide. I sent in my boat before to sound, and if they found

shoal water to return again; but if they found water enough to go ashore

on one of the islands and stay till the ship came in: where they might in

the meantime search for water. So we followed after with the ship,

sounding as we went in, and had 20 fathom, till within 2 leagues of the

bluff head, and then we had shoal water, and very uncertain soundings:

yet we ran in still with an easy sail, sounding and looking out well, for

this was dangerous work. When we came abreast of the bluff head, and

about 2 mile from it, we had but 7 fathom: then we edged away from it,

but had no more water; and, running in a little farther, we had but 4

fathoms; so we anchored immediately; and yet when we had veered out a

third of a cable we had 7 fathom water again; so uncertain was the water.

My boat came immediately aboard, and told me that the island was very

rocky and dry, and they had little hopes of finding water there. I sent

them to sound, and bade them, if they found a channel of 8 or 10 fathom

water to keep on, and we would follow with the ship. We were now about 4

leagues within the outer small rocky islands, but still could see nothing

but islands within us; some 5 or 6 leagues long, others not above a mile

round. The large islands were pretty high; but all appeared dry and

mostly rocky and barren. The rocks looked of a rusty yellow colour, and

therefore I despaired of getting water on any of them; but was in some

hopes of finding a channel to run in beyond all these islands, could I

have spent time here, and either get to the main of New Holland, or find

out some other islands that might afford us water and other refreshments;

besides, that among so many islands we might have found some sort of rich

mineral or ambergris, it being a good latitude for both these. But we had

not sailed above a league farther before our water grew shoaler again,

and then we anchored in 6 fathom hard sand.

We were now on the inner side of the island, on whose outside is the

bluff point. We rode a league from the island and I presently went

ashore, and carried shovels to dig for water, but found none. There grow

here 2 or three sorts of shrubs, one just like rosemary; and therefore I

called this Rosemary Island. It grew in great plenty here, but had no

smell. Some of the other shrubs had blue and yellow flowers; and we found

2 sorts of grain like beans: the one grew on bushes; the other on a sort

of creeping vine that runs along on the ground, having very thick broad

leaves and the blossom like a bean blossom, but much larger, and of a

deep red colour, looking very beautiful. We saw here some cormorants,

gulls, crab-catchers, etc., a few small land-birds, and a sort of white

parrot, which flew a great many together. We found some shellfish, namely

limpets, periwinkles, and abundance of small oysters, growing on the

rocks, which were very sweet. In the sea we saw some green-turtle, a

pretty many sharks, and abundance of water-snakes of several sorts and

sizes. The stones were all of rusty colour, and ponderous.

We saw a smoke on an island 3 or 4 leagues off; and here also the bushes

had been burned, but we found no other sign of inhabitants: it was

probable that on the island where the smoke was there were inhabitants,

and fresh water for them. In the evening I went aboard, and consulted

with my officers whether it was best to send thither, or to search among

any other of these islands with my boat; or else go from hence, and coast

alongshore with the ship till we could find some better place than this

was to ride in, where we had shoal water and lay exposed to winds and

tides. They all agreed to go from hence; so I gave orders to weigh in the

morning as soon as it should be light, and to get out with the

land-breeze.

According, August the 23rd, at 5 in the morning we ran out, having a

pretty fresh land-breeze at south-south-east. By 8 o'clock we were got

out, and very seasonably; for before 9 the seabreeze came on us very

strong, and increasing, we took in our topsails and stood off under 2

courses and a mizzen, this being as much sail as we could carry. The sky

was clear, there being not one cloud to be seen; but the horizon appeared

very hazy, and the sun at setting the night before, and this morning at

rising, appeared very red. The wind continued very strong till 12, then

it began to abate: I have seldom met with a stronger breeze. These strong

seabreezes lasted thus in their turns 3 or 4 days. They sprang up with

the sunrise; by 9 o'clock they were very strong, and so continued till

noon, when they began to abate; and by sunset there was little wind, or a

calm till the land-breezes came; which we should certainly have in the

morning about 1 or 2 o'clock. The land-breezes were between the

south-south-west and south-south-east. The seabreezes between the

east-north-east and north-north-east. In the night while calm we fished

with hook and line and caught good store of fish, namely, snapper, bream,

old-wives, and dogfish. When these last came we seldom caught any others;

for if they did not drive away the other fish, yet they would be sure to

keep them from taking our hooks, for they would first have them

themselves, biting very greedily. We caught also a monkfish, of which I

brought home the picture. See Fish Figure 1.

