Berlin. See above, pp. 46-7, 113-15. Reviews: Schirmer, _Anglia_, XII,
465-7; Sarrazin, _Engl. Stud._ XVI, 71-85 (important); Wuelker, _Lit.
Cbl._ 1890, 58-9; Heinzel, _A.f.d.A._ XVI, 264-75 (important); Koeppel,
_Z.f.d.Ph._ XXIII, 110-13; Holthausen, _Literaturblatt_, 1890, 370-3;
Liebermann, _Deut. Zeitschr. f. Geschichtswissenschaft_, VI, 1891,
135-7; Kraus, _D.L.Z._ XII, 1891, pp. 1820-2; Logeman, _Le Moyen
[^A]ge_, III, 266-7 ("personne ne conteste plus ... que le po[`e]me se
composait originairement de plusieurs parties"). Muellenhoff's book,
like that of ten Brink, is based on assumptions generally held at the
time, but now not so widely accepted; yet it remains important.
1889 LAISTNER, L. Das Raetsel der Sphinx. Berlin. (See above, p. 67.)
1889 LUENING, O. Die Natur ... in der altgermanischen und
mittelhochdeutschen Epik. Zuerich. Reviews: Weinhold, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XXII,
246-7; Golther, _D.L.Z._ 1889, 710-2; Ballerstedt, _A.f.d.A._ XVI,
71-4; Fraenkel, _Literaturblatt_, 1890, 439-44.
1890 ++DESKAU, H. Zum studium des Beowulf. Berichte des freien
deutschen Hochstiftes, 1890. Frankfurt.
1890 ++KLOEPPER, C. Heorot-Hall in the Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf.
Festschrift fuer K. E. Krause. Rostock.
1891 JELLINEK, M. H. and KRAUS, C. Die Widersprueche im Beowulf,
_Z.f.d.A_, XXXV, 265-81.
1891 BUGGE, S. and OLRIK, A. Roeveren ved Gr[oa]sten og Beowulf,
_Dania_, I, 233-45.
1891 JELLINEK, M. H. Zum Finnsburgfragment, _P.B.B._ XV, 428-31.
1892 EARLE, J. The Introduction to his Translation (q.v.) gave a
summary of the controversy, with "a constructive essay."
{402}
1892 BROOKE, STOPFORD A. History of Early English Literature (Beowulf,
pp. 17-131). London. Reviews: McClumpha, _M.L.N._ VIII, 27-9, 1892
(attacks in a letter of unnecessary violence); Wuelker, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_ IV, 170-6, 225-33; Gloede, _Engl. Stud._ XXII, 264-70.
1892 GUMMERE, F. B. Germanic Origins. A study in primitive culture. New
York.
1892 FERGUSON, R. The Anglo-Saxon name Beowulf, _Athenaeum_, June, 1892
p. 763. See above, p. 368.
1892 HAACK, O. Zeugnisse zur altenglischen Heldensage. Kiel.
1892 ++KRAUS, K. Hrodulf. (P. Moneta, zum 40 jaehr. Dienstjub.) Wien.
(p. 4 _etc._)
1892 OLRIK, A. Er Uffesagnet indvandret fra England? _A.f.n.F._ VIII
(N.F. IV), 368-75.
1892 SARRAZIN, G. Die Abfassungszeit des Beowulfliedes, _Anglia_, XIV,
399-415.
1892 SIEVERS, E. Sceaf in den nordischen Genealogien, _P.B.B._ XVI,
361-3.
1892 KOEGEL, R. Beowulf, _Z.f.d.A._ XXXVII, 268-76. (Etymology of the
name.) Discussed by Sievers, _P.B.B._ XVIII, 413. See above, p. 367,
footnote.
1893 WARD, H. L. D. Catalogue of Romances in the British Museum;
Beowulf: vol. II, pp. 1-15, 741-3.
1893 TEN BRINK, B. Altenglische Literatur, _Pauls Grdr._(1), II, I,
510-50. (Finnsburg, 545-50.)
1894 MCNARY, S. J. Beowulf and Arthur as English Ideals, _Poet-Lore_,
VI, 529-36.
1894 ++DETTER, F. Ueber die Headhobarden im Beowulf, _Verhandl. d.
Wiener Philologenversammlung_, Mai, 1893. Leipzig, p. 404 _etc._
(Argues that the story is not historical, but mythical--_Ragnarok_.)
1895 SIEVERS, E. Beowulf und Saxo, _Berichte der kgl. saechs.
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften_, XLVII, 175-93. (Important, see above,
pp. 90-7.)
1895 BINZ, G. Zeugnisse zur germanischen sage in England, _P.B.B._ XX,
141-223. (A most useful collection, though the significance of many of
the names collected is open to dispute.)
1895 KLUGE, F. Zeugnisse zur germanischen sage in England, _Engl.
Stud._ XXI, 446-8.
1895-6 KLUGE, F. Der Beowulf u. die Hrolfs Saga Kraka, _Engl. Stud._
XXII, 144-5.
1896 Sarrazin, G. Neue Beowulf-studien, _Engl. Stud._ XXIII, 221-67.
1897 Ker, W. P. Epic and Romance. London. (Beowulf, pp. 182-202.
Important. See above, p. 116.) Reviews: Fischer, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, X,
133-5; Brandl, _Archiv_, C, 198-200. New edit. 1908.
1897 BLACKBURN, F. A. The Christian coloring in the Beowulf, _Pub. Mod.
Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XII, 205-25. (See above, p. 125.)
1897 SARRAZIN, G. Die Hirschhalle, _Anglia_, XIX, 368-92; Der
Balder-kultus in Lethra, _ibid._ 392-7; Rolf Krake und sein Vetter im
Beowulfliede, _Engl. Stud._ XXIV, 144-5. (Important. See above, p. 31.)
1897 HENNING, R. Sceaf und die westsaechsische Stammtafel, _Z.f.d.A._
XLI, 156-69.
1898 ARNOLD, T. Notes on Beowulf. London. Reviews: Hulme, _M.L.N._ XV,
22-6, 1900; Sarrazin, _Engl. Stud._ XXVIII, 410-18; Garnett, _Amer.
Jour. of Phil._ XX, 443.
1898 NIEDNER, F. Die Dioskuren im Beowulf, _Z.f.d.A._ XLII, 229-58.
1899 COOK, A. S. An Irish Parallel to the Beowulf Story, _Archiv_,
CIII, 154-6.
1899 AXON, W. E. A. A reference to the evil eye in Beowulf, _Trans. of
the Royal Soc. of Literature_, London. (Very slight.)
{403}
1899 ++FURST, CLYDE. "Beowulf" in "A Group of Old Authors."
Philadelphia. (Popular.) Review: Child, _M.L.N._ XV, 31-2.
1900 FOERSTER, MAX. B[^e]owulf-Materialien, zum Gebrauch bei
Vorlesungen. Braunschweig. Reviews: Holthausen, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XI,
289; Behagel, _Literaturblatt_, 1902, 67 (very brief).
1908. 2 Aufl.
1912. 3 Aufl. Review: Wild, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXIV, 166-7.
1901 POWELL, F. YORK. Beowulf and Watanabe-No-Tsema, _Furnivall
Miscellany_, pp. 395-6. Oxford. (A parallel from Japanese legend.)
1901 LEHMANN, E. Fandens Oldemor, _Dania_, VIII, 179-94. Repeated
("Teuffels Grossmutter"), _Archiv f. Religionswiss._ VIII, 411-30. (See
above, p. 49, note, and p. 381.)
1901 ++OTTO, E. Typische Motive in dem weltlichen Epos der
Angelsachsen. Berlin. Reviews: Binz, _Engl. Stud._ XXXII, 401-5; Spies,
_Archiv_, CXV, 222.
1901 OHLENBECK, C. C. Het B['e]owulf-epos als geschiedbron,
_Tijdschrift voor nederlandsche taal- en letterkunde_, XX (N. R. XII),
169-96.
1902 _Gerould, G. H._ Offa and Labhraidh Maen, _M.L.N._ XVII, 201-3.
(An Irish parallel of the story of the dumb young prince.)
1902 GOUGH, A. B. The Constance-Saga. Berlin. (The "Thrytho saga," pp.
53-83.) Reviews: Eckhardt, _Engl. Stud._ XXXII, 110-3; Weyrauch,
_Archiv_, CXI, 453.
1902 BOER, R. C. Die B['e]owulfsage. I. Mythische reconstructionen; II.
Historische untersuchung der ueberlieferung; _A.f.n.F._ XIX (N. F. XV),
19-88.
1902 BRANDL, A. Ueber den gegenwaertigen Stand der Beowulf-Forschung,
_Archiv_, CVIII, 152-5.
1903 ANDERSON, L. F. The Anglo-Saxon Scop. (_Univ. of Toronto Studies,
Phil. Ser. 1._) Review: Heusler, _A.f.d.A._ XXXI, 113-5.
1903 OLRIK, A. Danmarks Heltedigtning: I, Rolf Krake og den aeldre
Skjoldungraekke. Kobenhavn. (Most important.) Reviews: Heusler,
_A.f.d.A._ XXX, 26-36; Golther, _Literaturblatt_, XXVIII, 1907, pp.
8-9; Ranisch, _A.f.d.A._ XXI, 276-80. Revised translation 1919 (q.v.).
1903 ++BOER, R. C. Eene episode uit den Beowulf, _Handelingen van het 3
nederl. phil. congres._, p. 84 _etc._
1903 A Summary of the _Lives of the Offas_, with reproductions of a
number of the drawings in _MS Cotton Nero D. I_, in _The Ancestor_, V,
99-137.
1903 HART, J. M. Allotria [on the forms _B[=e]anst[=a]n_, l. 524 and
_Thr[=y]dho_, l. 1931], _M.L.N._ XVIII, 117.
1903 STJERNA, K. Hjaelmar och svaerd i Beovulf, _Studier tillaegnade O.
Montelius_, 99-120. Stockholm. See above, pp. 346 _etc._
1903-4 BOER, R. C. Finnsage und Nibelungen-sage, _Z.f.d.A._ XLVII,
125-60.
1904 RICKERT, E. The O.E. Offa-saga, _Mod. Phil._ II, 29-76 and 321-76.
(Important. See above, pp. 34 _etc._)
1904 HAGEN, S. N. Classical names and stories in Beowulf, _M.L.N._ XIX,
65-74 and 156-65. (Very fantastic).
1904 STJERNA, K. Vendel och Vendelkr[oa]ka, _A.f.n.F._ XXI (N. F.
XVII), 71-80. (Most important: see above, pp. 343-5.)
1904 ++VETTER, F. Beowulf und das altdeutsche Heldenzeitalter in
England, _Deutschland_, III, 558-71.
1905 MOORMAN, F. W. The interpretation of nature in English poetry from
Beowulf to Shakespeare. Strassburg. _Quellen u. Forschungen_, 95.
{404}
1905 ROUTH, J. E. Two studies on the Ballad Theory of the Beowulf: I.
The Origin of the Grendel legend; II. Irrelevant Episodes and
Parentheses as features of Anglo-Saxon Poetic Style. Baltimore.
Reviews: Eckhardt, _Engl. Stud._ XXXVII, 404-5; Heusler, _A.f.d.A._
XXXI, 115-16; Schuecking, _D.L.Z._ 1905, pp. 1908-10.
1905 HEUSLER, A. Lied und Epos in germanischer Sagendichtung. Dortmund.
(See above, p. 116.) Reviews: Kauffmann, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XXXVIII, 546-8;
Seemueller, _A.f.d.A._ XXXIV, 129-35; Meyer, _Archiv_, CXV, 403-4;
Helm, _Literaturblatt_, XXVIII, 237-8.
1905 SCHUECKING, L. L. Beowulfs Rueckkehr. (_Morsbachs Studien_, XXI.)
Halle. (Important: see above, pp. 118-20.) Review: Brandl, _Archiv_,
CXV, 421-3 (dissenting).
1905 SCHUECK, H. Studier i Ynglingatal, I-III. Uppsala.
1905 HANSCOM, E. D. The Feeling for Nature in Old English Poetry,
_J.E.G.Ph._ V, 439-63.
1905 SARRAZIN, G. Neue Beowulf Studien, _Engl. Stud._ XXXV, 19-27.
1905 STJERNA, K. Skoelds haedanfaerd, _Studier tillaegnade H. Schueck_,
110-34. Stockholm.
1905 ++STJERNA, K. Svear och Goetar under folkvandringstiden, _Svenska
Foernminnesforeningens Tidskr._ XII, 339-60. (Transl. by Clark Hall in
_Essays_. See under 1912.)
1905-6 RIEGER, M. Zum Kampf in Finnsburg, _Z.f.d.A._ XLVIII, 9-12.
1905-6 HEUSLER, A. Zur Skioeldungendichtung, _Z.f.d.A._ XLVIII, 57-87.
1905-6 NECKEL, J. Studien ueber Fr['o]dhi, _Z.f.d.A._ XLVIII, 163-86.
1905-7 STJERNA, K. Arkeologiska anteckningar till Beovulf, _Kungl.
vitterhets akademiens m[oa]nadsblad_ for 1903-5 (1907), pp. 436-51.
1906 EMERSON, O. F. Legends of Cain, especially in Old and Middle
English (see particularly s. VI, "Cain's Descendants"), _Pub. Mod.
Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXI, 831-929. (Important.)
1906 SKEMP, A. R. Transformation of scriptural story, motive, and
conception in Anglo-Saxon poetry, _Mod. Phil._ IV, 423-70.
1906 DUFF, J. W. Homer and Beowulf: a literary parallel, _Saga-Book of
the Viking Club_. London.
1906 MORSBACH, L. Zur datierung des Beowulf-epos, _Nachrichten der kgl.
Ges. d. Wiss. zu Goettingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse_, pp. 252-77.
(Important. See above, pp. 107-12.)
1906 PFAENDLER, W. Die Vergnuegungen der Angelsachsen, _Anglia_, XXIX,
417-526.
1906 GARLANDA, F. B['e]owulf. Origini, bibliografia, metrica ...
significato storico, etico, sociologico. Roma. (Slight.)
