[Footnote 145: Ne te, etc. "Do not seek for anything outside of
thyself." From Persius, _Sat._ I. 7. Compare Macrobius, _Com. in Somn.
Scip._, I. ix. 3, and Boethius, _De Consol. Phil._, IV. 4.]
[Footnote 146: _Epilogue to Beaumont and Fletcher's Honest Man's
Fortune_.]
[Footnote 147: These lines appear in Emerson's _Quatrains_ under the
title _Power_.]
[Footnote 148: Genius. See the paragraph on genius in Emerson's
lecture on _The Method of Nature_, one sentence of which runs: "Genius
is its own end, and draws its means and the style of its architecture
from within, going abroad only for audience, and spectator."]
[Footnote 149: "The man that stands by himself, the universe stands by
him also."--EMERSON, _Behavior_.]
[Footnote 150: Plato (429-347 B.C.), (See note 36.)]
[Footnote 151: Milton (1608-1674), the great English epic poet, author
of _Paradise Lost._
"O mighty-mouth'd inventor of harmonies,
O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity,
God-gifted organ-voice of England,
Milton, a name to resound for ages."--TENNYSON.
]
[Footnote 152: "The great poet makes feel our own wealth."--EMERSON,
_The Over-Soul_.]
[Footnote 153: Then most when, most at the time when.]
[Footnote 154: "The imitator dooms himself to hopeless
mediocrity."--EMERSON, _Address to the Senior Class in Divinity
College, Cambridge_.]
[Footnote 155:
"For words, like Nature, half reveal
And half conceal the soul within."
TENNYSON, _In Memoriam_, V. I.
]
[Footnote 156: Trust thyself. This is the theme of the present essay,
and is a lesson which Emerson is never tired of teaching. In _The
American Scholar_ he says:
"In self-trust all the virtues are comprehended." In the essay on
_Greatness_:
"Self-respect is the early form in which greatness appears.... Stick
to your own.... Follow the path your genius traces like the galaxy of
heaven for you to walk in."
Carlyle says:
"The fearful unbelief is unbelief in yourself."
]
[Footnote 157: Chaos ([Greek: Chaos]), the confused, unorganized
condition in which the world was supposed to have existed before it
was reduced to harmony and order; hence, utter confusion and
disorder.]
[Footnote 158: These, _i.e._, children, babes, and brutes.]
[Footnote 159: Four or five. Supply the noun.]
[Footnote 160: Nonchalance, a French word meaning _indifference_,
_coolness_.]
[Footnote 161: Pit in the playhouse, formerly, the seats on the floor
below the level of the stage. These cheap seats were occupied by a
class who did not hesitate to express their opinions of the
performances.]
[Footnote 162: Eclat, a French word meaning _brilliancy of success_,
_striking effect_.]
[Footnote 163: "Lethe, the river of oblivion."--_Paradise Lost_.
Oblivion, forgetfulness.]
[Footnote 164: Who. What is the construction?]
[Footnote 165: Nonconformist, one who does not conform to established
usages or opinions. Emerson considers conformity and consistency as
the two terrors that scare us from self-trust. (See note 182.)]
[Footnote 166: Explore if it be goodness, investigate for himself and
see if it be really goodness.
"Prove all things; hold fast that which is good."
PAUL, _I. Thes._ v. 21.
]
[Footnote 167: Suffrage, approval.
"What stronger breastplate than a heart untainted?
Thrice is he arm'd that hath his quarrel just;
And he but naked, though lock'd up in steel,
Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted."
SHAKESPEARE, _II. Henry VI._, III. 2.
]
[Footnote 168: "There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking
makes it so." _Hamlet_, II. 2.]
[Footnote 169: Barbadoes, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, one of the
Lesser Antilles. The negroes, composing by far the larger part of the
population, were formerly slaves.]
[Footnote 170: He had rather have his actions ascribed to whim and
caprice than to spend the day in explaining them.]
[Footnote 171: Diet and bleeding, special diet and medical care, used
figuratively, of course.]
[Footnote 172: Read Emerson's essay on _Greatness_.]
[Footnote 173: The precise man, precisely what kind of man.]
[Footnote 174: "By their fruits ye shall know them."--_Matthew_, vii.
16 and 20.]
[Footnote 175: With, notwithstanding, in spite of.]
[Footnote 176: Of the bench, of an impartial judge.]
[Footnote 177: Bound their eyes with ... handkerchief, in this game of
blindman's-buff.]
[Footnote 178: "Pin thy faith to no man's sleeve; hast thou not two
eyes of thy own?"--CARLYLE.]