On the 25th of August we still coasted alongshore, that we might the

better see any opening; kept sounding, and had about 20 fathom clean

sand. The 26th day, being about 4 leagues offshore, the water began

gradually to shoal from 20 to 14 fathom. I was edging in a little towards

the land, thinking to have anchored; but presently after the water

decreased almost at once, till we had but 5 fathom. I durst therefore

adventure no farther, but steered out the same way that we came in; and

in a short time had 10 fathom (being then about 4 leagues and a half from

the shore) and even soundings. I steered away east-north-east coasting

along as the land lies. This day the seabreezes began to be very moderate

again, and we made the best of our way alongshore, only in the night

edging off a little for fear of shoals. Ever since we left Shark's Bay we

had fair clear weather, and so for a great while still.

The 27th day we had 20 fathom water all night, yet we could not see land

till 1 in the afternoon from our topmast-head. By 3 we could just discern

land from our quarter-deck; we had then 16 fathom. The wind was at north

and we steered east by north, which is but one point in on the land; yet

we decreased our water very fast; for at 4 we had but 9 fathom; the next

cast but 7, which frighted us; and we then tacked instantly and stood

off: but in a short time the wind coming at north-west and

west-north-west we tacked again, and steered north-north-east and then

deepened our water again, and had all night from 15 to 20 fathom.

The 28th day we had between 20 and 40 fathom. We saw no land this day but

saw a great many snakes and some whales. We saw also some boobies and

noddy-birds; and in the night caught one of these last. It was of another

shape and colour than any I had seen before. It had a small long bill, as

all of them have, flat feet like ducks' feet; its tail forked like a

swallow, but longer and broader, and the fork deeper than that of the

swallow, with very long wings; the top or crown of the head of this noddy

was coal-black, having also small black streaks round about and close to

the eyes; and round these streaks on each side a pretty broad white

circle. The breast, belly, and underpart of the wings of this noddy were

white; and the back and upper part of its wings of a faint black or smoke

colour. See a picture of this and of the common one, Birds Figures 5 and

6. Noddies are seen in most places between the tropics, as well in the

East Indies, and on the coast of Brazil, as in the West Indies. They rest

ashore a-nights, and therefore we never see them far at sea, not above 20

or 30 leagues, unless driven off in a storm. When they come about a ship

they commonly perch in the night, and will sit still till they are taken

by the seamen. They build on cliffs against the sea, or rocks, as I have

said.

OF THE INHABITANTS THERE, AND GREAT TIDES, THE VEGETABLES AND ANIMALS, ETC.

The 30th day being in latitude 18 degrees 21 minutes we made the land

again, and saw many great smokes near the shore; and having fair weather

and moderate breezes I steered in towards it. At 4 in the afternoon I

anchored in 8 fathom water, clear sand, about 3 leagues and a half from

the shore. I presently sent my boat to sound nearer in, and they found 10

fathom about a mile farther in; and from thence still farther in the

water decreased gradually to 9, 8, 7, and 2 mile distance to 6 fathom.

This evening we saw an eclipse of the moon, but it was abating before the

moon appeared to us; for the horizon was very hazy, so that we could not

see the moon till she had been half an hour above the horizon: and at 2

hours, 22 minutes after sunset, by the reckoning of our glasses, the

eclipse was quite gone, which was not of many digits. The moon's centre

was then 33 degrees 40 minutes high.