1906 STJERNA, K. Drakskatten i Beovulf, _Fornvaennen_, I, 119-44.
1907 CHADWICK, H. M. Origin of the English Nation. Cambridge.
(Important.) Reviews: Andrews, _M.L.N._ XXIII, 261-2; Chambers,
_M.L.R._ IV, 262-6; Schuette, _A.f.n.F._ XXV (N. F. XXI), 310-32 (an
elaborate discussion of early Germanic ethnology and geography);
Huchon, _Revue Germanique_, III, 625-31.
1907 CHADWICK, H. M. "Early National Poetry," in _Cambridge History of
English Literature_, vol. I, 19-32, 421-3. Important. See above, pp.
122-6.
1907 HART, WALTER MORRIS. Ballad and Epic. Boston: Harvard _Studies and
Notes in Philology and Literature_. (Important: see above, p. 116.)
Review: _Archiv_, CXIX, 468.
1907 OLRIK, A. Nordisk Aandsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder.
Koebenhavn og Kristiania. (Translated into German by W. Ranisch, 1908,
as "Nordisches Geistesleben.")
{405}
1907 SCHUECK, H. Folknamnet Geatas i den fornengelska dikten Beowulf.
Uppsala. (Important. See above, pp. 8-10, 333 _etc._) Reviews: Mawer,
_M.L.R._ IV, 273; Freeburg, _J.E.G.Ph._ XI, 279-83.
1907 COOK, A. S. Various notes, _M.L.N._ XXI, 146-7. (Further classical
parallels to Beowulf, 1408 ff., in succession to a parallel from Seneca
quoted in _M.L.N._ XVII, 209-10.)
1907 SARRAZIN, G. Zur Chronologie u. Verfasserfrage Ags. Dichtungen,
_Engl. Stud._ XXXVIII, 145 _etc._, esp. 170-95 (Das Beowulflied und die
aeltere Genesis).
1907 BRANDL, A. Entstehungsgeschichte des Beowulfepos. A five-line
summary of this lecture is given in the _Sitzungsberichte d. k. preuss.
Akad. Phil.-Hist. Classe_, p. 615.
1907 HOLTHAUSEN, F. Zur altenglischen literatur--Zur datierung des
Beowulf, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XVIII, 77.
1907 ++GRUENER, H. Mathei Parisiensis vitae duorum Offarum, in ihrer
manuskript- und textgeschichte. Dissertation, Munich. Kaiserslautern.
1908 BRANDL, A. Geschichte der alteng. Literatur. (Offprint from _Pauls
Grdr._(2): Beowulf, pp. 988-1024; Finnsburg, pp. 983-6; an exceedingly
useful and discriminating summary.)
1908 SCHUECKING, L. L. Das Angelsaechsische Totenklagelied, _Engl.
Stud._ XXXIX, 1-13.
1908 WEYHE, H. Koenig Ongentheow's Fall, _Engl. Stud._ XXXIX, 14-39.
1908 NECKEL, G. Beitraege zur Eddaforschung; Anhang: Die altgermanische
heldenklage (pp. 495-6: cf. p. 376). Dortmund.
1908 KLAEBER, F. Zum Finnsburg Kampfe, _Engl. Stud._ XXXIX, 307-8.
1908 BJOERKMAN, E. Ueber den Namen der Jueten, _Engl. Stud._ XXXIX,
356-61.
1908 LEVANDER, L. Sagotraditioner om Sveakonungen Adils, _Antikvarisk
Tidskrift foer Sverige_, XVIII, 3.
1908 STJERNA, K. Fasta fornlaemningar i Beovulf, _Antikvarisk Tidskrift
foer Sverige_, XVIII, 4.
1908 GRAU, G. Quellen u. Verwandtschaften der aelteren germanischen
Darstellungen des juengsten Gerichtes. Halle. (See esp. pp. 145-56.)
Review: Guntermann, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XLI, 401-415.
1909 SCHUECK, H. Studier i Beowulfsagan. Uppsala. Review: Freeburg,
_J.E.G.Ph._ XI, 488-97 (a very useful summary).
1909 LAWRENCE, W. W. Some disputed questions in Beowulf-criticism,
_Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXIV, 220-73. (Very important.) Review:
Brandl, _Archiv_, CXXIII, 473.
1909 EHRISMANN, G. Religionsgeschichtliche Beitraege zum germanischen
Fruehchristentum, _P.B.B._ XXXV, 209-39.
1909 BUGGE, S. Die Heimat der Altnordischen Lieder von den Welsungen u.
den Nibelungen, II, _P.B.B._ XXXV, 240-71.
1909 DEUTSCHBEIN, M. Die Sagenhistorischen u. literarischen Grundlagen
des Beowulfepos, _Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift_, I, 103-19.
1910 OLRIK, A. Danmarks Heltedigtning: II, Starkad den gamle og den
yngre Skjoldungraekke. Koebenhavn. (Most important.) Reviews: Heusler,
_A.f.d.A._ XXXV, 169-83 (important); Ussing, _Danske Studier_, 1910,
193-203; Boer, _Museum_, XIX, 1912, 171-4.
1910 PANZER, F. Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. I. Beowulf.
Muenchen. (Most important: see above, pp. 62-8; 365-81. Valuable
criticisms and modifications are supplied by the reviews, more
particularly perhaps that of von Sydow (_A.f.d.A._ XXXV, 123-31), but
also in the elaborate discussions of Heusler (_Engl. Stud._ XLII,
289-98), Binz (_Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXIV, 321-37), Brandl (_Archiv_,
CXXVI, 231-5), Kahle {406} (_Z.f.d.Ph._ XLIII, 383-94) and the briefer
ones of Lawrence (_M.L.N._ XXVII, 57-60) Sedgefield _(M.L.R._ VI,
128-31) and Golther (_Neue Jahrbuecher f. das klassische Altertum_,
XXV, 610-13).)
1910 BRADLEY, H. Beowulf, in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, III, pp.
758-61. (Important. See above, pp. 121, 127-8.)
1910 SCHUECK, H. Sveriges foerkristna konungalaengd. Uppsala.
1910 CLARK HALL, J. R. A note on Beowulf, 1142-5, _M.L.N._ XXV, 113-14.
_(H[=u]nl[=a]fing._)
1910 SARRAZIN, G. Neue Beowulf-studien, _Engl. Stud._ XLII, 1-37.
1910 KLAEBER, F. Die aeltere Genesis und der Beowulf, _Engl. Stud._
XLII, 321-38.
1910 HEUSLER, A. Zeitrechnung im Beowulf-epos, _Archiv_, CXXIV, 9-14.
1910 NECKEL, G. Etwas von germanischer Sagenforschung, _Germ.-Rom.
Monatsschrift_, II, 1-14.
1910 SMITHSON, G. A. The Old English Christian Epic ... in comparison
with the Beowulf. Berkeley. _Univ. of California Pub. in Mod. Phil._
(See particularly pp. 363-8, 376-90.)
1911 CLARKE, M. G. Sidelights on Teutonic History. Cambridge. Reviews:
Mawer, _M.L.N._ VII, 126-7; Chambers, _Engl. Stud._ XLVIII, 166-8;
Fehr, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXVI, 19-20; Imelmann, _D.L.Z._ XXXIV, 1913,
1062 _etc._
1911-19 HEUSLER, A. A series of articles in Hoops' _Reallexikon_:
Beowulf, Dichtung, Ermenrich, Gautensagen, Heldensage, Hengest,
Heremod, Offa, Skj[o,]ldungar, Ynglingar, _etc._ Strassburg.
(Important.)
1911 NECKEL, G. Ragnacharius von Cambrai, _Festschrift zur
Jahrhundertfeier der Universitaet zu Breslau = Mitt. d. Schlesischen
Gesellschaft fuer Volkskunde_, XIII-XIV, 121-54. (A historical parallel
between the treatment of Ragnachar by Chlodowech and that of Hrethric
by Hrothulf.)
1911 SCHOENFELD, M. Worterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und
Voelkernamen. Heidelberg. See also Schuette, Noter til Schoenfelds
Navnesamling, in _A.f.n.F._ XXXIII, 22-49.
1911 KLAEBER, F. Aeneis und Beowulf, _Archiv_, CXXVI, 40-8, 339-59.
(Important: see above, p. 330.)
1911 LIEBERMANN, F. Grendel als Personenname, _Archiv_, CXXVI, 180.
1911-12 KLAEBER, F. Die Christlichen Elemente im Beowulf, _Anglia_,
XXXV, 111-36, 249-70, 453-82; XXXVI, 169-99. (Most important:
demonstrates the fundamentally Christian character of the poem.)
1912 CHADWICK, H. Munro. The Heroic Age. Cambridge. (Important: see
above, p. 122.) Reviews: Mawer, _M.L.R._ VIII, 207-9; Chambers, _Engl.
Stud._ XLVIII, 162-6.
1912 STJERNA, K. Essays on questions connected with the O.E. poem of
Beowulf, transl. and ed. by John R. Clark Hall, (Viking Club),
Coventry. (Important: see above, pp. 346 _etc._) Reviews: Klaeber,
_J.E.G.Ph._ XIII, 167-73, weighty; Mawer, _M.L.N._ VIII, 242-3;
_Athenaeum_, 1913, I, 459-60; Brandl, _Archiv_, CXXXII, 238-9;
Schuette, _A.f.n.F._ XXXIII, 64-96, elaborate; Olrik, _Nord. Tidskr. f.
Filol._ IV, 2. 127; Mogk, _Historische Vierteljahrsschrift_, XVIII,
196-7.
1912 CHAMBERS, R. W. Widsith: a study in Old English heroic legend.
Cambridge. Reviews: Mawer, _M.L.R._ VIII, 118-21; Lawrence, _M.L.N._
XXVIII, 53-5; Fehr, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXVI, 289-95; Jordan, _Engl.
Stud._ XLV, 300-2; Berendsohn, _Literaturblatt_, XXXV (1914), 384-6.
1912 BOER, R. C. Die Altenglische Heldendichtung. I. B['e]owulf. Halle.
(Important.) Reviews: ++Jantzen, _Z. f. franzoesischen u. englischen
Unterricht_, XIII, 546-7; Berendsohn, _Literaturblatt_, XXXV, 152-4;
Dyboski, _Allgemeines Literaturblatt_, XXII, 1913, 497-9; Imelmann,
_D.L.Z._ XXXIV, 1913, 1062-6 (weighty criticisms); Barnouw, _Museum_,
XXI, 53-8.
{407}
1912 VON DER LEYEN, F. Die deutschen Heldensagen (Beowulf, pp. 107-23,
345-7). Muenchen.
1912 MEYER, W. Beitraege zur Geschichte der Eroberung Englands.
Dissertation, Halle. (Finn story.)
1912 LAWRENCE, W. W. The haunted mere in Beowulf. _Pub. Mod. Lang.
Assoc. Amer._ XXVII, 208-45. (Important. See above, pp. 52-3.)
1912 SCHUETTE, G. The Geats of Beowulf, _J.E.G.Ph._ XI, 574-602. (See
above, pp. 8, 333 _etc._)
1912 STEFANOVI[VC], S. Ein beitrag zur angelsaechsischen Offa-sage,
_Anglia_, XXXV, 483-525.
1912 MUCH, R. Grendel, _W[=o]rter u. Sachen_, IV, 170-3. (Deriving
_Vendsyssel_, Vandal, and the _Wendle_ of Beowulf from _wandil_--"a
bough, wand.")
1912 CHAMBERS, R. W. Six thirteenth century drawings illustrating the
story of Offa and of Thryth (Drida) from _MS Cotton Nero D. I._ London,
_privately printed_.
1913 ++FAHLBECK, P. Beowulfskvaedet som kaella foer nordisk
fornhistoria. (Stockholm, _N. F. K. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets
Akademiens Handlingar_, 13, 3.) Review: Klaeber, _Engl. Stud._ XLVIII,
435-7.
1913 NERMAN, B. Studier oever Svaerges hedna litteratur. Uppsala.
1913 NERMAN, B. Vilka konungar ligga i Uppsala hoegar? Uppsala.
1913 LAWRENCE, W. W. The Breca episode in Beowulf (Anniversary papers
to G. L. Kittredge). Boston.
1913 SARRAZIN, G. Von Kaedmon bis Kynewulf. Berlin. Reviews: Dudley,
_J.E.G.Ph._ XV, 313-17; Berendsohn, _Literaturblatt_, XXXV (1914),
386-8; Funke, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXXI, 121-33.
1913 THOMAS, P. G. Beowulf and Daniel A, _M.L.R._ VIII, 537-9.
(Parallels between the two poems.)
1913 BELDEN, H. M. Onela the Scylfing and Ali the Bold, _M.L.N._
XXVIII, 149-53.
1913 STEDMAN, D. Some points of resemblance between Beowulf and the
Grettla (or Grettis Saga). From the _Saga Book of the Viking Club_,
London. (It should have been held unnecessary to prove the relationship
yet once again.)
1913 VON SYDOW, C. W. Irisches in Beowulf[874]. (_Verhandlungen der 52
Versammlung deutscher Philologen in Marburg_, pp. 177-80.)
1913 BERENDSOHN, W. A. Drei Schichten dichterischer Gestaltung im
Beowulfepos, _Muenchener Museum_, II, i, pp. 1-33.
1913 DEUTSCHBEIN, M. Beowulf der Gautenkoenig, _Festschrift fuer Lorenz
Morsbach_, Halle, pp. 291-7, _Morsbachs Studien_, L. (Very important.
Expresses very well, and with full working out of details, the doubts
which some of us had already felt as to the historic character of the
reign of Beowulf over the Geatas.)
{408}
1913 BENARY, W. Zum Beowulf-Grendelsage, _Archiv_, CXXX, 154-5.
(Graendelsm[^o]r in Siebenbuergen: see above, p. 308.)
1913 KLAEBER, F. Das Graendelsm[^o]r--eine Frage, _Archiv_, CXXXI, 427.
1913 BRATE, E. Betydelsen av ortnamnet Skaelv [cf. Scilfingas], _Namn
och Bygd_, I, 102-8.
1914 MUELLER, J. Das Kulturbild des Beowulfepos. Halle. _Morsbachs
Studien_, LIII. Reviews: Klaeber, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXVII, 241-4;
Brunner, _Archiv_, CXXXVIII, 242-3.
1914 MOORMAN, F. W. English place-names and Teutonic Sagas, in _Essays
and Studies by members of the English Association_, vol. V, pp. 75-103.
(Argues that "Gilling" and other place-names in Yorkshire, point to an
early colony of Scandinavian "Gautar," who may have been instrumental
in introducing Scandinavian traditions into England.)
