[Footnote 367: The essay on _Manners_ is from the Second Series of
_Essays_, published in 1844, three years after the First Series. The
essays in this volume, like those in the first, were, for the most
part, made up of Emerson's lectures, rearranged and corrected. The
lecture on _Manners_ had been delivered in the winter of 1841. He had
given another lecture on the same subject about four years before, and
several years later he treated of the same subject in his essay on
_Behavior_ in _The Conduct of Life_. You will find it interesting to
read _Behavior_ in connection with this essay.]
[Footnote 368: Feejee islanders. Since this essay was written, the
people of the Feejee, or Fiji, Islands have become Christianized, and,
to a large extent, civilized.]
[Footnote 369: Gournou. This description is found in _A Narrative of
the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyramids_, by
Belzoni, an Italian traveler and explorer.]
[Footnote 370: Borgoo. A province of Africa.]
[Footnote 371: Tibboos, Bornoos. Tribes of Central Africa, mentioned
in Heeren's _Historical Researches_.]
[Footnote 372: Honors himself with architecture. Architecture was a
subject in which Emerson was deeply interested. Read his poem, _The
Problem_.]
[Footnote 373: Chivalry. Chivalry may be considered "as embodying the
Middle Age conception of the ideal life of ... the Knights"; the word
is often used to express "the ideal qualifications of a knight, as
courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms." Fully to
understand the order of Knighthood and the ideals of chivalry, you
must read the history of Europe in the Middle Ages.]
[Footnote 374: Sir Philip Sidney. (See note 356.)]
[Footnote 375: Sir Walter Scott. (1771-1832). His historical novels
dealing with the Middle Ages have some fine pictures of the chivalrous
characters in which he delighted.]
[Footnote 376: Masonic sign. A sign of secret brotherhood, like the
sign given by one Mason to another.]
[Footnote 377: Correlative abstract. Corresponding abstract name. Sir
Philip Sidney, himself the ideal gentleman, used the word
"gentlemanliness." He said: "Gentlemanliness is high-erected thoughts
seated in a heart of courtesy."]
[Footnote 378: Gentilesse. Gentle birth and breeding. Emerson was very
fond of the passage on "gentilesse" in Chaucer's _Wife of Bath's
Tale_.]
[Footnote 379: Feudal Ages. The Middle Ages in Europe during which the
feudal system prevailed. According to this, land was held by its
owners on condition of certain duties, especially military service,
performed for a superior lord.]
[Footnote 380: God knows, etc. Why is this particularly true of a
republic such as the United States?]
[Footnote 381: The incomparable advantage of animal spirits. Why does
Emerson regard this as of such importance? In his journals he
frequently comments on his own lack of animal spirits, and says that
it unfits him for general society and for action.]
[Footnote 382: The sense of power. "I like people who can do things,"
wrote Emerson in his journal.]
[Footnote 383: Lundy's Lane. Give a full account of this battle in the
War of 1812.]
[Footnote 384: Men of the right Cæsarian pattern. Men versatile as was
Julius Cæsar, the Roman, famous as a general, statesman, orator, and
writer.]
[Footnote 385: Timid maxim. Why does Emerson term this saying
"timid"?]
[Footnote 386: Lord Falkland. Lucius Cary, Viscount Falkland, was an
English politician who espoused the royalist side; he was killed in
battle in the Civil War.]
[Footnote 387: Saladin. A famous sultan of Egypt and Syria who lived
in the twelfth century. Scott describes him as possessing an ideal
knightly character and introduces him, disguised as a physician and
also as a wandering soldier in his historical romance, _The
Talisman_.]
[Footnote 388: Sapor. A Persian monarch of the fourth century who
defeated the Romans in battle.]
[Footnote 389: The Cid. See "Rodrigo," in _Heroism_, 313.]
[Footnote 390: Julius Cæsar. See note on "Cæsarian," 384.]
[Footnote 391: Scipio. (See note 205.)]
[Footnote 392: Alexander. Alexander, King of Macedon, surnamed the
Great. In the fourth century before Christ he made himself master of
the known world.]