The 31st of August betimes in the morning I went ashore with 10 or 11 men

to search for water. We went armed with muskets and cutlasses for our

defence, expecting to see people there; and carried also shovels and

pickaxes to dig wells. When we came near the shore we saw 3 tall black

naked men on the sandy bay ahead of us: but as we rowed in they went

away. When we were landed I sent the boat with two men in her to lie a

little from the shore at an anchor, to prevent being seized; while the

rest of us went after the 3 black men, who were now got on the top of a

small hill about a quarter of a mile from us, with 8 or 9 men more in

their company. They seeing us coming ran away. When we came on the top of

the hill where they first stood we saw a plain savannah, about half a

mile from us, farther in from the sea. There were several things like

haycocks standing in the savannah; which at a distance we thought were

houses, looking just like the Hottentots' houses at the Cape of Good

Hope: but we found them to be so many rocks. We searched about these for

water, but could find none, nor any houses, nor people, for they were all

gone. Then we turned again to the place where we landed, and there we dug

for water.

While we were at work there came nine or 10 of the natives to a small

hill a little way from us, and stood there menacing and threatening of

us, and making a great noise. At last one of them came towards us, and

the rest followed at a distance. I went out to meet him, and came within

50 yards of him, making to him all the signs of peace and friendship I

could; but then he ran away, neither would they any of them stay for us

to come nigh them; for we tried two or three times. At last I took two

men with me, and went in the afternoon along by the seaside, purposely to

catch one of them, if I could, of whom I might learn where they got their

fresh water. There were 10 or 12 natives a little way off, who seeing us

three going away from the rest of our men, followed us at a distance. I

thought they would follow us: but there being for a while a sandbank

between us and them, that they could not then see us, we made a halt, and

hid ourselves in a bending of the sandbank. They knew we must be

thereabouts, and being 3 or 4 times our number, thought to seize us. So

they dispersed themselves, some going to the seashore and others beating

about the sandhills. We knew by what rencounter we had had with them in

the morning that we could easily outrun them; so a nimble young man that

was with me, seeing some of them near, ran towards them; and they for

some time ran away before him. But he soon overtaking them, they faced

about and fought him. He had a cutlass, and they had wooden lances; with

which, being many of them, they were too hard for him. When he first ran

towards them I chased two more that were by the shore; but fearing how it

might be with my young man, I turned back quickly, and went up to the top

of a sandhill, whence I saw him near me, closely engaged with them. Upon

their seeing me, one of them threw a lance at me, that narrowly missed

me. I discharged my gun to scare them but avoided shooting any of them;

till finding the young man in great danger from them, and myself in some;

and that though the gun had a little frighted them at first, yet they had

soon learnt to despise it, tossing up their hands, and crying pooh, pooh,

pooh; and coming on afresh with a great noise, I thought it high time to

charge again, and shoot one of them, which I did. The rest, seeing him

fall, made a stand again; and my young man took the opportunity to

disengage himself, and come off to me; my other man also was with me, who

had done nothing all this while, having come out unarmed; and I returned

back with my men, designing to attempt the natives no farther, being very

sorry for what had happened already. They took up their wounded

companion; and my young man, who had been struck through the cheek by one

of their lances, was afraid it had been poisoned: but I did not think

that likely. His wound was very painful to him, being made with a blunt

weapon: but he soon recovered of it.

Among the New Hollanders whom we were thus engaged with, there was one

who by his appearance and carriage, as well in the morning as this

afternoon, seemed to be the chief of them, and a kind of prince or

captain among them. He was a young brisk man, not very tall, nor so

personable as some of the rest, though more active and courageous: he was

painted (which none of the rest were at all) with a circle of white paste

or pigment (a sort of lime, as we thought) about his eyes, and a white

streak down his nose from his forehead to the tip of it. And his breast

and some part of his arms were also made white with the same paint; not

for beauty or ornament, one would think, but as some wild Indian warriors

are said to do, he seemed thereby to design the looking more terrible;

this his painting adding very much to his natural deformity; for they all

of them have the most unpleasant looks and the worst features of any

people that ever I saw, though I have seen great variety of savages.

These New Hollanders were probably the same sort of people as those I met

with on this coast in my Voyage round the World; for the place I then

touched at was not above 40 or 50 leagues to the north-east of this: and

these were much the same blinking creatures (here being also abundance of

the same kind of flesh-flies teasing them) and with the same black skins,

and hair frizzled, tall and thin, etc., as those were: but we had not the

opportunity to see whether these, as the former, wanted two of their

foreteeth.