1914 OLSON, O. L. Beowulf and the Feast of Bricriu, _Mod. Phil._ XI,
407-27. (Emphasises the slight character of the parallels noted by
Deutschbein.)
1914 VON SYDOW, C. W. Grendel i anglosaxiska ortnamn, in _Nordiska
Ortnamn, hyllningsskrift tillaegnad Adolf Noreen_, Uppsala, pp.
160-4=_Namn och Bygd_, II. (Important).
1915 KIER, CHR. Beowulf, et Bidrag til Nordens Oldhistorie. Koebenhavn.
(An elaborate and painstaking study of the historic problems of
Beowulf, vitiated throughout by quite unjustifiable assumptions. See
above, p. 333 _etc._) Review: Bjoerkmann, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXVII,
244-6.
1915 BRADLEY, H. The Numbered Sections in Old English Poetical MSS,
_Proc. Brit. Acad._ vol. VII.
1915 LAWRENCE, W. W. Beowulf and the tragedy of Finnsburg, _Pub. Mod.
Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXX, 372-431. (Important. An excellent survey of
the Finnsburg problems.)
1915 VAN SWERINGEN, G. F. The main ... types of men in the Germanic
Hero-Sagas, _J.E.G.Ph._ XIV, 212-25.
1915-19 LINDROTH, H. Aer Sk[oa]ne de gamles Scadinavia? _Namn och
Bygd_, III, 1915, 10-28. Lindroth denied that the two words are the
same, and was answered by A. Kock (_A.f.n.F._ XXXIV, 1917, 71 _etc._),
A. Noreen (in ++_Studier tillegn. E. Tegn['e]r_, 1918) and E. Bjoerkman
("Scedeland, Scedenig," _Namn och Bygd_, VI, 1918, 162-8). Lindroth
replied ("Aero Scadinavia och Sk[oa]ne samma ord," _A.f.n.F._ XXXV,
1918, 29 _etc._, and "Skandinavien och Sk[oa]ne," _Namn och Bygd_, VI,
1918, 104-12) and was answered by Kock ("Vidare om Sk[oa]ne och
Scadinavia," _A.f.n.F._ XXXVI, 74-85). Bjoerkman's discussion is the
one of chief importance to students of Beowulf.
1915 KLAEBER, F. Observations on the Finn episode, _J.E.G.Ph._ XIV,
544-9.
1915 ANSCOMBE, A. Beowulf in High-Dutch saga, _Notes and Queries_, Aug.
21, 1915, pp. 133-4.
1915 BERENDSOHN, WALTER A. Die Gelage am Daenenhof zu Ehren Beowulfs,
_Muenchener Museum_, III, i, 31-55.
1915-16 PIZZO, E. Zur frage der aesthetischen einheit des Beowulf,
_Anglia_, XXXIX, 1-15. (Sees in Beowulf the uniform expression of the
early Anglo-Saxon Christian ideal.)
1916 OLSON, O. L. The relation of the Hr['o]lfs Saga Kraka and the
Bjarkar['i]mur to Beowulf. Chicago. (Olson emphasises that the monster
slain by Bjarki in the _Saga_ does not attack the hall, but the cattle
outside, and is therefore a different kind of monster from Grendel (p.
30). But he does not disprove the general equation of Beowulf and
Bjarki: many of the most striking points of resemblance, such as the
support given to Eadgils (Athils) against Onela (Ali), lie outside the
scope of his study.) Review: Hollander, _J.E.G.Ph._ XVI, 147-9.
{409}
1916 NECKEL, G. Adel und gefolgschaft, _P.B.B._ XLI, 385-436 (esp. pp.
410 ff. for social conditions in Beowulf).
1917 FLOM, G. T. Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic name
giving, _M.L.N._ XXXII, 7-17.
1917 MEAD, G. W. Widher[gh]yld of Beowulf, 2051, _M.L.N._ XXXII, 435-6.
(Suggests, very reasonably, that Widher[gh]yld is the father of the
young Heathobard warrior who is stirred to revenge.)
1917 AYRES, H. M. The tragedy of Hengest in Beowulf, _J.E.G.Ph._ XVI,
282-95. (See above, pp. 266-7.)
1917 AURNER, N. S. An analysis of the interpretations of the Finnsburg
documents. (_Univ. of Iowa Monographs: Humanistic Studies_, I, 6.)
1917 BJOERKMAN, E. Zu ae. _Eote_, _Yte_, usw., daen. _Jyder_, "Jueten,"
_Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXVIII, 275-80. (See above, p. 334.)
1917 ROOTH, E. G. T. Der name Grendel in der Beowulfsage, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, XXVIII, 335-40. (Etymologies. Grendel is the "sandman," a
man-eating monster of the sea-bottom. With this, compare Panzer's
interpretation of Grendel as the "earthman." See above, p. 309.)
1917 SCHUECKING, L. L. Wann entstand der Beowulf? Glossen, Zweifel und
Fragen, _P.B.B._ XLII, 347-410. (Important. See above, pp. 322-32.)
1917 FOG, REGINALD. Trolden "Grendel" i Bjovulf: en hypothese, _Danske
Studier_, 1917, 134-40. (Grendel is here interpreted as an infectious
disease, prevalent among those who sleep in an ill-ventilated hall in a
state of intoxication, but to which Beowulf, whose health has been
confirmed by a recent sea-voyage, is not liable. This view is not as
new as its author believes it to be, and a letter from von Holstein
Rathlau is added, pointing this out. It might further have been pointed
out that as early as 1879 Grendel was explained as the malaria. Cf. the
theories of Laistner, Koegel and Golther, and see above, p. 46.)
1917 NEUHAUS, J. Sillende = vetus patria = Angel, _Nordisk Tidsskrift
foer Filologi_, IV. Raekke, Bd. V, 125-6; Helges Prinsesse Sv[oa]v[oa]
= Eider = den svebiske Flod hos Ptolemaeos, VI, 29-32; Halfdan = Frode
= Hadbardernes Konge, hvis Rige forenes med det danske, VI, 78-80;
Vestgermanske Navne i dansk Historie og Sprog, 141-4. The inherent
difficulty of the subject is enhanced by the obscurity of the writer's
style: but much of the argument (e.g. that Halfdan and Frode are
identical) is obviously based upon quite reckless conjectures. The
question is complicated by political feeling: many of Neuhaus'
arguments are repeated in his pamphlet, _Die Frage von Nordschleswig im
Lichte der neuesten vorgeschichtlichen Untersuchungen_, Jena, 1919. His
theories were vigorously refuted by G. SCHUETTE, "Urjyske
'Vestgermaner,'" _Nordisk Tidsskrift foer Filologi_, IV. Raekke, Bd.
VII, 129 _etc._
1917 ++FREDBORG. Det foersta [oa]rtalet i Sveriges historia. Ume[oa].
1917 NERMAN, B. Ynglingasagan i arkeologisk belysning, _Fornvaennen_,
1917, 226-61.
1917 NERMAN, B. Ottar Vendelkr[oa]ka och Ottarshoegen i Vendel,
_Upplands Fornminnesfoerenings Tidskrift_, VII, 309-34.
1917 BJOERKMAN, E. B[=e]owulf och Sveriges Historia, _Nordisk
Tidskrift_, 1917, 161-79.
1917-18 ++VON SYDOW, C. W. Draken som skattevaktare, _Danmarks
folkeminder_, XVII, 103 _etc._
1918 HACKENBERG, E. Die Stammtafeln der angelsaechsischen Koenigreiche,
Dissertation, Berlin. (A useful collection.) Reviews: Fischer, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, XXXI, 73-4; Ekwall, _Engl. Stud._ LIV, 307-10; Liebemann,
_D.L.Z._ 1 March, 1919.
1918 LAWRENCE, W. W. The dragon and his lair in Beowulf, _Pub. Mod.
Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXXIII, 547-83.
{410}
1918 BELDEN, H. M. Beowulf 62, once more, _M.L.N._ XXXIII, 123.
1918 BELDEN, H. M. Scyld Scefing and Huck Finn, _M.L.N._ XXXIII, 315.
1918 KLAEBER, F. Concerning the relation between Exodus and Beowulf,
_M.L.N._ XXXIII, 218-24.
1918 BJOERKMAN, E. B[=e]ow, B[=e]aw, und B[=e]owulf, _Engl. Stud._ LII,
145-93. (Very important. See above, p. 304.)
1918 BRANDL, A. Die Urstammtafel der Westsachsen und das Beowulf-Epos,
_Archiv_, CXXXVII, 6-24. (See above, p. 200, note.)
1918 BRANDL, A. Die urstammtafel der englischen koenige,
_Sitzungsberichte d. k. preuss. Akad., Phil.-Hist. Classe_, p. 5. (Five
line summary only published).
1918 ++BJOERKMAN, E. B[=e]owulf-forskning och mytologi, _Finsk
Tidskrift_, 151 _etc._ (Cf. _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXX, 207.)
1918 BJOERKMAN, E. Skoeldungaaettens mytiska stamfaeder, _Nordisk
Tidskrift_, 163 _etc._
1918 V. UNWERTH, W. Eine schwed. Heldensage als deutsches Volksepos,
_A.f.n.F._ XXXV, 113-37. (An attempt to connect the story of Hygelac
and Haethcyn with the M.H.G. _Herbort [^u]z Tenelant_.)
1918 NEUHAUS, J. Om Skjold, _A.f.n.F._ XXXV, 166-72. (A dogmatic
assertion of errors in Olrik's arguments in the _Heltedigtning_.)
1918 CLAUSEN, H. V. Kong Hugleik, _Danske Studier_, 137-49.
(Conjectures based upon the assumption Geatas = Jutes.)
1918 ++LUND University "Festskrift" contains NORLIND, Skattsaegner; VON
SYDOW, Sigurds strid med Favne.
1919 OLRIK, A. The heroic legends of Denmark translated ... and revised
in collaboration with the author by Lee M. Hollander. New York. (Very
important.) Review: Flom, _J.E.G.Ph._ XIX, 284-90.
1919 BJOERKMAN, E. Bedwig in den westsaechsischen genealogien, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, XXX, 23.
1919 BJOERKMAN, E. Zu einigen Namen im B[=e]owulf: _Breca_,
_Brondingas_, _Wealhth[=e]o(w)_; _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXX, 170-80.
1919 MOGK, E. Altgermanische Spukgeschichten: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur
Erklaerung der Grendelepisode im Beowulf, _Neue Jahrbuecher fuer das
klass. altertum ... und deutsche literatur_, XXXIV, 103-17. (Mogk here
abandons his older allegorical interpretation of Grendel as the
destroying power of the sea, and sees in the Grendel-story a Germanic
ghost-tale, poetically adorned.)
1919 BJOERKMAN, E. Skialf och Skilfing [edited by E. Ekwall, with a
note on Bjoerkman's work], _Namn och Bygd_, VII, 163-81.
1919 LINDERHOLM, E. Vendelshoegens konunganamn i socknens
1600-tals-tradition, _Namn och Bygd_, VII, 36-40.
1919 FOG, R. Bjarkemaals "Hjalte," _Danske Studier_, 1919, 29-35. (With
a letter from A. Olrik.)
1919 SEVERINSEN, P. Kong Hugleiks Doedsaar, _Danske Studier_, 1919, 96.
1920 IMELMANN, R. Forschungen zur altenglischen Poesie. (IX. Hengest u.
Finn; X. _Enge [=a]npadhas, unc[=u]dh gel[=a]d_; XII. _Thr[=y]dho_;
XIII. _H[=ae]thenra hyht._) Berlin. (A weighty statement of some
original views).
1920 BJOERKMAN, E. Studien ueber die Eigennamen im Beowulf. Halle.
_Morsbachs Studien_, LVIII. (An extremely valuable and discriminating
digest. See above, p. 304.)
1920 BARTO, P. S. The _Schwanritter-Sceaf_ Myth in _Perceval le
Gallois_, _J.E.G.Ph._ XIX, 190-200.
1920 HUBBARD, F. G. The plundering of the Hoard. _Univ. Wisconsin
Stud._ 11.
{411}
1920 SCHUECKING, L. L. Widhergyld (Beowulf, 2051), _Engl. Stud._ LIII,
468-70. (Schuecking, like Mead, but independently, interprets
Withergyld as the name of the warrior whose son is being stirred to
revenge.)
1920 BJOERKMAN, E. Haedhcyn und H['a]kon, _Engl. Stud._ LIV, 24-34.
1920 HOOPS, J. Das Verhuellen des Haupts bei Toten, ein
angelsaechsisch-nordischer Brauch (Zu Beowulf, 446, _hafalan
h[=y]dan_), _Engl. Stud._ LIV, 19-23.
1920 NOREEN, A. Yngve, Inge, Inglinge [Ingwine], _Namn och Bygd_, VIII,
1-8.
1920 LA COUR, V. Lejrestudier, _Danske Studier_, 1920, 49-67. (Weighty.
Emphasizing the importance of the site of Leire in the sixth century.)
A discussion on the date and origin of Beowulf, by LIEBERMANN, is about
to appear (_Gott. Gelehrt. Gesellschaft_).
s. 9. STYLE AND GRAMMAR
Titles already given in previous sections are not repeated here. General
treatises on O.E. style and grammar are recorded here only if they have a
special and exceptional bearing upon _Beowulf_.
1873 LICHTENHELD, A. Das schwache adjectiv im ags., _Z.f.d.A._ XVI,
325-93. (Important. See above, pp. 105-7.)
1875 HEINZEL, R. Ueber den Stil der altgermanischen Poesie. Strassburg.
(_Quellen u. Forschungen_, X.) (Important and suggestive: led to
further studies on the style of Beowulf, such as those of Hoffmann and
Bode.) Review: Zimmer, _A.f.d.A._ II, 294-300.
1877 ++ARNDT, O. Ueber die altgerm. epische Sprache. Paderborn.
1877 SCHOENBACH, A. [A discussion of words peculiar to sections of
Beowulf, added to a review of Ettmueller's Beowulf], _A.f.d.A._ III,
36-46. See also Moeller, _Volksepos_, 60 _etc._
1879 NADER, E. Zur Syntax des B['e]owulf. _Progr. der
Staats-Ober-Realschule_, in Bruenn. Review: Bernhardt,
_Literaturblatt_, 1880, 439-40 (unfavourable: reply by Nader and answer
by Bernhardt, 1881, 119-20).