[Footnote 393: Pericles. See note on _Heroism_, 352.]
[Footnote 394: Diogenes. (See note 267.)]
[Footnote 395: Socrates. (See note 187.)]
[Footnote 396: Epaminondas. (See note 329.)]
[Footnote 397: My contemporaries. Emerson probably had in mind, among
others, his friend, the gentle philosopher, Thoreau.]
[Footnote 398: Fine manners. "I think there is as much merit in
beautiful manners as in hard work," said Emerson in his journal.]
[Footnote 399: Napoleon. (See note 273.)]
[Footnote 400: Noblesse. Nobility. Why does Emerson use here the
French word?]
[Footnote 401: Faubourg St. Germain. A once fashionable quarter of
Paris, on the south bank of the Seine; it was long the headquarters of
the French royalists.]
[Footnote 402: Cortez. Consult a history of the United States for an
account of this Spanish soldier, the conqueror of Mexico.]
[Footnote 403: Nelson. Horatio Nelson, an English admiral, who won
many great naval victories and was killed in the battle of Trafalgar
in 1805.]
[Footnote 404: Mexico. The scene of Cortez's victories.]
[Footnote 405: Marengo. The scene of a battle in Italy in 1800, in
which Napoleon defeated the Austrians with a larger army and made
himself master of northern Italy.]
[Footnote 406: Trafalgar. A cape on the southern coast of Spain, the
scene of Nelson's last great victory, in which the allied French and
Spanish fleets were defeated.]
[Footnote 407: Mexico, Marengo, and Trafalgar. Is this the order in
which you would expect these words to occur? Why not?]
[Footnote 408: Estates of the realm. Orders or classes of people with
regard to political rights and powers. In modern times, the nobility,
the clergy, and the people are called "the three estates."]
[Footnote 409: Tournure. Figure; turn of dress,--and so of mind.]
[Footnote 410: Coventry. It is said that the people of Coventry, a
city in England, at one time so disliked soldiers that to send a
military man there meant to exclude him from social intercourse; hence
the expression "to send to Coventry" means to exclude from society.]
[Footnote 411: "If you could see Vich Ian Vohr with his tail on." Vich
Ian Vohr is a Scotch chieftain in Scott's novel, _Waverley_. One of
his dependents says to Waverley, the young English officer: "If you
Saxon duinhé-wassal [English gentleman] saw but the Chief with his
tail on." "With his tail on?" echoed Edward in some surprise.
"Yes--that is, with all his usual followers when he visits those of
the same rank." See _Waverley_, chapter 16.]
[Footnote 412: Mercuries. The word here means simply messengers.
According to Greek mythology, Mercury was the messenger of the gods.]
[Footnote 413: Herald's office. In England the Herald's College, or
College of Arms, is a royal corporation the chief business of which is
to grant armorial bearings, or coats of arms, and to trace and
preserve genealogies. What does Emerson mean by comparing certain
circles of society to this corporation?]
[Footnote 414: Amphitryon. Host; it came to have this meaning from an
incident in the story of Amphitryon, a character in Greek legend. At
one time Jupiter assumed the form of Amphitryon and gave a banquet.
The real Amphitryon came in and asserted that he was master of the
house. In the French play, founded on this story, the question is
settled by the assertion of the servants and guests that "he who gives
the feast is the host."]
[Footnote 415: Tuileries. An old royal residence in Paris which was
burned in 1871.]
[Footnote 416: Escurial, or escorial. A celebrated royal edifice near
Madrid in Spain.]
[Footnote 417: Hide ourselves as Adam, etc. See Genesis iii. 8.]
[Footnote 418: Cardinal Caprara. An Italian cardinal, Bishop of Milan,
who negotiated the famous concordat of 1801, an agreement between the
Church and State regulating the relations between civil and
ecclesiastical powers.]
[Footnote 419: The pope. Pope Pius VII.]
[Footnote 420: Madame de Staël. (See note 361.)]
[Footnote 421: Mr. Hazlitt. William Hazlitt, an English writer.]
[Footnote 422: Montaigne. A French essayist of the sixteenth century.]