We saw a great many places where they had made fires; and where there

were commonly 3 or 4 boughs stuck up to windward of them; for the wind

(which is the seabreeze) in the daytime blows always one way with them;

and the land breeze is but small. By their fireplaces we should always

find great heaps of fish-shells, of several sorts; and it is probable

that these poor creatures here lived chiefly on the shellfish, as those I

before described did on small fish, which they caught in wires or holes

in the sand at low-water. These gathered their shellfish on the rocks at

low-water; but had no wires (that we saw) whereby to get any other sorts

of fish: as among the former I saw not any heaps of shells as here,

though I know they also gathered some shellfish. The lances also of those

were such as these had; however they being upon an island, with their

women and children, and all in our power, they did not there use them

against us, as here on the continent, where we saw none but some of the

men under head, who come out purposely to observe us. We saw no houses at

either place; and I believe they have none, since the former people on

the island had none, though they had all their families with them.

Upon returning to my men I saw that though they had dug 8 or 9 foot deep

yet found no water. So I returned aboard that evening, and the next day

being September 1st I sent my boatswain ashore to dig deeper, and sent

the seine with him to catch fish. While I stayed aboard I observed the

flowing of the tide, which runs very swift here, so that our nun-buoy

would not bear above the water to be seen. It flows here (as on that part

of New Holland I described formerly) about 5 fathom: and here the flood

runs south-east by south till the last quarter; then it sets right in

towards the shore (which lies here south-south-west and north-north-east)

and the ebb runs north-west by north. When the tides slackened we fished

with hook and line, as we had already done in several places on this

coast; on which in this voyage hitherto we had found but little tides:

but by the height and strength and course of them hereabouts it should

seem that if there be such a passage or strait going through eastward to

the great South Sea, as I said one might suspect, one would expect to

find the mouth of it somewhere between this place and Rosemary Island,

which was the part of New Holland I came last from.

Next morning my men came aboard and brought a rundlet of brackish water

which they got out of another well that they dug in a place a mile off,

and about half as far from the shore; but this water was not fit to

drink. However we all concluded that it would serve to boil our oatmeal,

for burgoo, whereby we might save the remains of our other water for

drinking, till we should get more; and accordingly the next day we

brought aboard 4 hogsheads of it: but while we were at work about the

well we were sadly pestered with the flies, which were more troublesome

to us than the sun, though it shone clear and strong upon us all the

while, very hot. All this while we saw no more of the natives, but saw

some of the smokes of some of their fires at 2 or 3 miles distance.

The land hereabouts was much like the part of New Holland that I formerly

described, it is low but seemingly barricaded with a long chain of

sandhills to the sea, that lets nothing be seen of what is farther within

land. At high water, the tides rising so high as they do, the coast shows

very low; but when it is low water it seems to be of an indifferent

height. At low-watermark the shore is all rocky, so that then there is no

landing with a boat: but at high water a boat may come in over those

rocks to the sandy bay which runs all along on this coast. The land by

the sea for about 5 or 600 yards is a dry sandy soil, bearing only shrubs

and bushes of divers sorts. Some of these had them at this time of the

year, yellow flowers or blossoms, some blue, and some white; most of them

of a very fragrant smell. Some had fruit like peascods; in each of which

there were just ten small peas; I opened many of them, and found no more

nor less. There are also here some of that sort of bean which I saw at

Rosemary Island: and another sort of small, red, hard pulse, growing in

cods also, with little black eyes like beans. I know not their names, but

have seen them used often in the East Indies for weighing gold; and they

make the same use of them at Guinea, as I have heard, where the women

also make bracelets with them to wear about their arms. These grow on

bushes; but here are also a fruit like beans growing on a creeping sort

of shrub-like vine. There was great plenty of all these sorts of

cod-fruit growing on the sandhills by the seaside, some of them green,

some ripe, and some fallen on the ground: but I could not perceive that

any of them had been gathered by the natives; and might not probably be

wholesome food.