1881 ++GUMMERE, F. B. The Anglo-Saxon metaphor. Dissertation, Freiburg.
1882 SCHEMANN, K. Die Synonyma im Be['o]wulfsliede, mit Ruecksicht auf
Composition u. Poetik des Gedichtes. Hagen. Dissertation, Muenster.
(Examines the use of noun-synonyms in the different sections of the
poem as divided by Muellenhoff, and finds no support for Muellenhoff's
theories.) Review: Kluge, _Literaturblatt_, 1883, 62-3.
1882 ++NADER, E. Der Genitiv im Be['o]wulf. Bruenn. Review: Klinghardt,
_Engl. Stud._ VI, 288.
1882 SCHULZ, F. Die Sprachformen des Hildebrand-Liedes im Beovolf.
Koenigsberg.
1883 NADER, E. Dativ u. Instrumental im Be['o]wulf. Wien. Review:
Klinghardt, _Engl. Stud._ VII, 368-70.
1883 HARRISON, J. A. List of irregular (strong) verbs in B['e]owulf,
_Amer. Jour. of Phil._ IV, 462-77.
1883 HOFFMANN, A. Der bildliche Ausdruck im Be['o]wulf u. in der Edda,
_Engl. Stud._ VI, 163-216.
1886 BODE, W. Die Kenningar in der angelsaechsischen Dichtung.
Darmstadt and Leipzig. Reviews: Gummere, _M.L.N._ II, 17-19
(important--praises Bode highly); Kluge, _Engl. Stud._ X, 117; Brandl,
_D.L.Z._ 1887, 897-8; Bischoff, _Archiv_, LXXIX, 115-6; Meyer,
_A.f.d.A._ XIII, 136.
1886 ++KOEHLER, K. Der syntaktische gebrauch des Infinitivs und
Particips im Beowulf. Dissertation, Muenster.
1886 BANNING, A. Die epischen Formeln im B[^e]owulf. I. Die verbalen
synonyma. Dissertation, Marburg.
{412}
1887 TOLMAN, A. H. The style of Anglo-Saxon poetry, _Trans. Mod. Lang.
Assoc. Amer._ III, 17-47.
1888-9 NADER, E. Tempus und modus im Beowulf, _Anglia_, X, 542-63; XI,
444-99.
1889 KAIL, J. Ueber die Parallelstellen in der Ags. Poesie, _Anglia_,
XII, 21-40. (A _reductio ad absurdum_ of the theories of Sarrazin.
Important.)
1891 DAVIDSON, C. The Phonology of the Stressed Vowels in B['e]owulf,
_Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ VI, 106-33. Review: Karsten, _Engl.
Stud._ XVII, 417-20.
1892 SONNEFELD, G. Stilistisches und Wortschatz im Be['o]wulf.
Dissertation, Strassburg. Wuerzburg.
1893 TODT, A. Die Wortstellung im Beowulf, _Anglia_, XVI, 226-60.
1898 KISTENMACHER, R. Die woertlichen Wiederholungen im B[^e]owulf.
Dissertation, Greifswald. Reviews: Mead, _J.(E.)G.Ph._ II, 546-7;
Kaluza, _Engl. Stud._ XXVII, 121-2 (short but valuable).
1902 BARNOUW, A. J. Textkritische Untersuchungen nach dem gebrauch des
bestimmten Artikels und des schwachen Adjektivs in der altenglischen
Poesie. Leiden. (Important, see above, p. 107.) Reviews: Kock, _Engl.
Stud._ XXXII, 228-9; Binz, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XXXVI, 269-74; Schuecking,
_Goettingische gelehrte Anzeigen_, 1905, 730-40.
1902 HEUSLER, A. Der dialog in der altgermanischen erzaehlenden
Dichtung. _Z.f.d.A._ XLVI, 189-284.
1903 SHIPLEY, G. The genitive case in Anglo-Saxon Poetry. Baltimore.
Reviews: Kock, _Engl. Stud._ XXV, 92-5; Mourek, _A.f.d.A._ XXX, 172-4.
1903 KRACKOW, O. Die Nominalcomposita als Kunstmittel im altenglischen
Epos. Dissertation, Berlin. Review: Bjoerkman, _Archiv_, CXVII, 189-90.
1904 SCHUECKING, L. L. Die Grundzuege der Satzverknuepfung im Beowulf.
Pt. I. (_Morsbachs Studien_, XV.) Halle. (Important.) Reviews:
Eckhardt, _Engl. Stud._ XXXVII, 396-7; Pogatscher, _D.L.Z._ 1905,
922-3; Behagel, _Literaturblatt_, XXVIII, 100-2; Grossmann, _Archiv_,
CXVIII, 176-9.
1904 HAEUSCHKEL, B. Die Technik der Erzaehlung im Beowulfliede.
Dissertation, Breslau.
1905 KRAPP, G. P. The parenthetic exclamation in Old English poetry,
_M.L.N._ XX, 33-7.
1905 SCHEINERT, M. Die Adjektiva im Beowulfepos als Darstellungsmittel,
_P.B.B._ XXX, 345-430.
1906 THOMAS, P. G. Notes on the language of Beowulf, _M.L.R._ I, 202-7.
(A short summary of the dialectal forms.)
1906 BARNOUW, A. J. Nochmals zum ags. Gebrauch des Artikels, _Archiv_,
CXVII, 366-7.
1907 RIES, J. Die Wortstellung im Beowulf. Halle. (An important and
exhaustive study by an acknowledged specialist.) Reviews: Binz,
_Anglia_, _Beiblatt_, XXII, 65-78 (important); Borst, _Engl. Stud._
XLII, 93-101; Delbrueck, _A.f.d.A._ XXXI, 65-76 (important); Reis,
_Literaturblatt_, XXVIII, 328-30; _Lit. Cbl._ 1907, p. 1474; Huchon,
_Revue germanique_, III, 634-8.
1908 KRAUEL, H. Der Haken- und Langzeilenstil im Beowulf. Dissertation,
Goettingen.
1908 LORS, A. Aktionsarten des Verbums im Beowulf. Dissertation,
Wuerzburg.
1908 ++MOUREK, E. Zur Syntax des konjunktivs im Beowulf, _Prager
deutsche stud._ VIII.
1909-10 RANKIN, J. W. A study of the Kennings in Ags. poetry,
_J.E.G.Ph._ VIII, 357-422; IX, 49-84. (Latin parallels; very
important.)
{413}
1909 SHEARIN, H. G. The expression of purpose in Old English poetry,
_Anglia_, XXXII, 235-52.
1909 ++RIGGERT, G. Der syntaktische Gebrauch des Infinitivs in der
altenglischen Poesie. Dissertation, Kiel.
1910 RICHTER, C. Chronologische Studien zur angelsaechsischen Literatur
auf grund sprachl.-metrischer Kriterien. Halle. (_Morsbachs Studien_,
XXXIII.) Reviews: Binz, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXII, 78-80; Imelmann,
_D.L.Z._ 1910, 2986-7; Hecht, _Archiv_, CXXX, 430-2.
1910 WAGNER, R. Die Syntax des Superlativs ... im Beowulf. Berlin.
(_Palaestra_, XCI.) Reviews: Schatz, _D.L.Z._ 1910, 2848-9; Kock,
_A.f.n.F._ XXVIII, 347-9.
1910 SCHUCHARDT, R. Die negation im Beowulf. Berlin. (_Berliner
Beitraege zur germ. u. roman. Philol._ XXXVIII.)
1912 BRIGHT, J. W. An Idiom of the Comparative in Anglo-Saxon, _M.L.N._
XXVII, 181-3. (Bearing particularly upon Beowulf, 69, 70.)
1912 EXNER, P. Typische Adverbialbestimmungen in fruehenglischer
Poesie. Dissertation, Berlin.
1912 GRIMM, P. Beitraege zum Pluralgebrauch in der altenglischen
Poesie. Dissertation, Halle.
1913 PAETZEL, W. Die Variationen in der altgermanischen
Alliterationspoesie. Berlin. See pp. 73-84 for Beowulf and Finnsburg.
(_Palaestra_, XLVIII.) Pt. I. had appeared in 1905 as a Berlin
dissertation.
s. 10. METRE
For bibliography of O.E. metre in general, see _Pauls Grdr._ (2), II,
1022-4.
1870 SCHUBERT, H. De Anglosaxonum arte metrica. Dissertatio
inauguralis, Berolini.
1884 SIEVERS, E. Zur rhythmik des germanischen alliterationsverses: I.
Vorbemerkungen. Die metrik des Beowulf: II. Sprachliche Ergebnisse,
_P.B.B._ X, 209-314 and 451-545. (Most important.)
1894 KALUZA, M. Studien zum altgermanischen alliterationsvers. I.
Kritik der bisherigen theorien. II. Die Metrik des Beowulfliedes.
(Important.) Reviews: Martin, _Engl. Stud._ XX, 293-6; Heusler,
_A.f.d.A._ XXI, 313-17; Saran, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XXVII, 539-43.
1905 TRAUTMANN, M. Die neuste Beowulfausgabe und die altenglische
verslehre, _Bonner Beitraege zur Anglistik_, XVII, 175-91. (A
discussion of O.E. metre in view of Holthausen's edition.) Review:
Klaeber, _M.L.N._ XXII, 252.
1908 MORGAN, B. Q. Zur lehre von der alliteration in der
westgermanischen dichtung: I. Die tonverhaeltnisse der hebungen im
Beowulf: II. Die gekreuzte alliteration; _P.B.B._ XXXIII, 95-181.
1908 BOHLEN, A. Zusammengehoerige Wortgruppen, getrennt durch Caesur
oder Versschluss, in der angelsaechsischen Epik. Dissertation, Berlin.
Reviews: Dittes, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XX, 199-202; Kroder, _Engl. Stud._
XL, 90.
1912 TRAUTMANN, M. Zum altenglischen Versbau, _Engl. Stud._ XLIV,
303-42.
1913 SEIFFERT, F. Die Behandlung der Woerter mit auslautenden
urspruenglich silbischen Liquiden oder Nasalen und mit
Kontraktionsvokalen in der Genesis A und im Beowulf. Dissertation,
Halle. (Concludes the dialect of the two poems to be distinct, but
finds no evidence on these grounds which is the earlier.)
1914 FIJN VAN DRAAT, P. The cursus in O.E. poetry, _Anglia_, XXXVIII,
377-404.
1918 LEONARD, W. E. Beowulf and the Niebelungen couplet, in _Univ. of
Wisconsin Studies in Language and Literature_, II, 98-152. (Important.
Pp. 123-46 advocating the "four-accent theory.")
1920 ++NEUNER, E. Ueber ein- und dreihebige Halbverse in der
altenglischen alliterierenden Poesie. Berlin. Review: Bright, _M.L.N._
XXXVI, 59-63.