[Footnote 179: Give examples of men who have been made to feel the
displeasure of the world for their nonconformity.]
[Footnote 180: "Nihil tam incertum nec tam inæstimabile est quam animi
multitudinis."--LIVY, xxxi. 34.
"Mobile mutatur semper cum principe vulgus."
CLAUDIANUS, _De IV. Consul. Honorii_, 302.
]
[Footnote 181: _The other terror._ The first, conformity, has just
been treated.]
[Footnote 182: Consistency. Compare, on the other hand, the well-known
saying, "Consistency, thou art a jewel."]
[Footnote 183: Orbit, course in life.]
[Footnote 184: Somewhat, something.]
[Footnote 185: See _Genesis_, xxxix. 12.]
[Footnote 186: Pythagoras (fl. about 520 B.C.), a Greek philosopher.
His society was scattered and persecuted by the fury of the populace.]
[Footnote 187: Socrates (470?-399 B.C.), the great Athenian
philosopher, whose teachings are the subject of most of Plato's
writings, was accused of corrupting the youth, and condemned to drink
hemlock.]
[Footnote 188: Martin Luther (1483-1546) preached against certain
abuses of the Roman Catholic Church and was excommunicated by the
Pope. He became the leader of the Protestant Reformation.]
[Footnote 189: Copernicus (1473-1543) discovered the error of the old
Ptolemaic system of astronomy and showed that the sun is the centre of
our planetary system. Fearing the persecution of the church, he
hesitated long to publish his discovery, and it was many years after
his death before the world accepted his theory.]
[Footnote 190: Galileo (1564-1642), the famous Italian astronomer and
physicist, discoverer of the satellites of Jupiter and the rings of
Saturn, was thrown into prison by the Inquisition.]
[Footnote 191: Sir Isaac Newton. (See note 53.)]
[Footnote 192: Andes, the great mountain system of South America.]
[Footnote 193: Himmaleh, Himalaya, the great mountain system of Asia.]
[Footnote 194: Alexandrian stanza. The Alexandrian line consists of
twelve syllables (iambic hexameter). Neither the acrostic nor the
Alexandrine has the property assigned to it here. A palindrame reads
the same forward as backward, as:
"Madam, I'm Adam";
"Signa te signa; temere me tangis et angis";
or the inscription on the church of St. Sophia, Constantinople:
[Greek: "Nipson anomêmata mê monan opsin,"]
]
[Footnote 195: The reference is to sailing vessels, of course.]
[Footnote 196: Scorn eyes, scorn observers.]
[Footnote 197: Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778),
this distinguished statesman and orator. He became very popular as a
statesman and was known as "The Great Commoner."]
[Footnote 198: Adams. The reference is presumably to Samuel Adams
(1722-1803), a popular leader and orator in the cause of American
freedom. He was a member of the Continental Congress and a signer of
the Declaration of Independence. Emerson may have in mind, however,
John Adams (1735-1826), second president of the United States.]
[Footnote 199: Spartan. The ancient Spartans were noted for their
courage and fortitude.]
[Footnote 200: Julius Cæsar (100-44 B.C.), the great Roman general,
statesman, orator, and author.]
[Footnote 201: St. Anthony (251-356), Egyptian founder of monachism,
the system of monastic seclusion.]
[Footnote 202: George Fox (1624-1691), English founder of the Society
of Friends or Quakers.]
[Footnote 203: John Wesley (1703-1791), English founder of the
religious sect known as Methodists.]
[Footnote 204: Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846), English philanthropist and
abolitionist.]
[Footnote 205: Scipio (235-184 B.C.), the great Roman general who
defeated Hannibal and decided the fate of Carthage. The quotation is
from _Paradise Lost_, Book IX., line 610.]
[Footnote 206: In the story of _Abou Hassan_ or _The Sleeper Awakened_
in the _Arabian Nights_ Abou Hassan awakes and finds himself treated
in every respect as the Caliph Haroun Al-raschid. Shakespeare has made
use of a similar trick in _Taming of the Shrew_, where Christopher Sly
is put to bed drunk in the lord's room and on awaking is treated as a
lord.]
[Footnote 207: Alfred the Great (849-901), King of the West Saxons. He
was a wise king, a great scholar, and a patron of learning.]
[Footnote 208: Scanderbeg, George Castriota (1404-1467), an Albanian
chief who embraced Christianity and carried on a successful war
against the Turks.]
[Footnote 209: Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632), King of Sweden, the hero
of Protestantism in the Thirty Years' War.]
[Footnote 210: Hieroglyphic, a character in the picture-writing of the
ancient Egyptian priests; hence, hidden sign.]