The land farther in, that is lower than what borders on the sea, was so

much as we saw of it very plain and even; partly savannahs, and partly

woodland. The savannahs bear a sort of thin coarse grass. The mould is

also a coarser sand than that by the seaside, and in some places it is

clay. Here are a great many rocks in the large savannah we were in, which

are 5 or 6 foot high, and round at top like a haycock, very remarkable;

some red, and some white. The woodland lies farther in still; where there

were divers sorts of small trees, scarce any three foot in circumference;

their bodies 12 or 14 foot high, with a head of small knibs or boughs. By

the sides of the creeks, especially nigh the sea, there grow a few small

black mangrove-trees.

There are but few land animals. I saw some lizards; and my men saw two or

three beasts like hungry wolves, lean like so many skeletons, being

nothing but skin and bones: it is probable that it was the foot of one of

those beasts that I mentioned as seen by us in New Holland. We saw a

raccoon or two, and one small speckled snake.

The land-fowls that we saw here were crows (just such as ours in England)

small hawks, and kites; a few of each sort: but here are plenty of small

turtledoves that are plump, fat and very good meat. Here are 2 or 3 sorts

of smaller birds, some as big as larks, some less; but not many of either

sort. The sea-fowl are pelicans, boobies, noddies, curlews, sea-pies,

etc., and but few of these neither.

The sea is plentifully stocked with the largest whales that I ever saw;

but not to compare with the vast ones of the northern seas. We saw also a

great many green-turtle, but caught none; here being no place to set a

turtle-net in; here being no channel for them, and the tides running so

strong. We saw some sharks, and paracoots; and with hooks and lines we

caught some rock-fish and old-wives. Of shellfish, here were oysters both

of the common kind for eating, and of the pearl kind: and also wilks,

conches, mussels, limpets, periwinkles, etc., and I gathered a few

strange shells; chiefly a sort not large, and thick-set all about with

rays or spikes growing in rows.

And thus having ranged about a considerable time upon this coast without

finding any good fresh water, or any convenient place to clean the ship,

as I had hoped for: and it being moreover the height of the dry season,

and my men growing scorbutic for want of refreshments, so that I had

little encouragement to search further, I resolved to leave this coast

and accordingly in the beginning of September set sail towards Timor.

...

AN ACCOUNT OF SEVERAL PLANTS COLLECTED IN BRAZIL, NEW HOLLAND, TIMOR, AND

NEW GUINEA, REFERRING TO THE FIGURES ENGRAVEN ON THE COPPER PLATES.

Table 1 Figure 1. Cotton-flower from Bahia in Brazil. The flower consists

of a great many filaments, almost as small as hairs, betwixt three and

four inches long, of a murrey-colour; on the top of them stand small

ash-coloured apices. The pedicule of the flower is enclosed at the bottom

with 5 narrow stiff leaves, about 6 inches long. There is one of this

genus in Mr. Ray's Supplement, which agrees exactly with this in every

respect, only that is twice larger at the least. It was sent from Surinam

by the name of momoo.

Table 1 Figure 2. Jasminum Brasilanum luteum, mali limoniae folio

nervoso, petalis crassis.

Table 1 Figure 3. Crista Pavonis Brasiliana Bardanae foliis. The leaves

are very tender and like the top leaves of Bardana major, both as to

shape and texture: in the figure they are represented too stiff and too

much serrated.

Table 1 Figure 4. Filix Brasiliana Osmundae minori serrato folio. This

fern is of that kind which bears its seed vessels in lines on the edge of

the leaves.

Table 2 Figure 1. Rapuntium Novae Hollandiae, flore magno coccineo. The

perianthium composed of five long-pointed parts, the form of the seed

vessel and the smallness of the seeds, together with the irregular shape

of the flower and thinness of the leaves, argue this plant to be a

Rapuntium.

Table 2 Figure 2. Fucus foliis capillaceis brevissimis, vesiculis minimis

donatis. This elegant fucus is of the Erica Marina or Sargazo kind, but

has much finer parts than that. It was collected on this coast of New

Holland.

Table 2 Figure 3. Ricinoides Novae Hollandiae anguloso crasso folio. This

plant is shrubby, has thick woolly leaves, especially on the underside.