* * * * *
{414}
INDEX
Abingdon, sheaf ordeal at, 83-4, 303
Adam of Bremen, on the Goetar, 339
Aethelbert of East Anglia, 239-43
Agnerus, 132-3
Alboin and Thurisind, 281, 282, 285
Alcester, _Grindeles pytt_ near, 305
Alcuin, 22, 332
Aldfrid, 325
Aldhelm, 331
Alfsola, 69
Ali, _see_ Onela
Aliel, _see_ Riganus
_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, Pedigrees in, 72 _etc._, 312 _etc._
Archaeology in relation to _Beowulf_, 122 _etc._, 345-65
Asbiorn, 186-92
Athils, Athislus, _see_ Eadgils
Attila, funeral of, compared with that of Beowulf, 124
Atuarii, _see_ Hetware
Ayres, Prof. H. M., on the _Finnsburg_ story, 266 _etc._
Baldaeg, 321
Baldr, 69
_bana_, 270-1
Battersea, _Gryndeles sylle_ near, 306
"Bear's-son" folk-tale, 62 _etc._, 369-81
_B[=e]as broc_, _B[=e]as feld_, 310
Bede, the Venerable, 326 _etc._
Bedwig, 303-4
Beow(a), Beaw, 10, 42 _etc._, 87-8, 202-3, 291 _etc._, 296 _etc._
Beowi, 303
Beowulf the Dane (Beowulf Scyldinga), 41 _etc._, 88, 92 _etc._, 291
_etc._
Beowulf son of Ecgtheow, king of the Geatas, 10-13;
his struggle with Grendel and Grendel's mother, 41 _etc._;
with the dragon, 92 _etc._;
his funeral rites, 122 _etc._;
etymology and meaning of the name, 365-9
_Beowulf_, suggested translation from a Scandinavian original, 98-104;
dialect, syntax and metre of, 104-12;
theories as to the structure of, 112-20;
the Christian elements in, 121-8;
date of, 122, 322 _etc._, 353 _etc._;
possible classical influence upon, 329 _etc._;
archaeology of, 345-65;
division into fittes or passus, 294 _etc._
Biar, 7, 45
_Biuuulf_, 367
_Bjarkam['a]l_, 26, 264;
Saxo's Latin translation quoted, 135-6
_Bjarka r['i]mur_, 58, 182-6
Bjarki, 9, 12, 54-61, 132-6, 138-46, 182-6
Bjarndreingur, 374-5
Bjoernoere, 377
Blackburn, Prof., on the Christian element in _Beowulf_, 125
Blood-feud, in primitive society, 276 _etc._
Boar-helmets, 350-1, 358-9
Bocus, 26, 135
Boerinus, 201
Bothvar Bjarki, _see_ Bjarki
Bow, the, in _Beowulf_, 361
Bradley, Dr Henry, on the Christian elements in _Beowulf_, 127;
on Beow and Beowulf the Dane, 293 _etc._;
on the passus in _Beowulf_, 294-5
Brusi, 187-92
Brutus (Hildebrandus), 222
Bugge, Sophus, on the _Finnsburg_ story, 257-66
Burial mounds, Scandinavian, 356
Burials, 122 _etc._, 353-5
Byggvir, 45, 297 _etc._
Cerdic, his ancestry, 316 _etc._
Chadwick, Prof. H. M., on the date of _Beowulf_, 122, 353 _etc._
Chatuarii, _see_ Hetware
Chochilaicus, 2, 3
Christianity of _Beowulf_, 121 _etc._, 322 _etc._
Cities of Refuge, 276-7
Clyst, river, 44, 310
Creedy, the, _Grendeles pyt_ near, 305
Crying the Neck, 82-3, 302
Cynethryth, 37 _etc._
Dan, king of the Danes, 129, 204
Danes, first mentioned soon after A.D. 500, 14;
their early kings, 13-31;
their early history as recorded in Saxo, 129-37;
in the _Little Chronicle of the Kings of Leire_, 204-6;
in Sweyn Aageson, 211;
their relation to the English, 314 _etc._
Date of _Beowulf_, 122, 322 _etc._, 353 _etc._
Dialect of _Beowulf_, 104
Dorestad, 259, 288-9
Dragons, not extinct in 1649, 11 (note);
Frotho's dragon, 92 _etc._, 130-1;
the Vendsyssel dragon, 192-5
Dunstan, 332
Drida, 36 _etc._; 238-43; _see also_ Thryth
Eadgils (Athils, Athislus), 5-8; 184, 186, 356
{415}
Eaha, 246
Eanmund, 5
_Edda_ of Snorri, 69
Engelhardt, on the Moss-finds, 345 _etc._
Eomaer (Eamer), 31, 197-8
Eotan, Eote, _see_ Jutes
Eotenas, part played by them in the _Finnsburg Episode_, 219 _etc._; 260
_etc._; 283 _etc._
Eric, jarl, 277, 278
Esthonian cult of Pekko, 299 _etc._
Ethelwerd, 70 _etc._, 202, 318 _etc._
Fahlbeck, Pontus, his Jute-theory, 8, 333 _etc._
Faroe "Bear's-son" tale, 375-6
_ferhdh-freca_, 276
Fifeldor, 35, _note_
Finn, son of Folcwald, 199, 200, 248 _etc._, 253-4, 283 _etc._, 289
Finnsburg, the story of, 245-89;
site of, 259
Florence of Worcester, 8
Folcwald(a), 199
Frealaf, 321
Freawaru, daughter of Hrothgar, 21 _etc._, 282
Frisia in the Heroic Age, 288-9
Froda (Frothi, Frotho), 21, 24-5, 211, 282
Frotho and the dragon, 92-7, 130-1
Frowinus, 33-4
Funeral rites, _see_ Burials
Garulf, his part in the _Finnsburg_ story, 246-7; 283 _etc._, 287
Gautar, _see_ Geatas
Geatas (O.N. Gautar), 2, 8-10, 333-45;
their kings, 2-13;
boundaries of their territory, 339
Gefwulf, 286-7
Genealogies, 311 _etc._
Giovanni dell' Orso, 371
Glam, 48, 147 _etc._, 164 _etc._
Godulf, 200
Goetar, _see_ Geatas
Gokstad ship, 363-4
Gold in the Heroic Age, 348 _etc._
Gram Guldkoelve, 192, 194
Graendels m[^o]r in Transsylvania, 308
_grandi_, 309
Greek scholarship in Anglo-Saxon times, 329
Gregory of Tours, his account of the death of Hygelac, 3-4, 9, 342
Grendel, 41 _etc._;
occurrence of the name in English charters, 305-6;
etymology, 309-10
_Grendles mere_, 43-4, 306
Grettir Asmundarson, 48 _etc._, 152-62, 169-82
_Grettis Saga_, 162;
extracts from, 146-62;
translation, 162-82;
death of Illugi, 280
Grimm's story of _Der Starke Hans_, 370
Grindale village, 308
Grindle or Greendale brook, near Exeter, 44, 309
_grundel_, 309
Grundtvig, his identification of Chochilaicus, 4
Guest (Gestr), _see_ Grettir
Gullinhjalti, 141, 146
Guthlaf, 246-7, 252, 267, 285
Haki, 68-9
Halga (Helgi, Helgo), 14 _etc._, 132, 205, 211
Hall, Dr Clark, on the archaeology of _Beowulf_, 346 _etc._
Hall, the, in _Beowulf_, 361
Ham, _Grendles mere_ near, 43-4, 306
Hamlet (Amlethus), 39;
Hengest's hesitation compared to that of Shakespeare's Hamlet, 266
Hans, der starke, 370
Harold Fairhair and the Gautar, 340
Harvest customs, 81 _etc._
_h[=e]aburh_, 259 _note_
Healfdene (Halfdan, Haldanus), 14 _etc._, 131, 205, 211
Heardred, slain by Onela, 5, 13
Heathobeardan, 20 _etc._, 244
Hendon, "Grendels gate" near, 306-7
Hengest, 246, 250 _etc._, 284 _etc._
Henry (Henrik) slays a dragon, 192-5
Heorogar, 14, 287
Heorot, 13-20; _see also_ Leire
Heoroweard (Hj[o,]rvardhr, Hiarwarus), 14, 15, 29-30, 134-7, 205-6, 277
Heremod, 89 _etc._
Hermuthruda, 39
Heruli, identified by some with the Heathobeardan, 24
Hetware (Atuarii), 2-3
Hiarthwarus, Hiarwarus, _see_ Heoroweard
Hickes, his text of the _Finnsburg Fragment_, 245-6
Hildebrandus, another name for Brutus, _q.v._
Hildeburh, 248 _etc._
Hjalti (Hott), 55 _etc._, 132 _etc._, 138-46, 182-6
Hnaef, 247 _etc._, 283 _etc._
Hocingas, 249
Hott, _see_ Hjalti
Hrethric, 25-7, 135 (Roericus), 211 (Roekil)
Hrothgar (Hroarr, Roe), 14 _etc._, 132, 204, 244
{416}
Hrothulf (Rolf Kraki, Roluo), 15, 25-9, 132-7, 139-46, 205-6, 244
Hugleikr, 323
Huglek, 323
Humblus, 129
Hunlafing, 252, 267, 283
Hygelac, death of, 2-4
Ialto, _see_ Hjalti
Icelandic "Bear's-son" tale, 374-5
Illugi, _see Grettis Saga_
Ingeld, son of Froda, 21 _etc._, 244, 282, 284-5
Intercourse between tribes in Heroic Age, 348 _etc._
Ivashko Medvedko, 372-4
Jean l'Ourson, 378-9
Jenny Greenteeth, 307
Jomsvikings, 278
Jovial huntsmen, the Three, their views, 310
Jutes, attempt to identify them with the Geatas, 8-10, 333-45;
Jutes and _Eotenas_, 261 _etc._, 272 _etc._
Jutland, "Bear's-son" tale in, 377
_K['a]lfsv['i]sa_, 7, 45
Kemble, his mythological theories, 291 _etc._
Keto, 33-4
Klaeber, on the Christian element in _Beowulf_, 126
Lawrence, Prof. W. W., on mythology in _Beowulf_, 43 _etc._, 291 _etc._;
on _Finnsburg_, 270 _etc._
_Laxdaela Saga_, parallels from, 278-9
Leifus, 252, _note_
Leire, 16 _etc._, 134, 204, 211, 216, 365;
_see also_ Heorot
_Leire, Little Chronicle of the Kings of_, extracts from, 204-6
Lethra, _see_ Leire
_Liber Historiae Francorum_, account of the death of Chochilaicus
(Hygelac) in, 3
"Lichtenheld's Test," 105 _etc._
_Lokasenna_ quoted, 297-9
Loki, 297-9
Lombard story of the "Bear's-son," 371
Longobardi, relation to the Heathobeardan, 23; 311;
_see also_ Alboin
Lother(us), 89 _etc._, 129
Malmesbury, William of, _see_ William of Malmesbury
Mercian genealogy, 195-8
Milio, 220
Minstrelsy forbidden to priests, 332
Mitunnus, 218 _etc._
Moeller, on _Finnsburg_, 254-7
_Monsters and Strange Beasts_, account of Hygelac in the _Book of (Liber
Monstrorum)_, 4, 339
"Morsbachs Test," 107-12
Moss-finds, 345 _etc._
Muellenhoff's theories on _Beowulf_, 113 _etc._, 292 _etc._
Myrgingas, 31-2, 244
Mythology in _Beowulf_, 46 _etc._, 291 _etc._
Neck, _see_ Crying the Neck
Neckersgate, 307
_Nj['a]ls Saga_, parallels from, 271, 277, 280-1
Norka, the, 371-2
North Frisians, 249, _note_, 273
Northumbrian anarchy in the eighth century, 324
Norwegian folk-tale ("Bear's-son" type), 376-7
Nydam, 345 _etc._
Nydam boat, 362-3
_Odyssey_, parallels with _Beowulf_, 329
Offa I, king of Angel, 31-40, 197-8, 206-15, 217-35, 244
Offa II, 36 _etc._, 235-43
Ohthere, 5, 343 _etc._;
_see also_ Ottar Vendel-crow
Onela, 5-8, 184-6
Ongentheow, 4-5, 8
Ordlaf (Oslaf), 246, 252, 267, 285, 287
Origin of the English, 314 _etc._
Orm Storolfsson, 53, 186-92
Oseberg ship, 363-4
Oslaf, _see_ Ordlaf
Oswin, king, 324 _etc._
Oswiu, king, 325
Otta, 220
Ottar Vendelcrow, his mound, 343-5, 356;
_see also_ Ohthere
Panzer, his derivation of the story of _Beowulf_ from the "Bear's-son"
folk-tale, 67-8, 369-81
passus of _Beowulf_, 294 _etc._
Peg o' Nell, 307
Peg Powler, 307
Pekko, 87, 299 _etc._
Pellon-Pecko, _see_ Pekko
Peter Baer, 378
Pinefredus, _see_ Offa II
Procopius, mentions the Goutai (Geatas), 8-9, 338
Riganus (or Aliel), 218 _etc._
Ring-corslets, 351, 360
Ring-money, 351-2
Ring-swords, 349 _etc._
Roe, _see_ Hrothgar
{417}
Roekil, _see_ Hrethric
Roericus, _see_ Hrethric
_Rolf Kraki, Saga of_, 16, 55 _etc._;
extract from, 138-46;
quoted in illustration of the _Finnsburg_ story, 281, 282
Rolf Kraki, _see_ Hrothulf
Roluo, _see_ Hrothulf
Roskilde, 18, 132, 204
Runkoteivas, 300
Russian variants of the "Bear's-son" story, 371-4
Ruta, 133
Saempsae, 84-5, 300
_Saga of Rolf Kraki_, see _Rolf Kraki, Saga of_
Sandhaugar, 48, 66, 156-62, 175-82
Saxo Grammaticus, 16;
his story of Starcatherus, 22-3;
of Roericus, 26;
of Hiarwarus, 30;
of Uffo (Offa), 32-3;
of Biarco (Bjarki), 57 _etc._;
of Skyoldus, 77;
of Lotherus, 89 _etc._;
of Frotho, 91 _etc._;
on cremation, 123;
extracts from, 129-37, 206-11;
on text of, 215-16; 282
Sceaf, 68-86, 200-3, 302 _etc._, 311 _etc._
Sceafa, 311
Scenery of _Beowulf_, 101
Schuecking, Prof.,
on the structure of _Beowulf_, 117-20;
on the date of _Beowulf_, 322 _etc._
Schuette, on the Geatas, 8, 333 _etc._
Sculda, 133-4, 204-5
Scyld, 68-86, 201-4, 303, 314 _etc._
Secgan, 269, 286
Setukese, 301
Sheaf, _see_ Sceaf
Shield, _see_ Scyld
Shield, the, in Anglo-Saxon times, 360-1
Ships, 362-4
Sigeferth, 246-7, 269, 286, 287
Sigmund, 91
Sigurd Ring, 69
Sinfjotli, his foul language, 28
Skeggjatussi, 375
Skjold (Skyoldus), 71 _etc._, 130, 211
_Skjoldunga Saga_,
account of Adilsus (Eadgils) in, 7;
of Rolf Kraki (Hrothulf), 16 _etc._;
quoted, 69, 252 _note_
Spear, the, in Anglo-Saxon times, 360
Starkad (Starcatherus), 22-3
Steenkloewer, Stenhuggeren, 380
Stein, 49, 66, 156-62, 175-82, 380
Steinspieler, 380
Steinv[o,]r, 157-62, 175-82
Stjerna, Knut,
on the funeral customs of _Beowulf_, 124;
on Ottar Vendelcrow, 343-5;
on the archaeology of _Beowulf_, 346 _etc._
Sueno, 222
Svold, battle of, 277
Sweden, kings of, 4-8;
_see_ Eadgils, Ohthere, Onela, Ongentheow
Sweyn Aageson, his account of Uffo (Offa), 33;
extract from, 211-15; 216
Swinford, _Grendels mere_ near, 306
Swords in _Beowulf_ and in Anglo-Saxon grave-finds, 357
Ten Brink's theories on _Beowulf_, 113 _etc._
Theodoric, king of the Franks, 3
Thorgaut, 150 _etc._, 167 _etc._
Thorhall Grimsson, 146-56, 163-74
Thorsbjerg, 345 _etc._
Thryth, 37 _etc._, 238-43
Tours, Gregory of, _see_ Gregory of Tours
Uffo, _see_ Offa
Ull, 303
Unferth, 27-30
Ursula, 205
Vendel finds, 347 _etc._
Vendsyssel, dragon of, 192-5
Virgil, possible influence of, upon _Beowulf_, 329 _etc._
_Vitae duorum Offarum_, 34 _etc._, 217-43
_V[o,]lsunga Saga_, parallels from, 275, 286
Waeder Oear and Waeder Fiord, 342
Warmundus, _see_ Wermundus
Weak and strong forms of heroic names used alternatively, 311
Wealhtheow, her forebodings, 25
Weapons in _Beowulf_, 357-61
Wederas, name applied to the Geatas, 342
Wener, Lake, 9, 342
_wer-gild_, 277
Wermund, 32 _etc._, 197-8, 206-15, 217-26
West-Saxon genealogy, 72 _etc._, 198-201, 311 _etc._
_Widsith_,
account of the Heathobeardan in, 20 _etc._;
of Hrothulf, 25;
of Offa, 31;
of Sceafa, 80;
extract from, 243-4; 286; 338
Wiggo, 133-7, 264-5
Wigo, 33-4
Wijk bij Duurstede, _see_ Dorestad
William of Malmesbury, 70 _etc._, 203, 302
Woden's ancestors, 311 _etc._
_Ynglinga tal_ and _Ynglinga Saga_, 5-7, 68-9, 344
Yte, _see_ Jutes
Ytene, 8, 337
* * * * *
NOTES
[1] The exact equivalent to _Hr[=o]dhgar_ is found in O.N., in the form
_Hr['o]dhgeirr_. The by-form _Hr['o]arr_, which is used of the famous
Danish king, is due to a number of rather irregular changes, which can
however be paralleled. The Primitive Germanic form of the name would have
been *_Hr[=o]thugaisaz_: for the loss of the _g_ at the beginning of the
second element we may compare _Adhils_ with _[=E]adgils_ (Noreen,
_Altislaendische Grammatik_, 1903, s. 223); for the loss of _dh_ before _w_
compare _Hr['o]lfr_ with _Hr[=o]dhwulf_ (Noreen, s. 222); for the absence
of _R-_ umlaut in the second syllable, combined with loss of the _g_,
compare O.N. _nafarr_ with O.E. _nafug[=a]r_ (Noreen, s. 69).