[Footnote 423: The hint of tranquillity and self-poise. It is
suggested that Emerson had here in mind a favorite passage of the
German author, Richter, in which Richter says of the Greek statues:
"The repose not of weariness but of perfection looks from their eyes
and rests upon their lips."]
[Footnote 424: A Chinese etiquette. What does Emerson mean by this
expression?]
[Footnote 425: Recall. In the first edition, Emerson had here the word
"signify." Which is the better word and why?]
[Footnote 426: Measure. What meaning has this word here? Is this the
sense in which we generally use it?]
[Footnote 427: Creole natures. What is a creole? What does Emerson
mean by "Creole natures"?]
[Footnote 428: Mr. Fox. Charles James Fox, an English statesman and
orator of the eighteenth century.]
[Footnote 429: Burke. Both Fox and Burke opposed the taxation of the
American colonies and sympathized with their resistance; it was on the
subject of the French Revolution that the two friends clashed.]
[Footnote 430: Sheridan. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, an Irish
dramatist, member of the famous Literary Club to which both Fox and
Burke belonged.]
[Footnote 431: Circe. According to Greek legend, Circe was a beautiful
enchantress. Men who partook of the draught she offered, were turned
to swine.]
[Footnote 432: Captain Symmes. The only real personage of this group.
He asserted that there was an opening to the interior of the earth
which was stocked with plants and animals.]
[Footnote 433: Clerisy. What word would we be more apt to use here?]
[Footnote 434: St. Michael's (Square). St. Michael's was an order
instituted by Louis XI. of France.]
[Footnote 435: Cologne water. A perfumed water first made at the city
of Cologne in Germany, from which it took its name.]
[Footnote 436: Poland. This kingdom of Europe was, in the eighteenth
century, taken possession of and divided among its powerful neighbors,
Russia, Prussia, and Austria.]
[Footnote 437: Philhellene. Friend of Greece.]
[Footnote 438: As Heaven and Earth are fairer far, etc. This passage
is quoted from Book II. of Keats' _Hyperion_.]
[Footnote 439: Waverley. The Waverley novels, a name applied to all of
Scott's novels from _Waverley_, the title of the first one.]
[Footnote 440: Robin Hood. An English outlaw and popular hero, the
subject of many ballads.]
[Footnote 441: Minerva. In Roman mythology, the goddess of wisdom
corresponding to the Greek Pallas-Athene.]
[Footnote 442: Juno. In Roman mythology, the wife of the supreme god
Jupiter.]
[Footnote 443: Polymnia. In Greek mythology, one of the nine muses who
presided over sacred poetry; the name is more usually written
Polyhymia.]
[Footnote 444: Delphic Sibyl. In ancient mythology, the Sibyls were
certain women who possessed the power of prophecy. One of these who
made her abode at Delphi in Greece was called the Delphian, or
Delphic, sibyl.]
[Footnote 445: Hafiz. A Persian poet of the fourteenth century.]
[Footnote 446: Firdousi. A Persian poet of the tenth century.]
[Footnote 447: She was an elemental force, etc. Of this passage Oliver
Wendell Holmes said that Emerson "speaks of woman in language that
seems to pant for rhythm and rhyme."]
[Footnote 448: Byzantine. An ornate style of architecture developed in
the fourth and fifth centuries, marked especially by its use of gold
and color.]
[Footnote 449: Golden Book. In a book, called "the Golden Book," were
recorded the names of all the children of Venetian noblemen.]
[Footnote 450: Schiraz. A province of Persia famous especially for its
roses, wine, and nightingales, and described by the poets as a place
of ideal beauty.]
[Footnote 451: Osman. The name given by Emerson in his journal and
essays to his ideal man, one subject to the same conditions as
himself.]
[Footnote 452: Koran. The sacred book of the Mohammedans.]
[Footnote 453: Jove. Jupiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology.]
[Footnote 454: Silenus. In Greek mythology, the leader of the satyrs.
This fable, which Emerson credits to tradition, was original.]
[Footnote 455: Her owl. The owl was the bird sacred to Minerva, the
goddess of wisdom.]