Its fruit is tricoccous, hoary on the outside with a calix divided into 5

parts. It comes near Ricini fructu parvo frucosa Curassavica, folio

Phylli, P.B. pr.

Table 2 Figure 4. Solanum spinosum Novae Hollandiae Phylli foliis

subrotundis. This new Solanum bears a bluish flower like the others of

the same tribe; the leaves are of a whitish colour, thick and woolly on

both sides, scarce an inch long and near as broad. The thorns are very

sharp and thick set, of a deep orange colour, especially towards the

points.

Table 3 Figure 1. Scabiosa (forte) Novae Hollandiae, statices foliis

subtus argenteis. The flower stands on a foot-stalk 4 inches long,

included in a rough calix of a yellowish colour. The leaves are not above

an inch long, very narrow like Thrift, green on the upper and hoary on

the underside, growing in tufts. Whether this plant be a Scabious, Thrift

or Helichrysum is hard to judge from the imperfect flower of the dried

specimen.

Table 3 Figure 2. Alcea Novae Hollandiae foliis angustis utrinque

villosis. The leaves, stalk, and underside of the perianthium of this

plant are all woolly. The petala are very tender, 5 in number, scarce so

large as the calix: in the middle stands a columella thick set with

thrummy apiculae, which argue this plant to belong to the Malvaceous

kind.

Table 3 Figure 3. Of what genus this shrub or tree is is uncertain,

agreeing with none yet described, as far as can be judged by the state it

is in. It has a very beautiful flower, of a red colour, as far as can be

guessed by the dry specimen, consisting of 10 large petala, hoary on both

sides, especially underneath; the middle of the flower is thick set with

stamina, which are woolly at the bottom, the length of the petala, each

of them crowned with its apex. The calix is divided into 5 round pointed

parts. The leaves are like those of Amelanchier Lob., green at top and

very woolly underneath, not running to a point, as is common in others,

but with an indenture at the upper end.

Table 3 Figure 4. Dammara ex Nova-Hollandia, Sanamundae secundae Chysii

foliis. This new genus was first sent from Amboina by Mr. Rumphius, by

the name of Dammara, of which he transmitted 2 kinds; one with narrow and

long stiff leaves, the other with shorter and broader. The first of them

is mentioned in Mr. Petiver's Centuria, page 350, by the name of Arbor

Hortensis Javanorum foliis visce angustioribus aromaticis floribus,

spicatis flameneis lutescentibus; Mus. Pet. As also in Mr. Ray's

Supplement to his History of Plants now in the press. This is of the same

genus with them, agreeing both in flower and fruit, though very much

differing in leaves. The flowers are stamineous and seem to be of an

herbaceous colour, growing among the leaves, which are short and almost

round, very stiff and ribbed on the underside, of a dark green above, and

a pale colour underneath, thick set on by pairs, answering one another

crossways so that they cover the stalk. The fruit is as big as a

peppercorn, almost round, of a whitish colour, dry and tough, with a hole

on the top, containing small seeds. Anyone that sees this plant without

its seed vessels would take it for an Erica or Sanamunda. The leaves of

this plant are of a very aromatic taste.

Table 4 Figure 1. Equisetum Novae Hollandiae frutescens foliis

longissimis. It is doubtful whether this be an Equisetum or not; the

textures of the leaves agree best with that genus of any, being

articulated one within another at each joint, which is only proper to

this tribe. The longest of them are about 9 inches.

Table 4 Figure 2. Colutea Novae Hollandiae floribus amplis coccineis,

umbellatim dispositis macula purpurea notatis. There being no leaves to

this plant, it is hard to say what genus it properly belongs to. The

flowers are very like to the Colutea Barbae Jovis folio flore coccineo

Breynii; of the same scarlet colour, with a large deep purple spot in the

vexillum, but much bigger, coming all from the same point after the

manner of an umbel. The rudiment of the pod is very woolly, and

terminates in a filament near 2 inches long.

Table 4 Figure 3. Conyza Novae Hollandiae angustis rorismarini foliis.