[2] Corresponding to O.N. _Adhils_ we should expect O.E. _Aedhgils_,
_Aedhgisl_. The form _[=E]adgils_ may be due to confusion with the famous
Eadgils, king of the Myrgingas, who is mentioned in _Widsith_. The name
comes only once in _Beowulf_ (l. 2392) and may owe its form there to a
corruption of the scribe. That the O.E. form is corrupt seems more likely
than that the O.N. _Adhils_, so well known and so frequently recorded, is a
corruption of _Audhgisl_.
[3] It must be remembered that the sound changes of the Germanic dialects
have been worked out so minutely that it is nearly always possible to
decide quite definitely whether two names do or do not exactly correspond.
Only occasionally is dispute possible [e.g. whether _Hrothgar_ is or is not
phonetically the exact equivalent of _Hroarr_].
[4] See below, pp. 8-10.
[5] _Chochilaicus_, which appears to be the correct form, corresponds to
_Hygelac_ (in the primitive form _Hugilaikaz_) as _Chlodovechus_ to
_Hludovicus_.
[6] The passages in _Beowulf_ referring to this expedition are:
1202 _etc._. Frisians (adjoining the Hetware) and Franks mentioned as the
foes.
2354 _etc._ Hetware mentioned.
2501 _etc._ Hugas (= Franks) and the Frisian king mentioned.
2914 _etc._ Franks, Frisians, Hugas, Hetware and "the Merovingian"
mentioned.
[7] The identification of Chochilaicus with Hygelac is the most important
discovery ever made in the study of _Beowulf_, and the foundation of our
belief in the historic character of its episodes. It is sometimes
attributed to Grundtvig, sometimes to Outzen. It was first vaguely
suggested by Grundtvig (_Nyeste Skilderie af Kjoebenhavn_, 1815, col.
1030): the importance of the identification was worked out by him fully,
two years later (_Danne-Virke_, II, 285). In the meantime the passage from
Gregory had been quoted by Outzen in his review of Thorkelin's _Beowulf_
(_Kieler Blaetter_, III, 312). Outzen's reference was obviously made
independently, but he failed to detect the real bearing of the passage upon
_Beowulf_. Credit for the find accordingly belongs solely to Grundtvig.
[8] Ongentheow is mentioned in _Widsith_ (l. 31) as a famous king of the
Swedes. Many of the kings mentioned in the same list can be proved to be
historical, and the reference in _Widsith_ therefore supports Ongentheow's
historic character, but is far, in itself, from proving it.
[9] Strictly _Anganth['e]r_. See Heusler, _Heldennamen in mehrfacher
Lautgestalt, Z.f.d.A._ LII, 101.
[10] ll. 2382-4.
[11] ll. 2612-9.
[12] Whether it be accuracy or accident, these names Ottar and Athils come
just at that place in the list of the _Ynglinga tal_ which, when we reckon
back the generations, we find to correspond to the beginning of the sixth
century. And this is the date when we know from _Beowulf_ that they should
have been reigning.
[13] But the accounts are quite inconsistent. Saxo (ed. Holder, pp. 56-7)
implies a version in which Athils was deposed, if not slain, by Bothvar
Bjarki, which is quite at variance with other information given by Saxo.
[14] Unless they are among the fragments carried off to the Stockholm
Museum. Little of interest was found in these mounds when they were opened:
everything had been too thoroughly burnt.
[15] See Schueck, _Folknamnet Geatas_, 22 _etc._
[16] See below, p. 98 and Appendix (E); The "Jute-Question."
[17] See below, pp. 45 _etc._
[18] Olrik (_Heltedigtning_, I, 22 _etc._). The Danish house--Healfdene,
Heorogar, Hrothgar, Halga, Heoroweard, Hrethric, Hrothmund, Hrothulf: the
Swedish--Ongentheow, Onela, Ohthere, Eanmund, Eadgils: the Geatic--Hrethel,
Herebeald, Haetheyn, Hygelac, Heardred. The same principle is strongly
marked in the Old English pedigrees.
[19] ll. 3018 _etc._
[20] As is done, e.g., by Schueck (_Studier i Beowulf-sagan_, 27).
[21] "Dragon fights are more frequent, not less frequent, the nearer we
come to historic times": Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 313. The dragon
survived much later in Europe than has been generally recognized. He was
flying from Mount Pilatus in 1649. (See J. J. Scheuchzer, _Itinera per
Helvetiae Alpinas regiones_, 1723, III, p. 385.) The same authority quotes
accounts of dragons authenticated by priests, his own contemporaries, and
supplies many bloodcurdling engravings of the same.
[22] Cf. on this point Klaeber in _Anglia_, XXXVI (1912) p. 190.
[23] l. 2382.
[24] l. 2393.
[25] Of course, even if Beowulf's reign over the Geatas is not historic,
this does not exclude the possibility of his having _some_ historic
foundation.
[26] Attempts at working out the chronology of _Beowulf_ have been made by
Gering (in his translation) and by Heusler (_Archiv_, CXXIV, 9-14). On the
whole the chronology of _Beowulf_ is self-consistent, but there are one or
two discrepancies which do not admit of solution.
[27] l. 468.
[28] l. 2161.
[29] _Widsith_, l. 46.
[30] _Beowulf_, l. 2160. Had Hrothulf been a son of Heorogar he could not
have been passed over in silence here. Neither can Hrothulf be Hrothgar's
sister's son: for since the sister married the Swedish king, Hrothulf would
in that case be a Swedish prince, and presumably would be living at the
Swedish court, and bearing a name connected by alliteration with those of
the Swedish, not the Danish house. Besides, had he been a Swedish prince,
he must have been heard of in connection with the dynastic quarrels of the
Swedish house.
[31] ll. 1163-5.
[32] ll. 1188-91.
[33] ll. 1180 _etc._
[34] Doubts are expressed, for example, in Trap's monumental topographical
work (_Kongeriket Danmark_, II, 328, 1898).
[35] For example Sweyn Aageson (c. 1200) had no doubt that the little
village of Leire near Roskilde was identical with the Leire of story: _Rolf
Kraki, occisus in Lethra, qvae tunc famosissima Regis extitit curia, nunc
autem Roskildensi vicina civitati, inter abjectissima ferme vix colitur
oppida._ Svenonis Aggonis _Historia Regum Daniae_, in Langebek, I, 45.
[36] _Ro ... patrem vero suum Dan colle apud Lethram tumulavit Sialandie
ubi sedem regni pro eo pater constituit, qvam ipse post eum divitiis
multiplicibus ditavit._ In the so-called _Annales Esromenses_, in Langebek,
I, 224. Cf. Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 188, 194. For further evidence, see
Appendix (G) below.
[37] We must not think of Heorot as an isolated country seat. The Royal
Hall would stand in the middle of the Royal Village, as in the case of the
halls of Attila (Priscus in Moeller's _Fragmenta_, IV, 85) or Cynewulf
(_A.S. Chronicle_, Anno 755).
[38] _Lethram pergitur, quod oppidum, a Roluone constructum eximiisque
regni opibus illustratum, ceteris confinium prouinciarum urbibus regie
fundacionis et sedis auctoritate prestabat._ Saxo, Book II (ed. Holder, p.
58).
[39] _His cognitis Helgo filium Roluonem Lethrica arce conclusit, heredis
saluti consulturus_ (p. 52).
[40] _A Roe Roskildia condita memoratur._ Saxo, Book II (ed. Holder, p.
51). Roe's spring, after being a feature of the town throughout the ages,
is now (owing perhaps to its sources having been tapped by a neighbouring
mineral-water factory) represented only by a pump in a market-garden.
[41] I owe this paragraph to information kindly supplied me by Dr Sofus
Larsen, librarian of the University Library, Copenhagen.
[42] It was once believed that, in prehistoric times, the sea came up to
Leire also (Forchhammer, Steenstrup and Worsaae: _Undersoegelser i
geologisk-antiqvarisk Retning_, Kjoebenhavn, 1851). A most exact scrutiny
of the geology of the coast-line has proved this to be erroneous. (Danmarks
geologiske Undersoegelse I.R. 6. _Beskrivelse til Kaartbladene Kjoebenhavn
og Roskilde_, af K. Roerdam, Kjoebenhavn, 1899.)
[43] The presence at Leire of early remains makes it tempting to suppose
that it may have been from very primitive times a stronghold or sacred
place. It is impossible here to examine these conjectures, which would
connect Heorot ultimately with the "sacred place on the isle of the ocean"
mentioned by Tacitus. The curious may be referred to Much in _P.B.B._ XVII,
196-8; Mogk in _Pauls Grdr._ (2) III, 367; Kock in the Swedish _Historisk
Tidskrift_, 1895, 162 _etc._; and particularly to the articles by Sarrazin:
_Die Hirsch Halle_ in _Anglia_, XIX, 368-91, _Neue Beowulfstudien_ (_Der
Grendelsee_) in _Engl. Stud._ XLII, 6-15.
[44] This seems to me much more probable than, as Olrik supposes, that
Froda fell in battle against Healfdene (_Skjoldungasaga_, 162 [80]).
[45] _Saga of Rolf Kraki_, cap. IV.
[46] Olrik wishes to read the whole of this account, not as a prediction in
the present future tense, but as a narrative of past events in the historic
present. (_Heltedigtning_, I, 16; II, 38.) Considering the rarity of the
historic present idiom in Old English poetry, this seems exceedingly
unlikely.
[47] ll. 2047-2056.
[48] _Verba dei legantur in sacerdotali convivio; ibi decet lectorem
audiri, non citharistam, sermones patrum, non carmina gentilium. Quid
Hinieldus cum Christo?_ See Jaff['e]'s _Monumenta Alcuiniana_ (_Bibliotheca
Rer. Germ._ VI), Berlin, 1873, p. 357; _Epistolae_, 81.
[49] Saxo, Book _VI_ (ed. Holder, 205, 212-13).
The contrast between this lyrical outburst, and the matter-of-fact speech
in which the old warrior in _Beowulf_ eggs on the younger man, is
thoroughly characteristic of the difference between Old English and Old
Scandinavian heroic poetry. This difference is very noticeable whenever we
have occasion to compare a passage in _Beowulf_ with any parallel passage
in a Scandinavian poem, and should be carefully pondered by those who still
believe that _Beowulf_ is, in its present form, a translation from the
Scandinavian.
[50] Saxo, Book VIII (ed. Holder, p. 274); _Helga kvitha Hundingsbana_, II,
19. See also Bugge, _Helge-digtene_, 157.
[51] _Th['a]ttr Thorsteins Skelks_ in _Flateyarb['o]k_ (ed. Vigf['u]sson
and Unger), I, 416.
[52] Similarly, there is certainly a primitive connection between the names
of the Geatas (Gautar) and of the Goths: but they are quite distinct
peoples: we should not be justified in speaking of the Geatas as identical
with the Goths.
[53] Muellenhoff (_Beovulf_, 29-32) followed by Much (_P.B.B._ XVII, 201)
and Heinzel (_A.f.d.A._ XVI, 271). The best account of the Heruli is in
Procopius (_Bell. Gott._ II, 14, 15).
[54] See also Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 21, 22: Sarrazin in _Engl. Stud._
XLII, 11: Bugge, _Helgi-digtene_, 151-63; 181: Chambers, _Widsith_, p. 82
(note), pp. 205-6.
[55] _Saga of Rolf Kraki: Skjoldungasaga._
[56] Best represented in Saxo.
[57] See above, p. 15.
[58] ll. 1180-87.
[59] ll. 1188-91.
[60] ll. 1163-5.
[61] ll. 1017-19.
[62] ll. 45-6.
[63] For a contrary view see Clarke, _Sidelights_, 100.
[64] Saxo has mistaken a title _hnoeggvanbaugi_ for a father's name,
(_hins_) _hnoeggva Baugs_ "(son of the) covetous Baug."
[65] _Langfedhgatal_ in Langebek, I, 5. The succession given in
_Langfedhgatal_ is Halfdan, Helgi and Hroar, Rolf, Hraerek: it should, of
course, run Halfdan, Helgi and Hroar, Hraerek, Rolf. Hraerek has been moved
from his proper place in order to clear Rolf of any suspicion of
usurpation.
[66] l. 1189.
[67] See Olrik, _Episke Love_ in _Danske Studier_, 1908, p. 79. Compare the
remark of Goethe in _Wilhelm Meister_, as to the necessity of there being
_both_ a Rosencrantz _and_ a Guildenstern (_Apprenticeship_, Book V, chap.
V).
[68] ll. 587-9.
[69] ll. 1165-8.
[70] Perhaps such murder of kin was more common among the aristocratic
houses than among the bulk of the population (Chadwick, _H.A._ 348). In
some great families it almost becomes the rule, producing a state of things
similar to that in present day Afghanistan, where it has become a proverb
that a man is "as great an enemy as a cousin" (Pennell, _Afghan Frontier_,
30).
[71] This is proposed by Cosijn (_Aanteekeningen_, 21) and again
independently by Lawrence in _M.L.N._ XXV, 157.
[72] ll. 467-9.
[73] ll. 2155-62.
[74] See _Widsith_, ed. Chambers, pp. 92-4.
[75] See Rickert, "The Old English Offa Saga" in _Mod. Phil._ II, esp. p.
75.
[76] The common ascription of the _Lives of the Offas_ to Matthew Paris is
erroneous: they are somewhat earlier.