[Footnote 211: Parallax, an angle used in astronomy in calculating the
distance of a heavenly body. The parallax decreases as the distance of
the body increases.]
[Footnote 212: The child has the advantage of the experience of all
his ancestors. Compare Tennyson's line in _Locksley Hall_:
"I the heir of all the ages, in the foremost files of time."
]
[Footnote 213: "Why should we grope among the dry bones of the past,
or put the living generation into masquerade out of its faded
wardrobe? The sun shines to-day also."--EMERSON, _Introd. to Nature,
Addresses, etc._]
[Footnote 214: Explain the thought in this sentence.]
[Footnote 215: Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus.]
[Footnote 216: Agent, active, acting.]
[Footnote 217: An allusion to the Mohammedan custom of removing the
shoes before entering a mosque.]
[Footnote 218: Of a truth, men are mystically united; a mystic bond of
brotherhood makes all men one.]
[Footnote 219: Thor and Woden. Woden or Odin was the chief god of
Scandinavian mythology. Thor, his elder son, was the god of thunder.
From these names come the names of the days Wednesday and Thursday.]
[Footnote 220: Explain the meaning of this sentence.]
[Footnote 221: You, or you, addressing different persons.]
[Footnote 222: "The truth shall make you free."--_John_, viii. 32.]
[Footnote 223: Antinomianism, the doctrine that the moral law is not
binding under the gospel dispensation, faith alone being necessary to
salvation.]
[Footnote 224: "There is no sorrow I have thought more about than
that--to love what is great, and try to reach it, and yet to fail."
GEORGE ELIOT, _Middlemarch_, lxxvi.]
[Footnote 225: Explain the use of _it_ in these expressions.]
[Footnote 226: Stoic, a disciple of the Greek philosopher Zeno, who
taught that men should be free from passion, unmoved by joy and grief,
and should submit without complaint to the inevitable.]
[Footnote 227: Word made flesh, see _John_, i. 14.]
[Footnote 228: Healing to the nations, see _Revelation_, xxii. 2.]
[Footnote 229: In what prayers do men allow themselves to indulge?]
[Footnote 230:
"Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,
Uttered or unexpressed,
The motion of a hidden fire
That trembles in the breast."
MONTGOMERY, _What is Prayer?_
]
[Footnote 231: Caratach (Caractacus) is a historical character in
Fletcher's (1576-1625) tragedy of _Bonduca_(Boadicea).]
[Footnote 232: Zoroaster, a Persian philosopher, founder of the
ancient Persian religion. He flourished long before the Christian
era.]
[Footnote 233: "Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God
speak with us, lest we die."--_Exodus_, xx. 19. Compare also the
parallel passage in _Deuteronomy_, v. 25-27.]
[Footnote 234: John Locke. (See note 18.)]
[Footnote 235: Lavoisier (1743-1794), celebrated French chemical
philosopher, discoverer of the composition of water.]
[Footnote 236: James Hutton (1726-1797), great Scotch geologist,
author of the _Theory of the Earth_.]
[Footnote 237: Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), English philosopher,
jurist, and legislative reformer.]
[Footnote 238: Fourier (1772-1837), French socialist, founder of the
system of Fourierism.]
[Footnote 239: Calvinism, the doctrines of John Calvin (1509-1564).
French theologian and Protestant reformer. A cardinal doctrine of
Calvinism is predestination.]
[Footnote 240: Quakerism, the doctrines of the Quakers or Friends, a
society founded by George Fox (1624-1691).]
[Footnote 241: Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), Swedish theosophist,
founder of the New Jerusalem Church. He is taken by Emerson in his
_Representative Men_ as the type of the mystic, and is often mentioned
in his other works.]
[Footnote 242: "Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful,
we must carry it with us, or we find it not."--EMERSON, _Art_.]
[Footnote 243: Thebes, a celebrated ruined city of Upper Egypt.]
[Footnote 244: Palmyra, a ruined city of Asia situated in an oasis of
the Syrian desert, supposed to be the Tadmor built by Solomon in the
wilderness (_II. Chr._, viii. 4).]
[Footnote 245:
"Vain, very vain, my weary search to find
That bliss which only centers in the mind....
Still to ourselves in every place consign'd,
Our own felicity we make or find."
GOLDSMITH (and JOHNSON),
_The Traveler_, 423-32.
"He that has light within his own clear breast
May sit i' th' center, and enjoy bright day;
But he that hides a dark soul, and foul thoughts,
Benighted walks under the mid-day sun;
Himself in his own dungeon."
MILTON, _Comus_, 381-5.