This plant is very much branched and seems to be woody. The flowers stand

on very short pedicules, arising from the sinus of the leaves, which are

exactly like rosemary, only less. It tastes very bitter now dry.

Table 4 Figure 4. Mohoh Insulae Timor. This is a very odd plant, agreeing

with no described genus. The leaf is almost round, green on the upper

side and whitish underneath, with several fibres running from the

insertion of the pedicule towards the circumference, it is umbilicated as

Cotyledon aquatica and Faba Aegyptia. The flowers are white, standing on

single foot-stalks, of the shape of a Stramonium, but divided into 4

points only, as is the perianthium.

Table 5 Figure 1. Fucus ex Nova Guinea uva marina dictus, foliis variis.

This beautiful Fucus is thick set with very small short tufts of leaves,

which by the help of a magnifying glass seem to be round and articulated,

as if they were seed vessels; besides these there are other broad leaves,

chiefly at the extremity of the branches, serrated on the edges. The

vesiculae are round, of the bigness expressed in the figure.

Table 5 Figure 2. Fucus ex Nova Guinea Fluviatilis Pisanae J.B. foliis.

These plants are so apt to vary in their leaves, according to their

different states, that it is hard to say this is distinct from the last.

It has in several places (not all expressed in the figure) some of the

small short leaves, or seed vessels mentioned in the former; which makes

me apt to believe it the same, gathered in a different state; besides the

broad leaves of that and this agree as to their shape and indentures.

...

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME FISHES THAT ARE FIGURED IN PLATES 2 AND 3 FISHES.

Plate 3 Figure 5. This is a fish of the tunny kind, and agrees well

enough with the figure in Table 3 of the Appendix to Mr. Willughby's

History of Fishes under the name of gurabuca; it differs something, in

the fins especially, from Piso's figure of the guarapuca.

Plate 3 Figure 4. This resembles the figure of the Guaperva maxima

caudata in Willughby's Ichthyol. Table 9.23 and the guaparva of Piso, but

does not answer their figures in every particular.

Plate 2 Figure 2. There are 2 sorts of porpoises: the one the

long-snouted porpoise, as the seamen call it; and this is the dolphin of

the Greeks. The other is the bottle-nose porpoise, which is generally

thought to be the phaecena of Aristotle.

Plate 2 Figure 7. This is the guaracapema of Piso and Marcgrave, by

others called the dorado. It is figured in Willughby's Ichthyol. Table

0.2 under the name of Delphin Belgis.

...

INDEX.

Allegrance, one of the Canary Islands, its view from several points.

Amphisbaena (snake) described.

Amplitude, difference between the morning and evening amplitude.

Arifah (fruit) described.

An account of several plants collected in Brazil, New Holland, Timor, and

New Guinea, referring to the figures in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

An account of some fishes figured on Plates 2 and 3.

Bahia de todos los Santos (Bay of All-Saints) in Brazil:

its harbour and town described.

the product and trade of the country.

their shipping and timber.

the soil and fruit of the country.

the winds and seasons.

the time of cutting sugarcane.

its view from several points.

Bill-bird described.

Birds of New Holland.

Blake, sunk the Spanish galleons near Tenerife.

Brazil, the view of its coast, see Bahia.

Britain (New), an island discovered by the author, well-inhabited, and

probably affording rich commodities.

Bubbles, like small pearls, swimming thick in the sea.

Cables, made of a sort of hair growing on trees in Brazil.

Callavances, a fruit in Mayo.

Canary Islands:

their product and trade.

the character of their present governor.

Cape of Good Hope, its view from several points.

Cashew (fruit) described.

Channel (English) a necessary caution to those that sail through it.

Chattering-crow of Brazil described.

Clocking-hens of Brazil.

Coconut-trees in Brazil.

Cotton (Silk) its growth and description.

Crusia, a fowl.

Cupang, see Kupang.

Curlew, a fowl.

Currecoo (Bird) described.

Currents in the sea, from 7 degrees 50 minutes latitude to 3 degrees 22

minutes north.

Curreso (Bird).

Custard-apple described.

Cuttlefish, see also Scuttle-fish.