[77] The identification of _Fifeldor_ with the Eider has been doubted,
notably by Holthausen, though he seems less doubtful in his latest edition
(third edit. II, 178). The reasons for the identification appear to me the
following. Place names ending in _dor_ are exceedingly rare. When,
therefore, two independent authorities tell us that Offa fought at a place
named _Fifel-dor_ or _Egi-dor_, it appears unlikely that this can be a mere
coincidence: it seems more natural to assume that the names are corruptions
of one original. But further, the connection is not limited to the second
element in the name. For the Eider (_Egidora_, _Aegisdyr_) would in O.E. be
_Egor-dor_: and _Egor-dor_ stands to _Fifel-dor_ precisely as _egor-stream_
(Boethius, _Metra_, XX, 118) does to _fifel-stream_ (_Metra_, XXVI, 26),
_"egor" and "fifel" being interchangeable synonyms_. See note to _Widsith_,
l. 43 (p. 204). It is objected that the interchange of _fifel_ and _egor_,
though frequent in common nouns, would be unusual in the name of a place.
The reply is that the Old English scop may not have regarded it as a
place-name. He may have substituted _fifel-dor_ for the synonymous
_egor-dor_, "the monster gate," without realizing that it was the name of a
definite place, just as he would have substituted _fifel-stream_ for
_egor-stream_, "the monster stream, the sea," if alliteration demanded the
change.
[78] _The Deeds of Beowulf_, LXXXV.
[79] See below, pp. 105-12, and Appendix (D) below.
[80] Wihtlaeg appears in Saxo as _Vigletus_ (Book IV, ed. Holder, p. 105).
[81] _Nibelungen Lied_, ed. Piper, 328.
[82] Book IV (ed. Holder, p. 102).
[83] Kemble, _Beowulf_, _Postscript_ IX; followed by Muellenhoff, _etc._
So, lately, Chadwick (_H.A._ 126): cf. also Sievers ('Beowulf und Saxo' in
the _Berichte d. k. saechs. Gesell. d. Wissenschaften_, 1895, pp. 180-88);
Bradley in _Encyc. Brit._ III, 761; Boer, _Beowulf_, 135. See also Olrik,
_Danmarks Heltedigtning_, I, 246. For further discussion see below,
Appendix (A).
[84] _Beo_--_Scyld_--_Scef_ in Ethelwerd: _Beowius_--_Sceldius_--_Sceaf_ in
William of Malmesbury. But in the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ five generations
intervene between Sceaf and his descendant Scyldwa, father of Beaw.
[85] "Item there is vii acres lond lying by the high weye toward the
grendyll": _Bury Wills_, ed. S. Tymms (Camden Soc. XLIX, 1850, p. 31).
[86] I should hardly have thought it worth while to revive this old
"cesspool" theory, were it not for the statement of Dr Lawrence that
"Miller's argument that the word _grendel_ here is not a proper name at
all, that it means 'drain,' has never, to my knowledge, been refuted."
(_Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXIV, 253.)
Miller was a scholar whose memory should be reverenced, but the letter to
the _Academy_ was evidently written in haste. The only evidence which
Miller produced for _grendel_ standing alone as a common noun in Old
English was a charter of 963 (Birch, 1103: vol. III, p. 336): _thanon fordh
eft on grendel: thanon on clyst_: _grendel_ here, he asserted, meant
"drain": and consequently _gryndeles sylle_ and _grendles mere_ in the
other charters must mean "cesspool." But the locality of this charter of
963 is known (Clyst St Mary, a few miles east of Exeter), and the two words
exist there as names of streams to this day--"thence again along the
Greendale brook, thence along the river Clyst." The Grindle or Greendale
brook is no sewer, but a stream some half dozen miles in length which
"winds tranquilly through a rich tract of alluvial soil" (_Journal of the
Archaeol. Assoc._ XXXIX, 273), past three villages which bear the same
name, Greendale, Greendale Barton and Higher Greendale, under Greendale
Bridge and over the ford by Greendale Lane, to its junction with the Clyst.
Why the existence of this charming stream should be held to justify the
interpretation of _Grendel_ or _Gryndel_ as "drain" and _grendles mere_ as
"cesspool" has always puzzled me. Were a new Drayton to arise he might, in
a new _Polyolbion_, introduce the nymph complaining of her hard lot at the
hands of scholars in the Hesperides. I hope, when he next visits England,
to conduct Dr Lawrence to make his apologies to the lady. Meantime a glance
at the "six inch" ordnance map of Devon suffices to refute Miller's curious
hypothesis.
[87] It is often asserted that the same Beowa appears as a witness to a
charter (Muellenhoff, _Beovulf_, p. 8: Haak, _Zeugnisse zur altenglischen
Heldensage_, 53). But this rests upon a misprint of Kemble (_C.D.S._ V,
44). The name is really _Beoba_ (Birch, _Cart. Sax._ I, 212).
[88] _Beaf er ver kollum Biar_, in the descent of Harold Fairhair from
Adam, in _Flateyarb['o]k_, ed. Vigf['u]sson and Unger, Christiania, 1859,
I, 27. [The genealogy contains many names obviously taken from a MS of the
O.E. royal pedigrees, not from oral tradition, as is shown by the
miswritings, e.g., _Beaf_ for _Beaw_, owing to mistaking the O.E. _w_ for
_f_.] "This is no proof," Dr Lawrence urges, "of popular acquaintance with
Bj['a]r as a Scandinavian figure." (_Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXIV,
246.) But how are we to account for the presence of his name among a
mnemonic list of some of the most famous warriors and their horses--mention
along with heroes like Sigurd, Gunnar, Atli, Athils and Ali, unless Bjar
was a well-known figure?
[89] _en Bj['a]rr [reidh] Kerti_. _Kortr_, "short" (Germ. _Kurz_), if
indeed we are so to interpret it, is hardly an Icelandic word, and seems
strange as the name of a horse. Egilsson (_Lex. Poet._ 1860) suggests
_kertr_, "erect," "with head high" (cf. Kahle in _I.F._ XIV, 164).
[90] See Appendix (A) below.
[91] Muellenhoff derived Beaw from the root _bh[=u]_, "to be, dwell, grow":
Beaw therefore represented settled dwelling and culture. Muellenhoff's
mythological explanation (_Z.f.d.A._ VII, 419, _etc._, _Beovulf_, 1,
_etc._) has been largely followed by subsequent scholars, e.g., ten Brink
(_Pauls Grdr._ II, 533: _Beowulf_, 184), Symons (_Pauls Grdr._ (2), III,
645-6) and, in general outline, E. H. Meyer (_Mythol. der Germanen_, 1903,
242).
[92] Uhland in _Germania_, II, 349.
[93] Laistner (_Nebelsagen_, 88, _etc._, 264, _etc._), Koegel (_Z.f.d.A._
XXXVII, 274: _Geschichte d. deut. Litt._ I, 1, 109), and Golther (_Handbuch
der germ. Mythologie_, 1895, 173) see in Grendel the demon of combined
storm and pestilence.
[94] E. H. Meyer (_Germ. Mythol._ 1891, 299).
[95] Mogk (_Pauls Grdr._ (2), III, 302) regards Grendel as a
"water-spirit."
[96] Boer (_Ark. f. nord. Filol._ XIX, 19).
[97] This suggestion is made (very tentatively) by Brandl, in _Pauls Grdr._
(2), II, i, 992.
[98] This view has been enunciated by Wundt in his _Voelkerpsychologie_,
II, i, 326, _etc._, 382. For a discussion see A. Heusler in _Berliner
Sitzungsberichte_, XXXVII, 1909, pp. 939-945.
[99] Cf. Lawrence in _Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXIV, 265, _etc._, and
Panzer's "Beowulf" throughout.
[100] The tradition of "the devil and his dam" resembles that of Grendel
and his mother in its coupling together the home-keeping female and the
roving male. See E. Lehmann, "Fandens Oldemor" in _Dania_, VIII, 179-194; a
paper which has been undeservedly neglected in the _Beowulf_
bibliographies. But the devil beats his dam (cf. _Piers Plowman_, C-text,
XXI, 284): conduct of which one cannot imagine Grendel guilty. See too
Lehmann in _Arch. f. Religionswiss._ VIII, 411-30: Panzer, _Beowulf_, 130,
137, _etc._: Klaeber in _Anglia_, XXXVI, 188.
[101] Cf. _Beowulf_, ll. 1282-7.
[102] There are other coincidences which _may_ be the result of mere
chance. In each case, before the adventure with the giants, the hero proves
his strength by a feat of endurance in the ice-cold water. And, at the end
of the story, the hero in each case produces, as evidence of his victory, a
trophy with a runic inscription: in _Beowulf_ an engraved sword-hilt; in
the _Grettis saga_ bones and a "rune-staff."
[103] Vigf['u]sson, _Corp. Poet. Boreale_, II, 502: Bugge, _P.B.B._ XII,
58.
[104] Boer, for example, believes that _Beowulf_ influenced the _Grettis
saga_ (_Grettis saga_, Introduction, xliii); so, tentatively, Olrik
(_Heltedigtning_, I, 248).
[105] For this argument and the following, cf. Schueck, _Studier i
Beowulfssagan_, 21.
[106] Even assuming that a MS of _Beowulf_ had found its way to Iceland, it
would have been unintelligible. This is shown by the absurd blunders made
when Icelanders borrowed names from the O.E. genealogies.
[107] Cf. Olrik, _A. f. n. F._, VIII (N.F. IV), 368-75; and Chadwick,
_Origin_, 125-6.
[108] _Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXVII, 208 _etc._
[109] _Cotton. Gnomic Verses_, ll. 42-3.
[110] _Fornmannas[o,]gur_, III, 204-228.
[111] Hammershaimb, _Faer[=o]iske Kvoeder_, II, 1855, Nos. 11 and 12.
[112] A. I. Arwidsson, _Svenska Forns[oa]nger_, 1834-42, Nos. 8 and 9.
[113] Boer, _Beowulf_, 177-180.
[114] ll. 1553-6.
[115] l. 455.
[116] The attacks have taken place at Yule for two successive years,
exactly as in the _Grettis saga_. [In _Beowulf_ it is, of course, "twelve
winters" (l. 147).] Is this mere accident, or does the _Grettis saga_ here
preserve the original time limit, which has been exaggerated in _Beowulf_?
If so, we have another point of resemblance between the _Saga of Rolf
Kraki_ and the earliest version of the _Beowulf_ story.
[117] _Beowulf_, ll. 801-5.
[118] Cf. _Beowulf_, ll. 590-606.
[119] _Beowulf_, l. 679.
[120] _Beowulf_, ll. 1508-9, 1524.
[121] It is only in this adventure that Rolf carries the sword
_Gullinhjalti_. His usual sword, as well known as Arthur's Excalibur, was
_Skofnungr_. For _Gyldenhilt_, whether descriptive, or proper noun, see
_Beowulf_, 1677.
[122] Cf. Symons in _Pauls Grdr._ (2), III, 649: Zuege aus dem anglischen
Mythus von B['e]aw-Biar (Biarr oder Bj['a]r?; s. Symons Lieder der Edda, I,
222) wurden auf den daenischen Sagenhelden (Bodhvarr) Bjarki durch
Aehnlichkeit der Namen veranlasst, uebertragen. Cf. too, Heusler in
_A.f.d.A._ XXX, 32.
[123] See p. 87 and Appendix (A) below.
[124] _Heltedigtning_, I, 1903, 135-6.
[125] _Beowulf_, 1518.
[126] See Heusler in _Z.f.d.A._ XLVIII, 62.
[127] Cf. on this Heusler, _Z.f.d.A._ XLVIII, 64-5.
[128] Cf. _Skjoldunga saga_, cap. XII; and see Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I,
201-5; _Bjarka r['i]mur_, VIII.
[129] Similarly _Sk['a]ldskaparm['a]l_, 41 (44).
[130] Baerensohn. Jean l'Ours. The name is given to the group because the
hero is frequently (though by no means always) represented as having been
brought up in a bear's den. The story summarized above is a portion of
Panzer's "Type A." See Appendix (H), below.
[131] ll. 704, 729.
[132] ll. 691-6.
[133] In the _Beowulf_ it was even desirable, as explained above, to go
further, and completely to exculpate the Danish watchers.
[134] From the controversial point of view Panzer has no doubt weakened his
case by drawing attention to so many of these, probably accidental,
coincidences. It gives the critic material for attack (cf. Boer, _Beowulf_,
14)
[135] ll. 2183 _etc._
[136] ll. 408-9.
[137] It comes out strongly in the _Bjarki_-story.
[138] It can hardly be argued that Stein is mentioned because he was an
historic character who in some way came into contact with the historic
Grettir: for in this case his descent would have been given, according to
the usual custom in the sagas. (Cf. note to Boer's edition of _Grettis
saga_, p. 233.)
[139] P. E. K. Kaalund, _Bidrag til en historisk-topografisk Beskrivelse af
Island_, Kjoebenhavn, 1877, II, 151.
[140] The localization in _en stor sandhaug_ is found in a version of the
story to which Panzer was unable to get access (see p. 7 of his _Beowulf_,
Note 2). A copy is to be found in the University Library of Christiania, in
a small book entitled _Nor, en Billedbog for den norske Ungdom_.
Christiania, 1865. (_Norske Folke-Eventyr ... fortalte af P. C.
Asbjoernsen_, pp. 65-128.)
The _sandhaug_ is an extraordinary coincidence, if it _is_ a mere
coincidence. It cannot have been imported into the modern folk-tale from
the _Grettis saga_, for there is no superficial resemblance between the two
tales.
[141] Cf. Boer, _Beowulf_, 14.
[142] Yet both Beowulf and Orm are saved by divine help.
[143] Panzer exaggerates the case against his own theory when he quotes
only six versions as omitting the princesses (p. 122). Such unanimity as
this is hardly to be looked for in a collection of 202 kindred folk-tales.
In addition to these six, the princesses are altogether missing, for
example, in the versions Panzer numbers 68, 69, 77: they are only faintly
represented in other versions (e.g. 76). Nevertheless the rescue of the
princesses may be regarded as the most essential element in the tale.
[144] I cannot agree with Panzer when (p. 319) he suggests the possibility
of the _Beowulf_ and the _Grettir_-story having been derived independently
from the folk-tale. For the two stories have many features in common which
do not belong to the folk-tale: apart from the absence of the princesses we
have the _haeft-m[=e]ce_ and the strange conclusion drawn by the watchers
from the blood-stained water.
