[Footnote 246: Vatican, the palace of the pope in Rome, with its
celebrated library, museum, and art gallery.]
[Footnote 247: Doric, the oldest, strongest, and simplest of the three
styles of Grecian architecture.]
[Footnote 248: Gothic, a pointed style of architecture, prevalent in
western Europe in the latter part of the middle ages.]
[Footnote 249: Never imitate. Emerson insists on this doctrine.]
[Footnote 250: Shakespeare (1564-1616), the great English poet and
dramatist. He is mentioned in Emerson's writings more than any other
character in history, and is taken as the type of the poet in his
_Representative Men_.
"O mighty poet! Thy works are not as those of other men, simply and
merely great works of art; but are also like the phenomena of nature,
like the sun and the sea, the stars and the flowers,--like frost and
snow, rain and dew, hailstorm and thunder, which are to be studied
with entire submission of our own faculties, and in the perfect faith
that in them there can be no too much or too little, nothing useless
or inert,--but that, the further we press in our discoveries, the more
we shall see proofs of design and self-supporting arrangement where
the careless eye had seen nothing but accident!"--DE QUINCY.]
[Footnote 251: Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), American philosopher,
statesman, diplomatist, and author. He discovered the identity of
lightning with electricity, invented the lightning-rod, went on
several diplomatic missions to Europe, was one of the committee that
drew up the Declaration of Independence, signed the treaty of Paris,
and compiled _Poor Richard's Almanac_.]
[Footnote 252: Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a famous English philosopher
and statesman. He became Lord Chancellor under Elizabeth. He is best
known by his _Essays_; he wrote also the _Novum Organum_ and the
_Advancement of Learning_.]
[Footnote 253: Sir Isaac Newton. (See note 53.)]
[Footnote 254: Scipio. (See note 205.)]
[Footnote 255: Phidias (500?-432? B.C.), famous Greek sculptor.]
[Footnote 256: Egyptians. He has in mind the pyramids.]
[Footnote 257: The Pentateuch is attributed to Moses.]
[Footnote 258: Dante (1265-1321), the greatest of Italian poets,
author of the _Divina Commedia_.]
[Footnote 259: Foreworld, a former ideal state of the world.]
[Footnote 260: New Zealander, inhabitant of New Zealand, a group of
two islands lying southeast of Australia.]
[Footnote 261: Geneva, a city of Switzerland, situated at the
southwestern extremity of Lake Geneva.]
[Footnote 262: Greenwich nautical almanac. The meridian of the Royal
Observatory at Greenwich, near London, is the prime meridian for
reckoning the longitude of the world. The nautical almanac is a
publication containing astronomical data for the use of navigators and
astronomers. What is the name of the corresponding publication of the
U.S. Observatory at Washington?]
[Footnote 263: Get the meaning of these astronomical terms.]
[Footnote 264: Plutarch. (50?-120? A.D.), Greek philosopher and
biographer, author of _Parallel Lives_, a series of Greek and Roman
biographies. Next after Shakespeare and Plato he is the author most
frequently mentioned by Emerson. Read the essay of Emerson on
Plutarch.]
[Footnote 265: Phocion (402-317 B.C.), Athenian statesman and general.
(See note 364.)]
[Footnote 266: Anaxagoras (500-426 B.C.), Greek philosopher of
distinction.]
[Footnote 267: Diogenes (400?-323?), Greek cynic philosopher who
affected great contempt for riches and honors and the comforts of
civilized life, and is said to have taken up his residence in a tub.]
[Footnote 268: Henry Hudson (---- - 1611), English navigator and
explorer, discoverer of the bay and river which bear his name.]
[Footnote 269: Bering or Behring (1680-1741), Danish navigator,
discoverer of Behring Strait.]
[Footnote 270: Sir William Edward Parry (1790-1855), English navigator
and Arctic explorer.]
[Footnote 271: Sir John Franklin (1786-1846?), celebrated English
navigator and Arctic explorer, lost in the Arctic seas.]
[Footnote 272: Christopher Columbus (1445?-1506), Genoese navigator
and discoverer of America. His ship, the Santa Maria, appears small
and insignificant in comparison with the modern ocean ship.]
[Footnote 273: Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), Emperor of France, one
of the greatest military geniuses the world has ever seen. He was
defeated in the battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington, and died
in exile on the isle of St. Helena. Emerson takes him as a type of the
man of the world in his _Representative Men_: "I call Napoleon the
agent or attorney of the middle class of modern society.... He was the
agitator, the destroyer of prescription, the internal improver, the
liberal, the radical, the inventor of means, the opener of doors and
markets, the subverter of monopoly and abuse.... He had the virtues of
the masses of his constituents: he had also their vices. I am sorry
that the brilliant picture has its reverse."]
[Footnote 274: Comte de las Cases (not Casas) (1766-1842), author of
_Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_.]
[Footnote 275: Ali, Arabian caliph, surnamed the "Lion of God," cousin
and son-in-law of Mohammed. He was assassinated about 661.]
[Footnote 276: The county of Essex in England has several namesakes in
America.]
[Footnote 277: Fortune. In Roman mythology Fortune, the goddess of
fortune or chance, is represented as standing on a ball or wheel.
"Nec metuis dubio Fortunæ stantis in orbe
Numen, et exosæ verba superba deæ?"
OVID, _Tristia_, v., 8, 8.
]