Dendees, a sort of palm-berries in Brazil.

Dogs, see Water-dogs.

Dunghill-fowls of Brazil.

Fish of New Holland.

Fish of the tunny kind, an account of.

Fish called by the seamen the old-wife, an account of.

Flamingo, a fowl.

Flying-fish, betwixt the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands.

Frape-boat, its use at the salt-pond at Mayo.

Galena pintada, a bird, described.

Galleons (Spanish) sunk by Admiral Blake, near Tenerife, and continue

still there.

Gerrit Denis (Garrett Dennis) Isle, its inhabitants described.

Iguana (Guano), (beast) of New Holland.

Guinea-hens, see Galena pintada.

Guinea (New) its natives, etc.

Hammocks, gentlemen carried about in them at Bahia in Brazil.

Holland (New):

coast described.

its natives described.

views of several parts of its coasts and islands from several points.

Jago (St.):

island and town.

its inhabitants.

its product.

its animals.

its road a very bad one.

its view.

Jenetae (Bird) described.

Jenipah or Jenipapah (fruit) described.

Ingwa (fruit) described.

Laguna in Tenerife described.

Lancerota, one of the Canary Islands, its view from several points.

Mackeraw (bird) described.

Malmsey wine grows in the island Tenerife.

Mayo, one of the Cape Verde Islands:

its view.

its description.

a large account of the making salt there.

its soil and product.

its inhabitants.

its view from several points.

Mendibee (fruit).

Mericasah (fruit) described.

Miniola, a fowl.

Monkfish.

Muckishaw (fruit) described.

Mungaroo (fruit) described.

Musteran-de-ova (fruit) described.

Noddy-bird described.

North-west winds give notice beforehand of their coming, at Port Oratavia

in Tenerife, and how provided against.

Oratavia, a port in Tenerife.

Otee (fruit) described.

Palm-berries in Brazil.

Papah, a fruit described.

Passage possibly to the south of New Holland and New Guinea into the

Great South Sea eastward.

Petango (fruit) described.

Petrel (bird) described.

Petumbo (fruit) described.

Physick-nuts.

Pineon (fruit).

Pintado-bird described.

Plants, an account of them.

Plants engraven on copper, Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Plants of New Holland.

Porpoises.

Portuguese civil to the author.

Rabek, a fowl.

Raccoon of New Holland.

Remora (fish) Plate 11 Figure 6.

Rosemary Island in New Holland, the plant resembling rosemary from which

the author gives this name to the island, is figured.

Salt, a large account of the method of making it at Mayo.

Salt-ponds at Mayo, kern only in the dry season, others in the West

Indies in the wet only.

Santa Cruz in Tenerife, its road, town and harbour described.

Seamen:

in great danger of sickness, by neglecting to shift their wet clothes in

hot countries.

their ignorance and obstinacy, a great impediment in long voyages.

Seaweeds, see weeds.

Shark of New Holland described.

Shark's Bay in New Holland described.

Shearwater (bird) described.

Ship (the author's) foundered at sea.

Ship of 50 guns built at Brazil.

Skipjack (fish) described.

Snake, see Watersnake, and Amphisbaena.

Soursop (fruit) described.

Sugar, the way of refining it in Brazil with clay.

Tasman's chart rectified.

Tenerife:

its wines and fruits and animals.

its north-west view.

Timber at Brazil as good and more durable than any in Europe.

Timor.

Trees of New Holland.

Turtle:

lay their eggs in the wet season.

why not eaten by the Spaniards as by the English.

Turtledoves of Brazil.

Variation:

where it is increased in sailing easterly.

where decreased in sailing easterly.

its uncertainty, and the difficulty of taking it.

a large table of variations observed in this voyage.

Water-dog of Brazil.

Watersnake:

of Brazil, its wonderful manner of catching its prey.

of New Holland.

Weeds floating in the sea.

Whales (dead) eaten by fowls.

Whales, the catching and use of them in Brazil.

Whales of New Holland.

Winds uncertain near the Line.

Yemma (bird) described.

End of Project Gutenberg's A Voyage to New Holland, by William Dampier