[145] Ipse Scef cum uno dromone advectus est in insula Oceani, quae dicitur
Scani, armis circundatus, eratque valde recens puer, & ab incolis illius
terrae ignotus; attamen ab eis suscipitur, & ut familiarem diligenti animo
eum custodierunt, & post in regem eligunt.
Ethelwerdus, III, 3, in Savile's _Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam_,
Francofurti, 1601, p. 842.
[146] See Chadwick, _Origin_, 259-60.
[147] Sceldius [fuit filius] Sceaf. Iste, ut ferunt, in quandam insulam
Germaniae Scandzam, de qua Jordanes, historiographus Gothorum, loquitur,
appulsus navi sine remige, puerulus, posito ad caput frumenti manipulo,
dormiens, ideoque Sceaf nuncupatus, ab hominibus regionis illius pro
miraculo exceptus et sedulo nutritus: adulta aetate regnavit in oppido quod
tunc Slaswic, nunc vero Haithebi appellatur. Est autem regio illa Anglia
vetus dicta....
William of Malmesbury, _De Gestis Regum Anglorum_. Lib. II, s. 116, vol. I,
p. 121, ed. Stubbs, 1887.
[148] Although Saxo Grammaticus has provided some even earlier kings.
[149] Cf. Muellenhoff in _Z.f.d.A._ VII, 413.
[150] In _Gr['i]mnism['a]l_, 54, Odin gives _Gautr_ as one of his names.
[151] See below.
[152] Excluding, of course, the Hebrew names.
[153] _Scyld_ appears as _Scyldwa_, _Sce(a)ldwa_ in the _Chronicle_. The
forms correspond.
[154] See Part II.
[155] _armis circundatus_.
[156] For a list of the scholars who have dealt with the subject, see
_Widsith_, p. 119.
[157] _Beovulf_, p. 6 _etc._
[158] _Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XXIV, 259 _etc._
[159] This objection to the Scyld-theory has been excellently expressed by
Olrik--at a time, too, when Olrik himself accepted the story as belonging
to Scyld rather than Sceaf. "Binz," says Olrik, "rejects William of
Malmesbury as a source for the Scyld story. But he has not noticed that in
doing so he saws across the branch upon which he himself and the other
investigators are sitting. For if William is not a reliable authority, and
even a more reliable authority than the others, then 'Scyld with the sheaf'
is left in the air." _Heltedigtning_, I, 238-9, note.
[160] The discussion of Skjold by Olrik (_Danmarks Heltedigtning_, I,
223-271) is perhaps the most helpful of any yet made, especially in
emphasizing the necessity of differentiating the stages in the story. But
it must be taken in connection with the very essential modifications made
by Dr Olrik in his second volume (pp. 249-65, especially pp. 264-5). Dr
Olrik's earlier interpretation made Scyld the original hero of the story:
_Scefing_ Olrik interpreted, not as "with the sheaf," but as "son of Scef."
To the objection that any knowledge of Scyld's parentage would be
inconsistent with his unknown origin, Olrik replied by supposing that Scyld
was a foundling whose origin, though unknown to the people of the land to
which he came, was well known to the poet. The poet, Dr Olrik thought,
regarded him as a son of the Langobardic king, Sceafa, a connection which
we are to attribute to the Anglo-Saxon love of framing genealogies. But
this explanation of Scyld Scefing as a human foundling does not seem to me
to be borne out by the text of _Beowulf_. "The child is a poor foundling,"
says Dr Olrik, "_he suffered distress from the time when he was first found
as a helpless child_. Only as a grown man did he get compensation for his
childhood's adversity" (p. 228). But this is certainly not the meaning of
_egsode eorl[as]_. It is "_He inspired the earl[s] with awe_."
[161] See below (App. C) for instances of ancestral names extant both in
weak and strong forms, like _Scyld_, _Sceldwa_ (the identity of which no
one doubts) or _Sceaf_, _Sceafa_ (the identity of which has been doubted).
[162] "As for the name _Scyldungas-Skjoeldungar_, we need not hesitate to
believe that this originally meant 'the people' or 'kinsmen of the shield.'
Similar appellations are not uncommon, e.g., _Rondingas_, _Helmingas_,
_Brondingas_ ... probably these names meant either 'the people of _the_
shield, _the_ helmet,' _etc._, or else the people who used shields,
helmets, _etc._, in some special way. In the former case we may compare the
Ancile of the Romans and the Palladion of the Greeks; in either case we may
note that occasionally shields have been found in the North which can never
have been used except for ceremonial purposes." Chadwick, _Origin_, p. 284:
cf. Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 274.
[163] Sweyn Aageson, _Skiold Danis primum didici praefuisse_, in Langebek,
_S.R.D._ I, 44.
[164] Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 246; Lawrence, _Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc._
XXIV, 254.
[165] It is odd that Binz, who has recorded so many of these, should have
argued on the strength of these place-names that the Scyld story is not
Danish, but an ancient possession of the tribes of the North Sea coast (p.
150). For Binz also records an immense number of names of heroes of alien
stock--Danish, Gothic or Burgundian--as occurring in England (_P.B.B._ XX,
202 _etc._).
[166] _Beovulf_, p. 7.
[167] Chadwick, _Origin_, p. 278.
[168] The scandals about King Edgar (_infamias quas post dicam magis
resperserunt cantilenae_: see _Gesta Regum Anglorum_, II, s. 148, ed.
Stubbs, vol. I, p. 165); the story of Gunhilda, the daughter of Knut, who,
married to a foreign King with great pomp and rejoicing, _nostro seculo
etiam in triviis cantitata_, was unjustly suspected of unchastity till her
English page, in vindication of her honour, slew the giant whom her
accusers had brought forward as their champion (_Gesta_, II, s. 188, ed.
Stubbs, I, pp. 229, 230); the story of King Edward and the shepherdess,
learnt from _cantilenis per successiones temporum detritis_ (_Gesta_, II,
s. 138, ed. Stubbs, I, 155). Macaulay in the _Lays of Ancient Rome_ has
selected William as a typical example of the historian who draws upon
popular song. Cf. Freeman's _Historical Essays_.
[169] Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 245.
[170] _Origin_, pp. 279-281.
[171] Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, 1813, I, 443.
[172] Henderson, _Folklore of the Northern Counties_, 87-89.
[173] Hone's _Every Day Book_, 1827, p. 1170.
[174] _The Tamar and the Tavy_, I. 330 (1836).
[175] Raymond, _Two men o' Mendip_, 1899, 259.
[176] Miss M. A. Courtney, _Glossary of West Cornwall_; T. Q. Couch,
_Glossary of East Cornwall_, s. v. Neck (_Eng. Dial. Soc._ 1880); Jago,
_Ancient Language of Cornwall_, 1882, s. v. Anek.
[177] _Notes and Queries_, 4th Ser. XII, 491 (1873).
[178] Holland's _Glossary of Chester_ (_Eng. Dial. Soc._), s.v. _Cutting
the Neck._
[179] Burne, _Shropshire Folk Lore_, 1883, 371.
[180] "to cry the Mare." Blount, _Glossographia_, 4th edit. 1674, s.v.
_mare_. Cf. _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser. VI, 286 (1876).
[181] Wright, _Eng. Dial. Dict._, s.v. _neck_.
[182] Frazer, _Spirits of the Corn_, 1912, I, 268. The word was understood
as = "neck" by the peasants, because "They'm taied up under the chin laike"
(_Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser. X, 51). But this may be false etymology.
[183] Wright, _Eng. Dial. Dict._ Cf. _Notes and Queries_, 5th Ser. X, 51.
[184] _Heltedigtning_, II, 252.
[185] The earliest record of the term "cutting the neck" seems to be found
in Randle Holme's _Store House of Armory_, 1688 (II, 73). It may be noted
that Holme was a Cheshire man.
[186] Mannhardt, _Mythologische Forschungen_, Strassburg, 1884, 326 _etc._
[187] Quod dum servi Dei propensius actitarent, inspiratum est eis salubre
consilium et (ut pium est credere) divinitus provisum. Die etenim statuto
mane surgentes monachi sumpserunt scutum rotundum, cui imponebant manipulum
frumenti, et super manipulum cereum circumspectae quantitatis et
grossitudinis. Quo accenso scutum cum manipulo et cereo, fluvio ecclesiam
praetercurrenti committunt, paucis in navicula fratribus subsequentibus.
Praecedebat itaque eos scutum et quasi digito demonstrans possessiones
domui Abbendoniae de jure adjacentes nunc huc, nunc illuc divertens; nunc
in dextra nunc in sinistra parte fiducialiter eos praeibat, usquedum
veniret ad rivum prope pratum quod Beri vocatur, in quo cereus medium
cursum Tamisiae miraculose deserens se declinavit et circumdedit pratum
inter Tamisiam et Gifteleia, quod hieme et multociens aestate ex
redundatione Tamisiae in modum insulae aqua circumdatur.
_Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon_, ed. Stevenson, 1858, vol. I, p. 89.
[188] Chadwick, _Origin_, 278.
[189] Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, II, 251.
[190] But is this so? "The word Saempsae (now saempsykka) 'small rush,
_scirpus silvaticus_, forest rush,' is borrowed from the Germanic family
(Engl. semse; Germ. simse)." Olrik, 253. But the Engl. "semse" is difficult
to track.
See also note by A. Mieler in _Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen_, X, 43, 1910.
[191] Kaarle Krohn, "Sampsa Pellervoinen" in _Finnisch-Ugrische
Forschungen_ IV, 231 _etc._, 1904.
[192] Cf. Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, II, 252 _etc._.
[193] I do not understand why Olrik (_Heltedigtning_, I, 235) declares the
coming to land in Scani (Ethelwerd) to be inconsistent with Sceaf as a
Longobardic king (_Widsith_). For, according to their national historian,
the Longobardi came from "Scadinavia" [Paul the Deacon, I, 1-7]. It is a
more serious difficulty that Paul knows of no Longobardic king with a name
which we can equate with Sceaf.
[194] So, corresponding to O.E. _tr[=i]ewe_ we have Icel. _tryggr_; to O.E.
_gl[=e]aw_, Icel. _gl[o,]ggr_; O.E. _sc[=u]wa_, Icel. _skugg-_.
[195] Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, II, 1910, pp. 254-5.
An account of the worship of Pekko will be found in _Finnisch-Ugrische
Forschungen_, VI, 1906, pp. 104-111: _Ueber den Pekokultus bei den
Setukesen_, by M. J. Eisen. See also Appendix (A) below.
Pellon-Pecko is mentioned by Michael Agricola, Bishop of [oA]bo, in his
translation of the Psalter into Finnish, 1551. It is here that we are told
that he "promoted the growth of barley."
[196] l. 15.
[197] That Heremod is a Danish king is clear from ll. 1709 _etc._ And as we
have all the stages in the Scylding genealogy from Scyld to Hrothgar,
Heremod must be placed earlier.
[198] Of Grein in _Eberts Jahrbuch_, IV, 264.
[199] A good example of this is supplied by the Assyrian records, which
make Jehu a son of Omri--whose family he had destroyed.
[200] This reconstruction is made by Sievers in the _Berichte d. k. saechs.
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften_, 1895, pp. 180-88.
[201] The god _Herm['o]dhr_ who rides to Hell to carry a message to the
dead Baldr is here left out of consideration. His connection with the king
_Herm['o]dhr_ is obscure.
[202] On this see Dederich, _Historische u. geographische Studien_, 214;
Heinzel in _A.f.d.A._ XV, 161; Chadwick, _Origin_, 148; Chadwick, _Cult of
Othin_, 51.
[203] Chadwick, _Cult of Othin_, pp. 50, _etc._
[204] _puerulus ... pro miraculo exceptus_ (William of Malmesbury). Cf.
_Beowulf_, l. 7. In Saxo, Skjold distinguishes himself at the age of
fifteen.
[205] _omnem Alemannorum gentem tributaria ditione perdomuit._ Cf.
_Beowulf_, l. 11.
[206] See above, p. 77.
[207] This relationship of Frothi and Skjold is preserved by Sweyn Aageson:
Skiold Danis primum didici praefuisse.... A quo primum.... Skioldunger sunt
Reges nuncupati. Qui regni post se reliquit haeredes Frothi videlicet &
Haldanum. Svenonis Aggonis _Hist. Regum Dan._ in Langebek, _S.R.D._ I, 44.
In Saxo Frotho is not the son, but the great grandson of Skioldus--but this
is a discrepancy which may be neglected, because it seems clear that the
difference is due to Saxo having inserted two names into the line at this
point--those of Gram and Hadding. There seems no reason to doubt that
Danish tradition really represented Frothi as son of Skjold.
[208] Those who accept the identification would regard _Fr['o]dhi_ (O.E.
_Fr[=o]da_, 'the wise') as a title which has ousted the proper name.
[209] Boer, _Ark. f. nord. filol._, XIX, 67, calls this theory of Sievers
"indisputable."
[210] Sievers, p. 181.
[211] _Beowulf_, 2405. Cf. 2215, 2281.
[212] So Regin guides Sigurd: Una the Red Cross Knight. The list might be
indefinitely extended. Similarly with giants: "Then came to him a
husbandman of the country, and told him how there was in the country of
Constantine, beside Brittany, a great giant".... _Morte d'Arthur_, Book V,
cap. V.
[213] _Beowulf_, 895.
[214] l. 2338.
[215] ll. 2570 _etc._
[216] intrepidum mentis habitum retinere memento.
[217] ll. 2663 _etc._
[218] Cf. _Beowulf_, 2705: _forwr[=a]t Wedra helm wyrm on middan_.
[219] Cf. _Cotton. Gnomic verses_, ll. 26-7: _Draca sceal on hl[=ae]we:
fr[=o]d, fraetwum wlanc._
[220] virusque profundens: _wearp wael-f[=y]re_, 2582.
[221]
implicitus gyris serpens crebrisque reflexus
orbibus et caudae sinuosa volumina ducens
multiplicesque agitans spiras.
Cf. _Beowulf_, 2567-8, 2569, 2561 (_hring-boga_), 2827 (_w[=o]hbogen_).
[222] _Volosp['a]_, 172-3 in _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_. I, 200.
[223] Cf. on this Olrik, _Heltedigtning_, I, 305-15.
[224] Panzer, _Beowulf_, 313.